UkraineUkraine

GreeceGreece

ItalyItaly

BulgariaBulgaria

RomaniaRomaniaFranceFrance

SpainSpain

* Locations are based on modern names

RussiaRussia

MoscowMoscow

VoroneszVoronesz

UkraineUkraine

BelarusBelarusPolandPolandGermanyGermany

Czech Rep.Czech Rep.

HungaryHungaryRomaniaRomania

LithuaniaLithuania

SlovakiaSlovakia

* Locations are based on modern names

GermanyFrance

Poland

Italy

Hungary

* Locations are based on modern names

Scotland*

England*

Ireland*

* Locations are based on modern names

Founder of France & Germany.The empire began in the crowning of Charlemagne or Charles the Great.

It ended with the death of Charles the Fat.

Charlemagne & Carloman is the co-rulers of the empireIn 771 A.D., Carloman died &

Charlemagne became the sole ruler

Charlemagne became the ““Emperor of the Romans”Emperor of the Romans”The empire last from 800 A.D to

1806 A.D.

This Religion is founded by Jesus

First Nicene CouncilFirst Nicene Council- first of seven ecumenical councils.

Eastern group- Greek Greek Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church

Western group- Roman Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church grew stronger.

It is headed by the PopePope

Focus on the Mass or Eucharist Mass or Eucharist as the Primary ritual of liturgical life

The supreme jurisdictionsupreme jurisdiction of the Pope or the Bishop of Rome over the whole Roman Catholic Church

Obligations of Catholics Obligations of Catholics to hear mass and do various other duties on Sundays and important feast days

The special emphasis and importance on the role played by the Blessed Virgin Mary the Blessed Virgin Mary the mother of Jesusmother of Jesus, on the salvation of mankind

It was headed by Charles V of the Charles V of the Habsburg familyHabsburg family

He lost his power as aggravated by the protestant reformation

Emperor Francis II Emperor Francis II declared the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 18061806

9th to 13th century

A unique Socio-Economic System

Feudalism was the political and military system of western Europe during the Middle Ages

After Charlemagne’s death, there was a leadership void and many nobles and rich people grabbed power

The nobles were granted lands called FiefsFiefs because of their power skills and they were called VassalsVassals

A knightknight is considered as a gallant and able warrior who is skilled in fighting and in using weapons, such as a lance or a sword

Virtues of a knightVirtues of a knight: piety, honor, valor, courtesy, chastity, and loyalty

Knights became formidable with the development of horse-mounted cavalry

A knight on a horse is not only an imposing warrior, but a very destructive one

A knight is usually a son of a noblea son of a noble

At the age of seven the child becomes a pagepage, trained early in the basics of weaponry

At fifteen the page becomes a squiresquire, who is given to the charge and care of a certain knight for training, knowledge and experience

Then, they are prepared for knighthoodknighthood

The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in the continued existence of feudalism as a system

Fiefs were usually enclosed in castles, and every castle had a chapel where a priest or a monk stayed.

CrusadesCrusades, a number of wars launched by the Roman Catholic Church against non-Catholics and heretics, which was sanctioned by popes.

1. The permanent control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land

2. The protection of Byzantine Empire from the Muslims

3. Religious zeal and the need to defend the faith

4. The desire for land

5. The trading ambitions of many businessmen at that time

1096-1099This happened when Caliph HakimCaliph Hakim, a

Muslim leader destroyed a Christian sanctuary in Jerusalem

They fought many battles, however, the Christian forces in the Holy Land became weaker

1147-1149The second crusade was launched with King King

Louis VII of FranceLouis VII of France and King Conrad III King Conrad III of Germanyof Germany

It failed because of lack of cooperationThe Muslim force defeated them

1189-1192The leader is Frederick I Frederick I who drowned on

the way to battleKing Richard (the lion-hearted) King Richard (the lion-hearted) and King King

Philip II of FrancePhilip II of France whose quarrels left their crusade without able leaders

As they fail, they just negotiated with Saladin to have Christian pilgrims enter Jerusalem freely

1202-1204The crusade composed mostly of French

nobles, became involved in different affairsThey were not able to meet their objective of

reclaiming the Holy Land

This was a special but tragic event during this period in history, as several thousands of children from 10 to 18 years old were children from 10 to 18 years old were allowed to go on a crusadeallowed to go on a crusade

They died through starvation, freezing in cold ocean water, drowned in storms or sold into slavery

THERE HAPPENED THE FIFTH, SIXTH, SEVENTH AND EIGHT CRUSADES and all of it effectively ended when the European Christians looked to other territories.

