The Waters of SulloniacisA Picture of an Illusive Roman Way-Station in North London

Morris Mosart

II Introduction

Where is Sulloniacis?III • The Antonine ItineryIV • Watling StreetV • Brockley HillVI • Red HillVII • Water at the Mutatione

• Sulloniacis MapsVIII i The AreaIX ii The CenterX iii Archaeological Priority Sites

Why ‘Sulloniacis’?XI • As Many Opinions as ExpertsXII • Sulis Minerva the Water Force

What Happened at Sulloniacis?XIII • A Way Station Built by LegionnairesXIV • Albinus: A Roman Ceramic ‘Ikea’?XV • Links with Lyon

What Happened to Sulloniacis?XVI • Loss of Legions & Post-Roman MaterialsXVII • SilchesterXVIII • Benedictines and Chandos at Canons

XIX Conclusion

XX ‘The Lesson of the Leaves’

XXI Updates 1.2.3.4XXV References

The Waters of Sulloniacis

Sulis Minerva in Bath - ‘Aquae Sulis’

I CONTENTS

Cover Picture:In Richborough, Kent, the landing

site of the 43 AD invasion byClaudius, the foundations of a

Triumphal Arch, “Gateway to Brit-ain’ indicate a 25m high structure.

It may have looked like this.

II

The Waters of SulloniacisIn Roman Britain you would get to a place thatwas nearest Londinium if you travelled northwesttowards Verulamium (St. Albans).Called Sulloniacis, it was a way-station for travel-lers on the biggest Roman road, Watling Streetand for hundreds of years it has been identifiedwith Brockley Hill, a high point to the north-westof London, over which Watling Street runs.

A substantial spread of Roman remains andartefacts have been found on and aroundBrockley Hill. Until recently it may have seemedobvious to equate this location with Sulloniacis.However, all the archaeological digs and findsthere have not uncovered traces of a way-station,but rather a military fort and pottery.

Sparked by a discovery that evidence of aRoman ‘Tilery’ had been found in Canons Parknear the bottom of my father’s garden, in thearea where I grew up and know intimately, Ifound myself compulsively engaged in an histori-cal detective hunt.

There are scattered fragments of Roman archeo-logical evidence and some opinions that questionthe equating of Sulloniacis with Brockley Hill.Then I came across a paper by Harvey Sheldon“In Search of Sulloniacis”(1) which goes someway towards the view expressed here. Indeed, itis Sheldon’s emphasis on ‘Red Hill’ that helpedme see ‘the bigger picture’.

So here is the result of the research. It’s a picture,jigsawed from a selection of existing fragmentsof knowledge, to which a few ideas and propos-als have been added.

One day we will meet again in Sulloniacis.

INTRODUCTION

The Silchester Cup

II

Where is Sulloniacis? The ‘Antonine Itinery’ is a two volume book ofroads in the Roman Empire, written at the time. Ithas been known and substantially refered to inmuch of the historical research into the period.This is because it gives the names of towns thatwere linked by Roman roads, the names of stop-ping places between and the mileage distancesof each stage (10 Roman Miles = appx. 11miles).It is from this source that we know that betweenLondinium and Verulamium, on the WatlingStreet road, was a place called Sulloniacis.

When major finds of Roman pottery, over adozen kilns and evidence of a Legionnaire fortwere made at Brockley Hill, going back at leastto the C16th, it was identified as the site ofSulloniacis.However, a curious and controversial issueemerged concerning the distances given in theItinery. They don’t add up. In particular, the dis-tance between Verulamium (St Albans) andSulloniacis is given as 9 miles - correct forBrockley Hill -, but between Sulloniacis andLondinium is given as 12 miles, which is threemiles short.The ideas so far put forward to explain this dis-crepancy, mainly concern how a written Romannumeral mistake was made.

Once I had discovered the presence of a Romantile factory in Canons Park, close to WatlingStreet, it was clear that it must have connections.But when I found that Brockley Hill was given asthe location of a way-station, it didn’t ring true.

In th i s hypo thes is , I am propos ing tha tSulloniacis is the missing three miles.

