the wonderful world of insects - state university of new...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Wonderful World
of Insects
Field Natural History
Diagnostic Features, Ecology, and
Economics of Insect Orders
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Videos of Interest
• Leaf Cutter Ants • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH3KYBMpxOU
Songs of Insects
Beetle Flight
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC61ZA4uWbs
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Class Insecta
• Most abundant animal group—approximately 30% of animal biomass—possible 10 million species
• Ecologically and Evolutionary Diverse – Rapid reproduction (short generation time and great fecundity)
– Rapid adaptation to new environments (overcome chemical warfare)
– Small and agile
• Agricultural and Human Pests – Disease transmission
– Crops destruction
Songs of Insects
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Insect Natural Resources
• Pest Management
– Crop protection
• Pollination
– Human nutrition
• Materials
– Silk
– Honey
– Confectioner’s glaze
– Cochineal
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Characteristics of Insects
• Insects as Arthropods – Jointed appendages
– Chitinous flexible exoskeleton
– Complex mouth parts
– Three primary body structures
– Segmented body parts
– Generally with six legs, • one pair of antennae, and
• two pairs of wings
– Complete metamorphosis
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Insect Orders approximately 1.5 million species named
• Coleoptera (beetles) 370,000
• Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 150,000
• Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) 120,000
• Hemiptera (true bugs) 100,000
• Diptera (flies, mosquitoes) 100,000
• Orthoptera (grasshoppers) 20,000
• Odonata (dragonflies) 5,000
• Ephemeroptera (mayflies) 2,000
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Diptera—True Flies
• Two-winged insects
• Hind wings modified into halteres which have a role in flight stability
• Large eyes
• Relatively short antennae compared with bees
• Mosquitoes, gnats, and flies
• Diverse ecological roles
– Parasites and disease vectors
– Blood suckers
– Decomposers
– Few pollinators
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Diptera—True Flies
Many species of flies mimic
various hymenoptera—note the
short antennae, lack of abdominal
constriction, and one pair of wings
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Hymenoptera—
Bees, wasps, and ants • Membrane-winged insects
• Four wings with 2nd pair smaller than 1st pair
• Distinct constriction between thorax and abdomen
• Ecology
– Few parasites on other insects
– Important pollinators of crops
– Some gall forming insects
• Navigational behaviors
– Ants spatial sensitivity
– Bees and sun compass
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Ants as farmers, seed dispersers, and protectors
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Hymenoptera-Leaf Cutter Ants
An Incredible Example of Coevolution
Social division of labor
Fungus farmers
Sensitivity to needs
of cultivated fungi
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH3KYBMpxOU
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Many spring ephemerals
have ant dispersed seeds.
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Parasitic Wasps
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Hymenoptera—
Important Pollinators
• Crops—almonds, alfalfa, apples, apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, citrus, clover melons, peaches, plums, raspberries, strawberries, squash, tomatoes,
• Hundreds of Millions of dollars in bee services
• Honey and Beeswax production – Orange blossom honey
– Sourwood honey
• European Honey Bee Introduction and Impact on Native Bumble Bee Ecology
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Bee Pollination & Human Health
Anti-bacterial Anti-cancer
Minerals
Vitamins
Anti-oxidants
Spices
Anti-aging
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Honey is Liquid Gold
To make 1 lbs. of honey
– The colony must visit 2 million flowers
– Travel 45-55,000 miles
– Work 4000 bee hours
• Travel cost-$0.40/mile
– $20,000
• Minimum Wage
– $29,000
• Total = $49,000
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Bee Society
Workers
--caretakers, foragers,
honey makers
--female—skilled
communicators,
navigators, and providers
Queen
--one per hive
--egg layer
--phermones regulation
Drones
--fatherless males
--sole purpose—sex
--go out with a bang
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Hollywood Violates the Rules of Nature
www.beemovie.com
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Language of the Honeybee
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Distance from Hive
Waggle Frequency
Language of the Honeybee
NEAR
FAR
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Direction from Hive
Relative to Sun
Language of the Honeybee
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Hemiptera- True bugs (half wing)
• Half of forewing is thickened and leathery
• Enlarge pronotum extending along dorsal abdomen
• Wings cross over the abdomen forming an “X” pattern
• Piercing, sucking mouth parts—plant pests – Milkweed bugs
– Stink bugs
– Boxelder bugs
• Some species predaceous – Assassin bugs
– Ambush bugs
– Water boatmen
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Today’s Natural Moment contributed by Katie W.
What are the red streaks
on this maple (Boxelder)?
