theology of mission by john howard yoder

8132019 Theology of Mission by John Howard Yoder

httpslidepdfcomreaderfulltheology-of-mission-by-john-howard-yoder 160

T H E O L O G Y

of M I S S I O N

A Believers Church Perspective

J O H N

H O W A R DY O D E R

E D I T E D B Y

G A Y L E G E R B E R K O O N T Z

A N D A N D Y A L E X I S - B A K E R







InterVarsity Press

PO Box 10486251048628983088983088 Downers Grove IL 10486309830889830931048625983093-1048625104862810486261048630

World Wide Web wwwivpresscom

Email emailivpresscom

copy104862698308810486251048628 by Gayle Gerber Koontz and Andy Alexis-Baker

All rights reserved No part o this book may be reproduced in any orm without written permission rom

InterVarsity Press

InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division o InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement

o students and aculty active on campus at hundreds o universities colleges and schools o nursing in theUnited States o America and a member movement o the International Fellowship o Evangelical Students

For inormation about local and regional activities write Public Relations Dept InterVarsity Christian

FellowshipUSA 10486301048628983088983088 Schroeder Rd PO Box 98309510486321048633983093 Madison WI 983093852019983095983088983095-98309510486321048633983093 or visit the IVCF website at

wwwintervarsityorg

Scripture quotations unless otherwise noted are rom the New Revised Standard Version o the Bible

copyright 1048625104863310486321048633 by the Division o Christian Education o the National Council o the Churches o Christ in

the USA Used by permission All rights reserved

Te Aferword ldquoAs You Gordquo by John Howard Yoder was originally published by Herald Press copy1048625104863310486301048625 Used

by permission

Cover design David Fassett

Interior design Beth Hagenberg

Images abstract painting Ordered by Ron Waddams Private Collection Te Bridgeman Art Library

Vintage labels copy aleksandar velaseviciStockphoto

ISBN 10486339830951048632-983088-10486328520199830881048632-1048628983088852019852019-983093 (print)

ISBN 10486339830951048632-983088-10486328520199830881048632-98309510486251048633852019-852019 (digital)

Printed in the United States o America infin

InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment and to the responsible use onatural resources As a member o Green Press Initiative we use recycled paper whenever possible o learn more about the Green Press Initiative visit wwwgreenpressinitiativeorg

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record or this book is available rom the Library o Congress

P 10486251048633 10486251048632 1048625983095 10486251048630 1048625983093 10486251048628 1048625852019 10486251048626 10486251048625 1048625983088 1048633 1048632 983095 1048630 983093 1048628 852019 1048626 1048625

Y 852019983088 10486261048633 10486261048632 1048626983095 10486261048630 1048626983093 10486261048628 1048626852019 10486261048626 10486261048625 1048626983088 10486251048633 10486251048632 1048625983095 10486251048630 1048625983093 10486251048628

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



CONTENTS

E983140983145983156983151983154983155rsquo P983154983141983142983137983139983141 983095

by Gayle Gerber Koontz and Andy Alexis-Baker

I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983089983091

John Howard Yoderrsquos Mission Theology

Context and Contribution by Wilbert R Shenk

Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983151983152983145983139 983091983093

983089 The Prophets 983092983097

Israel and the Nations

983090 Jesusrsquo Public Ministry and the Nations 983094983090

983091 The Great Commission and Acts 983095983093

983092 The Ministry of Paul in Salvation History 983097983089

983093 Other Texts and the New Testamentrsquos Theology of Mission 983089983089983093

983094 Mission and Systematic Theology 983089983090983097

983095 Church Types and Mission 983089983092983093

A Radical Reformation Perspective

983096 Pietist Perspective on Mission 983089983094983089

983097 The Church as Missionary 983089983096983090

983089983088 The Church as Responsible 983089983097983091

983089983089 The Church as Local 983090983089983089

983089983090 The Church as Laity 983090983090983096

983089983091 Ministry in a Missionary Context 983090983092983088




983089983092 People Movements and the Free Church 983090983093983089

983089983093 Salvation Is Historical 983090983094983093

983089983094 Salvation Is for the World 983090983096983097

983089983095 Message and Medium 983091983089983088

Presence


Servanthood

983089983097 Theology of Religions 983091983091983096

Particularity and Universalism

983090983088 Radical Reformation Perspectives on Religion 983091983093983090

983090983089 Christianity and Other Faiths 983091983094983090

983090983090 The Missionary Challenge of Non-Non-Christian Faiths 983091983095983093

983090983091 Judaism as a Non-Non-Christian Faith 983091983096983094

A983142983156983141983154983159983151983154983140 A983155 Y983151983157 G983151 983091983097983097

A983152983152983141983150983140983145983160 983092983090983091

S983157983138983146983141983139983156 I983150983140983141983160 983092983090983095

N983137983149983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983089

S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983090




EDITORSrsquo PREFACE

In the past hal century many Christians have become skeptical about

Christian missionary efforts Western missionary organizations are

struggling more than ever to meet their budgets as donations wane

Missiology programs have a hard time attracting North American

students Ask people what first comes to mind when they think o

missions and one is likely to hear words such as colonialism violence

and disrespect All o this is understandable For many years Christian

mission was intertwined with the march o Western empires across

the rest o the world Missionaries were sometimes the first wave o a

long process that undermined other cultures and peoples Scholarly

books document this process983089 Popular fiction such as Chinua

Achebersquos Tings Fall Apart vividly narrates the way Christian mis-

sionaries bulldozed their way through non-Western cultures and en-

vironments to bring people their Western understanding o God and

the church Te good news was too ofen intertwined with the violent

machines o conquest

Anyone concerned about peace and justice has to wrestle with the

legacy o missions in the long advance o Western imperialism No eth-

icist or theologian rom the Mennonite tradition can avoid it Although

John Howard Yoder is best known or his work on issues o war and

peace the topic o this bookmdashtheology o missionmdashpreoccupied him

1For example see Luis Rivera A Violent Evangelism Te Political and Religious Conquest o the

Americas (Louisville Westminster John Knox 1048625983097983097983090) and Richard Fletcher Te Barbarian Con-

version From Paganism to Christianity (New York Henry Holt 1048625983097983097983095)




983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

as a scholar teacher missionary and ecumenical dialogue partner or

most o his lie He sought to articulate a theological basis or a ree

church or believers church approach to Christian mission in whichsharing the gospel message disentangled rom Western industry and

militarism could become a proound practice o Christian peacemaking

a vessel or Godrsquos saving work

A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

From 98308998309710486301048628 to 9830899830979830961048627 Yoder taught a course on theology o mission at As-

sociated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries (AMBS)1048626

In 9830899830979830951048627 the coursesessions were recorded onto reel-to-reel audiocassettes and then re-

corded again in 9830899830979830951048630 however we could find only nine lectures rom the

9830899830979830951048630 course Yoder planned to have the lectures transcribed printed and

used or course material as he did with his lectures or the course

ldquoChristian Attitudes to War Peace and Revolutionrdquo983091 As Yoder said in a

memo to Wilbert Shenk in February 9830899830979830961048627 ldquoWe already have a taped

transcription rom the last time the course was offered six years ago It

is proposed that this be typed off and reproduced so the students can

read it prior to class session Tis would enable the same class ormat

which I have used in two other subjects or years and would also acil-

itate the preparation o an inormal publication such as had been done

with two o my other coursesrdquo983092

Like the war peace and revolution lectures Yoder thought that the

theology o mission lectures might someday be edited or publication as

a book In one memo he wrote in 9830899830979830951048627 Yoder hinted that he might want

to revise the lectures or publication at a uture date saying an inormal

transcription would be ldquoa separate question rom whether a more pol-

ished version should be created which would be visible or commercial

2Te seminary was renamed Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary in 9830909830881048625983090 Yoderrsquos course

was titled ldquoTeology o Missionrdquo not ldquoTeology o Missionsrdquo Tis reflected the shif in termi-

nology beginning to be accepted in response to the conceptual development rom the 1048625983097983093983088s o

missio Dei as the true source o missionary action Yoder however neither reers to this term nordiscusses the concept

3Posthumously edited and published as John Howard Yoder Christian Attitudes to War Peace and

Revolution ed Andy Alexis-Baker and ed Koontz (Grand Rapids Brazos Press 983090983088983088983097)4John H Yoder to Wilbert Shenk 1048628 February 10486259830979830961048627 John Howard Yoder Collection Hist Mss

1048625ndash1048628983096 Box 10486259830961048625 Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN




Editorsrsquo Preace 983097

publication either as a unit or in small segmentsrdquo1048629 He went on to in-

dicate that i he could get a sabbatical rom teaching he would be willing

to work on writing a book on mission based on the lecturesIn 9830899830979830961048628 Yoder lef AMBS and began teaching ull time at Notre Dame

where he no longer had the opportunity to teach about mission Te

tapes were stored away in a cellar at AMBS and orgotten In 9830909830889830881048630 Gayle

began teaching a course on Yoderrsquos theological legacy Several years later

when Wilbert Shenk was invited to class to reflect on Yoderrsquos contribu-

tions to mission theology and practice Shenk mentioned that some

ormer students had told him how ormative Yoderrsquos course on theologyo mission had been in their lives and ministry Shenk thought there

might be tapes o the lectures somewhere Afer a number o months o

ruitless searching the director o the AMBS library finally discovered

the ldquolostrdquo tapes in a box in the basement o the seminary

Immediately afer finding the recordings Andy set to work tran-

scribing the lectures so the two o us could see whether they were worth

publishing in book ormat At the same time we contacted the Yoder

amily representative and the AMBS Institute o Mennonite Studies

both encouraged us to proceed with the project Once we had tran-

scripts in hand we consulted with several missiologists and mission

staff persons and were encouraged by the enthusiastic response we re-

ceived We set to work editing the chapters

W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156

We have edited the course lectures significantly Te transcriptions were

obviously a replica o the spoken orm in which Yoder delivered the

lectures Although we wanted to preserve the more inormal oral

quality o Yoderrsquos voice in the final manuscript we repaired awkward or

unclear syntax changed passive to active voice where possible attended

to consistency in verb tense and reorganized or clarity some o the

material that we believe Yoder himsel would have done in preparing a

manuscript or publication We also added a number o transitional sen-tences or phrases where we thought such things were needed in a written

5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

manuscript Finally we reduced the length o these lectures by careully

removing repetitious or unnecessary paragraphs sentences phrases or

words and by removing most o the class discussion material that ol-lowed the lectures

Because these chapters were delivered as lectures over several days

Yoder usually summarized the previous dayrsquos lecture to remind stu-

dents what they had heard I these summaries were done well we

sometimes used them in place o something he said in his lecture

Usually however these summaries were not needed and interrupted

the flow o the written text these we deleted In addition Yoder beganmany class sessions with prayer We removed the prayers because in his

course notes he clearly stated that he believed prayers should be spoken

rather than written

Since these were class lectures we developed all the ootnotes Some

o the ootnotes emerged rom questions in which a student wanted

Yoder to clariy something he spoke about in a lecture In general when

we elt material rom class discussion should be included we either

added a ootnote or incorporated the comments into the lecture itsel

Occasionally Yoder included reerences or other side comments in his

course lecture notes We included most o those notations in ootnotes

at the appropriate places as well When we thought it was needed we

added supplemental editorial ootnotes

We also added headings Sometimes the course notes already had

headings so we simply added them to the text Other times we created

them or ease o reading based on Yoderrsquos own wording in the lecture

or something he wrote in his notes Wherever possible we used his

own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141

We envision several audiences or this book Seminary students and

proessors who are studying the theology o Christian mission may find

that this book gives a particularly helpul perspective on an Anabaptist view o mission rom one o the leading ethicists o the twentieth century