(the crusades failed in the following aspects: )They were not able to achieve their goal to

capture the Holy Land.The losses contributed to the decline in the

prestige of popes and church.The crusade led to much needless slaughter.

The crusades had a big effect on the decline of feudalism

Knighthood also rapidly declined because of the invention of gunpowder and firearms

9th to 13th century

The businessmen, artisans, and craftsman of the 12th century honed their crafts and increased their productivity. The increased production needed new markets, and for this, the people held fairs, which were occasional centers of business and trade setup during holidays.

The fairs served as market festivals where merchants from all over Europe came to buy and sell wares. Some fairs were held for the sale of a particular product or merchandise, such as horse or clothes; while others were held for trading in general merchandise. There were also labor fairs, where servants were hired for a year or so; and pleasure fairs, with amusement shows put up in conjunction with the business fairs. In time, all fairs became commercialized. The most popular fairs were those held in Champagne in France, Geneva in Switzerland, Milan in Italy, Frankfurt in Germany, and London in England.

Since the fairs were seasonal, it did not satisfy the need of the people for a continuing business center. There came a time when people needed to trade in one permanent place. These permanent fairs led to the emergence if towns, where people permanently settled. In time, these medieval towns increased and many prospered and attracted businessmen, professionals, and craftsmen. As the number of people in a town increased, productivity also increased, leading to greater urbanization.

The towns were still initially under the control of kings, but as they grew larger, the townspeople wanted to manage their own affairs. They bought a charter of freedom from the king, which allowed them to administer their own affairs, with the king only there to provide protection. From the 11th to the 14th century, the number of towns increased tenfold, and these towns were known for their unique specialties: trade, banking, and democratic systems. Some of the more famous towns that grew during that time were Canterbury in England; Oxford and Cambridge, also in England, which became centers of education; and Dresden, Germany, which specialized porcelain.

As their business and trade grew, the merchants and craftsmen thought of the need to protect their businesses and interests. This led to the creation of the guilds, which were associations formed by the businessmen and traders to protect themselves and their interests. These guilds were usually composed of people having similar profession. The guilds then were of two types: merchant guilds and craft guilds.

These were composed of all the merchants or businessmen in a particular area. As merchants traveled in different locations and markets, they needed mutual protection against dangers, anti-business rules or laws, and government meddling in the different localities. Frequently, merchants from the same city or town banded together and formed caravans, with them choosing a leader for their own business or group.

The merchant guilds were usually composed of the richest businessmen in an area, and in time the guilds gained a monopoly over the entire industry and commerce in the locality, bringing with it much wealth and political influence for guild members. It was not long that artisans and craftsmen also created their own guilds – the craft guilds – which posed a challenge to the influence of the merchant guilds.

The merchant Guilds-composed of

1. Merchants

2. Businessmen

The artisans and craftsmen noted the success of the merchant guilds, and decided to unite and form their own group for their own mutual benefit. The craft guilds were composed of those who belonged to the same craft or trade. There was a bakers’ guild and a shoemakers’ guild. The craft guilds also purchased from the government the right to control its branch of industry. The crafts guild served like the workers’ of union today. It is inevitable that there will be a conflict of interest between the merchant guilds and the crafts guild.

Craft Guilds-composed of

1. Bakers’ Guild

2. Shoemakers’ Guild

A person could become a guild member in any of these three ways:

1.By succeeding a parent2.By buying membership 3.Through apprenticeship or training in a

particular craft, which was the most common manner.

By the 1300’s, wealthy masters began to use liveries (attractive robes) that distinguish them from the poorer masters. They wear these robes in ceremonies. By the 1400’s, the traders’ guilds in London were already called livery companies. The livery companies had a big influence in the political and economic life of the people. From these livery companies would rise the business empires that would propel the rise of commercialism and international business later on.