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Hemiptera
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Lepidoptera-Scale-winged Insects • Wings covered in minute,
square-shaped scales
• Large knob-like or feather like antennae
• Division into moths and butterflies is somewhat artificial
• Larvae-caterpillars
• Ecology – Larvae are herbivorous
– Adults short-lived, nectar feeders
– Migratory behavior
• Coevolved with Plant Host – Milkweeds and monarchs
– Fritillaria with violets
• Economics – Silk
– Butterfly gardening
– Pollination--vanilla
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Lepidoptera
Silk worm moth feeding
on mulberry leaves Urticating hairs on IO moth caterpillar
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Coleoptera—
Sheath-winged Insects • Most abundant insects—
species numbers (1 in 4 animal species)
• 1st Pair of wings (elytra) thickened and protective often colorful and irridescent
• 2nd pair are membranous and used for flight
• Largest insect—Acteon Beetle of South America (9cm x 5 cm)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC61ZA4uWbs
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Beetle Bark Galleries
Elm & Pine
Elm bark beetles also transport the fungus that causes Dutch Elm disease
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Weevils are Beetles
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Coleoptera—Interesting Beetles
• Lightening Bug
– Enzymatic luminescence for mating
– Coevolved predation
• Blister and Bombardier beetles
– Abdominal chambers mix quinones, hydrogen
peroxide, and oxygen to produce an audible
and caustic explosion for protection
– Cantharidin is a chemical from blister beetles that can be
purchased to help remove warts.
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http://www.flickriver.com/places/United+States/Vermont/Shelburne/
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Odonata—
Dragonflies and Damselflies • Four long and similar-shaped
wings
• Elongated abdomen
• Large eyes and short bristle-like antennae
• Predaceous
• Dragonflies-wings held flat
• Damselflies-wings held together above abdomen
• Important in stream food chains
• Mating dynamics
• Migratory behavior
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Ephemeroptera—
Short-lived Insects
• Freshwater insects whose
adults live only a single day
• Fragile triangular wings held
above fragile body; 2nd pair of
wings much reduced;
• Elongated abdomen with two
or three cerci
• Important member of stream
ecology
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Homoptera—Cicadas, Leafhoppers,
Aphids, Scale Insects, Whiteflies
• Wings elevated in roof-like
posture above body at rest
• Plant feeders—often
specialized on small groups
of plants
• Plant pests and disease
vectors
• Confectioner’s Glaze, Resin
Glaze or Lac Resin
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/TrueBugs/LeafHopper.jpg
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Orthoptera—Grasshoppers,
crickets • Enlarged femur-like segment
of 3rd pair of legs
• Well developed tympana on either abdomen or pair of legs
• Shield-like pronotum on thorax
• Long hair-like antennae
• Crickets with courtship and aggressive songs
• Sounds produced either by wings or femora of hind legs
• Mostly herbivorous, some carnivorous
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Order Mantodea--Mantids
• Generalist predators
• Front pair of legs
modified into vise-like
structures for
grasping prey
• Female cannibalism
of males not
widespread
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http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/bwdsite/learn/hummingbirds/mantis-hummer.php?sc=migrate
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Neuroptera-Lacewings, Fishflies,
Dobsonflies
• Four membranous wings
held roof-like over body,
many veined
• Long thread-like
antennae extending
dorsally over thorax and
abdomen
• Predators of other
insects, beneficial aphid
predator
• Aquatic larvae—fish flies
• Attracted to night lights
http://biokeys.berkeley.edu/inverts/images/insecta/drawings/neuroptera.jpg
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Order Neuroptera—Fishflies,
Dobsonflies and Lacewings
• Net-like pattern of
wing veins
• Long antennae and
large wings
• Insect predators
• Many important in
stream ecology
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Ephmeroptera—
Short-lived Insects
• Freshwater insects
whose adults live only a
single day
• Important member of
stream ecology
• Fragile triangular wings
held above fragile body;
2nd pair of wings much
reduced;
• Elongated abdomen with
two or three cerci
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Order Dermaptera--Earwigs
• Nocturnal scavengers
and herbivores
• Hooked cerci
• Never found in ears
http://www.life.illinois.edu/entomology/illustrations/gifs/dermaptera.gif
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Order Thyansoptera--Silverfish
• Common in moist, dark,
human dwellings
• Consume and digest both
CELLULOSE and starch
• Flattened bodies, tapered
abdomen, small eyes
• “bookworms”
http://insectphotos.net/orders/thysanura/images/silverfish1.jpg