Tis book could serve as a textbook in missiology or ecclesiology In ad-

dition those who have ollowed Yoderrsquos work over the years will find






983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

logian who helped many to engage the Christian gospel in resh ways In

troubling contrast he is remembered also or his long-term sexual ha-

rassment o womenWe recognize the tensions involved in presenting the past work o

someone who so passionately called Christians to reconciling lives and

yet used his position o power to abuse others At the time o this publi-

cation a new effort is underway in Yoderrsquos ecclesial and teaching institu-

tions to understand and speak truthully about what happened while he

was a part o these communities with a view to bringing healing to

those who still suffer rom the consequences o his actionsIt is our hope that those in the academy and others studying Yoderrsquos

work will not dismiss the complexity o these issues but continue to

evaluate appropriate and criticize Yoderrsquos work in the ull context o his

scholarly ecclesial and personal legacy

In this project we have tried to honestly and aithully preserve the

various nuances o Yoderrsquos perspective on Christian mission hoping

that as he might have said it will point readers beyond himsel toward

the astonishing reconciling mission o God through Jesus Christ

Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker

Elkhart Indiana May 9830909830889830891048627




INTRODUCTION

John Howard Yoderrsquos Mission Teology

Context and Contribution

by Wilbert R Shenk

John Howard Yoderrsquos missional engagements represent an important

dimension o his personal commitment and public ministry yet

scholars have largely overlooked his contribution to mission thought

and practice His Anabaptist heritage European theological edu-

cation and practical engagements in mission leadership permitted

him to develop a believers church understanding o mission that

uniquely integrated biblical insights historical perspectives and

commitment to Jesusrsquo way o peace ecclesiology and ethics983089 His ideas

ofen pointed to later developments in mission theology and con-

tinue to resonate strongly todayDuring the years 9830899830971048628983097ndash9830899830971048630983097 Yoder was directly involved in

mission program leadership Ater 9830899830971048630983097 he took on increased aca-

demic administrative and teaching duties but he continued to con-

tribute in both practical and theoretical ways through consulting

with mission agencies and personnel participating in conerences

and writing

1Yoder began using ldquobelievers churchrdquo in the mid-1048625983097983094983088s likely to indicate a deeper ecclesiology

than communicated by the traditional ldquoree churchrdquo nomenclature which tended to be tied

primarily to the churchstate relationship




9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141

Yoder lef or Europe the spring o 9830899830971048628983097 During World War II the Men-nonite Central Committee (MCC) began sending volunteers to help war

sufferers and reugees1048626 Tis effort grew greatly ollowing the warrsquos end As

part o this expanded program Yoder was assigned to a childrenrsquos home in

Alsace Eastern France Te other part o his commission was to promote

Christian witness to peace ldquoa new sort o missionary work one in which

little has as yet been done but which offers great opportunity or creative

workrdquo983091

Harold S Bender assistant secretary o MCC defined Yoderrsquos as-signment in the context o urgent spiritual questions that Europeans were

raising How can people have hope when they have experienced two dev-

astating wars resulting in widespread destruction and displacement all

within the space o thirty years Te oundations o Western civilization

were crumbling and it was insufficient to be concerned only about physical

and material needs983092 Te loss o hope had taken a heavy toll across Europe

Yoder was soon introduced to the International Mennonite PeaceCommittee and later the Puiduix Teological Conerence an ecu-

menical group that met regularly to study ldquoTe Lordship o Christ over

Church and Staterdquo He lived and worked among the French Mennonites

one o the oldest Mennonite conerences in Europe At this time they

were divided between traditionalists committed to preserving the past

and younger people eager or a more vital and spiritually satisying

Christian aith Yoder was asked to assist French Mennonites in recon-

necting with their historical and theological heritage hoping this might

help overcome division and oster renewal o congregational lie It was

characteristic o Yoder that he maintained close and ruitul relations

with the French Mennonites on the one hand and quickly orged an

extensive network o interchurch and ecumenical contacts on the other

2For a uller biography o Yoderrsquos lie see Mark Tiessen Nation John Howard Yoder (Grand Rap-

ids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983094) pp 1048625-9830909830973Harold S Bender to John H Yoder August 1048625983088 10486259830971048628983096 983094 b1048628983090 Bender papers Mennonite

Church USA Archives Goshen IN4North American Mennonite mission executives visited Europe July 983090983097ndashAugust 10486251048628 1048625983097983093983088 to plan

or the next phase o ministry See Wilbert R Shenk An Experiment in Interagency Cooperation

(Elkhart IN Council o International Ministries 1048625983097983096983094) pp 983090-1048628




Introduction 983089983093

During this time Yoder and French Mennonite leaders were dis-

cussing possible collaboration between French and North American

Mennonites in new mission initiatives in France He reported to Men-nonite Board o Missions (MBM) that ldquothe social service program o

MCC is incomplete i it does not leadrdquo to evangelization But he cau-

tioned against any North American attempt to do evangelization alone1048629

His French interlocutors emphasized the importance o this being done

collaboratively with French leadership

Already in this early period Yoder was concerned with mission

strategy and theology Te spring o 9830899830979830931048628 he was part o a group hostedby the British Society o Friends While in Britain he and others visited

the Hutterian Wheathill Colony He reflected on this visit in an article

ldquoDiscipleship as a Missionary Strategyrdquo contrasting the lack o attraction

o the typical church made up o nominal members with the evange-

listic appeal o a congregation characterized by dynamic koinōnia1048630

Te summer o 9830899830979830931048628 Yoder ended his service with MCC in order to

study church history and theology ull-time at the University o Basel

In early September however a major earthquake struck Orleacuteansville

Algeria killing a thousand people and causing widespread destruction1048631

For several years French Mennonites and American Mennonites

working in France had been discussing possible new ministry in Fran-

cophone North Arica Andreacute rocmeacute a French Reormed pastor and

the secretary o the International Fellowship o Reconciliation had an

interest in Islam and wanted to find practical ways o engaging with

Muslims He encouraged Mennonites to act

In response to this crisis Mennonite agencies agreed that MBM

would send a team o builders to Algeria French Mennonites also re-

cruited volunteers and helped provide oversight Yoder directed this

5John Howard Yoder to Mennonite Board o Missions ldquoReport on Mission Possibilities in

Francerdquo 983093 October 10486259830979830931048625 Mennonite Board o Missions IV-1048625983096-1048625983088 Box 983090 Mennonite Church

USA Archives Goshen IN Special thanks to Colleen McFarland archivist who has been unail-

ingly helpul in locating materials6John Howard Yoder ldquoDiscipleship as a Missionary Strategyrdquo Christian Ministry 983096 (JanuaryndashMarch

10486259830979830931048628) 983090983094-10486271048625 Republished in John Howard Yoder Radical Christian Discipleship ed John Nugent

Andy Alexis-Baker and Branson Parler (Harrisonburg VA Herald Press 9830909830881048625983090) pp 10486259830941048627-9830959830887Marian E Hostetler Algeria Where Mennonites and Muslims Met 983089983097852021852021ndash983089983097852023983096 (Elkhart IN np

9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

emergency relie and reconstruction program which lasted rom 983089983097983093983093 to

983089983097983093983096 He reported later ldquoFrom the very beginning it was planned that a

permanent missionary or missionary couple be assigned to Algeriaboth to supervise the present work and to prepare or other kinds o

missionary activityrdquo1048632

During these years Yoder continued to develop his thinking about

the mission o the church He had become acquainted with Bishop

Lesslie Newbiginrsquos work Newbigin had served as a missionary to India

since 98308998309710486271048630 In 983089983097983093983090 he delivered a lecture series in Glasgow subsequently

published as Te Household o God a book widely acclaimed or its reshthinking about the nature and mission o the church Afer both New-

bigin and Yoder contributed essays to a symposium on ldquoTe Nature o

the Unity We Seekrdquo in the Spring 983089983097983093983095 issue o Religion in Lie Yoder

wrote to Newbigin ldquoEver since reading your Household o God Irsquove

been wanting to ask you some questions but didnrsquot eel I should bother

you Now that Irsquove been privileged to share with you the pages o Re-

ligion in Lie I eel better acquainted and encouraged to take the liberty

o writing yourdquo1048633 Yoder raised probing questions about the nature o the

local church and the role o the episcopacy in principle and in practice

in the Church o South India In January 983089983097983093983097 he received an apologetic

and long-delayed reply rom Newbigin now in transition rom India to

the International Missionary Council in London giving a hurried and

incomplete response to the issues Yoder raised Newbigin remarked

twenty years later ldquoJohn Yoder wrote the most searching critique o my

book that I received rom anyone And I have not yet answered himrdquo 9830891048624

Between December 983089983097983093983095 and April 983089983097983093983096 Gospel Herald published Yo-

derrsquos five-part series on ldquoIslamrsquos Special Challenge to Christian Missionsrdquo983089983089

8John Howard Yoder ldquoOur First Tree Years in Algeriardquo Gospel Herald February 1048625983096 1048625983097983093983095 10486259830939830979John Howard Yoder to Lesslie Newbigin 1048625983093 April 1048625983097983093983095 John Howard Yoder Collection Hist

Mss 1048625ndash1048628983096 Box 104862510486251048625983095 Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN See Religion in Lie 983090983094

(Spring 1048625983097983093983095) or Newbigin and Yoder essays on ldquoTe Nature o the Unity We Seekrdquo10Newbigin to Yoder 983090 January 1048625983097983093983097 John Howard Yoder Collection Hist Mss 1048625ndash1048628983096 Box

104862510486251048625983093 Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN Newbiginrsquos later remark was to WilbertShenk in 1048625983097983095983097

11itle o the first installment published December 10486271048625 1048625983097983093983095 104862510486251048628983090-10486281048627 Subsequent installments

were as ollows ldquoIslamrsquos Challenge to Mennonitesrdquo February 1048628 1048625983097983093983096 10486251048625983088-10486251048625 ldquoOur First Tree

Years in Algeriardquo April 1048625983096 1048625983097983093983096 1048625983093983096-983094983088 ldquoTe War in Algeriardquo March 1048625983096 1048625983097983093983096 9830909830931048628-983093983094 ldquoMis-

sion and Material Aid in Algeriardquo April 1048625 1048625983097983093983096 1048627983088983094-983095






983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

sions Gustav Warneckrsquos pioneering five-volume Evangelische Mission-

slehre published in 983089983096983097983090ndash9830899830979830881048627 laid the oundation or the academic

study o missiology Warneck aimed to provide a theorymdashnot atheologymdasho mission aithul to the Christendom vision For him it was

axiomatic that Western theology was authoritative and accordingly

would be the basis or teaching and training on all continents At that

time seminaries and mission training schools offered no courses in

mission theology Indeed the development o mission theology as a

dedicated field in mission studies had to wait until the 983089983097983093983088s 983089983091 Te

urther step beyond mission theologymdashthat is contextual theologiesmdashemerged late in the twentieth century

Te International Missionary Council (IMC) played an indispensable

role in the development o mission theology through a series o interna-

tional assemblies between 983089983097983090983096 and 983089983097983093983096 In 983089983097983093983090 the IMC met at Will-

ingen Germany Although the assembly ailed to agree on a concluding

statement the assembly is regarded as a landmark event a catalyst to

uture developments in mission theology983089983092 In lieu o a conerence con-

sensus statement Wilhelm Andersen prepared an essay ldquoowards a

Teology o Missionrdquo which surveyed and summarized developments

rom 983089983097983089983088 to 9830899830979830939830909830891048629 Following Willingen the IMC Commission on Te-

ology o Mission sponsored research and writing projects that kept

these developments on track Te 983089983097983093983096 IMC Assembly in Accra Ghana

approved two new studies Johannes Blauw Te Missionary Nature o

the Churchmdashwhich Yoder used as a textbook or his Teology o Mission

coursemdashand D Niles Upon the Earth9830891048630

Yoder entered the conversation during this creative time in the devel-

13We lack a comprehensive history o these developments throughout the twentieth century but see

Gerald H Anderson Te Teology o Missions 983089983097983090983096ndash983089983097852021983096 (Boston University PhD diss 1048625983097983094983088)

Gerald H Anderson ed Te Teology o the Christian Mission (New York McGraw Hill 10486259830979830941048625) and

Rodger C Bassham Mission Teology 983089983097983092983096ndash983089983097852023852021 (Pasadena CA William Carey Library 1048625983097983095983097)14See N Goodall ed Missions Under the Cross (London Edinburgh House Press 10486259830979830931048627) At the

time Willingen was declared a ailure Lesslie Newbigin later observed ldquoTirty years later one

can look back and say that it was one o the most creative in the long series o missionary con-erencesrdquo Unfinished Agenda rev ed (Edinburgh St Andrew Press 10486259830979830971048627) p 10486251048627983088

15Wilhelm Andersen owards a Teology o Mission International Missionary Council Research

Pamphlet No 1048626 (London SCM Press 1048625104863310486291048629)16Both published in New York by McGraw-Hill 1048625983097983094983090 Nilesrsquo book was criticized especially by

evangelicals or universalistic tendencies





opment o mission theology During the 983089983097983093983097ndash9830899830971048630983088 winter term Yoder

gave a lecture at Drew University on ldquoTe Otherness o the Churchrdquo9830891048631

Tis brie but undamental statement o Yoderrsquos theological vision holdstogether missiological ecclesiological and ecumenical dimensions as

does his approach in this book Each dimension is essential to the in-

tegrity o the whole Te churchrsquos mission is to witness to the lordship o

Christ over all the powers calling men and women to give their alle-

giance to Jesus Christ

Yoderrsquos Anabaptist perspective and his doctoral study with Karl Barth

and Oscar Cullmann led him to trace deviations rom the biblical normover the centuries that resulted in a truncated ecclesiology He saw the

ldquoConstantinianrdquo shif that linked baptism and citizenship as paradigmatic

or the accommodations and compromises the church made repeatedly

with the powersmdasheconomic political social and moral While the New

estament maintains a clear distinction between ldquochurchrdquo and ldquoworldrdquo

between belie and unbelie too ofen the church heeded other voices and

succumbed to the temptation to blur the lines between them Te Con-

stantinian variety o mission notorious in its crusading and colonizing

orms contradicts the sel-giving love graciously offered by Jesus the

Messiah and his call to voluntarily ollow him Yoder argued that a com-

promised and conused church will not engage the world with the liber-

ating good news that Jesus Christ is Lord While the sixteenth-century

Reormation made some gains it reaffirmed the alliance between church

and state thus attempting to deend and maintain the territorial character

o the church an ecclesiology at odds with the New estament

In his 9830899830971048630983095 keynote address to the Believers Church Conerence at

