the yen for reform
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The Yen for Reform. From the “Gilded Age” to the “Progressive Era”. Progressive Era – 1896-1920? What is progress?. The Problem(s). How to manage change Immigration Urbanization Industrialization Growth of wealth Corruption Poverty. A Dark Beginning. Populist hopes thwarted in 1896 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Yen for Reform
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From the “Gilded Age” to the “Progressive Era”
• Progressive Era – 1896-1920?
• What is progress?
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The Problem(s)
• How to manage change– Immigration– Urbanization– Industrialization– Growth of wealth– Corruption– Poverty
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A Dark Beginning
• Populist hopes thwarted in 1896• Jim Crow grows in South– Failure of biracial coalition– Reversal of Reconstruction
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“Redemption”
• White elite in South comes to power in 1880s-early 1900s
• Cuts budgets, schools, hospitals• Makes unemployment illegal• Rents out convicts as slaves– “One dies, get another”
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Everyone Is Equal but Some Are More Equal than Others…
• South imposes poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. to vote (1896-1906)
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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An Era of Accommodation
• Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)• Black middle class builds own institutions
• Meanwhile, American Federation of Labor replaces Knights of Labor in 1890s
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The American Empire
• Conquered the West• Now look to Cuba, Philippines, Hawaii• Spanish American War (1898) – the “splendid
little war”• “Remember the Maine!”
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The Paradox of Progressivism
• Middle class and elite movement for reform• Adopts some of Populist ideas• Meant to better the lot of the poor, workers,
women
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The Paradox of Progressivism
• Middle class and elite movement for reform• Adopts some of Populist ideas• Meant to better the lot of the poor, workers,
women
• A movement without an ideology?
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Theories of Progressivism
• Status anxiety
• Anglo cultural resistance to immigrants, blacks, poor
• Modernizing ideal of efficiency, order
• Need to tame monopoly
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Progressive Women
• Settlement Houses• Fight for birth control• Fight for right to vote• “City Beautiful”
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The Rise of Socialism
• Originally limited to immigrants, ex: Germans• Became significant 3rd party under Eugene
Debs of Indiana
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The Wobblies
• Industrial Workers of the World• Way more militant• “One big union”• Advocated general strike• Fought for free speech
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Election of 1912• Socialist Debs vs. Republican President William
H. Taft• Progressive Theodore Roosevelt• and Democrat Woodrow Wilson
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What TR Had Been Up To
• Took over when McKinley assassinated (1901) • Trust-busting• Conservation• Handed reins to Taft in 1908
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The Debate
• Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”– Idea that big business is here to stay– Must be regulated– Heavy taxes on the rich– Early idea of social security/universal healthcare
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The Debate
• Wilson’s “New Freedom”– Less emphasis on government programs– Tougher anti-trust laws– Right to unionize– Support for small business
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Two Versions of Same Idea
• In office, Wilson pursued policies similar to Roosevelt and Populists– Banned child labor– New protection for right to unionize and strike– New regulation of business– Federal Reserve (1913)