the world in 1500, - jb-hdnp.orgjb-hdnp.org/sarver/power_points/ushc1.pdf · the world in 1500,...
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The World in 1500,Beginnings1500
The nation underwent social reform, economic development, and territorial expansion.
A Native American chief from Cuba greets Christopher Columbus in 1492. Engraving (19th century).
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The World in 1500,Beginnings1500
Crossing to the Americas
Societies of North America
Societies of West Africa
Societies of Europe
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5 Early European Explorers
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Section 1
Crossing to the AmericasAncient peoples came from Asia to the Americas and over time developed complex civilizations.
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The First People in America
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Crossing to the Americas
First people migrate, or move, to Americasfrom Asia
1SECTION
Others believe they come by many routes, starting 30,000 years ago
Some believe they cross land bridgeBeringiaabout 12,000 years ago
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Agriculture Leads to Civilization
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Some cultures grow complex and become civilizations
About 5,000 years ago, begin domesticationgrow plants, tame animals
Cultureway of life shared by people, similar arts, beliefs, customs
Also have organized government and religion, record keeping
Civilizations have cities, specialized jobs for people, advanced tools
First Americans culture is huntingand gathering
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Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
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1SECTION
Olmec set up trade routes; build pyramid mounds, cities
About 1,200 B.C. Olmec civilization thrivesin mesoamerica
Around 400 B.C., abandon cities forunknown reasons
Build cities, pyramid mounds; developyearly calendar
By A.D. 250, Maya develop civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala
By 900, Maya abandon cities forunknown reasons
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The Hohokam and the Anasazi
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1SECTION
Farmers who use irrigationbring waterto crops
From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400, Hohokam live in American Southwest
By about A.D. 100, Anasazi live in American Southwest; mainly farmers
Around 1300, drought or warfare cause Anasazi to leave homes
Build pueblos, or many-storied houses, against canyon walls
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Cliff Palace (built about 1200) was once inhabited by about 100 Anasazi. Mesa Verde National Park.
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The Mound Builders
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1SECTION
Build large earthen structures
Mound Buildersearly Native Americans in eastern U.S.
Two oldest are Hopewell (400 B.C.A.D. 400) and Adena
Last Mound BuildersMississippiansbuild first cities in North America
Hopewell are farmers; large trade network; mounds are burial sites
By 1700s, most Mississippians die of diseases brought by Europeans
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Section 2
Societies of NorthAmericaBy 1500, a variety of Native American groupseach with a distinct culturelived in North America.
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Native American Diversity
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Societies of North America2SECTION
Environment shapes each groups economy, technology, religion
By 1500, hundreds of Native Americancultural groups
Technologyuse of tools, knowledge to meet human needs
Environment affects religion; groups believe certain places sacred
Environment causes groups economies and technologies to vary
Trade links Native Americans
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Peoples of the North and Northwest Coast
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2SECTION
Inuit live on tundratreeless, frozen plain They use kayaks, or small boats, to hunt
sea mammals
They make wooden houses, boats, carved objects
Northwest Coast people, such as Kwakiutl and Haida, fish salmon
Kwakiutl and Haida potlatch ceremonies; give away objects to mark status
Aleut live on islands off Alaska
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Peoples of the West
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2SECTION
Men hunt game; women gather wild foods, some are expert weavers
Native Americans in West are huntersand gatherers
Western groups have spiritual beliefs linkedto nature
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Peoples of Mexico
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2SECTION
Begin building capital city, Tenochtitln,in 1325
Irrigation helps them grow many crops
Complex society with upper, middle,lower classes
Conquer peoples who give food, resourcesto them
Aztecs have great civilization in central Mexico
BobTypewritten TextClick Here for Animation of Early Native American Life
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http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/amer_hist_recon/resources/htmls/animations/native_anim/ah01_anim_nativeamerlif.html
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Maya pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichn Itz, Mexico, built around A.D. 987
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Peoples of the Southwest
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Build many-storied, adobe houses
In American Southwest, Pueblo people use irrigation to farm
Men hunt, farm, weave, build; women cook, repair houses, craft pottery
Later, Navajo become farmers
Navajo, Apache arrive later; hunters and gatherers; trade with Pueblo
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Peoples of the Great Plains
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Some Plains tribes are nomads; others live in villages by rivers
Great Plains extend from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
Hunt bison; use its hide for clothes, bones for tools
Spiritual beliefs vary; some honor sacred places
Mandans and Pawnee live in large circular lodges
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Peoples of the Southeast
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Women farm; men hunt, fish, clear land Society is matrilinealtrace ancestry through
the mother In villages, people gather at central square for
meetings, ceremonies
Choctaw and Chickasaw are farmers
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Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
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Use slash-and-burn agriculturechop, burn trees; use ash to enrich soil
Most Eastern Woodland peoples speak Iroquoian or Algonquian language
Iroquois live in longhouses; Algonquin live in wigwams
Form 5-tribe allianceIroquois League, brings period of peace to Iroquois
Warlike Iroquois take advice from Deganawida, make peace
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A traditional Iroquois longhouse. Iroquois County, New York.
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Section 3
Societies of West AfricaThe peoples of West Africa developed sophisticated kingdoms, trade networks, and artistic achievements.