Economy based on money as the convenient medium of exchange. Whereas the former agricultural system based wealth on the product of the land, the new system was based on money, with people required to have it to buy something. With the influx of products coming from the guilds, people were not able to depend on just the products of land anymore, necessitating the adoption of the money economy by Europe. Silver and gold coins were produced and spread in these area.

As many guild members became rich, and as money became the foremost medium of exchange, many if them grew rich and just lent excess money to other craftsmen, with interest and security, such as real estate or jewels. Thus, capitalism was born, the power of capital or money to create wealth. This led to the development of banking as it is known to be practiced today.

The way of life during the Middle Ages cam be characterized by the following:

1.The Rise of Universities2.The Power of the Church3.Ups and Downs of Progress4.Literature, Arts, and Music

Many students gathered in cathedrals where men of learning lectured, and these students and scholars created associations and organizations which were later called Universities. Many of these universities became outstanding centers of a particular kinds of learning, such as the University of Salerno in southern Italy, which was noted for medicine, and the University of Paris in France, which became famous for philosophy. From these would come many men of learning which would later assist society.

The Catholic Church touched every person’s life during the Middle Ages. It was present at birth (during baptism), at the wedding of the person, and at his burial. The decisions of the church also had a big impact as it became the largest landholder in Western Europe. It threatened people with the prospect of excommunication, which is to separate the person from the church, resulting to the denial of blessings for the lord and for his subjects as well. The power of the church was such that power okay arose between popes and kings, and between the churchmen themselves. Disputes about who was the true pope divided the church. Sometimes, two to three popes and antipopes claimed the throne, and this severely weakened the influence and power of the church.

The economic and social development of Europe during the high Middle Ages suffered a setback in the 1300’s. Wars, natural disasters, and diseases all contributed to the decrease in population and slowdown in business. The Hundred Years War from 1337 to 1453 depleted the economies of both England and France; the demise of feudalism caused strife as peasants rose to be free from their lords; while the Black Death, a form of bubonic plague, killed a fourth of Europe’s population from 1347 to 1350.

Various developments in literature, arts, and music began during the Middle Ages. National literature flourished: popular epics were sung by wandering minstrels, such as the:

1. Song of Roland(France), which chant the exploits of one of Charlemagne’s best knights.

2. El Cid(Spain), which narrates the mighty deeds of Rodrigo Vivar, a Spanish soldier and hero who fought the Muslims and captured the Kingdom of Valencia.

3. Beowulf(England), which describes the adventures of Beowulf, a mighty warrior who saves the Danish king from the savage monster Grendel.

Some of the greatest works in literature were created in the Middle Ages, such as Dante Aleghieri’s epic poem Divine Comedy, which was written in Italian and tells about Dante’s journey through hell, heaven, and purgatory; The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, about the journey of a group of pilgrims; and Le Morte D’Arthur, a group of romances collected and rewritten by Sir Thomas Malory, about the adventures of the legendary King Arthur and his knights.

Two new styles in architecture were develop during Middle Ages. These were the:

1.Romanesque Style-which was characterized by rounded arches, square towers, and emphasis on perpendicular elements.

2.Gothic Style-Which evolve from the Romanesque style, and is characterized by vertical lines in tall pillars and spires, pointed arches, and flying buttresses(it serves to transmit the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards).

Architecture that use Romanesque Style

Architecture that use Gothic Style

French word that means REBIRTH

Renascere the Latin word which refers to the act of being reborn

An idea of the central importance

Is the central theme of the Renaissance.

Believes in the high potential of human beings.

It sparked the intellectual revolution that will come centuries later, aided by the invention of printing and writings of humanism

It enriched world civilization through an intellectual and artistic heritage that is still important today, especially in the fields of education, arts, literature, and humanistic inquiry

It contributed to exploration and voyages to new lands

It paved the way for the reformation, as humanist thinking revealed the many abuses of the clergy within the Catholic Church

It nurtured the growth of national states as the weakening papacy and middle class contributed t o the strength of kings

The End