Louisville Kentucky Yoder extended and elaborated his critique o

Christendom and proposed an alternative vision o the church as a mis-

sionary people in and to the world9830891048632 wo years later without changing

the substance he rephrased his argument ldquoTe Anabaptist vision calls

or a Believersrsquo Church With reerence to the outside this means that

17John Howard Yoder ldquoTe Otherness o the Churchrdquo Drew Gateway 1048627983088 (Spring 1048625983097983094983088) 10486259830931048625-983094983088

Republished in Te Royal Priesthood (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048628) pp 983090983090983088-104862798308818John Howard Yoder ldquoA People in the Worldrdquo in Te Concept o the Believersrsquo Church ed James

Leo Garrett Jr (Scottdale PA Herald Press 1048625983097983094983097) pp 983090983093983088-9830961048627 Republished in Royal Priesthood

pp 983094983093-10486259830881048625 See especially ldquoMission Compromisedrdquo pp 983096983097-10486259830881048625




983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

the church is by definition missionary a church which invites [people]

into ellowship Men and women [are] not born into ellowship [but]

are invited to enter it by ree adult decision in response to the procla-mation o the love and suffering o God On the inside the Believersrsquo

Church means that the adhesion o a member is [by] personal respon-

sible conscious mature adult choicerdquo9830891048633 Tis churchrsquos inner lie will be

marked by uncoerced mutual care

In the 983089983097983090983088s and 9830899830971048627983088s IMC assemblies had grappled with the theme o

ecclesiology and mission Hendrik Kraemerrsquos Te Christian Message in a

Non-Christian World (9830899830971048627983096) marked the high point in this developmentAfer World War II a critique o ldquoecclesiocentrismrdquo emerged led by mis-

siologists such as J C Hoekendijk By 9830899830971048630983088 Hoekendijk was arguing that

the church was only an instrument or bringing Godrsquos shalom to the world

Based on a careul reading o Ephesians 1048627 and 983090 Corinthians 983093 Yoder

offered a different understanding that required a ldquobasic reorientation o

our thinking about missionrdquo He rejected the classical definition o the

church that is the church is ldquopresent where the sacraments are admin-

istered and the word o God is preached to the aithulrdquo because it

sunders the essential relationship between church and mission Further

to assert that church and mission are inseparable ldquois not simply an a-

firmative statement about the church it is also a radical questioning o

her missionary methodsrdquo10486261048624

Yoder was equally critical o evangelical and ecumenical Protestant

views o ecclesiology and missions Functionally both operated rom

the same Christendom model missions were initiatives taken inde-

pendent o ecclesial responsibility Lacking a robust ecclesiology evan-

gelicals were characterized by their preoccupation with personal piety

and they viewed mission as the work o a special society outside the

churchrsquos purview Mainstream Protestantism was associated with state

churches which had large nominal memberships since mission was not

integral to its ecclesiology the mission-minded among its membership

ormed independent mission societies

19John Howard Yoder ldquoAnabaptist Vision and Mennonite Realityrdquo in Consultation on Anabaptist

Mennonite Teology ed A J Klassen (Fresno CA Council o Mennonite Seminaries 1048625983097983095983088) p 104862820Ibid p 1048627983090





In addition to his ocus on ecclesiology Yoder brought another di-

mension to mission theology rom his study o Scripturemdasha oundation

or contextuality in mission Observing that ldquoin a very coarse-grainedway we can say that the New estament is the document o a transition

made by a message-bearing community rom one world to anotherrdquo he

cited five textsmdashJohn 983089983089-9830891048628 Philippians 983090983093-983089983089 Colossians 983089983089983093-9830901048627 He-

brews 983089ndash983090 and Revelation 1048628983089ndash983093983093mdashthat show apostolic writers entirely

independent o one another resorting to a common pattern o response

to an alien worldview1048626983089 For example the writers were completely a-

miliar with the language and thought o the host culture However theydid not fit Jesus and his message into the ready-made categories o the

host culture but presented Jesus as transcendent Lord Ostensibly Yo-

derrsquos purpose was to address the perplexing question o religious plu-

rality but in the process he provided a theological oundation or con-

textualization that has generally been lacking in missiological discussion

Mission and unity In 9830899830971048630983089 the International Missionary Council

(IMC) was ormally integrated into the World Council o Churches

(WCC) and its work continued as the Division (later Commission) on

World Mission and Evangelism Tat year Yoder was named a member

o the new divisionrsquos subcommission on theology o mission and he

participated in its July 983089ndash983089983088 meeting at the Ecumenical Institute Bossey

Switzerland10486261048626 Te integration o the IMC into the WCC however had

not been easy Te proposal or integration had stirred intense debate

that was carried on in study papers committee meetings correspon-

dence and periodicals or ten years While the IMC Assembly in Accra

Ghana approved the proposed integration in 983089983097983093983096 dissatisaction with

this decision continued to ester

Historically the IMC had attracted a wide spectrum o Protestants

and Anglicans Conservative evangelicals who otherwise remained

aloo to church union movements had been longtime members o IMC

Indeed the modern mission movement was essentially an evangelical

21John Howard Yoder Te Priestly Kingdom (Notre Dame IN University o Notre Dame Press

10486259830979830961048628) pp 1048628983097-983093104862722Tis was one o several WCC commissions o which he was either a member or theological

adviser over the next thirty years




983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

initiative or it was the evangelical wings o the major churches that

joined with believers church people in sponsoring Protestant missions

Te membership o the IMC reflected this act Both ecumenical andevangelical Protestants had argued against IMC-WCC integration pre-

cisely on the grounds that it would inevitably alienate a significant part

o the Protestant missionary movement that hitherto had worked har-

moniously with IMC and Christian Councils across the world

Tis experience stimulated not only Yoderrsquos theological writing but

also his behind-the-scenes relationship building among evangelical and

mainline Protestant mission leaders1048626983091

Further it influenced his ap-proach to Mennonite mission strategy

Yoder and mission strategy World War II was a watershed event or

missions It hastened the collapse o the old system o Western domi-

nation and with it the mission model o the previous 983089983093983088 years Christian

missions were at an epochal crossroads Donald McGavranmdashborn to

missionary parents in India and himsel a missionary to India rom 9830899830979830901048628

to 9830899830979830931048628mdashpublished his seminal work Te Bridges o God in 983089983097983093983093 Mc-

Gavran emerged as a leading strategic thinker with his axiom that the

key to church growth was to pay attention to the sociocultural bridges

by which people groups could be reached He argued that church growth

is the sine qua non o mission effectiveness

Yoder took a keen interest in the challenge o exploring mission strat-

egies appropriate in the emerging environment He acknowledged the

achievement o the modern mission movement and noted that ldquoChurch

historians are already recognizing the lsquoForeign Missions Movementrsquo as

probably the most significant development in church history since the

Reormationrdquo1048626983092 Yet Christian missions were defined by what Sri Lankan

Christian leader D Niles called the ldquoWesternity o the missionary

baserdquo10486261048629 Although missionaries were not direct agents o colonialism

modern missions could not be separated rom ldquoa still broader cultural

and economic tiderdquo10486261048630 Te modern mission model was borrowed directly

23On this see Gayle Gerber Koontz ldquoUnity with Integrityrdquo in Radical Ecumenicity ed John Nu-

gent (Abilene X Abilene Christian Unity Press 9830909830881048625983088) pp 983093983095-983096104862824John Howard Yoder ldquoChristian Missions at the Endrdquo Christian Living 983096 (August 10486259830979830941048625) 104862598309025D Niles Upon the Earth p 104862598309798309326Yoder ldquoChristian Missions at the Endrdquo p 1048625983090





rom the secular realm like colonial officials who administered Western

colonies across the world the missionary was sent rom the West sup-

ported financially rom the West and ollowing service would return tothe West Tis era was now ending Newly independent countries were

taking steps to restrict or even curtail the work o oreign missionaries

Yoder put the modern mission movement in historical perspective by

viewing it within the whole o Christian experience For most o the past

nineteen centuries the expansion o the church happened through the

migration o committed lay Christians amilies or groups went to new

regions where they settled earned their livelihood and cast their lotwith their adopted community10486261048631 No mission society provided financial

and moral support and there were no fixed length o terms or provision

or returning home to retire In this respect the modern mission

movement is a historical anomaly In searching or new strategies in the

late twentieth century earlier historical patterns can be instructive

In 9830899830971048630983089 Yoder published a pamphlet titled As You Go Te Old Mission

in a New Day His textual premise was the amiliar Matthew 983090983096983089983097 which

he retranslated ldquoAs you are going rdquo Te thrust o the Great Com-

mission is not finding new geography but being alert to needs and op-

portunities or witness wherever the Christian is Yoder grounded his

presentation in historical experience From this standpoint the modern

proessional missionary does not represent the whole o Christian

history On the contrary

[What] we call the ldquooreign missionary movementrdquo is a relatively recentphenomenon in the history o the church beginning about 983089983096983088983088 It

would be wrong to limit our thinking about the uture o missions to one

particular concept Troughout the history o Godrsquos people the

Gospel has been brought to new parts o the world primarily by mi-

gration o financially independent Christians [who] were dispersed

sometimes because o commercial or amily interests more ofen be-

cause o persecution Where they went they took their aith with them

and new Christian cells were planted10486261048632

27Yoder makes the same arguments more succinctly in ldquoAfer Foreign MissionsmdashWhatrdquo Chris-

tianity oday 983094 (March 1048627983088 10486259830979830941048625) 1048625983090-1048625104862728John Howard Yoder As You Go Focal Pamphlet No 983093 (Scottdale PA Herald Press 10486259830979830941048625)

pp 10486251048625-1048625983090 See aferword below p 10486289830881048628 Subsequent reerences to aferword in parentheses




9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

Yoder called or cadres o people ready to experiment and take risks in

order to discover resh patterns o missionary obedience Rather than

understanding Christian mission as a program this was a challenge to venture orth as witnesses o the gospel in neglected places both at

home and across the world Tis bold resh strategic thinking struck a

responsive chord with younger people

J D Graber sent a copy o the pamphlet to McGavran or evaluation

and comment McGavran responded with a five-page review He com-

mented that ldquo lsquomigration evangelismrsquo is a terrifically appealing ideardquo ob-

serving that this was the way Islam was spreading10486261048633

McGavranrsquos concernhowever was that a mission board be mindul o the tendencies o mi-

grant communities to become insular and accordingly take steps to

insure that the main goal be church planting

Yoderrsquos proposal attracted considerable interest and resulted in sus-

tained experiments in Japan Brazil and Bolivia But in the postcolonial

world except or countries o North and South America and Europe mi-

gration with a view to obtaining citizenship has been virtually impossible9830911048624

In addition to his resh proposals about mission by migration Yoder

was deeply involved in strategic thinking about the role o Western mis-

sions and the churches they planted in relation to Arican Indigenous

Churches (AICs)983091983089 Shortly beore Yoder joined MBM administrative staff

in 983089983097983093983096 a group o churches in Nigeria contacted the Board asking to be

recognized as Mennonites Afer some conusion it gradually became

clear that longstanding Western mission policies had produced extensive

unintended consequences that is hundreds o indigenous churches had

sprung up across Arica One such group in Southeastern Nigeria learned

about Mennonites through an international radio broadcast Tey re-

29J D Graber to D McGavran 983097 November 10486259830979830941048625 D McGavran to J D Graber 1048625983090 December

10486259830979830941048625 Mennonite Board o Missions IV-1048625983096-10486251048627-9830889830901048625983097983093983094-1048625983097983094983093 Box 9830961048627983093 Mennonite Church

USA Archives Goshen IN30Te nearest anyone came to writing up an evaluation o these ldquoexperimentsrdquo was Marvin J

Miller Te Case or a entmaking Ministry (Elkhart IN Mennonite Board o Missions 1048625983097983095983096)

One Mennonite missionary couple tried or 1048627983088 years to get citizenship in India to no avail31Descriptors or this phenomenon have evolved ldquobreakaway churchesrdquo ldquoseparatist churchesrdquo

Arican Independent Churches Arican Initiated Churches and recently Arican Indigenous

Churches Changing terminology reflects growing understanding and respect on the part o

scholars and mission-related churches Te earlier terms are now regarded as pejorative Pre-

erred usage now is the acronym AIC





quested recognition and resources rom MBM Te crucial question was

what kind o relationship was appropriate Yoder was assigned adminis-

trative responsibility or this new venture He helped shape the strategyand theological rationale or a new kind o missional partnership9830911048626

