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The CDC big three; challenges from the laboratory perspec7ve Todd F Hatche<e MD FRCPC AMMI Annual Conference 2015 Charlo<etown, PEI

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Page 1: The$CDC$big$three;$ challenges$from$the$ laboratory ... · The$CDC$big$three;$ challenges$from$the$ laboratory$ perspecve$ Todd$F$Hatche

The  CDC  big  three;  challenges  from  the  

laboratory  perspec7ve  

Todd  F  Hatche<e  MD  FRCPC  AMMI  Annual  Conference  

2015  Charlo<etown,  PEI  

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Disclosures  

– PHAC  working  groups  – Department  of  Health  and  Wellness    – Collabora7ve  research  grant  with  GSK  for  the  SOS  network  and  influenza  vaccine  effec7veness  

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Outline  

•  Describe  the  capabili7es  and  challenges  of  novel  tools  used  for  the  detec7on  of  carbapenemase-­‐producing  organisms.  

•  Contrast  Clostridium  difficile  tes7ng  algorithms.    – Are  labs  using  the  best  strategy?  

•  Describe  impact  of  current  laboratory  prac7ces  as  it  relates  to  GC  

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Call  to  Ac7on  

•  Urgent  Threats  –  Significant  risk  –  Limited  treatment  op7ons  

•  Serious  Threats  –  Reduced  incidence  or  more  treatment  op7ons  

•  Concerning  Threats  

“is a snapshot of the complex problem of antibiotic resistance today and the potentially catastrophic consequences of inaction.”

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Urgent  Threats  

Clostridium  difficile    Carbapenem-­‐resistant    Enterobacteriaceae  

Drug-­‐resistant  Neisseria  gonorrhoeae  

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Kills normal flora

C diff

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C.Diff  in  Canada  (PHAC)  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  

Western  

Central  

Eastern  

Overall  

Rat

e / 1

000

patie

nt d

ays

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Ideal  Assay  

•  Want  a  rapid,  accurate  inexpensive  test  •  Tests  of  limited  sensi7vity  lead  to  false  nega7ves  and  poten7al  for  further  spread  and  morbidity  

•  Tests  of  low  specificity  lad  to  unnecessary  isola7on  (or  cohor7ng  that  could  increase  risk  of  exposure)  and  treatment    

• No  Single  test  fits  these  requirements  

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Assay   Pros   Cons   sens   Spec   Cost  

Immunoasssay  for  Toxin  A  /  B  

•  Rapid  •  Easy  to  use  

•  Lacks  sensi7vity   69-­‐99%  (as  low  as  38%)  

92  -­‐100%   +  

glucose  dehydrogenase  

•  Very  high  NPV  •  batchable  

•  Not  specific  •  Posi7ve  needs  

confirma7on  

88  –  100%  

83  -­‐100%   +  

Cell  Culture  Cytotoxic  assay  

•  Iden7fies  presence  of  the  toxin  

•  Takes  48  hrs  for  a  nega7ve  

•  Requires  7ssue  culture    

70-­‐100   90-­‐100   ++  

Toxigenic  culture  

•  “gold  standard”  

•  Test  takes  upto  5  days  

•  Cumbersome  

90-­‐100   98-­‐100   +++  

NAAT   •  Can  be  rapid  •  Very  sensi7ve  

•  Expensive  •  Does  not  

differen7ate  coloniza7on  

88-­‐91%   96-­‐97%   ++++  

Plancehe et al., 2008 Lancet Infect Dis 8:777 ; Shetty et al., Jl of Hosp Infecti (2011) 1e6 Alfa, and Sepehri. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24(2):89-92. Deshpande et al., 2011. Clin Infect Dis 53:e81-e90

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Performance  of  NAAT  a  Systemic  Review  (Deshpande  et  al.,  2011.    Clin  Infect  Dis  53:e81-­‐e90)  

•  Pooled  sens  –  90%  •  Pooled  spec  –  96%  

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Mul7-­‐Step  Algorithms  

•  Op7ons:  •  NAAT  alone  

–  How  do  you  confirm  – What  is  the  batch  size  

•  Screen  with  GDH    –  excellent  NPV  and  EIA  can  be  run  daily  

•  But  requires  confirma7on  –  Confirm  with  Tox  A/B  EIA  –  confirm  with  CCCNA  –  Confirm  with  NAAT    

Alfa, and Sepehri. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24(2):89-92.

