theoretical analysis of the deuteron-induced activation at low and medium energies

FENDL-3: 3rd Research Co-ordination Meeting, IAEA-Vienna, 6-9 Dec. 2011 1Marilena Avrigeanu

Theoretical analysis of the deuteron-induced

activation at low and medium energies

Marilena Avrigeanu and Vlad Avrigeanu

BreakupBreakup Direct reactionsDirect reactions Pre-equilibriumPre-equilibrium EvaporationEvaporation (d,x) reaction cross-section evaluation(d,x) reaction cross-section evaluation

FENDL-3 3rd RCM NDS/IAEA, Vienna, 6-9 December 2011

““Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, P.O.Box MG-6, Bucharest, RomaniaEngineering, P.O.Box MG-6, Bucharest, Romania


IFMIF (International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility) D-Li neutron source for testing fusion reactor candidate materials

General purpose : Activation/transmutation data library [U. Fischer: "Nuclear Data Libraries for Advanced Systems: Fusion Devices“, Nov 2007, IAEA, Vienna]

Urgent need for qualified IFMIF reference data library IEAF/EAF : (n, p, d), to be further developed, improved and validatedCross section measurements & calculations required for

neutrons (E >20 MeV): Cr, Co, V, W, Ta, Pb, Bi, Au, Mndeuterons (E ~ 60 MeV): Al, Cu, Nb, Coprotons (E < 12 MeV): Cu, Al, Nb, Ta, W, Au, Pb

Evaluations (n, p, d) to be further developed, improved and validated

Reliable gas production cross-section data (H, He) Dosimetry data file to be developed for E > 20 MeV (IRDF)

Surrogate reactions

Complementary analysis for (d,f) cross section evaluation

Motivation: Data Needs

Phys. Rev. C 79, 044610 (2009);Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605 (2011);J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59, 903 (2011);


Nuclear Model Calculations Elastic scattering : OP parameters settlement SCAT2 [O. Bersillon] - phenomenological OP + semi-microscopic (DF) OP (local version) DFOLD [M. Avrigeanu] - double folding method

Direct reactions FRESCO (2003-2006-2011) [I.J. Thompson] - breakup: elastic component (CDCC): Phys. Rev. C 82, 037610 ( 2010).

- elastic transfer: weakly bound systems: Nucl. Phys. A 759, 327 ( 2005).

- stripping & pick-up: (d,p), (d,n), (d,t; ): Fusion. Eng. Design, 84, 418 (2009); Phys. Rev. C 79, 044610 (2009); Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605 ( 2011).

Composite system equilibration STAPRE-H95 [V. Avrigeanu, M. Avrigeanu] (updated)

- OMP:SCAT2000; preequilibrium: GDH / EXCITON; evaporation: Hauser-Feshbach

TALYS - 1.2 [A. Koning, S. Hilaire, M. Duijvestijn] - OMP:ECIS’97; preequilibrium: MSD / EXCITON; evaporation: Hauser-Feshbach

TENDL-2010/2011


DIRECT vs STATISTICAL mechanisms analysis

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Ed (MeV)

(

b)

natCu(d,x)64Cu

BU: 63

Cu(n,)64Cu *0.691

DR, stripping: 63

Cu(d,p)64

Cu *0.691

DR, pick-up, Ed,tth =3.766

65Cu(d,t)

64Cu *0.309

PE+HF: 63

Cu(d,p)64

Cu *0.691

PE+HF, Ed,p2nth =12.511

Ed,dnth =10.218

BU+DR+PE+HF

Gilly+ (1963)Fulmer+ (1970)Okamura+ (1971)Simeckova+(2011)

65Cu(d,x)

64Cu*0.309

65Cu(d,x)

65Cu

63Cu(d,p)

63Cu

63Cu

E. Simeckova, .... M.A, F.L. Roman, V. Avrigeanu, Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605 (2011)


Breakup, Stripping & Pick-up involvement in d+63,65Cu interactions

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Ed (MeV)

