the western diseases · diseases of affluence (nutritional extravagance) cancer (colon, breast,...

William C. Roberts, MD

1

The Western Diseases I. Cardiovascular: atherosclerosis,

hypertension, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pelvic phleboliths, varicose veins

II. Gastrointestinal: constipation, appendicitis, diverticular disease, colorectal polyps and cancer, hemorrhoids, hiatus hernia

III. Metabolic: metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus (type II), cholesterol gallstones, renal stones, osteoporosis, gout.

IV. Cancer: colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial, ovarian

V. Other: dental caries

African Americans eat the same refined carbohydrates as the European Americans, whereas those living tribally in Africa subsist on a diet almost wholly composed of crudely ground maize (corn), i.e., unrefined carbohydrates.

“. . . The very large quantity of fiber ingested by the tribal Africans has a striking effect on the quantity and the quality of the stools. These are passed twice a day and are extended like a ribbon of toothpaste some 15 inches long, and of the diameter of the middle finger. They are in fact known locally as the “toothpaste stool”.

T.L. Cleave, G.D. Campbell (1966)


2

The Saccharine Disease (Refined Carbohydrates)

(The Removal of Fiber and Protein from the Diet)

I. From overconsumption (sugar, white flour) Atherosclerosis

Obesity

Diabetes mellitus

II. From the removal of fiber Dental caries and periodontal disease

Colonic stasis Constipation

Diverticular disease

Hemorrhoids

Varicose veins (legs)

Varicocele

III. From removal of protein Peptic ulcer

IV. From primary B.coli infections “food surplus” Appendicitis

Cholecystitis and Gallstones

Diverticulitis

T.L. Cleave, G.D. Campbell (1966)

Incidence of Appendicitis, Cholecystitis and

Gallstones, and Diverticulitis in Two Tribal

Zulu Hospitals and in Multiple N.H.S.

Hospitals in UK *

Condition

Consecutive

Hospital

Admissions

1962-1964

Zulus

Number

(percent) of

Cases

NHS

Hospitals

UK

1961

Appendicitis 38,097 47 (.001%) 3.2%

Cholecystitis and

gallstones

38,097 8 (.0002%) 0.7%

Diverticulitis 38,097 0 0.3%

* Modified from Cleave TL, Campbell GD. Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis, and the

Saccharine Disease. Bristol: John Wright 1969:162.

Societies Where Atherosclerosis is

Virtually Non-Existent (total cholesterol <150 mg/dl)

• Africa –Hazda

– Inuit

– !Kung

–Pygmy

–San

• Georgia (former Soviet

Union)

–Abkhazians (Caucasus)

• Ecuador –Vilcabambans

• Pakistan –Hunzakuts

• Japan

(Okinawa)

• China - rural

Untreated Cholesterol Levels

Among

Different Human Populations

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

Adult American

San

Pygmy

!Kung

Inuit

Hazda

Mean total cholesterol, mg/dL

Hunter-gatherer

humans


3

The Traditional Diets of these Long-Lived Cultures are

Remarkably Similar Abkhasia Vilcabamba Hunza

Calories from carbohydrates 65% 74% 73%

Calories from fat 20% 15% 17%

Calories from protein 15% 11% 10%

Overall daily calories (adult men)

1,900 1,800 1,900

Diet from plant foods 90% 99% 99%

Diet from animal foods 10% 1% 1%

Salt consumption Low Low Low

Sugar consumption 0 0 0

Processed food consumption 0 0 0

Incidence of obesity 0 0 0

Sources of Calories (by weight) of Americans and Okinawans

(Elders) USA Okinawan

Meat/Poultry/Eggs

29% 3%

Dairy Products 23%^ 2%

Fruit 20% 6%

Vegetables 16% 34%

Grains 11% 32%

Soy foods <1%^ 12%

Fish <1% 11%

^Excludes sugar, corn syrup, and added fats and eaten by Americans and avoided almost entirely by the elder Okinawans.


