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Page 1: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

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Page 2: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

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Page 3: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

•  Since  the  Industrial  revolu4on  bridges  had  been  built  of  cast  iron  –  which  allowed  for  larger,  stronger  and  fire  resistant  structures.  

•  Steel  was  also  typically  used  for  framework  for  larger  buildings  such  as  exposi4on  halls  •  The  ideas  of  realism  poured  over  into  architecture  –  a  buildings  were  designed  that  

expressed  their  purpose,  func4on  and  structure  rather  than  hiding  or  disguising  these  key  elements  with  ornamenta4on  

•  The  work  of  Eiffel  –  who  designed  bridges,  exhibi4on  halls  and  bridges  -­‐  was  a  response  to  these  realist  ideas  –  and  largely  contributed  to  the  development  of  the  skyscraper  

•  The  Eiffel  Tower    was  designed  as  a  symbol  of  moderniza4on  for  an  exhibi4on  in  Paris  in  1889  

•  It  is  984  feet  tall  –  the  tallest  structure  of  its  4me  •  Rather  than  covering  the  iron  structure  Eiffel  leL  in  exposed  –  the  iron  work  uses  

horizontal,  diagonal,  and  ver4cal  lines  to  create  a  graceful  ver4cal  design  that  is  anchored  by  strong  horizontal  lines  in  the  lower  half  of  the  structure  

•  The  decora4ve  quali4es  of  the  iron  work  recall  the  line  work  used  by  Art  Nouveau  ar4sts  such  as  Aubrey  Beardsley  

•  The  transparency  of  the  structure  blurs  the  dis4nc4on  between  between  exterior  and  interior  space  –  making  it  obvious  to  the  viewer  that  the  purpose  of  this  structure  is  not  to  cover  or  protect  but  rather  liL  one  up  towards  the  sky  

•  The  Eiffel  tower  marks  the  beginning  of  a  new  explora4on  in  architecture  –  that  is  the  play  between  interior  and  exterior  space  

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Page 4: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

Richardson  •  Pioneer  in  designing  modern  commercial  structures,  but  had  a  profound  respect  for  past  

architectural  styles  •  The  heavy  round  arches  and  heavy  masonry  walls  recall  the  Romanesque  style  –  his  work  

is  oLen  called  a  Romanesque  Revival  •  The  large  square  design,  the  series  of  horizontal  levels,  and  use  of  rus7fica7on  also  recall  

the  Medici  Palace  •  Like  the  Medici  Palace  this  building  occupied  an  en4re  city  block  •  The  use  of  of  arcade  windows  opened  up  the  walls  of  this  heavy  building  and  pointed  

architecture  towards  the  direc4on  whereby  walls  would  become  mere  screens  or  curtains  that  mimic  the  underlying  structure  of  the  building  

 Sullivan  •  Synthesized  industrial  structures  with  ornamenta4on    •  His  light  filled  office  buildings  were  adorned  with  ornate  embellishments  •  The  building  is  steel  sheathed  in  terracoUa  •  The  terracoUa  does  not  hide  the  steel  structure  of  the  building  that  allowed  it  to  be  a  

large  and  open  space  -­‐    but  rather  points  out  its  refined  and  orderly  layout  he  has  created  by  using  intersec4ng  piers  and  cornices-­‐    like  Richardson  he  is  using  the  architecture  of  the  past  in  a  new  way  

•  The  func4onal  orderliness  of  the  building  is  tempered  with  the  lively  ornamenta4on  on  the  piers  and  cornices  –  the  ornamenta4on  again  recalls  the  graceful  line  work  of  the  Art  Nouveau  Style  

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Page 5: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

•  Gaudi  found  personal  expression  in  the  Art  Nouveau  style  •  He  was  trained  as  an  ironworker  –  as  an  architect  he  strove  to  create  something  modern  

and  unique  to  his  country  •  Hi  inspira4ons  were  Moorish  architecture  (Islamic  architecture  of  Spain)  and  the  

architecture  of  his  na4ve  town,  Catalonia  •  His  buildings,  guided  by  imagina4on  take  on  a  undula4ng  sculptural  quality  •  The  rhythmic  lines  recall  those  of  art  nouveau  yet  they  are  dis4nct  to  his  vision  •  At  this  4me  apartment  houses  are  being  built  on  larger  scales  to  accommodate  a  growing  

popula4on  •  Gaudi  does  not  disguise  the  fact  that  this  is  an  apartment  building  –  instead  the  

undula4on  of  the  building  is  made  more  rhythmic  by  the  the  use  of  windows  that  mark  each  apartment  as  the  large  building  wraps  around  the  corner  

•  Lacy  iron  work  of  the  art  nouveau  style  highlight  the  balconies,  while  the  roof  is  adorned  with  fanciful  chimneys  