(

b)

natCu(d,x)64Cu Gilly+ (1963)Fulmer+ (1970)Okamura+ (1971)Simeckova+(2011)

BU: 63Cu(n,)64Cu *0.691

DR, stripping: 63Cu(d,p)64Cu *0.691

DR, pick-up, Ed,tth =3.766: 65Cu(d,t)64Cu *0.309

PE+HF: 63Cu(d,p)64Cu *0.691

PE+HF, Ed,p2nth =12.511

Ed,dnth =10.218

BU+DR+PE+HF

65Cu(d,x)64Cu*0.309

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Ed (MeV)

(

b)

natCu(d,x)64Cu(b)

TENDL-10: 63Cu(d,p)64Cu*0.691

TENDL-10: 65Cu(d,x)64Cu*0.309 SUM: TENDL-2010

Gilly+ (1963)Fulmer+ (1970)Okamura+ (1971)Simeckova+(2011)

E. Simeckova, .... M.A, F.L. Roman, V. Avrigeanu, Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605 (2011)


(d,t) pick-up exclusive contribution at low-energy excitation function

0 10 20 30 40 50

10-1

100

101

102

103

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

10-1

100

101

102

103

Ed (MeV)

BFn,2nenhancement

BFp,denhancement

(PE+HF)*(1-(BU+d,p+d,t)/R)

SUM of all mechanisms

93

41Nb(d,x)92m

41Nb

Tarkanyi+ (2007)

Ed,tth

= 2.63

Ed,dnth = 9.02

Ed,p2nth = 11.3

(d,t)-pick-up

(

mb)

Ed (MeV)

59

27Co(d,x)58

27Co

Ed,tth = 4.34

Ed,dnth = 10.8

Ed,p2nth = 13.1

BFn,2nenhancement

BFp,denhancement

(PE+HF)*(1-(BU+d,p+d,t)/R)

SUM of all contributing mechanisms

Michel+ (1983) Ditroi+ (2010)

(d,t)-pick-up

M. Avrigeanu, V. Avrigeanu, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59, 903 (2011)


d + 27Al: activation cross-sections P.Bem, E. Simeckova, M. Honusek, U. Fischer, S.P. Simakov, R.A. Forrest, M.A., F.L. Roman, V. Avrigeanu, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044610 (2009)

5 10 15 20 250

5

10

15

20

25

TALYS-1.0 TENDL-2010 BF+PE+CN BF PE+CN

27Al(d,2p)27Mg

(e)

Wilson+ (1976) Bem+ (2007)

0 5 10 15 20 250

100

200

300

400

500

TALYS-1.0 TENDL DR+PE+CN DR PE+CN

27Al(d,p)28Al (b)

Wilson+(1976)Bem+ (2007)

10 20 30 40 50 600

20

40

60

80

Ed (MeV)

27Al(d,p)24NaZarubin+ ('79)Weinreich+('80)Michel+ ('82)Tao Zhen+ ('87)Zhao Wen+('95)Takacs+ ('01)Hagiwara+('04)Nakao+ ('06)

(f)

Martens+('70)Watson+('73)Wilson+('76)

TENDL-2010TALYS-1.0

BF PE+CN BF+PE+CN

10 15 20 250

10

20

30

4027Al(d,2n)27Si

TALYS-1.0 TENDL-2010 BF+PE+CN BF PE+CN

(d)

Wilson+ (1976)

0 5 10 15 20 250

100

200

300

400

(m

b)

TALYS-1.0 TENDL-2010 DR+PE+CN DR PE+CN

27Al(d,n)28Si(a)

0 5 10 15 20 250

50

100

150

200

250

TALYS-1.0 TENDL-2010 PE+CN

27Al(d,)25MgAl-Quraishi+(2000): (d,x)

(c)


d+63,65Cu : activation cross-sections E. Simeckova, P.Bem, M. Honusek, M. Stefanik, U. Fischer, S.P. Simakov, R.A. Forrest, A.J. Koning, J.-C. Sublet, M.A., F.L. Roman, V. Avrigeanu Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605

