Some Notes on my American ImpressionsI must redeem my promise to say something about my impressions of thiscountry. That is not altogether easy for me. For it is not easy to take up theattitude of an impartial observer when one is received with such kindness andundeserved respect as I have been in America. First of all let me saysomething on this head.The cult of individual personalities is always, in my view, unjustified. To besure, nature distributes her gifts variously among her children. But there areplenty of the well-endowed ones too, thank God, and I am firmly convincedthat most of them live quiet, unregarded lives. It strikes me as unfair, and evenin bad taste, to select a few of them fur boundless admiration, attributingsuperhuman powers of mind and character to them. This has been my fate,and the contrast between the popular estimate of my powers andachievements and the reality is simply grotesque. The consciousness of thisextraordinary state of affairs would be unbearable but for one great consolingthought: it is a welcome symptom in an age which is commonly denounced asmaterialistic, that it makes heroes of men whose ambitions lie wholly in theintellectual and moral sphere. This proves that knowledge and justice areranked above wealth and power by a large section of the human race. Myexperience teaches me that this idealistic outlook is particularly prevalent inAmerica, which is usually decried as a particularly materialistic country. After

1

this digression I come to my proper theme, in the hope that no more weightwill be attached to my modest remarks than they deserve.What first strikes the visitor with amazement is the superiority of this countryin matters of technics and organization. Objects of everyday use are moresolid than in Europe, houses infinitely more convenient in arrangement.Everything is designed to save human labour. Labour is expensive, becausethe country is sparsely inhabited in comparison with its natural resources. Thehigh price of labour was the stimulus which evoked the marvellousdevelopment of technical devices and methods of work. The oppositeextreme is illustrated by over-populated China or India, where the low priceof labour has stood in the way of the development of machinery. Europe ishalf-way between the two. Once the machine is sufficiently highly developed itbecomes cheaper in the end than the cheapest labour. Let the Fascists inEurope, who desire on narrow-minded political grounds to see their ownparticular countries more densely populated, take heed of this. The anxiouscare with which the United States keep out foreign goods by means ofprohibitive tariffs certainly contrasts oddly with this notion.…But an29innocent visitor must not be expected to rack his brains too much, and, whenall is said and done, it is not absolutely certain that every question admits of arational answer.

2

The second thing that strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life.The smile on the faces of the people in photographs is symbolical of one ofthe American's greatest assets. He is friendly, confident, optimistic,and--without envy. The European finds intercourse with Americans easy andagreeable.Compared with the American, the European is more critical, moreself-conscious, less goodhearted and helpful, more isolated, more fastidious inhis amusements and his reading, generally more or less of a pessimist.Great importance attaches to the material comforts of life, and peace,freedom from care, security are all sacrificed to them. The American lives forambition, the future, more than the European. Life for him is always becoming,never being. In this respect he is even further removed from the Russian andthe Asiatic than the European is. But there is another respect in which heresembles the Asiatic more than the European does: he is lest of anindividualist than the European--that is, from the psychological, not theeconomic, point of view.More emphasis is laid on the "we" than the "I." As a natural corollary of this,custom and convention are very powerful, and there is much more uniformityboth in outlook on life and in moral and æsthetic ideas among Americans thanamong Europeans. This fact is chiefly responsible for America's economicsuperiority over Europe. Co-operation and the division of labour are carried

3

through more easily and with less friction than in Europe, whether in thefactory or the university or in private good works. This social sense may bepartly due to the English tradition.In apparent contradiction to this stands the fact that the activities of the Stateare comparatively restricted as compared with Europe. The European issurprised to find the telegraph, the telephone, the railways, and the schoolspredominantly in private hands. The more social attitude of the individual,which I mentioned just now, makes this possible here. Another consequenceof this attitude is that the extremely unequal distribution of property leads tono intolerable hardships. The social conscience of the rich man is much morehighly developed than in Europe. He considers himself obliged as a matter ofcourse to place a large portion of his wealth, and often of his own energiestoo, at the disposal of the community, and public opinion, that all-powerfulforce, imperiously demands it of him. Hence the most important cultural30functions can be left to private enterprise, and the part played by the State inthis country is, comparatively, a very restricted one.The prestige of government has undoubtedly been lowered considerably bythe Prohibition laws. For nothing is more destructive of respect for thegovernment and the law of the land than passing laws which cannot beenforced. It is an open secret that the dangerous increase of crime in this

4

country is closely connected with this.There is also another way in which Prohibition, in my opinion, has led to theenfeeblement of the State. The public-house is a place which gives people achance to exchange views and ideas on public affairs. As far as I can see,people here have no chance of doing this, the result being that the Press,which is mostly controlled by definite interests, has an excessive influence overpublic opinion.The over-estimation of money is still greater in this country than in Europe, butappears to me to be on the decrease. It is at last beginning to be realized thatgreat wealth is not necessary for a happy and satisfactory life.As regards artistic matters, I have been genuinely impressed by the good tastedisplayed in the modern buildings and in articles of common use; on the otherhand, the visual arts and music have little place in the life of the nation ascompared with Europe.I have a warm admiration for the achievements of American institutes ofscientific research. We are unjust in attempting to ascribe the increasingsuperiority of American research-work exclusively to superior wealth; zeal,patience, a spirit of comradeship, and a talent for co-operation play animportant part in its successes. One more observation to finish up with. TheUnited States is the most powerful technically advanced country in the worldto-day. Its influence on the shaping of international relations is absolutely

5

incalculable. But America is a large country and its people have so far notshown much interest in great international problems, among which theproblem of disarmament occupies first place today. This must be changed, ifonly in the essential interests of the Americans. The last war has shown thatthere are no longer any barriers between the continents and that the destiniesof all countries are closely interwoven. The people of this country must realizethat they have a great responsibility in the sphere of international politics. Thepart of passive spectator is unworthy of this country and is bound in the endto lead to disaster all round.

6