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How  do  Mul7-­‐step  Algorithms  Perform?  •  Novak-­‐Weekley  et  al,  J  Clin  Microbiol  2010  48:889-­‐893  

–  Prospec7ve  study  432  stool  samples  (72  pos  –  prevalence  16.7%)  

•  Hart  et  al.,  Eur  J  Clin  Microbiol  Infect  Dis  (2014)  33:1555–1564  –  Pediatrics  n=150  (36%  prevalence)  

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Which  is  Cost  Effec7ve  

•  Bartsch  et  al.,  2015  (Clin  Microbiol  Infec  21:77e)  

– Modeled  the  cost  of  different  algorithms  •  Tox  A/B  •  GDH  +  Tox  A/B  •  NAAT  •  GDH/TOX  A/B  +  NAAT  

– Factored  in  isola7on  costs,  treatment  delays,  inappropriate  treatment,  poten7al  for  secondary  cases  

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GDH-­‐Tox  A/B  +  NAAT  is  Cost  Effec7ve  

•  GDH/ToxA/B  +  NAAT  also  had  fewest  unnecessary  bed  delays  

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What  about  an7microbial  resistance?  

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Buono et al., 2015 J Antimicrob Chemother 70:374-381

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•  Selec7on  Pressure  allows  for  Horizontal  gene  transfer  form  non  GC  Neisseria  par7cularly  in  the  throat  

•  WHO  recommends  only  drugs  with  >95%  efficacy  be  used  as  first  line  rx  

•  Ideally  we  could  have  individualized  treatment  to  ensure  narrowest  spectrum  used    

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Resistance  to  Azithromycin  and  Cephalosporins  is  a  global  Problem  

•  Resistance  to  fluorquinolones  is  global  Buono et al., 2015 J Antimicrob Chemother 70:374-381

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GC  Resistance  Rates  in  Canada  are  Increasing  

Source: Irene Martin NML

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Canadian  Data  Molecular  tes7ng  more  common  

Source: Irene Martin NML

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Resistance  Detec7on  Methods  

•  Agar  dilu7on  methods  are  CLSI  recommended  standard  –  Time  consuming  –  Labor  intensive  

•  E  test  /  disc  diffusion  have  been  used  

Images: • Prajna Sharma and Vishwanath 2012 • www.biomerieux-diagnostics.com/etest • wikipedia

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Molecular  iden7fica7on  of  resistance  

•  No  commercially  available  method  •  In  house  methods  are  available  

– Quinolone  –  gyrA  and  parC  – Azithromycin  -­‐  23s  rRNA  and  mtrR  muta7ons    – Cephalosporin  –  mosaic  penA  gene    

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Challenge  •  Rapid  evolu7on    •  NAAT  requires  a  known  target  •  Acquisi7on  of  plasmid  and  chromosomally  mediated  resistance    

•  Variability  between  penA  alleles  can  lead  to  different  MICs  

•  Wont  pick  up  “unknown”  mechanisms  like  phenotypic  tes7ng  

•  Mechanisms  are  shared  with  commensal  organisms  

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Challenges  

NAAT  Good  •  TEM-­‐1  [penicillin]  •  Tet(M)  [tetracycline]  •  parC/gyrA  [quinolone]  •  mtrR  [azithromycin]  

NAAT  not  so  good  •  Cephalosporins  

–  penA  –  high  sequence  variability  

•  Azithromycin  –  23SrRNA  allele  availability  

Mul8plexing  is  possible  but  not  all  mechanisms  are  well  characterized  

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Data  Star7ng  to  Emerge  for  NAAT  from  Residual  Specimens  

•  Nicol  et  al.,  2015  (Sex  Transm  Infect  91:91-­‐93)  – Three  real  7me  assays  to  detect  gyrA,  PPNG,  and  sequence  for  mosaic  penA  on  residual  specimen  from  Cobas  4800  CT/GC  assay  

– 94%  of  specimens  had  enough  DNA  for  amplifica7on  

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Culture  Based  Surveillance  Canada  -­‐  Enhanced  

surveillance  of  an8microbial-­‐resistant  gonorrhea  program  

(ESAG)  

•  NS  has  3  clinics  and  callbacks,    

•  MB  has  5  engaged  service    •  AB  has  2  STI  clinics  

(Edmonton  and  Calgary)    •  Other  P/Ts  are  showing  

interest  but  not  fully  par7cipa7ng  as  yet.  