(2011)

20 30 40 500.01

0.1

1

10

63Cu(d,3n)62Zn

(c)

BU PE+HF BU+PE+HF TENDL-2010

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

(

b)

Cu(d,x)64Cu

(a)

DR: (d,p) DR: (d,t)

PE+HF: (d,p) PE+HF: (d,2np)

BU+DR+PE+HF

BU

10 20 30 40 50

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.663Cu(d,2n)63Zn(b)

BU PE+HF BU+PE+HF

12 16 20 24

0.1

1

Ed (MeV)

65Cu(d,2p)65Ni

(f)


5 10 15 20 250.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Ed (MeV)

65Cu(d,p)66Cu BU DR: (d,p) PE+HF BU+DR+PE+HF

(d)

10 20 30 40 500.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Ed (MeV)

65Cu(d,2n)65Zn(e)



TENDL 2010/2011

20 30 40 500.01

0.1

1

10

63Cu(d,3n)62Zn

Fulmer+ (1970) Simecova+ (2011)Nakao+ 2006

BU+PE+HFTENDL-2010TENDL-2011

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

(

b)

Cu(d,x)64Cu Fulmer+(1970) Okamura+ (1971) Gilly+ (1963) Simekova+ (2011) BU+DR+PE+HF

TENDL-2010: (d,p)TENDL-2011: (d,p)

10 20 30 40 50

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.663Cu(d,2n)63Zn

Fulmer+ (1970) Okamura+ (1971) Gilly+ (1963) Tarkany+ (2006) Nakao+ (2006) Ochiai+ 92007) Simecova+ (2011)

BU+PE+HF TENDL-2010 TENDL-2011

12 16 20 24

0.1

1

(

mb)

65Cu(d,2p)65Ni

Baron+ (1963) Simeckova+ (2011)

(f)

BU+PE+HF TENDL-2010 TENDL-2011

5 10 15 20 250.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

(

b)

65Cu(d,p)66Cu Okamura+ (1971) Gilly+ (1963) Fulmer+ (1970) Simekova+ (2010) BU+DR+PE+HFTENDL-2010TENDL-2011

(b)

10 20 30 40 500.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Ed (MeV)

65Cu(d,2n)65ZnPement+ (1966)Fulmer+ (1970)Okamura+(1971)Takacs+ (2001)Simeckova+(2011)

BU+PE+HFTENDL-2010TENDL-2011


Empirical breakup components systematics:

fpTBU= 0.087 – 0.0066 Z + 0.00163 Z A1/3 + 0.0017 A1/3E – 2E-6 ZE2; Ed < 80 MeV; 27Al – 232Th

fELBU= 0.031 – 0.0028 Z + 0.00051 Z A1/3 + 0.0005 A1/3E – 1E-6 ZE2; Ed < 30 MeV; 27Al – 181Ta

Elastic breakup phenomenology versus CDCC M. Avrigeanu and A. M. Moro, Phys. Rev. C 82, 037610( 2010).

M. Avrigeanu et al. , Fusion. Eng. Design, 84, 418 (2009);

Inelastic breakup enhancement calculation ( e.g. through σ(n,2n) process):

27Al(d,x): Phys. Rev. C 79, 044610 (2009);63,65Cu(d,x): Phys. Rev. C 84, 014605 (2011);93Nb(d,x): J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59, 903 (2011)

fBU= σBU/ σReaction , fEL = σEB/ σReaction fBF= fBU- fEB σBF= σBU- σEB

Deuteron breakup mechanism analysis

enhancement

BF = p

BF [ (n,non)

(n,2n)

enhancement

BF = p

BF

(n,2n)

(n,non)P

Ed(E,En

0)