In late 983089983097983093983097 MBM sent Edwin and Irene Weaver who had already

served in India or two decades to Nigeria to get acquainted with these

churches and determine what kind o cooperation might be appro-

priate983091983091 Te Weavers soon discovered that southeastern Nigeria could

not be considered an ldquounworkedrdquo mission field Indeed major Western

denominationsmdashRoman Catholic Anglican Methodist Presbyterianand the independent Qua Iboe Missionmdashhad sponsored missions to

this region since the late 983089983096983088983088s and had well-established churches

schools hospitals and clinics throughout the region A second group o

Protestant missions comprised o those who had arrived more recently

rejected the comity system ollowed by the older Protestant missions In

addition there were numerous Arican indigenous churches inter-

spersed among the ldquomissionrdquo churches Relations between the mission

churches and the indigenous churches were hostile Most o the senior

missionaries bluntly advised the Weavers to leave A ew elt the situ-

ation ought to be addressed and urged the Weavers to stay

Shortly afer arriving Edwin Weaver reported to Yoder some o his

and his wiersquos first impressions In short they elt overwhelmed Re-

sponding to Weaverrsquos ldquostimulating and disquieting letterrdquo Yoder offered

what proved to be prescient counsel ldquothis is more an ecumenical than a

missionary task i those two concepts can be separatedrdquo He counseled

that the main task is to ldquodecrease the conusionrdquo983091983092 Beore Weaver had

received Yoderrsquos December 983089983096 983089983097983093983097 reply he sent a sequel9830911048629 Soon afer

32Wilbert R Shenk ldquoGo Slow Trough Uyordquo in Fullness o Lie or All ed Inus Daneel et al (Am-

sterdam Rodopi 9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048627983090983097-1048628983088 David A Shank ldquoJohn Howard Yoder Strategistrdquo Mission

Focus Annual Review 1048625983093 (9830909830881048625983088) 1048625983097983093-983090104862598309533See the firsthand account by Edwin and Irene Weaver Te Uyo Story (Elkhart IN Mennonite

Board o Missions 1048625983097983095983088)34Edwin I Weaver to Yoder 983097 December 1048625983097983093983097 Yoder to Weaver 1048625983096 December 1048625983097983093983097 both in E

Weaver 1048625983097983093983097 Mennonite Board o Missions IV-1048625983096-10486251048627 Mennonite Church USA Archives

Goshen IN35Weaver to Yoder 10486251048628 December 1048625983097983093983097 E Weaver 1048625983097983093983097 Mennonite Board o Missions IV-1048625983096-10486251048627

Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN








983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

supplied and paid two teachers983092983089 In the process o setting orth MBMrsquos

understanding o cooperation with the Church o the Lord (Aladura)

Yoder drafed a seven-page statement that included a rationale or Men-nonite cooperation with AICs9830921048626 Te essential elements o Yoderrsquos theo-

logical and theoretical ramework or his strategic thinking in relation

to the churchrsquos mission in West Arica first expressed in the 983089983097983093983096 publi-

cation Te Ecumenical Movement and the Faithul Church were urther

developed in the essay ldquoTe Nature o the Unity We Seekrdquo983092983091 Te mis-

sionary shape o the church and the call or Christian unity were inter-

woven in Yoderrsquos theology and practice o mission

983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

By the 983089983097983095983088s renewal movements were calling insistently or recovery o

the ldquowholerdquo gospel Christian base communities in Latin America liber-

ation theologies Christian communes and liberation movements such as

the antiapartheid campaign in South Aricamdashall were seeking to address

proound ethical challenges with the resources o the gospel During those

years Yoder mentored through his writings and relationships a number o

young evangelicals in their ldquoradicalrdquo attempts to connect mission theology

and ethics Te Yoder amily spent the 983089983097983095983088ndash983089983097983095983089 academic year in Buenos

Aires Argentina He lectured in seminaries and developed a network o

relationships especially among emerging young evangelical theologians

He encouraged them to challenge current mission theology and strategy983092983092

In the United States he served as a resource to Evangelicals or Social

Action and to the Sojourners community and magazine

41Te Teological Education Fund was established in 1048625983097983093983095 by the IMC Under the WCCrsquos Com-

mission on World Mission and Evangelism it continued providing grants to seminaries in Asia

Arica and Latin America or upgrading theological education updating libraries providing

scholarships or advanced training o aculty and offering students stipends to study in semi-

naries and Bible schools in their own countries 42Yoder to W R Shenk memo Policy o Mennonite Missions and Service Agencies oward

Arican Independent Churches 10486251048628 February 1048625983097983095983088 Mennonite Board o Missions IV-1048625983096-10486251048627

Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN43John Howard Yoder Te Ecumenical Movement and the Faithul Church (Scottdale PA Men-

nonite Publishing House 1048625983097983093983096) and ldquoTe Nature o the Unity We Seek A Historic Free Church

Viewrdquo in Te Royal Priesthood pp 9830909830901048625-104862798308844See John Howard Yoder Revolutionary Christianity Te 983089983097983094983094 South American Lectures ed Paul

Martens Mark Tiessen Nation Matthew Porter and Myles Werntz (Eugene OR Cascade 98309098308810486251048625)





At the first International Congress on World Evangelization Yoder

played a behind-the-scenes role advising and encouraging young theo-

logians Sponsored by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association andheld at Lausanne Switzerland July 9830891048630ndash983090983093 9830899830979830951048628 this event brought to-

gether more than three thousand delegates and observers wo o the

plenary speakers C Reneacute Padilla and Samuel Escobar whom Yoder had

met in Latin America represented a new generation o evangelicals in

Latin America Tey called or a vision o ldquoradical discipleshiprdquo and

commitment to a gospel that embraced all o human reality Contesting

the old dichotomy between evangelization and social action they chal-lenged the evangelical status quo

During the Congress these ldquoradical evangelicalsrdquo caucused in oppo-

sition to the official statement the Lausanne Covenant Yoder was one

o several o their counselors Tey argued that the Congress ought to

take a more radical position on the issues o poverty and injustice that

blighted the lives o millions o people in the less developed countries

Tey declined to sign the Lausanne Covenant insisting that it was too

passive in the ace o the desperate conditions in Latin America Arica

and Asia9830921048629 Following the Lausanne gathering this group published Te

New Face o Evangelicalism An International Symposium on the Lau-

sanne Covenant in which they developed their position in fifeen

chapters o commentary9830921048630

Yoder and the church-growth debate In 9830899830971048630983093 Donald McGavran

became ounding dean o the School o World Mission and Institute o

Church Growth at Fuller Teological Seminary His ideas were widely

embraced among evangelical mission agencies that began sending their

mid-career missionaries or retooling under McGavranrsquos tutelage Mc-

Gavran argued that church growth was the key indicator o mission e-

ectiveness He amassed case studies rom around the world o how

45Congress leaders tried to accommodate the group Te ldquoradical evangelicalsrdquo drafed a state-

ment ldquoTeology and Implications o Radical Discipleshiprdquo which was included in the official

congress proceedings See J D Douglas ed Let the Earth Hear His Voice (Minneapolis WorldWide Publications 1048625983097983095983093) pp 10486259830909830971048628-983097983093

46C Reneacute Padilla ed Te New Face o Evangelicalism An International Symposium on the Lausanne

Covenant (Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 1048625983097983095983094) Senior Western evangelical leaders

insisted this diverted attention rom evangelism ldquothe highest priorityrdquo Tis debate would con-

tinue well into the 1048625983097983096983088s




1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

churches grew or stagnated and coined special vocabulary to describe

his ideas Te key to McGavranrsquos theory was the homogeneous unit

principle ldquo[People] like to become Christians without crossing raciallinguistic or class barriersrdquo9830921048631 But could this claim based solely on em-

pirical evidence be validated on biblical and theological grounds

While McGavranrsquos ideas were attracting an enthusiastic ollowing

others were not persuaded9830921048632 Te Civil Rights movement in the United

States was gaining in strength Asians Aricans and Latin Americans

were alarmed by a mission strategy that could readily be used to give

legitimacy to continuing unjust divisions in societies based on casteclass and ethnic differences Tese issues were especially problematic or

missiologists in situations such as apartheid South Arica While Mc-

Gavran vigorously decried these criticisms people remained uneasy He

was a pragmatic strategist not a theologian

In February 9830899830979830951048627 the Mennonite Missionary Study Fellowship met to

study ldquoTe Challenge o Church Growthrdquo Te purpose was to evaluate

the strengths and weaknesses o McGavranrsquos theory and offer con-

structive critique Yoder gave the major paper ldquoChurch Growth Issues

in Teological Perspectiverdquo He approached his topic careully and re-

spectully Much o his critique centered on McGavranrsquos idiosyncratic

definitions o key terms in Matthew 983090983096983089983097-983090983088 discipling and perecting

Yoder argued that McGavranrsquos use o the Great Commission could not

be supported exegetically9830921048633 Te papers presented at the consultation

were subsequently published as a small book 10486291048624

Yoder was invited to a consultation our years later on the homoge-

47Donald McGavran Understanding Church Growth 983090nd ed (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983088) p

9830909830901048627 McGavran first ormulated and introduced his insights in Te Bridges o God (London

World Dominion Press 1048625983097983093983093)48Already in 1048625983097983094983090 Victor Hayward CWME Study Department (WCC) confided to Yoder that he

was interested in McGavranrsquos ideas but was meeting considerable criticism Victor Hayward to

John Howard Yoder 10486251048628 November 1048625983097983094983090 John Howard Yoder Historical Mss 1048625ndash1048628983096 Box 9830969830931048627983095

Mennonite Church USA Archives Goshen IN Subsequently Hayward did convene the Iber-

ville (Quebec) Consultation on Church Growth which issued the ldquoIberville Statement onChurch Growthrdquo But it did not quell the disquiet

49See David Bosch ldquoTe Structure o Mission An Exposition o Matthew 1048625983094ndash983090983088rdquo in Exploring

Church Growth ed Wilbert R Shenk (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830961048627) pp 9830901048625983096-1048628983096 a magiste-

rial study showing that McGavranrsquos interpretation was indeensible on exegetical grounds50Wilbert R Shenk ed Te Challenge o Church Growth (Scottdale PA Herald Press 10486259830979830951048627)





neous unit principle a consultation sponsored by the Lausanne Te-

ology and Education group chaired by John Stott Tirty-five people

gathered in Pasadena Caliornia May 1048627983089ndashJune 983090 983089983097983095983095 Five acultymembers o Fullerrsquos School o World Mission prepared papers on meth-

odological anthropological historical ethical and theological dimen-

sions o the homogenous principle Five scholars prepared written re-

sponses to the position papers and another twenty-five persons

participated in the discussion Yoder responded to Peter Wagnerrsquos paper

ldquoHow Ethical Is the Homogeneous Unit Principlerdquo but Yoderrsquos response

was never published1048629983089

Yoderrsquos last contribution to the church growth debate was an essay

ldquoTe Social Shape o the Gospelrdquo in Exploring Church Growth Tis

makes clear the substantial difference in ecclesiological vision that stood

between McGavran and Wagner on one side and Yoder and C Reneacute

Padilla among numerous other thinkers on the other10486291048626 But the ground

was shifing In a 9830899830979830961048630 reflection rom an insiderrsquos vantage point Arthur

F Glasser acknowledged that interaction with critics had changed the

church growth movement in important ways He noted that ldquo[Mc-

Gavran] no longer uses Homogenous Unit Principle in his writings but

reers instead to the lsquomosaic o peoplesrsquo rdquo1048629983091

Ethics and missionary practice In his speaking and writing over the

years Yoder called American missionaries to deeper cultural and ethical

awareness Because most American missionaries were reared in a reli-

gious culture that prescribed appropriate behavior they were inexperi-

enced in ethical discernment Te way one behaved was not a conse-

51See consultation statement ldquoTe Pasadena Statement on the Homogeneous Unit Principlerdquo

Lausanne Occasional Papers No 1048625 London Lausanne Committee or World Evangelization

and World Evangelical Fellowship 1048625983097983095983095 and Making Christ Known ed John Stott (Grand Rap-

ids Eerdmans 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983093983095-983095983090 Wagnerrsquos paper was published in Occasional Bulletin 9830901048625

(1048625983097983095983096) 1048625983090-1048625983097 Yoderrsquos response ldquoTe Homogenous Unit Concept in Ethical Perspectiverdquo is

available in the conerence compendium held in the Fuller Teological Seminary Library and

in the John Howard Yoder Digital Library hosted in Elkhart County Indiana httpreplica

palnieducdmlandingpagecollectionp1048625983093983095983088983093coll104862598309652John Howard Yoder ldquoTe Social Shape o the Gospelrdquo in Exploring Church Growth ed Wilbert

R Shenk (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830961048627) pp 983090983095983095-9830961048628 Padillarsquos response to one o the Fuller

aculty papers was also published in this collection C Reneacute Padilla ldquoTe Unity o the Churchrdquo

in ibid pp 983090983096983093-1048627983088104862753Arthur F Glasser ldquoChurch Growth at Fullerrdquo Missiology 10486251048628 no 1048628 (October 1048625983097983096983094) 10486281048625983093




1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

quence o conversion but o ollowing the practices o onersquos ldquoChristianrdquo

culture Missionaries who had never questioned the common dualism

between evangelism and social action were unprepared to come toterms with the ldquowhole gospelrdquo vision that emerged globally in the 983089983097983095983088s