US  -­‐  Gonoccoccal  Isolate  Surveillance  Project  (GISP)  

26  sites  

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•  Latest  Canadian  Data  

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MCKENNA, Nature, 2013

Global  Spread  

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Carbepenem  Resistance-­‐  Global  Spread  

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CRE  Variability  in  Mechanisms  

Enzyme  Class  /  Characteris8cs    Different  Types  

Class  A  beta  lactamase  enzymes  • Hydrolyze  all  beta  lactams  • Inhibited  by  boronic  acid  and  par7ally  by  calvulanic  acid  

KPC,  SME  ,  IMI,  NMC,  GES  

Class  B  beta  lactamase  enzymes  • Highest  carbapenemase  ac7vity  • Generally  only  spare  monbactam  • Not  inhibited  by  BL  inhibitors  • Required  Zinc  

Oven  named  by  place  of  origin  NDM,  IMP,  VIM,  GIM,  SPM,  SIM  

Class  D  beta  lactamase  enzymes  • Spares  cevazidime  • Oven  require  another  enzyme  (ESBL)  for  complete  resistance  

OXA-­‐48  ;  OXA-­‐181  

1.  A  beta  lactamase  with  a  Porin  muta7on  2.  Specific  Carbepenamase  enzymes  

Nordman et al., 2012 Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 432-438

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Source: Mike Mulvey, NML

Num

ber o

f Iso

late

s

Year

CPE  in  Canada:  CPHLN  Data  

(n=900)  

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CRE  Detec7on  

•  Automated  systems  may  not  always  be  able  to  detect  CRE  

•  CLSI  have  lowered  breakpoints  for  be<er  detec7on  

Nordman et al., 2012 Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 432-438

Good  Candidate  May  lack  specificity  

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Is  Confirma7on  Necessary?  It  Depends  

•  CLSI  does  not  recommend  confirma7on  – Breakpoints  all  that  is  necessary  for  treatment  decisions  

– But  not  a  lot  of  treatment  data  out  there  – Some  carbapenemases  are  suscep7ble  or  intermediate  to  carbapenems  (OXAs)  

•  How  do  you  screen  for  theses  – Only  necessary  for  epidemiology  and  infec7on  control  reasons  

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The  Ideal  System  

•  Rapid  (same  day  results)  •  Sensi7ve  and  Specific  •  Easy  to  perform  •  Easy  to  interpret  results  •  Iden7fy  the  different  resistance  mechanisms  •  Iden7fy  the  different  gene7c  variants  •  In  expensive  

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CRE  Confirma7on  

•  Modified  Hodge  Test  –  Good  for  KPC  and  OXA  less  for  NDM  

–  Lacks  specificity  –  Time  consuming  –  subjec7ve  

•  Addi7on  of  inhibitors  •  EDTA  /  boronic  acid  

www.biomerieux-diagnostics.com

Basak and Monali- www.intechopen.com/books/trends-in-infectious-diseases

•  Phenotypic  tests  -­‐  None  has  100%  sensi7vity  or  specificty  •  Not  good  for  OXA  types  

Source: Janet Hindlre CLSI webinar update Feb 2015

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CARBA  NP  Test  

•  Mix  suspect  colony  •  decrease  in  pH  from  hydrolysis  of  carbapenem    

•  Reagent  must  be  fresh  and  takes  7me  to  prepare  

•  False  nega7ve  for  OXA    •  Can  give  invalid  results  (subjec7ve)   Source: Janet Hindlre CLSI webinar

update Feb 2015 Source: Janet Hindlre CLSI webinar update Feb 2015

phenol  red    indicator

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ertapenem

merpenem

or

2-­‐4  hrs    

Carvalhaes et al., 2014. J Antimicrob Chemother. 69(8):2132-6.