]Ed

E


100

101

102

103

5 10 15 20 25 30100

101

102

103

5 10 15 20 25 30100

101

102

103 (

mb)

d + 27Al

5 10 15 20 25 30100

101

102

103

Ed (MeV)

d + 65Cu

100

101

102

103

d + 63Cu

Ed (MeV)

d + 59

27Co

Al-Nb_sigBU

Reactiond

T-pBU

-Avrigeanu+ (Fus.Eng. Design 84 (2009) 418)

elasticBU

-Avrigeanu+ (FED 84 (2009) 418)

inelastic-pBU

-Avrigeanu+ (FED 84 (2009) 418)

T-pBU

-C. Kalbach (TUNL Prog. Rep. XLII,

2002-2003, pp. 80-83)

Ed (MeV)

d + 93Nb

Deuteron breakup components


EB: phenomenology versus microscopic calculations

elastic breakupsystematics limit

ELASTIC BREAKUPCHECKING the correctness of parameterization EXTRAPOLATION

100

101

102

103

(

mb)

d + 63Cu d

R

p

BU=

BE+p

BF

BE

p

BF

10 20 30 40 50100

101

102

103

Ed (MeV)

d + 93Nb


Elastic breakup: phenomenology versus CDCC (1)(1)

unbound excited states of the projectile

• truncated continuum spectrum at E*max

• divided into a finite number of bins: i =0 (g.s.), N

Elastic breakup treated as an INELASTIC EXCITATION of the projectile(Nuclear & Coulomb interactions) through the Coupled Channels approach

where

χi(R) are channel wave functions: i=0: elastic channel

i>0 : breakup channel

(Vnp=V0e-(r/rd)2; V0=72.15 MeV; rd=1.484 fm

M. Kamimura et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 80 (1986) 1)

• each bin represented by a single, averaged w.f.:


Elastic breakup: phenomenology versus CDCC (2)

Coupled Channels calculations:

101

103

d/d

(m

b/sr

)

12 MeV

Lee Jr+ (1964)(a)

10-2

10-1

100

d/

d R

uthe

rfor

d

14.5 MeV

63Cu(d,d0)

Hjorth+ (1968)(b)

0 30 60 90 120 150

10-2

10-1

100

c.m.

[deg]

34.4 MeV

Newman+ (1967)(c)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

10-2

10-1

100

c.m.

(deg)

52 MeV

Hinterberger+ (1968)(d)

10-2

10-1

100

34.4 MeVNewman+(1967)

(c)

10-1

100

15 MeV

Jolly+ (1963)(b)

10-1

100

d/

dR

uthe

rfor

d

93Nb(d,d

0)

11.8 MeV

Igo+ (1961)(a)

i=0: elastic channel

∑σi=σCDCC, i>0

10 20 30 40 50

101

102

Ed (MeV)

pBU

BE

CDCC Kleinfeller systematics

d + 93Nb

10 20 30 40 50

101

102

Ed (MeV)

pBU

BE

CDCC Kleinfeller systematics

(

mb)

d + 63Cu


Breakup enhancement calculation: 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb

10 20 30 40 5010-6

10-4

10-2

100

102

(

mb)

En (MeV)

93

41Nb(n,2n)92m

41Nb

Eth

= 8.927

nonn

n,2n

n,2n/nonn

10 20 30 40 50 60-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Kalbach 2007

En 0 +

Ed (MeV)

En

(Me

V)

93

41Nb + d

93Nb-d-E00n

Pn,pEd

(E) = (2)1/2

exp22-

(E - En,p0 )2

En,p0

=

1

750

energy distribution of breakup nucleons

breakup peak energy, En,p

0

C. Kalbach Walker, TUNL XLVI, 2006-2007

12 A+1A+2

A

Ed 1.5 A1/3 + 3.11.44 ZA+1

+ [12

=

A-Bd

-+ ]

standard deviation, = / 2.355

FWHM2.355

= 0.117 (Ed + 5) (1- )

10 20 30 40 50

10-3

10-1

101

103

En (MeV)

93

41Nb(n,2n)92m

41Nb

20 30 40 50

Ed:

(n,2n)(En)/(n,non)(En)

pBF

(Ed=20) P(En,En0)

(n,2n)(En)/(n,non)(En) pBF

(Ed=20) P(En,En0)