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African Geography and World Trade
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Societies of West Africa3SECTION
By A.D. 1500, trade routes link African coastal ports with rest of world
Africa is second largest continent; variety of land forms and climate
West Africa has rain forest and savanna; the Sahara borders the north
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Ghana Grows Wealthy
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3SECTION
First West African kingdom, Ghana, grows rich from gold and salt trade
Camel caravans cross Sahara; connect West Africa with rest of world
Controls this trade from 700s to mid-1000s Kings impose taxes, use wealth for army, build
empire
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Islam Enters Ghana
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3SECTION
Islamfounded by prophet Muhammad; teaches that there is one God, Allah
Muslimsfollowers of the religion Islam
Muslim traders bring Islam from North Africa to West Africa
In 1076, Muslim army conquers Ghana city and weakens Ghanas power
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Mali Replaces Ghana
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3SECTION
Its wealth also comes from gold-salt trade
By 1200s, kingdom of Mali conquers most of Ghana
Malis ruler, Sundiata, increases Malis power, prosperity
Shows off wealth to rest of world; spreads Islamic culture in Mali
Other great leader, Mansa Musa (13121337), is Muslim
After Mansa Musas death, Mali slowly weakens
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The Empire of Songhai
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3SECTION
Led by Sunni Ali, they capture Timbuktu, set up governmental system
Songhai people break away from Mali, begin own empire
Sunni Ali dies (1492); led by AskiaMuhammad, Muslims take over
After his death, Songhai weakens; Moroccan army defeats Songhai (1591)
Askia Muhammad expands trade, sets up tax system, builds Mosques
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Other West African Kingdoms
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3SECTION
Yoruba live southwest of Niger River, mostly farmers, have gifted artists
Hausa states emerge after A.D. 1000 in northern Nigeria; trade thrives
Kingdom of Benin in delta of Niger River prospers through trade
Europeans also trade for enslaved Africans
In late 1400s, Portuguese and other Europeans trade goods with Benin
Use enslaved laborers to work on large farms, called plantations
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Section 4
Societies of EuropeBy 1500, Europe was going through a period of social change that sparked interest in learning and exploration.
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Feudalism in Europe
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Societies of Europe4SECTION
Feudalisma king allows lords to use land; lords owe loyalty to king
Feudalism, manor system in European Middle Ages (late 400s1300s)
Manor system:- Lords divide land into manors, or large
estates, farmed by serfs - In return for serfs work, lords protect the
serfs Roman Catholic Church gains power during
the Middle Ages
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Revival of Trade and Towns
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4SECTION
New farming methods create food surplus, increase population
By 1000s, feudalism brings more stability to European society
More people demand more goods; spurs trade; new towns arise
Serfs go to towns; become craftspeople, merchants; form middle class
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Trade with the East
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Italian cities trade with port cities, including Constantinople
Trade increases within and outside Europe
Crusadeswars in which European Christians try to recapture Holy Land
Italian Marco Polo travels in Asia, increases European interest in Asia
Crusades spur trade with the Middle East
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The Decline of Feudalism
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In 1347, bubonic plague kills many, reduces workers, weakens feudalism
Trade and towns grow; serfs leave manors for towns; feudalism weakens
As feudal lords lose power, kings gain power
In return, townspeople support kings by paying taxes
Kings help townspeople by enforcing order with large armies
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The Renaissance and Reformation
4SECTION
European Renaissance (13001600) questions old ideas
Renaissancetime of increased interest in art, learning
Stresses human achievement, classical education, art, the sciences
Reformationmovement to correct problems in Church, splits Church
Printing press produces more books; more people read; ideas spread
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Changes in Trade
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4SECTION
Make huge profits trading with Asia, control Mediterranean trade
Italian merchants determine profit by subtracting cost from income
Other European countries want profits by trading with Asia
Look for other trade routes besides the ones controlled by Italians
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Section 5
Early European ExplorersAs Europeans searched for sea routes to Asia, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.
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A Water Route to Asia
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Early European Explorers5SECTION
Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaches south tip of Africa (1488)
CaravelPortuguese ship that improves sailing
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds all-water route to Asia (1498)
Portugal grows rich from spice trade
Portugal can now trade with Asia without Italian-Muslim interference
European rivals want part of this trade, search for water routes to Asia
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Columbuss Plan
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5SECTION
Columbus overestimates size of Asia; underestimates size of globe
Italian sailor Christopher Columbus claims sailing west is faster to Asia
Portugal turns down Columbuss request to finance voyage
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Help from Spains Rulers
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After Muslim wars, Spain agrees to support Columbus
Columbus assembles his ships: Nia, Pinta, Santa Mara
Spains rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella:- want lucrative Asian trade and to spread
Christianity- doubt Columbuss calculations
- are low on money because of Muslim wars- are hesitant to pay the high expense for
Columbuss services
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Setting Sail
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5SECTION
He keeps two logs: one for sailors, other tells truth about voyage
Columbus sets sail with 90 crew members on August 3, 1492
After 10 weeks, crew wants to turn back; agree to sail 3 more days
Two days later, on October 12, 1492, they see land
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Reaching the Americas
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5SECTION
Islanders, the Taino people, greet him; he calls them Indians
Columbus believes he has landed in Indies, islands in Southeast Asia
He calls island San Salvador, takes possession of it for Spain
For 3 months, tours other Caribbean islands; finds some gold, pearls
Convinced he found Asia, he returns to Spain and informs Spanish rulers
Leaves 39 men on Hispaniola; they steal from Taino, who kill them
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Christopher Columbus lands in the Americas in 1492. Painting, William James Aylward
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An Expanding Horizon
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5SECTION
Disappoints Ferdinand, Isabella; mistreatment of islanders angers queen
Columbus makes 3 more voyages to Americas, never brings back treasures
Rulers refuse to finance another voyage; Columbus dies a bitter man
In time, Europeans realize Columbus found continents unknown to them
Atlantic Ocean now seen as bridge connecting Europeans to America
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Advanced US History Mr. Sarver
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