In June 9830899830979830961048627 Yoder addressed the annual meeting o the Association

o Proessors o Mission on ldquoEthical Issues or raining or Cross-

Cultural Missionsrdquo He argued that American evangelical missionaries

operate with binary patterns ldquoCertain components o the Anglo-Saxon

evangelical experience have predisposed many o us and many o those

who come to our schools to trust binary patterns o analysis which spe-cifically tend to relegate matters o ethical concern to secondary or de-

rivative statusrdquo1048629983092 Examples include nominal versus real Christianity

outer versus inner ormal versus existential and spiritual versus ma-

terial Tese pairs are separated into prior and secondary Obviously a

secondary item is less important than what is prior Yoder observed that

the ethical is ldquoroutinely in the second categoryrdquo10486291048629

Yoder believed it was inexcusable in crosscultural situations to treat

ethical thinking as a ldquosecondaryrdquo matter to be set aside either by habit o

mind or by arbitrary decision raining missionaries or crosscultural

ministry must include attending to ethics or the ethical vision o Jesus

can only be understood as constitutive o the gospel In the lie ministry

death and resurrection o Jesus the Messiah we have seen and received

the whole gospel

Yoder also pressed the indissoluble link between ethics and evangeli-

zation in his ecumenical interactions Te theme o the Sixth Assembly

o the WCC in Vancouver BC July 9830901048628ndashAugust 983089983088 9830899830979830961048627 was ldquoJesus

Christmdashthe Lie o the Worldrdquo the evangelistic task o the church In a

compelling statement he asserted that evangelization is the test o our

ethical vocation Citing John 983089983095 and the Sermon on the Mount he

stressed the integral relationship between visible unity and the dis-

tinctive liestyle o discipleshipmdashsalt light city on a hill Jesus connects

this to the practice o enemy love as displayed supremely in Godrsquos action

54John Howard Yoder ldquoTe Experiential Etiology o Evangelical Dualismrdquo Missiology 10486251048625 no 1048628

(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625





Jesus Christ made peace between hostile peoples by the blood o his

cross (Eph 983090) and gave us the ministry o reconciliation10486291048630 Ethics and

mission cannot be separated

C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156

Yoder consistently worked against the grain o conventional taken-or-

granted renderings o biblical interpretation church history and con-

temporary practice From his radically Christocentric ocus he called

ellow pilgrims to deeper and more complete obedience to our crucified

and reigning Messiah As demonstrated in the early chapters o thisbook he insisted on a rigorous reading and openness to the scriptural

text He was ever alert to the ways Christians in every age have over-

adapted to their culture thereby compromising their witness Protes-

tants have clustered into ecumenical and evangelical blocs with each

group clinging to a lopsided gospel Te underlying issue generally un-

acknowledged and unaddressed is the Christendom ecclesiology that

orces a choice between a church without mission and a mission without

church Tese insights and commitments are representative o the chal-

lenges Yoderrsquos mission thought continues to pose today

56John Howard Yoder ldquoA Comment Evangelization Is the est o Our Ethical Vocationrdquo Interna-

tional Review o Mission 983095983090 (10486259830979830961048627) 9830941048627983088




YODERrsquoS INTRODUCTION

TO THE TOPIC

What is the target and unction o this work Te title could be written

more than one way so we need to meditate on what Teology o Mission

does and does not mean983089

T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147We could ocus on the place o theology as a discipline related to the mis-

sionary task Tat is to say that the missionary witness in a new cultural

context as a church comes into being will ace questions not answered

elsewhere o ace those new questions there will have to be a theolo-

gizing process distinguishing between right and wrong adaptations to

the new host culture checking translation o the Scriptures to insure

clarity and accuracy In a new church context there will need to be cul-turally appropriate articulations or catechism church order and lead-

ership training

In that new situation interchurch relations will pose new challenges

Te missionary representatives o earlier Christianity will have brought

with them their denominational or other identities but there will be a

new theological passing on and relating o traditions in the host country

1[Compare David J Bosch ransorming Mission (Maryknoll NY Orbis 10486259830979830971048625) pp 1048625-10486251048625 J A B

Jongeneel ldquoMission Teology in the wentieth Centuryrdquo in Dictionary o Mission Teology ed

John Corrie (Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press 983090983088983088983095) pp 9830901048627983095-10486281048628 C E Van Engen ldquoMission

Teology ordquo in Global Dictionary o Teology ed W A Dyrness and V-M Kaumlrkkaumlinen (Down-

ers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983096) pp 983093983093983088-983094983090 mdashEd]




10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

Te question will arise as to what kind o theologian or what kind o

theologizing process is needed to help the church in its missionary

calling Tat would be important and we cannot avoid touching on thetheological process itsel but that is not the ocus o this book

Te topic is narrower with several sides One is to ask what issues in

theology are especially important or the light they throw on the mis-

sionary nature o the church It might be that there are things Western

theologians have debated at great length that throw no light on the

church as missionary We do not have to deal with those subjects Other

issues subject to theological debate may become more meaningul orimportant when we think o the church in the missionary mood rather

than the church as established

Second what aspects o the missionary enterprise call or theological

analysis and illumination What does it mean or somebody to send

missionaries or to go as missionaries What does it mean to be a sending

church or a receiving church

Finally i there is such a thing as the churchrsquos missionary enterprise a

notion that developed in Christendom does that reality or mandate

throw any corrective light on or does it complement the nonmissionary

theology o the nonmissionary churches o the West Does the mis-

sionary concern offer a new perspective on Western theology

T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147

One o the major figures in the field o mission theology Johannes

Hoekendijk wrote that theologians ldquohave been in the past among the

most unconquerable saboteurs o evangelismrdquo1048626 By this he meant that

the aculties o theology in European universities and the state-church

structures have generally not been supportive o or have even attacked

critiqued or undercut concern or what Hoekendijk called ldquoevangelismrdquo

but could also be called ldquomissionrdquo What are the reasons or that Doing

theology as an educational enterprise in Western Europe was in a non-

missionary context Europe thought o itsel as a Christian culture andwhatever could be called ldquomissionsrdquo belonged in some other part o the

2[Johannes Hoekendijk ldquoTe Call to Evangelismrdquo International Review o Mission 1048627983097 (1048625983097983093983088) 1048625983094983090

mdashEd]




Yoderrsquos Introductionto the opic 1048627983095

world Since the context itsel did not raise the missionary question it

was natural that theology did not deal with it I you look through Eu-

ropean systematic or practical theology texts the theme o mission isabsent in most o the texts and even in the presuppositions with which

most o the texts were written

Part o the reason university theologians were hard on the missionary

enterprise was that the wrong kinds o people were interested in it

Mission work was usually done by Pietists and separatists people who

were not representative o the established churches and their theological

practice Moreover that work was ofen done by simple people who notonly had minority positions but ofen did not think about those posi-

tions very careully

In European Christianity the agencies that carried out the sending

process were not the church Te church was a sociological agency

responsible or governing pastors and placing them in pulpits and

handling the denominationrsquos internal affairs in any given country Te

organizations that sent missionaries were missionary societies that were

created spontaneously by voluntary membership who then created their

own structures A theologian in a European Protestant university (or an

American Ivy League university) did not eel that the missionary enter-

prise was something or which his or her church was responsible Te-

ology had to do with domestic church management

Early in the twentieth century this classic polarity between the mis-

sionary and theologian shifed partly because o the modern ecumenical

movement that arose out o the missionary movementrsquos success Te

missionary movement was an agent o developing churches around the

world When it became visible that there was a worldwide Christian

community that took expression in different orms in interchurch rela-

tions Western academic theology could no longer avoid the act that

the worldwide church must be accepted related to and given meaning

Te act that it is a subject being dealt with however does not mean that

the kind o critique o missions that Hoekendijk reerred to is no longerpresent In act critique can become sharper It used to be that the estab-

lished theologians did not talk about evangelism and missions now

they talk about missions and evangelism critically




1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

Pietist emphases in missions is one o the standard theological cri-

tiques Te rootage o the missionary enterprise in Pietism has had two

effects that contemporary theology criticizes One is the concentrationon conversion as an individual phenomenon or both the missionary

and the convert Tis is subject to some criticism rom both biblical and

realistic perspectives Te other effect that is criticized is the ocus on a

particularmdashsometimes called moralisticmdashcultural style that calls or

conormity to the cultural patterns o the sending churches or instance

orbidding use o alcohol and dancing While the previous generation o

missionaries was concerned to export the patterns o aithulness thathad been ound necessary at home theologians would say alcohol and

dancing are not necessarily the most important points

Still another critique has to do with perceived narrowness in theo-

logical understanding One o the currents o thought in Western the-

ology sometimes called ldquoneo-universalismrdquo argues that Godrsquos love must

be effective beyond the borders o the visible church Teologians who

hold this view suggest there must be ways to be objects o Godrsquos love and

to be reconciled with God or to trust in Godrsquos goodness without joining

a Western organization Tey question missionaries who go to the rest

o the world with the Christian message thinking that i they donrsquot reach

people with the message those people will be lost But what does ldquolostrdquo

mean Te missionaries defined salvation in terms o European se-

mantics European experience and European concepts o what it means

to be human to be saved and thereore to be lost Teologians asked

can we think this way anymore Isnrsquot Godrsquos purpose broader than the

perdition o everybody who has not heard and joined our movement

Tis cuts across the traditional missionary motivation the lostness o all

people outside the Christian message

Another critical perspective on mission comes rom cultural anthro-

pology In our time there has arisen a much greater capacity to analyze

the uniqueness o every culture and there is greater awareness that

meaningmdashincluding religious meaningmdashis dependent on the shape o agiven culture We cannot simply translate words and know that in an-

other culture we are saying the same thing because the meaning o a

statement is always conditioned by that culture It is ofen argued that the





simple anthropologically untrained missionary has been saying things

in other countries that were meaningless or that did not mean what they

thought they said Tis is another orm o the ldquosimple peoplerdquo reproachwith which the theologians previously critiqued or ignored missions

Such criticisms o Christian mission criticisms that are still present

encourage proessional theologyrsquos low view o missions

W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103

But what do we mean by theology o mission as distinguishable rom

other things we might say about missions How is theology distin-guishable rom missionary method and principles

For some people theology means collecting and collating proposi-

tions or truths Tey think that we have a certain number o Christian

truths We can state them at greater length with more propositions or

more simply in a creed Tose affirmations stated in the best possible

language are what we believe Teology is simply a matter o inter-

preting the propositions clariying them checking the definitions

keeping them straight and deending them

Teology starts on the level o catechism What ideas must a believer

believe in order to be accepted or baptism How much does someone

have to know One o the meanings o catechism is ldquowhat you have to

know in order to be recognized by the rest o the Christian community as

a ellow believer and to be ready or incorporation into the community

through baptism or confirmationrdquo Beyond that minimal instruction one

soon discovers that we do not all teach the same theology Catholics and

Lutherans differ so we have to give reasons or choosing this or that

answer to one o the big questions Controversy comes afer catechism

Afer controversy comes systematic thought In systematic thought

we ask how it all hangs together What assumptions are more unda-

mental than others Which reasoning processes are valid and which do

not make sense or are not convincing Systematic theology is sel-

conscious It turns in on itsel and asks ldquoHow are we thinkingrdquo notsimply ldquoWhat do we thinkrdquo It asks ldquoWhy do they think differentlyrdquo

and ldquoHow do we think properlyrdquo Systematic theology comes at the end

o an evolution in theological thought within Christian history It comes




1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

afer catechetical instruction and afer controversy In church history we

see this development taking place over the centuries Systematic the-

ology has also tended to become hardened as definitive in the thoughto the church and to be taught or its own sake