Eth=8.93 MeV

enhancement

BF = p

BF [ (n,non)

(n,2n)

enhancement

BF = p

BF

(n,2n)

(n,non)P

Ed(E,En

0)

]Ed

E

0 10 20 30 40 50 60100

101

102

(

mb)

Ed (MeV)

93

41Nb(d,2np)92m

41Nb

pBF

pBF

(n,2n)/(n,non)]Ed

E p

BF (n,2n)/(n,non) P(E,En

0)

BF-enhancement

proton emitted: pBF

neutron interacts with target


Deuteron breakup enhancement of the activation cross-sections

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

101

102

103

Reaction

TALYS 1.2

T-p

BU-FED

elastic

BU-FED)

inelastic-p

BU-FED

T-p

BU-Kalbach

Ed (MeV)

(m

b)

d + 93Nb

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

100

101

102

103

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-1

100

101

102

5 10 15 20 25 30

101

102

103

En (MeV)

(

mb)

93

41Nb(n,2n)92m

41Nb

En,2nth

= 8.927

Ed (MeV)

(d,t) - (FRESCO) BU-enhancement: (n,2n) BU-enhancement: (p,d) PE+HF corrected for BU-leakage SUM

93Nb(d,x)92mNb

Ed,tth = 2.63

Ed,dnth = 9.02

Tarkanyi+ (2007)

(d,t) - pick-up

BF- (n-2n) BF- (p,d)

Ep (MeV)

93Nb(p,d)92mNb

Ep,dth

= 6.678

Ep,npth

= 8.927

Kiselev+ (1974)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50Kalbach 2003

En

Ep

Kalbach 2007

En

Ep

ESL

d (MeV)

ES

L n / p

(M

eV

)

93

41Nb + d


Deuteron interaction with heavy nuclei: breakup versus fission

10 12 14 16 18 20

100

101

102

(

mb)

Ed (MeV)

231

91Pa(d,3n)230

92U

Morgenstern et al. (2009)

Ed,3nth = 9.347 MeV

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 241

10

(

mb)

Ep (MeV)

231

91Pa(p,2n)230

92U

Ep,2nth = 7.073 MeV

Morgenstern et al. (2008)

10 12 14 16 18 20

8

10

12

14

16

Epbreakup + /2

(Kalbach 2003)

ESL

d (MeV)

ES

L p (

MeV

)

d breakup: d + 231

91Pa

231Pa-d_energies (13.05.2011)

232U* 230U

d + 231Pa n + p

M.A., V. Avrigeanu, F.L. Roman: CNR*11, Sep. 19-23, 2011, Prague, EPJ Web of Conference, in press

Ep,n0 (Ed) = A+2 0.5

AA+1A+1

0.5 Ed + (-Bd + Z9.5 )

2n

+ 231Pa

complem

entary measurem

ents

enhancement

BF = n

BF

(p,2n)

(p,Reaction)

PEd

(E,Ep0)

E


BREAKUP : dominant reaction channel at Coulomb Barrier

M. Avrigeanu, W. von Oertzen, R. A. Forrest, A. C.Obreja, F. L. Roman, and V. Avrigeanu, Fusion Eng. Design, 84, 418 (2009).

C. Kalbach Walker, TUNL Progress Report XLII (2002-2003) p. 82-83, Triangle University Nuclear Laboratory.

10 12 14 16 18 2010

100

1000

Reaction

d

pBU

- Kalbach (2003)

nBU

- Kalbach (2003)

BU

- Avrigeanu+ (2009)

n/pBU

- Avrigeanu+ (2009)

(

mb)

Ed (MeV)

d + 231Pa

Former Former 231231Pa(d,3n)Pa(d,3n)230230U analysis:U analysis: (d,f) dominant(d,f) dominant


BREAKUP : dominant reaction channel at Coulomb Barrier

10 12 14 16 18 2010-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

(

mb)

Ed (MeV)

231

91Pa(d,3n)230

92U

A. Morgenstern+ (2009)

Ed,3nth = 9.347

(d,3n) (PE+CN)

(d,3n) (1-BU

/Reaction

d )

10 12 14 16 18 2010-2

10-1

100

101

102

Morgenstern + (2009)

(d,3n)

d,3n: NO BREAKUP: Cknock n 0.