Infact noth ing is miss ing i f you arr ive at

Sulloniacis from the south at ‘Red Hill’ and leaveat the north three miles later.Sheldon(1) makes a brief reference to this possi-bility: “Unless the distances were measuredbetween hypothetical town zone edges, theremay be no reason to question the XII milesgiven...” but does not pursue this option, seeingthe apparent error as possible evidence thatSulloniacis was a place south of Brockley Hill.Here, I propose that it was the length of the roadfrom the Brockley Hill fort and toll, to a post andtoll at Red Hill.It may be that other instances of ‘missing miles’in the Itinery is due to such a method of givingdistances between place areas, rather than the‘centers’ of places. (As you can see on the map,if Sulloniacis is from hill to hill, the ‘center’ is notmidway)This would apply to way-stations that were builtup along roads, where the length of such a linearp l a c e w a s c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e a r m y. T h eLegionnary protection was the only ‘wall’ aroundsuch a Mutatio.

Roman roads were developed to join towns. Theroad systems within the towns do not align withthe roads joining them. But the Mutationes andMansiones way-stations were developed alongthe roads to service the army, travellers, trans-port and the overall infrastructure of the Empire.There is some agreement that the Itinery was aroad map set out for Imperial visits by theEmperor or other top brass from Rome and thatthe standard of order and facilities would havebeen constructed and maintained appropriately.

We will return to the matter of these facilities, butfirst let’s look at the raison-d’être of Sulloniacis -the road.

THE ANTONINE ITINERYIII

Sulloniacis as an area along 3 milesof Watling Street.

Full size map on page VIII

ORANGE HILL

THIRLBY ROAD

RED HILL

BROCKLEY HILL

LONDINIUM 12 MILES

VERULAMIUM 9 MILES FORT, TOLL,POTTERY

POST & TOLL

HorsesDonkeysOxen

PULL HIRE

SteepG

radient

BUILDING CERAMICSFACTORY

BRENTFORD & THAMES

Watering

Troughs

Farming

Farming

Farming

WATLING

AVENUE

INN - TAVERN

SERVIC

ES

REPAIR

SSH

OPS

FORUM &BATHS

3M

ILES

Burials

CANONS

How do you measure?

Where is Sulloniacis? Watling Street was, at least in part, the widestRoman road in Britain at 10 meters wide: twicethe width of the Fosse Way. The M1 of the day.By the time road building stopped, at the end ofthe C.3rd, 53,000 miles of roads had been builtacross the Empire.

If you arrived in Britain, crossing the Channel toDover or Richborough, Watling Street would takeyou all the way through, or past Canterbury andthe Medway towns south of the Thames estuary,crossing at Westminster where it continued northto Marble Arch and followed the straight route ofthe present day Edgware Road, the A5, north-westward.

Interesting observations have been made byJohn Chaple(2) that challenge the currentlyassumed route of Watling Street into Londinium.In 1722 William Stukeley says “...the name ofWatling-street is still preserved in the city, thoughthe real Watling-street goes through no part of it,but through Southwark; or if we please, we maycall this a vicinal branch of the Watling street.”

Whilst initially needed to move the army throughthe Empire in all seasons, roads developed otheruses. An efficient postal system , the ‘CursusPublicus’, was set up under Augustus, early inthe 1st century.“Horses, mules and oxen, stabled at post-houses,moved officials and government freight and alsoenabled scholars to exchange ideas across theEmpire.The Imperial Roman army could construct almostanything - roads, bridges, tunnels, forts, walls,canals and even buildings for purely peacefuluse such as markets and bath-houses.It had its own potters, blacksmiths, carpentersand masons - a vast reserve of skilled labour,

and in many of the Empire’s outer provinces theonly supply of skilled labour available”.(3)

It seems reasonable to assume that this was abusy road.Leaving the city of Londinium, travelling north onWatling Street, Sulloniacis was the first place youwould come to. In the other direction, it was thelast place before reaching Londinium. The south-bound travellers were likely to have needed moreservices. So, to help paint a picture of Sulloniacis,a tantalising trivial question arises.What side of the road did the Romans drive/rideon? There is an answer.A large, well preserved Roman quarry was foundin 1998 at Blunsdon Ridge, near Swindon. Thewheel ruts in the road leading in and out of thequarry are much deeper on the left. It is also saidthat a Roman coin depicts two passing horse-men, right shoulder to right shoulder, also indi-cating that the Romans rode and drove on theleft.

One good reason why Romans liked straightroads so much, can be seen in this picture of abend in an intact piece of road in Italy. The wheelruts caused by stress, give an idea of how muchthe vehicles would have been damaged.