4

Chinese and US Dietary Intakes (Modified from Campbell - The China Study)

Nutrient China

(n=6,500) USA

Calories (Kcal/day) * 2,641 1,989

Total fat (% calories) 15% 36%

Total protein (g/day) 64 91

Animal protein (% calories) 0.8% 10%

Dietary fiber (g 1 day) 33 12

Total iron (mg/day) 34 18

* Standardized for a body weight of 65 kg (143 lbs)

Rural China (From Campbell et al, The China Study)

Average total cholesterol (mg/dl)

China

USA

127

195

Death rate from coronary heart disease

China – 17 times less than in USA

Death rate from breast cancer disease

China – 5 times less than USA

Rural China (From Campbell et al, The China Study)

Diseases of Affluence (Nutritional Extravagance)

Cancer (colon, breast, lung, leukemia, brain, liver, stomach)

Atherosclerosis

Diabetes mellitus

Diseases of Poverty (Nutritional inadequacy and poor sanitation)

Pneumonia

Intestinal obstruction

Rheumatic heart disease

Peptic ulcer

Metabolic and endocrine disease

Digestive disease

Parasitic disease

Tuberculosis (pulmonary)

Diseases of pregnancy

The China Study TC Campbell (2006)

1. Atherosclerosis can be reversed with diet alone

2. Diabetic medications can be eliminated by dietary change

3. Type I diabetes mellitus is linked to infant feeding practices

4. Breast cancer is related to levels of female hormones in the blood which are determined by the food we eat.

5. Consuming dairy products increases the risk of prostate cancer.

6. Kidney stones can be prevented by a healthy diet.

7. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables are linked to better mental performance in old age.

8. People who ate the most animal-based foods get the most chronic disease.

9. People who ate the most plant-based foods tended to avoid chronic disease.

“We must tell [the public] that a diet of roots,

stems, seeds, flowers, fruits, and leaves is

the healthiest diet, and the only diet we can

promote, endorse, and recommend.”

T. Colin Campbell, PhD


5

“...whether industrialized societies...can cure

themselves of their meat addictions may

ultimately be a greater factor in world health

than all the doctors, health insurance

policies, and drugs put together.”

China Health Project 1990

The Ideal Diet: Plant Based

• No flesh – no meat, fowl or fish

• No dairy products

• No oil of any kind

• No nuts or avocados

• Eat all vegetables except avocado (leafy green, root, red, green, purple, orange, and yellow)

• Eat all legumes (beans, peas, and lentils)

• Eat all whole grains and products made from them – bread, pasta

• Eat all fruits

Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr, MD

To Emphasize

• No meat, chicken, or fish

• No dairy products – no skim milk, no nonfat yogurt, no

sherbet, no cheese

• No eggs, including egg whites and egg substitutes

• No oil, including virgin olive oil or canola oil

• No white flour products

• No fruit juice

• No nuts (occasional walnuts)

• No avocados (includes guacamole)

• No coconuts

• No soy products (some exceptions)

• No added salt

Ann Crile Esselstyn

Superfoods

Time

Broccoli

Spinach

Blueberries

Nuts

Tomatoes

Oats

Garlic

Green tea

Red wine

Salmon

Nutrition Action Healthletter

Broccoli

Greens (spinach, kale)

Citrus fruits

Squash (buttermilk)

Tomatoes (grapes)

White grain crackers

Brown rice

Sweet potatoes

Milk (fat free)

Salmon

Mayo Clinic

Broccoli

Spinach

Blueberries

Almonds

Apples

Wheat germ

Red beans

Sweet potatoes

Vegetable juice

Salmon

Prominent Vegetarians

Plato

Socrates

Einstein

Tolstoy

Thoreau

Emerson

Franklin

Pope

Newton

Pythagoras

Gandhi

da Vinci

Voltaire

Milton

Darwin

Schweitzer

Shelly

Shaw

The Dalai Lama Hitler

Goring

Himmler

Wagner

Rousseau

Sinclair


6

Herbivores

Man “has no curved beak, no sharp talons or

claws, no pointed teeth... on the contrary, by the

smoothness of his teeth, the small capacity of his

mouth, the softness of his tongue and the

sluggishness of his digestive apparatus, Nature

sternly forbids him to feed on flesh.”

Plutarch

“Essay on Flesh Eating”


7

Cow Facts • The planet contains 1.3 billion cows

• 25% of the earth’s landmass is used for pasture for cattle and other livestock

• The combined weight of cows exceeds that of the human population on earth

• The USA is populated by 100,000,000 cows (and by 305,000,000 people); 100,000 cows are slaughtered in the USA every 24 hours.

• The USA ranks first among the beef-producing nations of the world (22% of the global output); the former USSR is second (18%), and tied for third are Argentina and Brazil (each 5%). All of the western European countries combined produce 17% of the world’s beef.