Cknock p 0.

Ed (MeV)

(mb)

DEFAULT: TALYS-1.2

231

91Pa(d,3n)230

92U

10 12 14 16 18 2010

-1

100

101

102

103

(d,3n) Morgenstern+ (2009) R

TALYS-1.2 default: (d,f) TALYS-1.2 default: (d,3n)

Ed (MeV)

(

mb)

231Pa(d,3n)230U(d,f)

(d,3n)

R


BF enhancement to 231Pa(d,3n)230U activation

5 10 15 2010-4

10-2

100

102 (p,2n)/(p,R)

nBF

(Ed=15) P(E,E

p0)

(p,2n)/(p,R) nBF

(Ed=15) P(E,Ep

0)

Ep (MeV)

Ed: 10 15 20

Pn,pEd

(E) = (2)1/2

exp22-

(E - En,p0 )2

En,p0

=

1

140

energy distribution of breakup nucleons

breakup peak energy, En,p

0

C. Kalbach Walker, TUNL XLII, 2002-2003

12 A+1A+2

A

Ed 9.5 ZA+1

+ (12

=

A-Bd

-+ )

standard deviation,

2.355

= 0.425 (1.15 + 0.12 Ed - )

10 15 20 2510-4

10-2

100

102 (p,Reaction)

(p,2n) - interpolated

(p,2n)/(p,Reaction)

(

mb)

Ep (MeV)

231

91Pa(p,2n)230

92U

Morgenstern + (2008)

enhancement

BF = n

BF

(p,2n)

(p,Reaction)

PEd

(E,Ep0)

E

TALYS-1.2 - default


231Pa(d,3n)230U activation cross section

10 12 14 16 18 20

1

10

100

1000

(m

b)

Ed (MeV)

231Pa(d,3n)230UMorgenstern+ (2009)

(PE+CN)

(PE+CN) (1-BU/Reactiond )

BFenhancement

SUM: PE+CN+BF

TALYS-1.2 - default


CONCLUSIONS

DIRECT REACTIONS contributions to d activation c.s. Deuteron breakup enhancement of activation cross sections

BREAKUP: DOMINANT mechanism for heavy targets at Ed~VC

stripping and pick-up mechanisms (d,t) pick-up exclusive contribution at low-energy excitation functions

PE and evaporation mechanisms contributions corrected for the direct reactions: breakup, stripping and pick-up

Comparison of d-activation cross sections with

TENDL library : EFFECTS of BREAKUP, STRIPPING & PICK-UP

HIGH REQUEST of new measurements:

inclusive nucleons spectra, dσ/dεn/p

complementary excitation functions, σ(d,xn) & σ(p,xn)

Thank you !


Empirical breakup components fBU systematics

1 (a) fpTBU= 0.087 – 0.0066 Z + 0.00163 Z A1/3 + 0.0017 A1/3E – 2E-6 ZE2

1 (b) fELBU= 0.031 – 0.0028 Z + 0.00051 Z A1/3 + 0.0005 A1/3E – 1E-6 ZE2

M. Avrigeanu et al., Fusion Eng, Des. 84, 418 (2009)

Q{Al(d,p)} = 5.5 MeV


231Pa(d,3n)230U activation cross section

10 12 14 16 18 20

1

10

100

1000

(m

b)

Ed (MeV)

231Pa(d,3n)230UMorgenstern+ (2009)

(PE+CN)

(PE+CN) (1-BU/Reactiond )

BFenhancement

SUM: PE+CN+BF

theoretical analysis of the deuteron-induced activation at low and medium energies

Documents

research coordination

data needsphys

nuclear data libraries

activation crosssections

dosimetry data file

forneutrons e

mndeuterons e

coprotons e