WATLING STREET

IV

Detail of a monochrome transportmosaic from the Roman port of Ostia

Where is Sulloniacis? There are accounts of a battle on Brockley Hill in54BC in which the Catuvellauni tribe, here at thesouthern edge of their territory, defeated troopsof the first Roman invasion under Julius Caesar.After describing the arrival of the Catuvellaunifrom Gaul only 50 years before this first invasion,their cultural affinities with the Romans andeventual integration into the system, David Binns(2004) concludes“Sulloniacae, however, is elusive and, though itundoubtedly once existed, lack of excavationleaves a question mark above its actual location.Building materials, bones, pottery and so onhave been unearthed but a coherent interpreta-tion is not yet within view”.(4) There has infactbeen a lot of excavation and considerable findsat Brockley Hill but not the expected remains ofSulloniacis. (That’s what I believe he means)

At some point, the hill became a substantialLegionnaire roadway fort and pottery. A dozenkilns have been uncovered and the earliest dateof pottery finds is given as 50AD.Discoveries of buried treasure were later madeby locals who used “the proverbial saying....’No heart can think, nor tongue can tellWhat lies ‘tween Brockley Hill and Pennywell’”(5)

An obelisk was erected below the hill in the1700's by William Sharp. He was secretary to theDuke of Chandos - who we will return to later-and lived on Brockley Hill. The inscription on thisobelisk, as recorded, says “Near this site oncestood the fortress and town, admirably protectedboth by Nature and man’s art, of the Suellani,who under the leadership of Cassivellaunus, putthe Romans to flight.”

The route of Watling Street rises and falls, as itcrosses ridges and valleys, heading north from

BROCKLEY HILL

West Hendon. These are small gradients com-pared to the steep slope at Brockley Hill: a highvantage point of strategic importance.Excavations on lower ground to the south of thehill, uncovered evidence of a dispersed ruralnature but remains of what might be expected ata way-station have not been found.Heading north, the incline is so steep that horseand other animal power would have often beendoubled, to get up it.At the south of the hill is where extra pullingpower was probably hired out.

There is hardly any flat land on Brockley Hill.“Roman soldiers always lived in their own camps,away from the people in the towns.”(6)

The military presence makes sense but the ideathat a way-station would have been developedon these slopes does not. This is the main rea-son why the placing of Sulloniacis here did notring true. It seems that it didn’t seem right to Har-vey Sheldon(1) either. He provides details of thetopography, giving close attention to the risesand falls of the road, identifying two smallstretches of flat land further south.One is in Edgware, the other in Burnt Oak, onthe plateau that was called ‘Red Hill’, site of thenotorious ’Bald Faced Stag’.

V

Where is Sulloniacis?

RED HILL

A small plateau of flat land that Watling Streetcrosses at present day Burnt Oak, used to becalled “Red Hill”.In his search for Sulloniacis, Sheldon(1) says“On the face of it Edgware appears to be themore likely candidate.” but, in conclusion he optsfor Red Hill, “....dominated by an Inn and sur-rounded by farmland”Roman finds in the garden of a house in ThirlbyRoad, some 400 yards east of Red Hill, includeda coin of the late 3rd or early 4th century.The name of the present day pub on Red Hill,“The Bald Faced Stag”, goes back some way inCoaching Inn history. The main road in BurntOak is ‘Watling Avenue’.Is this real ly suff ic ient evidence to placeSulloniacis here?

Let us consider the likely size of Sulloniacis.A Mansio was a small ‘Service Station’. A ‘pit-stop’ with an Inn and Baths.Letocetum, now called ‘Wall’ is a given as a goodexample. It’s also on Watling Street, north of Bir-mingham. Although small, other remains foundinclude a variety of housing, an amplitheater andseveral temples.(7) A Mutatione was the namegiven to a larger place, that can be seen as anexpansion, or ‘mutation’ of a Mansio. Such anenlargement of a way-station would have beendue to the amount of traffic and services required,the size of any local army positions and a needto regulate, tax and control.Now, it would not make sense to have a smallbistro as the first service station on the M1!As the first stop out of, and the last stop intoLondinium on the biggest road, Sulloniacis wouldhave had a Basilica - government offices - andattached Forum - market, shops and offices -, aswell as an Inn, Bath House, Temple(s) and per-haps a school and amplitheatre.

