The  Cold  War  Years  

Chapter  13  

Cold  War  

•  The  cold  war  shaped  the  poli5cs  of  many  parts  of  the  world,  not  just  the  Americans  and  the  Soviets  

•  With  the  Americans  helping  west  Berlin,  Europe  knew  that  the  Americans  were  willing  to  help  

•  The  Soviets  cut  off  supplies  instead  of  helping  

Free  Elec5ons?  

•  The  Americans  and  Bri5sh  pushed  the  Soviets  to  hold  free  elec5ons  in  Eastern  Europe  

•  Wanted  an  explana5on  as  to  why  they  refused  •  George  Kennan  sent  a  long  telegram  that  explained  the  views…  – Called  the  Long  Telegram  

Long  Telegram  

•  It  stated  that  the  behavior  came  from  tradi5on  Soviet  fear  of  the  West,  intensified  by  Communists  ideas  

•  Did  not  like  capitalism  so  they  would  not  be  able  to  compromise  

•  Kennan  proposed  the  U.S  be  pa5ent  and  accept  their  expansion  policies  because  the  Soviet  Union  would  fall  apart  without  expanding  

Expanding  

•  Instead  of  going  into  a  “real”  war,  the  U.S.  started  a  policy  of  containment  – Keep  communism  within  its  present  territory  

–  Use  of  diplomacy,  economic,  and  military  ac5ons  

Kennan  Doesn’t  Lie  

•  Much  of  what  Kennan  said  was  true  •  Events  started  taking  place  that  led  to  crisis  •  The  first  crisis  occurred  in  Iran  – Soviets  did  not  leave  Iran  aSer  WWII  – Wanted  Iran’s  oil  supplies  – Signaled  a  Soviet  push  in  the  Middle  East  – Withdrew  because  of  American  threats  

Turkey  

•  Without  geTng  Iranian  oil,  Stalin  turned  to  Turkey  

•  Dardanelles  Straits  was  a  key  point  to  the  Mediterranean  and  Black  Seas  

•  Truman  ordered  an  aircraS  carrier  to  protect  Turkey  

•  In  the  mean  5me,  Britain  tried  to  help  Greece  – Guerrilla  Communist  war  was  raging    – Later  Britain  could  not  help  Greece  because  it’s  economy  was  too  weak  from  WWII  

Money!  

•  Truman  asked  Congress  for  a  lot    of  money  to  fight  Communism  in    Greece  and  Turkey  •  Known  as  the  Truman  Doctrine  •  Goal  was  to  aide  free  peoples  who  are  resis5ng  aVempted  subjuga5on  by  armed  minori5es  or  by  outside  pressures  

•  Pledged  to  fight  communism  worldwide  

Western  Europe  

•  There  were  many  nega5ve  things  happening  in  Western  Europe  

•  Economies  were  ruined  •  People  were  starving  •  Poli5cal  unrest  

Marshall  Plan  

•  George  C.  Marshall  proposed  the  European  Recovery  Program  

•  This  plan  stated  European  na5ons  would  be  given  American  aide  to  rebuild  their  economy  

•  Believed  that  the  Truman  Doctrine  and  the  Marshall  plan  would  be  the  key  to  containment  

Rejected  

•  The  Soviets  and  the  Eastern  satellites  rejected  the  Marshall  Plan  

•  Made  a  bigger  riS  between  East  and  West  in  Europe  – Gave  millions  of  supplies,  machinery,  and  food  to  the  west  

– Western  Europe  made  communism  look  bad  

•  The  Marshall  plan  was  only  one  part  of  the  recovery  program  

•  Believed  that  prosperity  depended  on  Germany’s  recovery  

•  Soviets  did  not  want  German  recovery  •  As  a  result  Britain,  France  and  the  U.S.  merged  their  three  zones  together  to  allow  Germans  to  have  their  own  government  

•  Agreed  to  merge  in  Berlin  as  well  and  made  West  Berlin  part  of  the  new  republic  

•  New  na5on  was  called  the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  AKA  West  Germany  

•  Not  allowed  to  have  a  military  but  besides  that  it  was  independent  

•  The  new  country  meant  that  the  Soviets  would  never  get  their  repara5ons  

•  So  they  cut  off  all  road  and  rail  traffic  to  West  Berlin  

•  Wanted  to  keep  West  Berlin  alive  without  star5ng  a  war  

AirliS  

•  For  11  months  planes  airliSed  in  supplies  such  as  food,  medicine,  and  coal  to  West  Berlin  

•  Became  a  symbol  of  American  determina5on  •  There  was  a  lot  of  soviet  hos5lity  during  this    5me  and  symbolized  an    end  to  coopera5on  

NATO  

•  The  Soviet  determina5on  for  repara5ons  created  a  need  for  a  defense  alliance  

•  This  was  known  as  the  Na5onal  Atlan5c  Treaty  Organiza5on  (NATO)  

•  Included  12  countries  – U.S.,  Canada,  Britain,  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Portugal,  The  Netherlands,  Norway,  Luxembourg,  and  Iceland  

NATO  

•  Agreed  that  if  any  member  was  aVacked  the  other  countries  would  help  them  out  

•  They  later  let  West  Germany  rearm  and  join  •  This  angered  Soviets  so  they  started  the  Warsaw  Pact  in  Eastern  Europe  

STOP!  

•  FOR  THE  REMAINING  TIME  YOU  WILL  WORK  ON  THE  COLD  WAR  MAP.    FOLLOW  THE  DIRECTIONS  ON  THE  MAP.