Washed pellet

MALDI-­‐TOF  Iden7fica7on  of  CRE  

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MALDI-­‐TOF  Iden7fica7on  of  CRE  

•  Carvalhaes  et  al..,  2014.  J  An7microb  Chemother  69:  2132-­‐2136  

–  Direct  detec7on  of  CRE  from  100  randomly  selected  blood  cultures  

–  21  isolates  were  CRE  –  All  KPCs  and  one  SM1  detected  aver  4  hours  of  incuba7on  –  3/11  OXA  required  tes7ng  of  bacterial  colonies  in    detect  carbapenemase  ac7vity    

•  Papagiannitsis  et  al  2015  J  Clin  Microbiol.  2015  Feb  18.  

–  Addi7on  of  NH4HCO3  improved  detec7on  of  OXA-­‐48    

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•  MALDI  TOF  – Can  detect  CRE  independent  of  the  enzyme  produced,  including  novel  enzymes  

–  rapid  – Requires  molecular  to  characterize  

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Molecular  Detec7on  (NAAT)  

•  Biofire  (FDA  approved)  –  KPC  

•  Nanosphere  (FDA  approved)  –  KPC,  NDM,  OXA,  IMP,  VIM  

•  NucliSENS  EasyQ  VKPC  •  Cepheid  

–  KPC,  NDM,  OXA-­‐48,  IMP-­‐1,  VIM  •  BD  Max  

–  KPC,  NDM,  OXA-­‐48  •  Check-­‐Points  

–  KPC,  NDM,  OXA-­‐48,  IMP,  VIM  •  Amplex  -­‐  Hyperplex  Superbug  ID  

–  all  variants  of  VIM,  IMP,  KPC,  OXA-­‐48  NDM-­‐1  

•  Expensive  •  Requires  molecular  exper7se  

•  Sensi7vity  dependant  on  amount  of  DNA  •   may  require  growth  first  

•  Need  to  target  the  gene  

Source: Janet Hindlre CLSI webinar update Feb 2015

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CRE  Screening  

•  Lots  of  ques7ons    that  depend  on  local  epidemiology  – Who,  how  oven  etc  

•  Stools/rectal  swabs  most  common  specimen  

•  None  will  detect  the  type  of  carbapeneamase  

•  Broth  enrichment  step  may  increase  KPC  detec7on  (delays  TAT)  

•  Direct  to  screening  media  –  CRE  specific  

–  ESBL  surrogate  screening  

www.chromagar.com/clinical-microbiology-chromagar-kpc-focus-on-kpc-resistance-32.html

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•  Next  gen  /  whole  genome  sequencing  •  Microarray  •  MALDI  –ToF  MS  

– Detect  degrada7on  products  

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Modified  Hodge  Test  

Carba  NP   Molecular  Detec8on  

MALDI-­‐TOF  

Strengths   Rela7vely  simple  

rapid   Determines  type  of  carbapenemase  

Rapid  Inexpensive  Detects  variety  of  MBL  

Weaknesses   • Can  be  subjec7ve  • False  posi7ves  due  to  other  mechanisms  (ESBL  or  AMPC  +  porin  muta7on)  • Some  false  nega7ves  (NDM  –  can  add  zinc)  

• Can  give  invalid  results  (subjec7ve)  • Reagent  prepara7on  takes  7me  • False  nega7ve  for  OXA    

• Expensive  • Requires  molecular  exper7se  • Need  to  target  the  gene  (if  it  is  not  included  it  will  not  be  detected)  

• Generate  own  spectral  library  • Requires  molecular  differen7a7on  of  types  of  resistance  

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Poten7al  Algorithm  

Hrabak et al., 2014 Clin Micrbiol Infec 20:839-853

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Conclusion  

•  Resistance  is  a  problem  •  Many  different  op7ons  for  detec7ng  resistance  

•  Must  be  tailored  to  your  local  context  

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Ques7ons