While or some people theology is organizing traditional truths sys-

tematically or other people theology is simply a realm o talking about

God In that realm individuals can have their own new ideas which are

legitimate theology too In this view one can even be an atheist and do

theology as long as the person thinks careully about the act that God

does not exist Teology is just another word or thinking careully aboutwhat matters the most Given this spirit which puts a premium on tol-

erance variety and individual authenticity there arises a new criticism

o the whole missionary package it is arrogant Te missionary under-

taking does not let other people have their own theology It tries to

impose a better one even across cultural borders

In the last century and a hal these two schools o thoughtmdashone that

held that theology means everybody doing their own critical thinking

rom scratch and the other that theology is an authoritative body o

truths everybody should believemdashdebated one another Te debates

were mostly about whether to believe the Bible and what authority the

Bible has Many assumed that those in avor o propositional theology

were the ones who ldquobelieved the Biblerdquo because they got their proposi-

tions rom it and the other people were the ones who did not Tis

turned out on later analysis to be simplistic because most propositions

in systematic theology draw rom sources beyond the Bible Systematic

theology uses contemporary terms It translates and paraphrases It se-

lects It borrows later agendas It debates issues that only arose in the

Middle Ages or in the Reormation Much o what it takes to make the-

ology systematic is borrowed rom other places and debates

I suggest we back away rom those classical ways o understanding

what theology thinks it is doing We should not assume that we are dealing

with a total body o knowledge that is to be firmly organized once and orall which we then unold Teological material always comes rom history

and it is always an arbitrary selection On the other hand theology is not

a simple transposition o biblical statements into an outline as i one can





take the whole Bible put every line on a card and then reorganize the

cards in a more logical way than they were in the written Bible Tat is

what some people think systematic theology is But every transpositionevery translation every selection changes something

o avoid both arbitrariness in our own theological selection and the

idea o theology as a settled rigid set o answers letrsquos look at theology as

a reasoning process in the lie o the church Tis process needs to be

done careully responsibly in the ellowship o the church subject to

the authority o Scripture but not in the wooden way o the past

thinking that all we are doing is rearranging biblical thinkingI we examine this process rom a sociological perspective we can ask

what the Christian church as a group o people has to talk about to-

gether One is our common convictions or catechism a minimum

common knowledge that a new member o the community ought to be

aware o to be acceptable as a member Naming this may not take much

theological conversation (although in some churches it takes more than

in others) A second thing that we do with language is liturgy We have

ways o praying and we break bread together and we have ways o ex-

plaining what is going on when we do these things Tat is also theology

It may ocus on the same subject matter as the catechism and it may not

A third thing that we do with words in the church is to argue Tere is

wrong doctrine Tere is also good diversity in expression o convic-

tions But to distinguish between diversity that is good because it is

complementary and values a variety o gifs and situations and diversity

that is wrong the church has to think and argue Te technical term or

that is polemics an argumentative kind o theology

Yet another unction o theology we call apologetics which simply

means that we are trying to express ourselves in the language o the people

we are trying to talk to We donrsquot tell them in our language how our po-

sition hangs together but we try to adopt their language and speak to them

in a way that will win them or at least make sense to them in their terms

Each o these approaches has a different set o ground rules I you aredoing catechetics then you will ask i this conviction is indispensable Can

you get along without it I you are doing polemics you will have a di-

erent set o questions You will ask ldquoWhere does error beginrdquo ldquoWhat is







missionsrdquo is what the church does in her own culture ldquoEvangelismrdquo is

what the church does in her own neighborhood ldquoForeign missionsrdquo is

what the church does when sending people overseasOur increasing awareness o the commonality o situations in one

part o the world and another makes that distinction too simple Tose

o us who live in North America or Europe would find that there are

parts o our own countries so different rom our own that we would eel

as i we were in a oreign country i we lived there Tere are also parts

o the ldquooverseasrdquo world that are highly Westernized In act we are not ar

rom having state churches in some Arican countries and South Pacificislands Te problem o religious establishment is not limited to Europe

or North America

While it used to be taken or granted that Europe and North America

were Christian and other continents were ldquothe non-Christian worldrdquo

that is no longer possible to assume Tis is partly because o the growth

o the church around the world and partly because there is increasing

awareness that Europe and North America are not simply ldquoChristianrdquo

We cannot assume the home country is a Christian country and all we

have to do is evangelize (that is get individuals to join the church in the

Christian country) or to work in certain ringe areas (that is with im-

migrants or Native Americans or slum dwellers) and call that home mis-

sions Tat picture is not helpul in understanding the breadth o the

missionary concern

A urther issue arises over the EastWest divide in Christianity o

think that there is an East that never was Christian and a West that used

to be Christian oversimplifies in numerous important ways Eastern

Christianity used to be the name or the Russian Orthodox the Greek

Orthodox the Syrian Orthodox and the Coptic people Is that West or

East It is not quite either Ten there is the act that neither Arica nor

Latin America alls under the East-West polarization So some people

have begun talking about North and South Te North is the developed

world and the South is the poor world which means Latin AmericaArica and southern Asia No one o these efforts to get handles on the

problem will work but we cannot work without handles either

In spite o the difficulties we will consider the ldquooverseas modelrdquo as




10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

typical or raising the issues we will examine We want to put our ques-

tions in the context o the widest cultural legal and physical differ-

ences we canmdashbut without assuming that crossing distant culturalboundaries is categorically different rom crossing cultural bound-

aries in some given homeland However looking at mission in relation

to more distant places and cultures may give us samples more repre-

sentative and revealing

M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155

Our ocus on theologizing in the context o mission needs to be distin-guished rom the kinds o concerns that would be raised i our title were

ldquomissionary methodsrdquo or ldquomissionary principlesrdquo In that case we would

give more attention to the actual procedures o the missionary agency or

the proessional missionary person We cannot ignore those questions

because they have theological implications But neither can we ocus

on them because not all o them are strictly theological We will touch

only incidentally on items that would be dealt with in a book on prin-

ciples or methods

Missionary agency management Some questions regarding prin-

ciples or methods have to do with the missionary agency as an insti-

tution a board a mission society a sending office Tis kind o agency

needs management and support policies It needs to define its rela-

tionship to a constituency It must also address the question o the status

o the missionary person as an employee o the mission institution

What constitutes candidacy call ordination and tenure

Mission agencies also need to determine their priorities What is and

should be the place o schools hospitals community development or

other service agencies which do things other than create congrega-

tions How are service and mission related as concepts as unctions and

as agencies

Another question is the status o field management structures and

their relation to the church in that country What does it mean to haveconcern or ldquoindigenous methodsrdquo Does this mean that missionaries in

a given overseas context will consider themselves regular members o

the local church Should they transer their membership rom North





America serve the church in leadership roles only i they are elected and

give their tithes to a local congregational budget Or is that precisely

backwards because that warps the genuinely indigenous nature o thelocal church Should they keep out o the way o the local church as part

o their presence and offering to avoid the danger o domination Tat

is a theological issue but it is also an issue o agency management It is

another issue we cannot ocus on

Focus of the missionary effort Another set o questions that we

cannot avoid but that we will not deal with directly has to do with pri-

orities in the ocus o the missionary effort Should the mission effortconcentrate on trying to reach everybody Should it rather try to reach

elite policy makers and cultural leaders because they will influence

many others Should it ocus on trying to reach the poor because Jesus

was in avor o the poor Or should it ocus on reaching whoever will be

most likely to respond Tose are significantly different approaches

Tose are elements we will not deal with in this book

Cultural adaptation Further decisions have to do with what is ap-

propriate or inappropriate cultural adaptation in a mission setting I

people in the non-Christian religious culture meet under tents should

Christians meet under tents too Should the mission effort adapt as

much as possible in superficial visible ways to the surrounding religious

culture so as to be identified as also religious Or should the Christians

make the point that they are Christian by not using the same kinds o

buildings shrines and meeting times as the religious establishment

Should missionaries work to have large congregations so they can

have a preacher and a budget as their sending churches do or should

they work with house churches so that new Christians have an intimate

point where they can be brought into community and catechized Is the

primary goal a maximum number o converts or a maximum spread o

Christian values which might be done best by not insisting on con-

verting people Is it more important to go to the cities because that is

where more people are Or to go to tribal areas where the Christianmessage has not reached because the gospel is supposed to reach ldquoall

tonguesrdquo and every city already has some type o church present All

these questions are theologically relevant We cannot avoid touching on




10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

them and using related illustrations but they would be dealt with more

ully and careully in a book on missionary methods and principles

Believers church concerns Under the heading o principles or methodswe could ocus on some specific concerns that those in the believers

church and historic peace church traditions hold and how they ought to

be expressed in mission work i they ought to be expressed at all For ex-

ample because o the shape o established Christianity in Europe in the

sixteenth century Anabaptist Mennonites have ocused on the impor-

tance o believers baptism in contrast to inant baptism Should mission-

aries insist in a country where other people baptize their babies that in-ants are not to be baptized and that the decision to become a member o

the church must be a mature personal decision What does the concen-

tration on individual decision mean in a culture where individuals ollow

amily or clan decisions rather than make their own What does believers

baptism mean where there is no established church that collapses citi-

zenship and baptism Does the same obligation remain to make an issue

o inant baptism Is there more o an obligation to ocus on this practice

because the church is in a missionary situation or perhaps less because it

is a more serious matter to press an issue that could divide Christians in

some other part o the world than it seems to be in our part o the world

In North America we have a pluralistic way o getting along on many o

these issues Disagreement and division are more difficult when Chris-

tians are a disadvantaged minority in an unriendly culture

Another question is how mission work should deal with the church-

state relationship given that it has a different orm in every part o the

world o what extent should Europeans or Americans carry to other

parts o the world the patterns or convictions developed in the relatively

tolerant relatively democratic West Or should pacifist Christians

promote an ethic o nonresistance and raise the whole set o questions

around violence the state and the military983091 Minimally missionaries

3[Yoder used the term nonresistance which had a particular resonance or Mennonite seminarystudents at the time We have retained his usage or historical integrity and or the peaceable

spirit the term connotes even though the term is easily misunderstood In our current context

a term such as ldquononviolent resistance to evilrdquo better communicates Yoderrsquos intention or he

consistently argued against those who assumed that nonresistance meant passivity withdrawal

or reusal to respond to the suffering o neighbors See Leo Driedger and Donald B Kraybill





should eel as ree about preaching the moral conviction that war and

killing are wrong as they do about preaching other aspects o the gospel

Perhaps a message that includes nonresistance in act clarifies the natureo Godrsquos love or the nature o Christian lie

Further what would it mean or those who see peace as integral to

the gospel to let the churchrsquos pacifist stance be a part o missionary

identity and procedures What would that mean in countries where a

military government careully supervises especially the activities o or-

eigners but also the activities o its own citizens Perhaps nonresistance

is not only a message but a way o doing mission Are there violent andnonviolent nationalistic and nonnationalistic ways o carrying out the

mission o the church I so nonresistance would not only be part o the

content o the message but would also shape missionary procedures

We will be obligated to dip into these areas or samples or guidelines

but I will make no effort to cover them systematically

G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161

In recent years there has been sizeable growth in the field o missiology

I earlier reerred to this in terms o ecumenical theology Until the late

983089983097983093983088s you would not have ound in the average seminary library a subject

heading or books on ldquotheology o missionrdquo Tat observation however

should not be overdone as i I were suggesting that nobody ever thought

about mission theologically beore But it seems that the nature o the

churchrsquos mission was not a central issue and was not dealt with in the

same way as the doctrine o humanity the doctrine o sin or the the-

ology o sacraments had been trying to illuminate it rom the Bible and

rom other theological resources trying to build it into the theological

discipline and get academic theologians to recognize it

A landmark in the development o mission theology was a meeting in

983089983097983093983090 in Willingen Germany o the International Missionary Council

(IMC) who asked or a study o the theology o mission983092 Tat request

Mennonite Peacemaking From Quietism to Activism (Scottdale PA Herald Press 10486259830979830971048628) who

trace changes in ways Mennonites have articulated their peace commitment since the 10486259830971048627983088s and

10486259830971048628983088s mdashEd]4On this see Willhelm Andersen ldquoFurther oward a Teology o Missionrdquo in Te Teology o the

Christian Mission ed Gerald Anderson (New York McGraw-Hill 10486259830979830941048625) pp 1048627983088983088-104862710486251048627




1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

gave visibility to the missionary concern in interchurch thought From

then on one can ollow meetings reports rom study conerences and

other kinds o documents on the topic Afer 9830899830971048630983089 when the IMC wasormally incorporated into the World Council o Churches devel-

opment o mission theology continued to be encouraged by the WCC

Commission on World Mission and Evangelism

Tis rapid survey o developments in the field o missiology helps

identiy the agenda we will try to address in a rather obvious sequence

o topics in the rest o this book




1

THE PROPHETS


Generally when interpreters o the Bible look or its ldquomissionary

messagerdquo especially in the Old estament they identiy such a message

wherever there is reerence to ldquothe nationsrdquo Tere is implicit reerence

to the nations whenever Yahwehrsquos sovereignty is affirmed as reaching

beyond Godrsquos care or the Israelites Genesis 983089ndash983089983089 places all o worldhistory in a context o creationallprovidence under a sovereign who

at the same time is specifically the caring and covenantal Lord who

calls Israel

More directly the call o Abraham is related to Godrsquos saving purposes

or all the nations Some interpreters have taken this to mean that

Abraham was a missionary because he leaves and goes out to receive

some promise that is not defined but which has to do with being ablessing to the world Max Warren or example maintains that ldquoTe

Apostolic church came into being when God called Abraham out o Ur

o the Chaldees and bade him go out into a land he did not know and

Abraham obeyed When the grace o God in choosing Abraham was

met by the aith o Abraham in accepting the choice the Church was

bornrdquo983089 Tus the meaning o electionmdashbeing selected outmdashdoes not

mean a selfish privilege but an assignment to be a mediator or a repre-sentative between the electing God and the nations

1[See Max Warren Te Calling o God Four Essays in Missionary History (London Lutterworth

Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

A third implicitly missionary dimension o Old estament aith is the

nonexistence or the impotence o the other gods or o idols Whenever

this polemic against idols is proclaimed there is intrinsically a messageto the people serving those gods even though the context in which we

find anti-idolatry literature is the internal discipline o the Israelites

On quite another level the prophetic vision o the nations coming to

Jerusalem to learn the law has a missionary impact Te most amiliar

passage is Micah 1048628983089-1048628 parallel to Isaiah 983090983089-1048628 but it is ound as well in

