Kohlberg: Preconventional(Naïve instrumental orientation)

“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours”

PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL

• Stage 2 • Age Group : 4-7 years• Description of morality:– Individualism- Hedonism– Child carries out actions to satisfy own needs

rather than society’s. – The child does something for another if that

person does something for him in return- “an eye for an eye’

CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 2)

• Stage 3 • Age Group : 7-10 years• Description of morality:– Orientation to interpersonal relations of

mutuality- CONFORMITY– A child follows rules because of a need to be

a good person in own eyes and in the eyes of others

– “Good boy or Good girl”

Kohlberg: Moral - Conventional

Before age 9Before age 9• Strict superegoStrict superego• Rule dominanceRule dominance• Things are black or Things are black or

whitewhiteAfter age 9After age 9• Recognizes differing Recognizes differing

points of viewpoints of view

CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 2)

• Stage 4 • Age Group : 10-12 years• Description of morality:– Maintenance of social order, fixed rules and

authority– Child FOLLOWS RULES of authority figures as

well as parents to keep the system working– LAW and ORDER

POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 3)

• Stage 5 • Age Group : 12 and above • Description:– social contract, utilitarian law making

perspective– child FOLLOWS STANDARDS OF SOCIETY for

the good of all people

POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 3)

• Stage 6 • Age :older than 12 • Descriptions:–universal ethical principle orientation–Respect and dignity of humanity

Fowler’s Theory of Spiritual Development

Spiritual Development- Fowler

Stage Age Group Description

Undifferentiated 0-3 years No concept

Intuitive-Projective 4-6 years Imaginations

Mythic-literal 7-12 years Stories and Myths

Synthetic-Conventional Adolescent Expectations

Individuating-reflective Adult- after 18

One’s system

Paradoxical-consolidating

Adult- after 30

Various viewpoints

UNIVERSALIZING MAYBE never

Love and justice

Fowler's Stages of Spiritual DevelopmentStage Age Description

0 Undifferentiated 0 to 3 years Infant unable to formulate concepts about self or the environment

1 Intuitive-projective 4 to 6 years A combination of images and beliefs given by trusted others, mixed with the child’s own experience and imagination.

2 Mythic-literal 7 to 12 years Private world of fantasy and wonder; symbols refer to something specific; dramatic stories and myths used to communicate spiritual meanings.

3 Synthetic-conventional Adolescent or adult World and ultimate environment structured by the expectations and judgments of others; interpersonal focus

4 Individuating-reflexive After 18 years Constructing one’s own explicit system; high degree of self-consciousness

5 Paradoxical- consolidative After 30 years Awareness of truth from a variety of viewpoints.

6 Universalizing Maybe never Becoming an incarnation of the principles of love and justice.

Havighurst’s Theory of Developmental Tasks

Havighurst Developmental Task

• Babyhood/early childhood• Learning to take solid foods• Learning to walk, talk, read• Learning to control defecation• Learning sexual differences• Learning right/wrong-beginning

consciousness

Late childhood

• Physical skills (ordinary games)• Wholesome attitude• Study/play along with age mates• Sexual identity• Fundamental skills• Conscious and personal independence

Adolescence

• Matured roles of both sexes• Masculine/feminine roles• Accepting own’s body• Socially responsible behavior• Independence from parents• Prepare for economic career, marriage, family

life,ideology

Early adult

• Start occupation• Select a mate• Live with marriage partner• Start family• Rearing children• Manage home• Civic responsibility• Finding congenial group

Middle adult

• Adult and civic responsibility• Adjustment to changes of middle ages and

aging parents• Assist teen-agers to become responsible

adults• Reaching and maintain a satisfactory career

Old Age• Adjusting to decreasing physical

strength,retirement,less income and death of spouse

• Adapting to social roles, physical arrangements and affiliation to members of same age

Death Concepts (Kozier)

Death Concepts (Kozier)AGE Beliefs

Infancy to 3 years old

3 years to 4 years

NO clear concept of Death

It is Reversible, temporary sleep

5 to 9 years Understands DEATH is FINAL but can be AVOIDED

9-12 years Death is INEVITABLE, everyone will die someday

Understands own mortality

12-18 years Fears a lingering Death

18-45 Attitude is influenced by religion

45-65 years Experiences peak of death anxiety

65 and above Death as multiple meanings

Child’s Response to Death1. Infants and toddlers - toddlers may insist on seeing a

significant other long after that person’s death.2. Preschoolers - may see death as temporary; a type

of sleep or separation.3. School-age – See death as a period of immobility.

- Feel death is punishment.4. Adolescents - Have an accurate understanding of

death.

Newborn-1 month: raised head when prone;

turns head from side to side; cooing

2 months: shed tears; social smile; eyes follows object; coos

3 months: raised head; palmar reflex fades;

3 months:

Palmar reflex fades

4 months: raised head and chest;

laughs loud

4 months: moro reflex fade;

4 months: Extrusion reflex fade

5 months: rolls from abdomen to back;

babble with vowel sounds; raking grasp; grasp object voluntarily

6 months: sits with support; dentition begins; 2x BW; rolls from

back to abdomen

6 months: dentition begins

Schedule of Primary Tooth Eruption

ERUPTION LOWER UPPERCentral incisor 6 months 7 ½ monthsLateral incisor 7 months 9 monthsFirst molar 12 months 14 monthsCuspid 16 months 18 monthsSecond molar 20 months 24 months

Schedule of Permanent Tooth eruption

Eruption AgeFirst molar 5 ½ - 6 yearsMedial incisor 6 – 7 yearsLateral incisor 7 – 8 years Cuspid 10 -12 yearsBicuspid 10 -11 years First molar 11 – 12 yearsSecond molar 12 – 13 years

7 months: crawls and sits alone

7 months: parachute reflex begins

8 months: peak stranger anxiety

8 months:loves to watch self in front of a mirror

9 months: creeps

9 months: holds bottle steadily;

pulls self to stand

10 months: pincer grasp

11 months: attempts to walk

12 months: BW 3x; walks with minimal support;

drinks from a cup; Babinski reflex fades

Developmental Growth for the first year of life

• 1 month age – regards1 month age – regards• 2 months age – smiles2 months age – smiles• 3 months age – turns head3 months age – turns head• 4 months age – holds head4 months age – holds head• 5 months age – rolls over5 months age – rolls over• 6 months age – transfers objects6 months age – transfers objects• 7 months age – sits briefly7 months age – sits briefly

Developmental Growth for the first year of life

• 8 months age – creeps8 months age – creeps• 9 months age – pulls up9 months age – pulls up• 10 months age – cruises10 months age – cruises• 11 months age – walks with support11 months age – walks with support• 12 months age – stands alone12 months age – stands alone

Quiz 1• 1-2 differentiate growth & development• 3-5. give 3 principles of G & D and give an example

of each principle• 6. a reaction pattern that means the ability to

change one’s reaction to stimuli over time• 7. it is a reaction pattern which means the ability to

remain interested in an activity• 8. fixation at this task according to Freud includes

smoking and alcoholism

• 9. the major skill to be achieved during the Anal stage is?

• 10. This conflict refers to the male child’s attraction to his mother during the preschool years.

• 11. at this stage, sexual energies are repressed and directed to intellectual activities.

• 12. what is the major concept developed during infancy that is associated with the pleasure principle?

• 13. The psychosocial task of a toddler is?

• 14. The genital stage is observed at the age range of?

• 15. From birth till 1 year, the task according to Erikson is?