• The USA consumes 23% of the beef produced in the world and contains <5% of the world’s population.

Cow Facts • The average American consumes 65 pounds of beef

each year and the meat of seven 1,100 pound steers in his/her lifetime.

• Americans consume the most beef each year, followed by Australians. Western Europeans consume half as much as Americans and Japanese only 10% of that consumed by Americans. Beef consumption parallels income increase. Now more McDonald’s hamburgers are sold in Tokyo than in New York City, although beef prices are 4 times higher in Tokyo than in New York.


8

“Less than half the harvested agricultural acreage in the United States is used to grow food for people. The majority of it is used instead to grow livestock feed... It takes 16 pounds of grain to produce a pound of feedlot beef. It takes only one pound of grain to produce a pound of bread... To feed one meat eater for a year requires three-and-a-quarter acres of land. To feed one vegetarian for a year requires one-half acre of land...The livestock population of the United States today consumes enough grain and soybeans to feed >5 times the entire human population of our country. We feed these animals >80% of the corn we grow, and >95% of the oats..”

John Robbins (1992)

“...the foods that are the healthiest for the

human body are also the healthiest for our

environment and create the least suffering

for other creatures.”

John Robbins (1992)

Atkins Diet (High protein, high fat, low CHO)

(24 weeks) (n=40)

Calories 2250 1450 (35% )

Constipation 28 (68%)

Bad breath 26 (63%)

Headache 21 (51%)

Hair loss 4 (10%)

Menstrual bleeding 1 (1%)

Urinary calcium 53%

Antioxidant supplements Essential

2013 and 2014 at BUMC Total Frequency of Floating Heart

Autopsy 146 76 (52%)

Cardiac transplantation 139 50 (36%)


9

Overweight – Obesity

. . .Half the adult populations of Brazil, Chile,

Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay,

England, Finland, Russia, Bulgaria,

Morocco, Mexico and Saudi Arabia are

overweight or obese. In China, obesity

increased 6-fold in the 1990s. In Japan,

20% of the women and 25% of the men are

overweight. In some South Pacific islands,

75% of adults are very obese.

Ellen Ruppel Shell

(2002)


10


11

Fat Protein Carbohydrate

Worst diet High High Low

Best Low Low High

Treatment of slow gastrointestinal

transit times

• ORLISTAT

60 mg (ALLI) or 120 mg (XENICAL)

or

• VEGETARIANISM


12

WESTERN DISEASES • Cleave TL. Fat Consumption and Coronary Disease. Bristol, UK: John Wright 1957:

.

• Trowell HC. Non-infective Disease in Africa. London: Edward Arnold 1960: .

• Cleave TL. On the Causation of Varicose Veins and Their Prevention and arrest by natural means; an evolutionary approach. Bristol, UK: John Wright 1960:39.

• Cleave TL. Peptic Ulcer; a new approach to its casation, prevention and arrest, based on human evolution. Bristol, UK: John Wright (USA: Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore) 1962:151.

• Cleave TL, Campbell GD. Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis, and the Saccharine Disease. Bristol, UK: John Wright 1966:162.

• Burkitt DP, Trowell HC, editors. Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease. Some Implications of Dietary Fibre. London, UK: Academic Press 1975:356.

• Keys A, with 15 other authors. SEVEN COUNTRIES. A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease. Cambridge, Massachusetts: A Commonwealth Fund Book 1980:381.

• Trowell HC, Burkitt DP, editors. Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention. London, UK: Edward Arnold 1981:456. Also published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1981.

• Trowell H, Burkitt D, Heaton K. Dietary Fibre, Fibre-Depleted Foods and Disease. London, UK: Academic Press 1985: .

• Kellock B. The Fiber Man. The Life Story of Dr. Dennis Burkitt. Belleville, Michigan: Lion Publishing 1985:208.

• Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:283-289.

• Boyden S. Western Civilization in Biological Perspectives. Patterns in Biohistory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press 1987: .

• Temple NJ, Burkitt DP, editors. WESTERN DISEASES. Their Dietary Prevention and Reversibility. Totawa, New Jersey: Humana Press 1994:453.

• Shell ER. The Hungry Gene. The Science of Fat and the Future of Thin. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press 2002:294.

Thank You

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the western diseases · diseases of affluence (nutritional extravagance) cancer (colon, breast,...

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