the world of cities 9-2 p. 249-252. medicine and population 1800-1900: europe population doubled...
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The World of Cities9-2 p. 249-252
Medicine and Population 1800-1900: Europe population doubled
because the death rate fell Farming, food storage, and distribution
improved Medical advances and improvements in
public sanitation slowed death rates
The Fight Against Disease Microscopic organisms became known in
1600s Doctors made the germ theory 1870- Louis Pasteur showed the link
between microbes and disease Developed vaccines for rabies and
anthrax Discovered pasteurization
Killed disease-carrying microbes in milk
The Fight Against Disease 1880s- Robert Koch identified the
bacteria that caused tuberculosis 1914- yellow fever and malaria traced to
microbes from mosquitoes Germs causing disease made people
change their clothes more often
In the Hospital Early 1840s- anesthesia was used to relieve pain
during surgery Let doctors try new surgery
Patients would die days after surgery of infection from dirty instruments
Poor people would be put in hospitals as a death sentence
Florence Nightingale introduced better hygiene in hospitals and founded the first school of nursing
Joseph Lister discovered antiseptics to reduce deaths from infection
The Life of the Cities Cities dominated the West as
industrialization progressed City life underwent dramatic changes
The Changing City Landscape Wealth and industrialization changed the layout
of western cities There were new squares and boulevards Avenues were lined with government buildings,
offices, stores, and theaters 1850s- most extensive urban renewal took place
in Paris Destroyed tenement housing Built wide boulevards and public buildings
Rich lived on the outskirts of the city Poor lived in slums near the city center
Sidewalks, Sewers, and Skyscrapers Paved streets made urban areas easier
to live in Street lights increased safety at night Police forces and fire protection were
organized Sewage systems made cities healthier 1900- steel was used to make buildings
Skyscrapers were constructed
Slums Urban life was hard for the poor
Working-class families could afford clothing, newspaper, or tickets to a music hall They went home to row houses or tenements
The worst families crammed families into a single room
Unemployment or illness would ruin a family because of lost wages
Crime and alcoholism were constant
The Lure of the City New residents came by excitement and
for the promise of work Cities were centers of action for tourists Entertainment came from music halls,
opera houses, theaters, and sports Education was offered by museums and
libraries
Working-Class Struggles Workers tried to improve conditions of
industrial life Protested low wages, long hours, unsafe
conditions, and threat of unemployment Strikes and unions were illegal
Formed mutual-aid societies Late 1800s- men could vote and workers
could organize unions to bargain on their behalf
Working-Class Struggles Governments passed laws to regulate
working conditions Child labor was outlawed and employment
of women in mines was banned 1909- coal miners worked an eight-hour
day Old-age pensions and disability insurance
were established for the hurt or ill workers Protected workers from poverty once they
were no longer able to work
Rising Standards of Living Unskilled workers earned less than skilled workers Women received less than half the pay of men
doing the same work Farm laborers barley got by in the late 1800s Standards of living rose Families ate more varied diets, lived in better
homes, and dressed inexpensively Medicine advancements improved health The gap between workers and the middle class
widened
Review Urban Renewal- Rebuilding of the poor areas of
a city Germ Theory- Speculation that was found to be
fact that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases
Women’s Suffrage- women’s right to vote Mutual Aid Society- Rebuilding of the poor
areas of a city Standard of Living- The measure of the quality
and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.
Review (con’t) Louis Pasteur- French chemist showed the link between microbes
and disease created vaccines against rabies and anthrax and created the process of pasteurization, or killing disease carrying microbes in milk
Florence Nightingale- British nurse during Crimean war, worked for more sanitary hospitals, and then when the war was over return to England and campaigned for the same sanitary conditions in London hospitals.
Joseph Lister- English surgeon discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.
Why did improved sanitation develop, what theory caused people to realize they should wash hands etc.? Germ theory
Where did the poor live in cities? Slums near the city center What group was linked to labor reform, those organizations
today still are linked to labor reform? Mutual-aid societies