the world between the wars: revolutions, depression, and authoritarian response
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29. The World Between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response. The World Between the Wars. The Roaring Twenties Revolution: The First Waves The Global Great Depression The Authoritarian Response. The World Between the Wars. The Roaring Twenties. Bouncing Back? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The World Between the The World Between the Wars: Revolutions, Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Depression, and Authoritarian ResponseAuthoritarian Response
29
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The World Between the Wars
I. The Roaring Twenties
II. Revolution: The First Waves
III. The Global Great Depression
IV. The Authoritarian Response
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The World Between the Wars
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Roaring Twenties
• Bouncing Back?– Enormous challenges
• Optimism, creativity– Cubism
• Women– Lose place in workforce– Gain voting rights
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Other Industrial Centers
• Canada, Australia, New Zealand– Independence– British Commonwealth of Nations
• United States– Isolationism– "Red scare"
• Japan– Strong economy
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
From Dominions to Nationhood: Formation
of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism
• Rise, late 1800s• Benito Mussolini
– Government, 1922– Suspends elections, 1926
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism
• The New Nations of East Central Europe• Authoritarian governments dominate
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Eastern Europe and The Soviet Union, 1919-1939
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
A Balance Sheet
• Representative governments– e.g. Germany, Canada, Japan
• Social change, economic prosperity• Democracy challenged
– Italy, central Europe
• American, Japanese powerful
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Revolution: The First Waves
• Mexico's Upheaval– Porfirio Díaz
Ruler since 1876
– Economy Foreign control
– Francisco Madero 1910, arrested Díaz wins election
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Revolution: The First Waves
• Mexico's Upheaval– Rebellion
Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata Díaz removed 1913, Madero assassinated
– Victoriano Huerta Returns to Díaz’s style of rule Forced from power, 1914
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Mexico's Upheaval
• General Alvaro Obregón• Civil war over by 1920
– Obregón first elected president
• 1917, new constitution• Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940)
– Land redistributed Ejidos
– Education expanded
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Mexico
• Indian culture influential– Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco
• Cristeros– Conservative peasant movement
• PRI– Origins in 1920s
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Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism
• Revolution breaks out, 1917– Alexander Kerensky
Provisional government
• November, 1917– Bolsheviks (Communist Party)– Lenin
Closes parliament Congress of Soviets
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism
• 1918-1921– Reaction against communism
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Stabilization of Russia’sCommunist Regime
• Leon Trotsky– Red Army
• Lenin's New Economic Policy, 1921• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Soviet Experimentation
• Gains for workers, women• Lenin
– Death, 1924– Succeeded by Stalin
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Toward Revolution in China
• Last Qing emperor abdicates, 1912• Yuan Shikai
– Heads coalition
• Japan invades
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China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
• Sun Yat-sen– Revolutionary Alliance– Elected president, 1911
Parliament
– Resigns, 1912 Yuan becomes president
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
• Japan– Twenty-one demands to Yuan– Yuan refuses– Control confirmed by Versailles
• May 4, 1919– Mass demonstrations– Call for Western political reform
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
• Li Dazhou– Marxism adopted to Chinese situation– Influences Mao Zedong
• Communist Party of China, 1921
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang
• Guomindang (Nationalist Party of China)– Sun Yat-sen– Allies with Communists– Supported by Soviet Union– Whampoa Military Academy, 1924
Chiang Kai-shek, first leader
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Mao and the Peasant Option
• Chiang Kai-shek– Succeeds as head of Guomindang, 1925– Begins civil war, to 1949
• Mao Zedong– Long March to Shanxi, 1934
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War
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The Global Great Depression
• Causation– Recession, 1920-1921
• The Debacle– October, 1929– New York Stock Market crash
• Depression deepens, 1929-1933
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Global Great Depression
• Soviet Union– Immune
• West– Welfare programs
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Responses to the Depression in Western Europe
• Governments have little impact– Radicalism attractive
• Popular Front, 1936– Liberals, Socialists, Communists
• The New Deal– Franklin Roosevelt
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The Authoritarian Response
• The Rise of Nazism– Fascism, 1920s
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Adolf Hitler
• National Socialist party– 1932 elections
• Anti-semitic• 1933, takes power• Totalitarian
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Rhineland
• Rhineland– Occupied, 1936– No response
• Anschlutz, 1938• Sudetan Land, 1938-1939• Invasion of Poland, 1939
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The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War
• Mussolini– Ethiopia, 1935
• Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939– Germany, Italy support right– Russia, Western volunteers support left
• Japan invades China, 1937• Axis, 1940
– Germany, Italy, Japan
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Economic and Political Changes in Latin America
• Economic expansion• Reaction to liberalism
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The Great Crash and Latin American Responses
• Conservatives– Corporatism
• Fascism• Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940)
– Reform
• Cuba– Revolution, 1933
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The Vargas Regime in Brazil
• 1929 Election– Civil war– Gétulio Vargas, president
• Vargas– Reform– New constitution, 1937
Influenced by Mussolini
– Suicide, 1954
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Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military
• Economic collapse, 1929– Nationalists
Take control, 1943
• Juan d. Perón– Wife, Eva Duarte– Coalition government– Driven from power, 1955– Maintains influence
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military
• Death of Perón, 1974– Return of military rule
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The Militarization of Japan
• Nationalists• Revolts, 1932, 1936
– Military gains power
• Tojo Hideki– Influence over prime ministers
• War with China, 1937– Military ascendant
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Militarization of Japan
• By 1938– Control of Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan
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The Expansion of Japan to the Outbreak of World War II
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Industrialization
and
Recovery
• Industrialization from 1931
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Stalinism in the Soviet Union
• From 1927• Industrialization
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Economic Policies
• Collectivization, 1928– Mechanization– Kulaks resist
Suppression
• Five-year plans– Factories
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Toward an Industrial Society
• Totalitarian Rule– Harsh suppression of criticism– 1939, ally with Hitler
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections: Economic Depression, Authoritarian Response, and Democratic Retreat
• Consequences of the Great Depression– Surge of nationalism– Ties between nations weakened– Tariffs cause animosity