Psalm 10486281048630 Ezekiel 983090983096983090983093-9830901048630 and Zechariah 983096983090983088-9830901048627 In this vision Jeru-

salem is the center o the world which represents a statement about theworld as well as about Jerusalem (Jer 1048627983089983095 9830891048630983089983097) Te nations will come

to Jerusalem bringing tribute (Is 983089983096983095) Tey will recognize Yahweh

Tey will recognize Israelrsquos election Tey will learn the law (Ps 1048630983095) and

civilization will be restored Te word or such civilization is peace

which is spelled out in terms o economics ldquoTey shall beat their swords

into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks nation shall not

lif up sword against nation neither shall they learn war any more but

they shall all sit under their own vines and under their own fig trees and

no one shall make them araid or the mouth o the L983151983154983140 o hosts has

spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626

Tis restoration may be seen with or without Yahwehrsquos direct inter-

vention to ldquojudge the nationsrdquo in the sense o exercising political sover-

eignty It may be envisaged with or without an explicit relationship to

the cult or the temple at Jerusalem Tere is not such a relationship in

most o the above texts It is not said that there will be Bible reading or

circumcision in all o the nations or that there will be no more eating o

pigs Yet the Jews would have to think that the nations would be still better

2Te common picture o people coming to the city could be spoken o as salvation Tey come to

the true God Tey recognize where God has spoken and who Godrsquos chosen people have been

Tey accept Godrsquos law Tey go home and make peace and everybody has his or her own gar-

den What more would they want by way o salvation In one sense we can say that the uture

salvation that is expected or the nations is that they do not become Jews But then what is themeaning o peoplehood What is the place o sacrifice o having the correct Scriptures o the

lawrsquos details and o the way o lie that God wants people to live Tere is a remaining ambiguity

at that point I we bring in the New estament meaning o salvation there are parts that are not

in this Old estament picture I we ask on the basis o the text it is hard to say what additional

benefits the nations would want once that prediction o Micah and Isaiah is ulfilled




he Prophets 983093983089

i they not only heard the law and went back and had peace but i they

started doing without pork observing the Sabbath bringing sacrifices

and observing the lawA ew texts speak directly about the possibility that Yahweh might be

known and praised by the nations Most direct is Psalm 1048630983095 ldquoLet the

peoples praise you O God let all the peoples praise you Let the nations

be glad and sing or joy or you judge the peoples with equity and guide

the nations upon earthrdquo (Ps 10486309830951048627-1048628)

Te songs o the Suffering Servant also have missionary implica-

tions983091

In Isaiah 1048628983090983089-1048628 we read that the spirit o Yahweh has been placedupon the Servant and that he shall ldquobring orth justice to the nationsrdquo (Is

1048628983090983089) Harold Rowley a Baptist Old estament scholar says this mis-

sionary implication ollows logically rom the dogma o monotheism I

there is only one God then that God must be God or all people and that

the election o a particular human group to know this one true God

automatically calls them to become Godrsquos proclaimers983092 He also reers

to Isaiah 1048628983090983090-1048627mdashldquoHe will not cry or lif up his voice or make it heard in

the street a bruised reed he will not break and a dimly burning wick he

will not quench he will aithully bring orth justicerdquomdashwhich is signi-

icant or the judgment it expresses on later missionary understandings

that the means o this proclamation to bring justice to the Gentiles shall

not be ordinary kinds o power

In Isaiah 1048628983097 we read that the Servantrsquos assignment is not simply ldquoto

raise up the tribes o Jacob and to restore the survivors o Israelrdquo (Is

10486289830971048630) but to be made a light or the Gentiles Isaiah 9830939830881048628-983097 adds the el-

ement o suffering to this ministry to the Gentiles and then the crowning

passage Isaiah 9830939830909830891048627ndash9830931048627983089983090 adds the element o the Suffering Servantrsquos

vindication when it is seen that his suffering was as a ransom or ldquomanyrdquo

Rather than deciding that this passage had to do exclusively with the

prophet or with some other person in his time or with some uture

figure or with a community all o these elements probably belong Te

Servant is perhaps at the same time Israel in its various shades o

3See Harold Henry Rowley ldquoTe Servant Mission Te Servant Songs and Evangelismrdquo Interpre-

tation 983096 no 1048627 (July 10486259830979830931048628) 983090983093983097-9830959830904[Ibid p 983090983094983094 mdashEd]




983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

meaning a aithul remnant within Israel a man within that aithul

remnant a man yet to come in the uture In any case i that is the kind

o purpose God has avowed then Israelrsquos witness to Yahweh must beone o corporate servanthood or the sake o the Gentiles

Tus there is justification or the claim that the oreign missionary

enterprise is rooted in all o Scripture and not simply in the New es-

tament Yet it is more important or our guidance to be clear about the

ways in which this Old estament vision is different rom what we mean

in modern times by missions

Israel takes no action toward bringing in the nations We do have amodest openness on the part o the Israelites to integrate into their

number persons o other tribes Te Mosaic legislation provides or the

rights o strangers and the stories o Joshua and Judges support the

urther elaboration o archeologists and historians who believe that as

the Hebrews infiltrated Canaan many who dwelt already in the land

must have joined their amily ederation1048629 More than we realize rom

the ordinary introductory reading o the story Israel was made up o a

composite population with a nucleus o people who could reach back to

the Abraham story Israelrsquos identity was built around the Abraham story

but all along they were incorporating other people into that story Even

on the way out o Egyptmdashwhen you would think that the group would

be made up o only the true descendants o the Hebrews (because who

else would want to belong to those people)mdashthere are still a ew reer-

ences to some who do not seem to be ully ethnically part o the Hebrew

group but who simply have tagged along

wo different terms describe these people At the beginning o the

exodus rom Egypt Exodus 9830899830901048627983096 says ldquoA mixed crowd also went up

with themrdquo What is a ldquomixed crowdrdquo Te Hebrew term or thismdash

ʿ ērebmdashonly appears twice in the Old estament But the other place it

occurs is Nehemiah 98308910486271048627 where it very obviously means nonethnic

people it means the Samaritans o the extent that we can compare

texts rom one book to another or rom one period o Hebrew liter-ature to the next it would seem that this term (with some indication

5For example see George Mendenhall ldquoHebrew Conquest o Palestinerdquo Biblical Archaeologist 983090983093

no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095





o reaching beyond ethnic identity) was already there1048630

Tere is also another term which makes this same point but less

clearly It would not carry much weight i it were not or the ldquomixedmultituderdquo reerence ldquoTe rabble among them had a strong craving and

the Israelites also wept again and said lsquoI only we had meat to eat We

remember the fish we used to eat in Egypt or nothing the cucumbers

the melons the leeks the onions and the garlic but now our strength is

dried up and there is nothing at all but this manna to look atrsquo rdquo (Num

9830899830891048628-1048630 italics added) Te idea o being unsatisfied with the ood came to

the Israelites rom ldquothe rabblerdquo Who was the rabble Maybe it was someo the Israelites Perhaps not Te text is not clear

What is clear is that once the Israelite people were established in

Palestine the ultimate makeup o that nation included great numbers

o people who were not Abrahamrsquos biological descendants who were

taken into the covenant along the way Tis means that although it was

not a very strong part o Israelrsquos sel-understanding it was part o Is-

raelrsquos lived experience Godrsquos people add others Godrsquos people are open

to membership1048631

But that is not a missionary witness to the nations Nor is it a witness

to the nations when in Isaiah a ew prophecies are directed to Cyrus or

when in Amos words o condemnation are directed to all the neighbor

nations Te literary orm o an address to that other nation or ruler

6O course when a term was not used very ofen we cannot be absolutely sure about its exact

meaning7Te question arises as to how the Old estamentrsquos war stories relate to the theme o incorporat-

ing outsiders I we read Joshua and Judges superficially we have the impression that the Israel-

ites came into the land and took over the whole place right away by killing everybody But i we

look more careully at some o the texts it clearly does not say that Both books repeatedly talk

about people they had not exterminated and that the Israelites then incorporated Despite the

impression in Joshua o a finished battle hal o Jerusalem still belongs to the other people So

there was a long period o infiltration

Moreover the holy war was more o a guiding symbolic vision than it was a technique or

becoming a people Americans are taught in high school to think that their nation became a

nation because o a revolutionary war In reality the war was an episode in a long history o

becoming more loosely related to Britain the real elements o nationhood came beore andafer Similarly the peoplehood o Israel was less dependent on those holy wars than a superfi-

cial reading o Joshua and Judges makes one think

Yet these stories also mark a point at which Israelrsquos sel-understanding did not include an

affirmation o other people In terms o mission however as long as we are ready to destroy any

other people we cannot be missionary Tat is sel-evident




9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

does not actually mean that the prophet ever took the message there

and the impact o the message is clearly directed at a Hebrew audience

Jonah took a message to Nineveh but that was not the proclamation oGodrsquos law When the Ninevites repented there is no indication that they

began bringing sacrifices to Jerusalem or stopped eating pork Johannes

Blauw makes this point when he says that the attitude toward the Gen-

tiles in the Old estament is ldquocentripetalrdquo that although the Israelitersquos

vision is universal in that it affirmed that there is only one God o the

whole world their universality is not missionary1048632

Even i we look at the vision o the nations coming to Jerusalemwhich as we saw above is the most dramatic and widely used image

what convinces the nations is Israelrsquos restoration by an act o Yahweh

Te nations are not brought in because missionaries are sent to them

either with a Jewish message or with a wider than Jewish message about

Godrsquos sovereignty Te part that Israel has to play in ulfilling the promise

that the nations will come is simply to wait and keep the law even at the

cost o suffering Harold Rowley represents the typical view that con-

verting Gentiles to Israelrsquos religious practice is not a strong concern in

the Old estament ldquoTey are not missionaries seeking to win the na-

tions to the aith o Jehovah but rather men who are so moved with

gratitude to God or all His goodness to them that they can think o no

worthier way o acknowledging His goodness than to tell all men about

him But this was born o their sense o what they owe to God rather

than any compassion or the Gentilesrdquo1048633 Even when the vision is the

most affirmative as in Isaiah 983090 and Micah 1048628 what people come to learn

is Godrsquos law or the nations not the aith o Israel Tey do not adopt the

cult temple sacrifice circumcision or even Sabbath observance what

they do is go home to live in peace

Tis Old estament imagery shows no thought about the lostness o

8See Johannes Blauw Te Missionary Nature o the Church A Survey o the Biblical Teology o Mis-

sion (New York McGraw-Hill 1048625983097983094983090) pp 1048627983096-10486281048625 [For Blauw the Old estament has a centripetal view o mission in that the nations and aithul Jews come to Jerusalem to experience God With

Jesus a directional change occurs in that his disciples go rom Jerusalem to the nations what

Blauw calls centriugal mission mdashEd]9[Harold Henry Rowley Te Missionary Message o the Old estament (London Te Carey Press

10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155

So ar we have been looking or a missionary thrust in the Old es-

tament text itsel and have noted a narrowing and modesty about whatthe Old estament says and does not say about mission compared to

some contemporary missionary interpretations Tere are some general

theological affirmations in the Old estament that are probably more

important or missions than what we have been looking at ones that

reaffirm ideas we have touched along the way What does the Old es-

tament message as a whole mean or the missionary imperative

No other gods One o the omnipresent themes noticeable especiallyin the last hal o the Old estament period is the struggle o the true

God versus alse gods It is said that those gods do not exist Tey are not

true gods they are vanities and emptiness But we still have to fight with

them Te prophetic message is not the same thing as a modern cultural

enlightenment message in which we tell people ldquoTe gods are not really

there so you do not have to think about themrdquo Rather there is a struggle

with the power o idolatry and the struggle is something other thaneducating people about the act that these gods do not exist It is more

than that because they have a hold on people How can something that

does not exist have a hold on people

In the modern context we think o religion versus nonreligion

theism versus atheism and people who practice religion versus people

who do not practice religion We think that the missionary task is an

apologetic task or the task o convincing people that they need the reli-

gious or transcendent dimension or religious practice Persuading

people that there was a transcendent God was not a problem in the Old

estament Te question was whether they could recognize the di-

erence between the true God and alse gods Te issue was the identity

o the God o Abraham Isaac and Jacob or the Lord o Hosts For Israel

Godrsquos identity was reflected in ethics community process politics

amily and work Tis involved religious practices but in a narrow sense

that is in specific ceremonies like temple sacrifices Te real difference

was that Israel had a God who had a different name and a different per-

sonality than the alse gods people were to live differently in covenant

with that God





Creation and covenant Another observation rom the Old es-

tament witness has to do with the relation o three concepts creation

providence and election Te texts affirm God as Creator o the universeTen there is the course o history and we speak o God as providence

as Lord o history as sovereign Finally there is election Te way the

story is told it happened in this order

But the way it happened in Israelrsquos experience was the other way

around First o all there was the event o covenant and then it was

possible to say that the God with whom we are in covenant had been

running history Ten it was meaningul to say that God is the soleCreator Tis universe did not create itsel As we observe the or-

mation o the Old estament literature we can see a moving out rom

the concrete historical experience o covenant into the less concrete

affirmation o providence over all history and creation Now when we

tell the story the story starts with creation But the affirmation o cre-

ation is not something that stands by itsel It is the conession o the

people who first experience covenant and then wrote world history in

light o the covenant

Godrsquos sovereignty Another general observation about Old estament

theology is the vision o divine sovereignty as continuing not only back

to Genesis 983089ndash983089983089 but as encompassing the entire world Divine sover-

eignty is expressed through other nations as well as through Israel Godrsquos

governing o history is in some sense in avor o Israel on Israelrsquos behal

Sometimes it is in order to use Israel to bless the nations But God uses

Assyria (Is 983089983088) Cyrus (Is 1048628983093) Nebuchadnezzar (Jer 1048628983090983089983089-983089983090) or other em-

perors or Godrsquos own purposes

Te first task of Israel is to be Israel Finally the first task o Israel is

to be Israel to live up to the identity o the covenant 983089983089 Tat emphasis

still may throw light on what we should be doing today Maybe the first

task o the church in mission is to be the church Abrahamrsquos aith his

readiness to be mobile and the willingness o his ollowers to be a pe-

culiar people were prior to anything else that God could do with themWhatever they did later by spinoff by accident or by urther vision the