•  The  rough  surface  of  the  stone  walls  suggest  naturally  worn  rock  while  the  portals  look  like  sea  caves  –  also  recall  the  caves  in  which  pain4ngs  were  discovered  in  1879  

•  Gaudi  felt  each  of  his  buildings  were  a  symbolically  living  thing  –  full  of  their  own  breath  and  expression,  making  it  a  sort  of  kin  to  Expressionis4c  pain4ng    

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Page 6: TheEiffelTower - WORLD.ARTvisa · • Rietveld"Applied"the"ideas"of"Mondrian"and"De"S4jl"and"Mondrian"to"architecture"– thatartshould"be"fully"integrated"into"life,"thus"pairing"artand"architecture

•  Rietveld  Applied  the  ideas  of  Mondrian  and  De  S4jl  and  Mondrian  to  architecture  –  that  art  should  be  fully  integrated  into  life,  thus  pairing  art  and  architecture  down  to  the  basic  elements  and  principles  to  create  a  harmonious  and  fully  integrated/useful  style  

•  The  plan  for  the  house  is  not  divided  into  sta4c  cubic  rooms,  but  instead  uses  an  open  floor  plan  with  geometric  shapes  that  divide  the  space  and  let  the  outdoors  in  

•  Rietveld  designed  the  en4re  second  floor  with  sliding  par44ons  that  can  be  opened  or  closed  to  define  rooms,  or  create  open  space  

•  The  shiLing  quality  of  the  building  is  also  reflected  in  the  exterior  –  where  the  use  of  railings,  free-­‐floa4ng  walls,  and  rectangular  windows  give  the  exterior  a  sense  of  of  geometric  units  breaking  up  before  the  viewer’s  eyes  

•  The  division  of  space  in  the  interior  and  exterior  reflect  that  of  Mondrian’s  pain4ngs  -­‐  As  does  the  carefully  selected  use  of  primary  colors  and  geometric  furniture  

 

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Bauhaus  –  In  1919  Walter  Gropius  became  the  director  of  the  Weimer  School  of  Arts  and  CraLs  in  Germany,  which  then  became  The  Bauhaus.  Gropius’s  goal  was  to  train  ar4sts,  architects  and  designers  to  accept  and  an4cipate  the  func4onal  needs  of  the  20th  century  •  Gropius,  like  the  ar4sts  of  the  De  S4jl  movement,    developed  a  vision  of  “total  architecture”  –  architecture  that  is  fully  integrated  with  and  

accommoda4ng  of  modern  life  •  This  building  is  the  Bauhaus’s  architectural  manifesto  –  it  consists  of  everything  students  would  need  under  one  roof:  class  areas,  workshops,  

a  theater,  gymnasium,  studio  apartments,  and  offices  –  it  is  a  major  development  for  the  American  school  layout,  especially  universi7es  •  The  Shop  block  is  the  most  drama4c  wing  of  the  building  –  it  rises  3  stories  and  housed  prin4ng  shops  and  dye  work  facility  •  The  en4re  structure  is  sheathed  in  glass  which  is  broken  up  by  a  uniform  grid  –  this  lends  the  building  a  prac4cal,  streamlined  and  light  effect  

that  suits  it  prac4cal  and  u4litarian  func4ons  •  The  design’s  simplicity  reflect  Gropius’s  belief  that  architecture  should  avoid  “all  roman4c  embellishment  and  whimsy,”  and  be  economical  in  

the  use  of  space  •  The  interior  consisted  of  large  areas  of  free  flowing  space  that  encouraged  interac4on  and  the  sharing  of  ides  –  think  of  an  early  version  of  

the  Google  offices  •  When  Hitler  rose  to  power  the  members  of  Bauhaus  fled  to  America  and  established  themselves  at  universi4es  such  as  Yale  and  Harvard  –  

they  also  started  the  New  Bauhaus  School  in  Chicago    Corbusier  •  The  simple  geometric  style  pioneered  by  De  S4jl  and  Bauhaus  architecture  became  known  as  the  Interna4onal  Style  because  of  its  widespread  

popularity  •  One  of  the  leading  architects  of  the  interna4onal  style,  Corbusier  applied  himself  to  designing  func4onal  living  spaces  –which  he  called  as  a  