11I accentuate this argument in ldquoA Light to the Nationsrdquo Concern 983097 (10486259830979830941048625) 10486251048628-1048625983096




983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

first thing they were supposed to do was to be aithul Anything else

that they could be used or was dependent on that vision Distinctness

was the first call not out o pride but out o the awareness o the natureo the God who called

Numbers 983090983090ndash9830901048628 tells the story o King Balakrsquos effort to hire a prophet

to curse the Israelites Tis is part o the prophet Balaamrsquos message

ldquoHow can I curse whom God has not cursed How can I denounce those

whom the L983151983154983140 has not denounced For rom the top o the crags I see

him rom the hills I behold him Here is a people living alone and not

reckoning itsel among the nationsrdquo (Num 9830901048627983096-983097) Tat kind o pro-phetic aloneness that willingness to be different is the first requirement

or Israel

Israel is to live up to the covenant Tere shall be no idolatry Te Old

estament reflects a continuing critique o settling into nationhood

kingship and statehood and o orgetting Godrsquos ways In the exile the

texts evidence a continuing hope in covenantal promises despite the

loss o nationhood and statehood Tere is trust o the Servantmdashthat his

servanthood is nonviolent and that his submissiveness will be the tool o

election An understanding o peoplehood has emerged that can lay the

groundwork or something new to happen in the New estament

I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161

During what we call the intertestamental period the Israelites in the

dispersion became more and more effective convinced and sel-aware

about being a missionary people or about what we call making prose-

lytes In the later Jewish Diaspora afer EzraNehemiah and afer the

Maccabees there was no opposition to incorporating into the believing

community as ull members people who were not born into Israel Tis

ollowed rom Jewish conviction that other gods were not true gods

that their own law was the true law and that there would be a time when

all the nations would be brought in I one is looking orward to that

time and i somebody wants in already then what grounds does onehave not to let that person in So the community developed a clear mis-

sionary method in the intertestamental period or letting people in who

already saw the superiority o Jewish aith Te rabbinic tradition ex-





plained the rules or incorporating non-Israelites into the synagogue

ellowship Te New estament testifies clearly that Jews were accepting

proselytes all over the place

T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141

One other theme we must address beore moving to the New estament

is the place o the Old estament today in the church in non-Western

cultures Should a missionary to India Arica or Japan take along the

Hebrew story and those old patriarchs and battles Cannot the mis-

sionary simply preach Jesus and orget about the Old estamentSome people argue that just as Jesus ulfilled Jewish expectations so

he ulfills the expectations o people in any other culture I missionaries

go to a new culture they should find out what the people expectmdashwhat

ulfillment they are looking ormdashand say how Jesus ulfills that hope A

missionary in India should find out what is the expectation or longing

in Hindu Scriptures and find a way o saying that Christ meets that

longing Indian Christians can then put Jesus on whatever pedestal they

have Te apostle Paul put Jesus on the pedestal o the Old estament

or Jesus first appeared in Paulrsquos Jewish world Ten Paul went to Athens

and he started relating Jesus to the expectations and the worship o ldquoan

unknown godrdquo (Acts 983089983095983089983093-10486271048628) When this is the method it is conusing

to bring along all those Hebrew ancestors Why not let others keep

whatever patriarchs or expectations they have and let them be ulfilled

in Jesus

What is there to be said on the other side A uller treatment will have

to wait or chapters 1048628 and 983093 but here I will make a brie one-sided case

or taking the whole Bible with us to other parts o the world and to

other periods o time o understand the New estament as a culmi-

nation o the Old makes it clearmdashas it needs to be made clear in a mis-

sionary contextmdashthat the Christian message is a story o God acting in

history to achieve something or humanity Te proper way to talk about

an action o God is to report it Te proper way to talk about an idea isto argue it and explain why it makes sense but the proper thing to do

about an event is to tell about it

Godrsquos actions are not simply proos o Godrsquos truths Godrsquos actions are




1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

the salvation that we now talk about Te Old estament story sae-

guards this biblical quality o aith and corrects the modern under-

standing that the religious task is to prove the validity o theism overagainst atheism monotheism over against polytheism or the reality o

the supernatural over against a flat view o nature Te Old estament

story is not just another set o religious insights I Jesus does not ulfill

the Jewish expectation or the whole world then he is just another guru

or prophet in religious literature I what a Christian brings to a Hindu

is ldquoLook at my guru beside your gururdquo the Hindu will believe his

prophet has more wisdom I what a Christian brings to a Muslim isldquoLook at my prophet beside your prophetrdquo her prophet will have come

later than Jesus and thereore will be better Unless there is the claim to

be standing on the shoulders o Hebrew history the character o the

message itsel is distorted by the expectations o the culture to which we

try to take it

As a subpoint o this the Old estament story clarifies the difference

between a aith based on Godrsquos actions in history and a nature aith or

a ertility aith A constant characteristic o human cultures is that we

explain in terms o gods the natural cycles o summer and winter or

rainy and dry seasons In amily lie we celebrate with the gods mar-

riage childbirth adolescence and death Cultures give religious

meaning to the lie cycle and the nature cycle Te biblical message in

its struggle with Baalism and with national religion already lays the

groundwork or clariying that biblical aith is not a nature aith Tat

does not mean that there is no relation between the God in the Bible

and nature But there are different ways to know God and it makes a

difference which way we take I we seek to know God through knowing

nature then we are ldquogropingrdquo afer God (Acts 983089983095983090983095) Tat is the word

that Paul uses at the Areopagus Te result o looking or a god in

nature is slavery to the stars I we look or God in nature in ertility in

the regularities o the stars the result is slavery to the cyclical and the

nonhistorical to meaninglessnessTe true God is the God o nature too But the way to know God is

through Godrsquos deeds Godrsquos sel-imparting in the covenant It is the pe-

culiarity o the covenant or o Godrsquos historical working that it cannot be





a message without being concrete Tat is we cannot say God is pur-

poseul unless we know Godrsquos name We cannot say God is a God who

acts unless we can say when and where God acts One o the pecu-liarities o modern existentialism is to try to say one without the other

We keep on talking about a God who is personal but we no longer

know Godrsquos name so we talk about being personal as a shape o the

human experience Or we talk about God acting in history but we do

not want to name any times and places as i this is true because it

might be disproven

We cannot affirm history without talking about times and places TeOld estamentrsquos claim that God acts in history is only pegged down i

missionaries can say what that history is beore they describe God Jesus

was embedded in that history Tereore the message o Jesus is not the

real message unless missionaries take the Old estament with them

What happens when we overlook or reject the Old estament has been

demonstrated very clearly in the second century by Marcion who

thought it would help to make Christianity more acceptable i we would

amputate the first nine-tenths o the Bible9830891048626 Te interim experience has

clarified again the structural importance o seeing the New estament

as patterned with the Old estament

Tis has been a brie oray into material that we will come back to in

later chapters Te peculiarity or particularity o Christian aith is really

the particularity o Jewish aith







InterVarsity Press






InterVarsity Press





wwwintervarsityorg





by permission





ISBN 10486339830951048632-983088-10486328520199830881048632-1048628983088852019852019-983093 (print)

ISBN 10486339830951048632-983088-10486328520199830881048632-98309510486251048633852019-852019 (digital)





P 10486251048633 10486251048632 1048625983095 10486251048630 1048625983093 10486251048628 1048625852019 10486251048626 10486251048625 1048625983088 1048633 1048632 983095 1048630 983093 1048628 852019 1048626 1048625

Y 852019983088 10486261048633 10486261048632 1048626983095 10486261048630 1048626983093 10486261048628 1048626852019 10486261048626 10486261048625 1048626983088 10486251048633 10486251048632 1048625983095 10486251048630 1048625983093 10486251048628




CONTENTS

E983140983145983156983151983154983155rsquo P983154983141983142983137983139983141 983095


I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983089983091



Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983151983152983145983139 983091983093

983089 The Prophets 983092983097






















Presence


Servanthood







A983142983156983141983154983159983151983154983140 A983155 Y983151983157 G983151 983091983097983097

A983152983152983141983150983140983145983160 983092983090983091

S983157983138983146983141983139983156 I983150983140983141983160 983092983090983095

N983137983149983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983089

S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983090




















machines o conquest












983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150






A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147




















































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















CONTENTS

E983140983145983156983151983154983155rsquo P983154983141983142983137983139983141 983095


I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983089983091



Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 I983150983156983154983151983140983157983139983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983151983152983145983139 983091983093

983089 The Prophets 983092983097






















Presence


Servanthood







A983142983156983141983154983159983151983154983140 A983155 Y983151983157 G983151 983091983097983097

A983152983152983141983150983140983145983160 983092983090983091

S983157983138983146983141983139983156 I983150983140983141983160 983092983090983095

N983137983149983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983089

S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983090




















machines o conquest












983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150






A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147




















































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















Presence


Servanthood







A983142983156983141983154983159983151983154983140 A983155 Y983151983157 G983151 983091983097983097

A983152983152983141983150983140983145983160 983092983090983091

S983157983138983146983141983139983156 I983150983140983141983160 983092983090983095

N983137983149983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983089

S983139983154983145983152983156983157983154983141 I983150983140983141983160 983092983091983090




















machines o conquest












983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150






A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147




















































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
































machines o conquest












983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150






A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147




















































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150






A983138983151983157983156 T983144983145983155 B983151983151983147




















































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven





































W983144983137983156 W983141 H983137983158983141 D983151983150983141 983156983151 983156983144983141 T983141983160983156









5Ibid




983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















983089983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150











rather than written














own words

A983157983140983145983141983150983139983141











983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven


















983089983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

















Gayle Gerber Koontz

Andy Alexis-Baker





INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















INTRODUCTION



by Wilbert R Shenk















and writing







9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















9830891048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

983089983097983092983097ndash983089983097983093983095 P983154983151983143983154983137983149 A983140983149983145983150983145983155983156983154983137983156983151983154 M983141983150983150983151983150983145983156983141 C983141983150983156983154983137983148

C983151983149983149983145983156983156983141983141 E983157983154983151983152983141







workrdquo983091




























































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven

















































9830909830889830881048627) pp 1048625-983095




9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















9830891048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







































983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven


















983089983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven





















































983090983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















































983090983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150








































































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















































9830901048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150















































































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
























































983090983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










983089983097983095983088983155ndash983089983097983096983088983155 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 P983154983151983142983141983155983155983151983154 983137983150983140 M983141983150983156983151983154

































































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven






















































1048627983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












































































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven























































1048627983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150





















the whole gospel











(October 10486259830979830961048627) 1048628104862898309755Ibid p 10486289830931048625








C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















C983151983150983156983145983150983157983145983150983143 C983144983137983148983148983141983150983143983141983155 983151983142 Y983151983140983141983154rsquo983155 M983145983155983155983145983151983150 T983144983151983157983143983144983156




















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven

















TO THE TOPIC











ership training













10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















10486271048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















T983144983141983151983148983151983143983145983137983150983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 T983137983155983147











mdashEd]














tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven


























tions very careully


























1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















1048627983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










































W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven






















W983144983137983156 I983155 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983103





























1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















1048628983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150




















































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
































































or North America











missionary concern















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















10486281048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150







M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 M983141983156983144983151983140983155 983137983150983140 P983154983145983150983139983145983152983148983141983155








ciples or methods












as agencies












































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















































10486281048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150



















































G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven






























G983154983151983159983156983144 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983148983151983143983145983139983137983148 S983156983157983140983161






















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















1048628983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150












1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















1

THE PROPHETS








calls Israel












Press 10486259830971048628983093) p 1048628983093 mdashEd]




983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















983093983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150


















spokenrdquo (Mic 10486281048627-1048628)1048626





























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven

























tions983091




























983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















983093983090 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































no 1048627 (1048625983097983094983090) 983094983094-983096983095












































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
























































9830931048628 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150
































10486259830971048628983093) p 1048627983094 mdashEd]






9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven


















9830931048630 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150

B983154983151983137983140983141983154 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 T983144983141983149983141983155































with that God







































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven



















































983093983096 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150










or Israel









I983150983156983141983154983156983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156983137983148 M983145983155983155983145983151983150983137983154983161 A983139983156983145983158983145983156983161




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven




















T983144983141 O983148983140 T983141983155983156983137983149983141983150983156 983145983150 N983151983150-W983141983155983156983141983154983150 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


















in Jesus














1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
















1048630983088 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 M983145983155983155983145983151983150













try to take it































might be disproven
























might be disproven














theology of mission by john howard yoder

Documents