“machine  for  living”  •  He  maintained  that  the  basic  needs  of  every  human  was  sun,  space,  and  vegeta7on  combined  with  controlled  temperature,  good  

ven7la7on,  and  insula7on  against  harmful  noise  •  He  also  asserted  that  building  should  be  on  a  human  scale    •  Villa  Savoye  stands  on  a  large  plot  of  land  cleared  on  shrubs  and  trees,  but  windows  all  around  the  roof  terrace  provide  residents  with  

uninterrupted  views  of  nature  •  It  is  a  cube  of  lightly  enclosed  and  deep  space.  By  placing  the  heavy  elements  above  the  light  ones,  and  refusing  to  enclose  the  ground  story  

with  masonry  walls  he  inverted  the  tradi4onal  design  prac4ce  •  The  ground  floor  contains  a  3  car  garage,  bedrooms,  a  bathroom  and  u4lity  rooms  •  The  rest  of  the  interior  space  of  the  upper  level  is  open,  allowing  the  exterior  space  to  meld  with  the  interior  –  allowing  sun  and  vegeta4on  to  

penetrate  the  controlled  environment  •  The  unadorned  surfaces  do  not  distract  from  nature  •  From  the  second  floor  a  ramp  leads  to  the  roof-­‐top  terrace  and  an  interior  garden  protected  by  the  round  wind-­‐break  form  •  No  tradi4onal  façade  –  with  no  defined  entrance.  Visitors  must  through  and  around  the  house  to  comprehend  and  experience  its  fluid  space  

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•  In  1932  the  exhibi4on  "Modern  Architecture:  Interna4onal  Exhibi4on"  opened  at  the  newly  founded  Museum  of  Modern  Art  in  New  York  and  simultaneously  the  book  Interna'onal  Style  was  published.  It  focused  on  the  work  of  the  great  “European  func4onalists”"  Walter  Gropius  and  Le  Corbusier.  One  of  the  greatest  American  architects,  Wright  was  largely  snubbed.  

•  Greatly  impacted  by  the  Great  Depression,  Wright  devised  an  architectural  appren4ceship  program  at  his  Taliesin  compound  that  came  to  be  known  as  the  “fellowship.”  And  among  the  first  candidates  was  Edgar  Kaufmann  Jr.  who  became  enamored  with  Wright  aLer  reading  his  biography.  Kaufmann  was  the  son  of  PiUsburgh  department  store  tycoon  Edgar  Kaufmann  Sr.  

•  Kaufman  Sr.  was  impressed  by  Wright  and  commissioned  him  to  design  his  “weekend”  home  •  Appren4ce  Edgar  Taffel  recalled  that  aLer  talking  with  Kaufmann  on  the  phone,  Wright  “briskly  emerged  from  his  office...sat  

down  at  the  table  set  with  the  plot  plan  and  started  to  draw…The  design  just  poured  out  of  him.  'Liliane  and  E.J.  will  have  tea  on  the  balcony…they’ll  cross  the  bridge  to  walk  in  the  woods…'  Pencils  being  used  up  as  fast  as  we  could  sharpen  them....Erasures,  overdrawing,  modifying.  Flipping  sheets  back  and  forth.  Then,  the  bold  4tle  across  the  boUom  ‘Fallingwater.’  A  house  has  to  have  a  name.”  

•  Wright  develop  the  concept  “Organic  Architecture”  which  stems  from  his  Transcendentalist  background.  The  belief  that  human  life  is  part  of  nature.  Thus  when  designing  the  house  Wright  incorporated  a  rock  outcropping  that  projected  above  the  living  room  floor  into  his  massive  central  hearth,  further  uni4ng  the  house  with  the  earth.  The  stone  façade  also  blends  the  house  with  its  environment  

•  Wright  further  emphasizes  the  connec4on  with  nature  by  liberal  use  of  glass;  the  house  has  no  walls  facing  the  falls  –  letng  the  outdoors  to  become  one  with  the  indoors  

•  Yet  at  Fallingwater,  he  is    more  concerned  with  responding  to  the  European  Modernist  design  that  he  had  in  part  inspired—but  that  had  since  eclipsed  him.  In  effect,  he  set  out  to  beat  the  Europeans  at  their  own  game,  using  elements  of  their  idiom.    

•  We  see,  for  example,  inspira4on  drawn  from  the  balconies  of  Gropius’  design  for  the  Chicago  Tribune  Tower  compe44on,  though  instead  of  the  stark  white  of  the  Interna4onal  Style,  he  paints  his  balconies  a  warmer,  earthen  tone  in  deference  to  nature  and  perhaps  the  Adobe  dwellings  of  the  American  Southwest,  where  he  spent  much  of  his  4me  

•  The  interior  is  also  very  warm,  he  used  natural  elements,  such  a  rough  stoned  and    that  complemented  the  environment  and  brought  nature  indoors  

•  All  furniture  was  built  custom-­‐made  for  the  home  so  that  it  is  a  completely  harmonious  space  •  Other  influences  are  Japanese  interiors  which  employ  horizontal  and  ver4cal  lines,  opens  space,  and  furniture  that  is  simple  

and  low  to  the  ground    

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