Red Hill, in this hypothesis, is the southern endof Sulloniacis where there would have been aLegionnaire post and perhaps an Inn.Travelling through open pastures and forests, abuilding on a hill would have been visible formiles around, particularly from other high points.I suggest that Red Hill was so called from theview of red roof tiles on the building(s) here.Orange Hill (also marked on old maps), at thetop of Orange Hill Road nearby, may be so calledfor the same reason.As we will see, the local tilery at Canons maderoof tiles and other building components.

Now, there is agreement that the most crucialnatural feature in determining the location of away-station, is the presence of water.

To the south of Edgware the river crosses theroad and to the north of Edgware is a 7 acre lakeor ‘weir’. The waters of Sulloniacis.

VI

The Inn and Bathhouse at Letocetum

Chunks of tile rejects found in Canons Parkat Harrow Museum

Artist’s impression of Roman Norwich

Where is Sulloniacis? After the Roman occupation the road deteriorat-ed and was, at times, impassable. In the first halfof the 18thC, the Duke of Chandos, wanting toprovide reasonable access to his grand homeand domain in Edgware, which had WatlingStreet as its eastern boundary, imposed a toll forthe section of the road from Kilburn to Edgware.The most costly item of this investment in civileng ineer ing and grand ex tens ion of h is‘driveway’, was probably the provision of a ‘ford’or crossing, to get across the river known(amongst other names) as the ‘Silk Stream’.I played along this stream as a child, but eventhen the signs were that a much bigger river hadpreviously followed this course. Alluvial depositsamidst the north London clay can demonstratethis.The river has been given as the origin of thename ‘Sulloniacis’. The question and significanceof the name will be considered in the next sec-tion.

To the north of Edgware, just a few yards to thewest of the road is a large lake. In the C.10th, anAnglo-Saxon farmer called Ecgi (and otherspellings) is said to have kept fish in this ‘weir’.So ‘Edgware’ is said to derive from somethinglike ‘Ekkie’s-weir’.Water from this source would have been provid-ed for animals passing on the road, particularlythose travelling south. Being close also to thesite of Tile Manufacturing at Canons, water fromthe lake could be carried or channelled for pro-duction needs.

Of course, a Roman public bath house requires agood supply of fresh water, and I propose that itwas built just above the river.

There are reasons to suspect that the quality of

the water, from the river and spring(s) here, wassignificant in pre-Roman times.The tap water here certainly seems to taste bet-ter than the rest of London, even now.

Having mentioned the prime importance of waterand the likely location of Edgware, Sheldon(1)inexplicably backs off to propose Red Hill andThe Bald Faced Stag as the site of Sulloniacis.

As we shall see, the ‘center’ of Sulloniacis proba-bly possessed a spiritual aspect to do with theplace and a temple is to be expected with itsassociated activities. And these activities allrelate to water.

Before delving further into this, let’s look at somemaps and try to pinpoint the ‘where?’ ofSulloniacis, based on the foregoing evidence andspeculation.

WATER AT THE MUTATIONE

A fragment of Roman mosaic showing thestern of a merchant ship

Oooh no madam, not the Bawdy Stag

VII

ORANGE HILL

THIRLBY ROAD

RED HILL

BROCKLEY HILL

LONDINIUM 12 MILES

VERULAMIUM 9 MILES FORT, TOLL,POTTERY

POST & TOLL

HorsesDonkeysOxen

PULL HIRE

SteepG

radient

BUILDING CERAMICSFACTORY

BRENTFORD & THAMES

Watering

Troughs

Farming

Farming

Farming

WATLING

AVENUE

INN - TAVERN

SERVIC

ES

REPAIR

SSH

OPS

FORUM &BATHS

3M

ILES

Burials

CANONS

Lake

Where is Sulloniacis?

THE AREA

VIII

Where is Sulloniacis?

THE CENTER

FORUM

BATHS

HOUSES

INN

Amplitheater

School

Service&

Repair

Shops

Shops

Temple

Temple

IX Edge of plateau and fall to river bedBehind the ‘Forum’- Wasteland waits development

Watling Street, facing southat the ‘Forum’ corner

The positioning of the labels ismore or less a guess

Harrow

Barnet

518000

518000

518500

518500

519000

519000

519500

519500

1915

00

1915

00

1920

00

1920

00

1925

00

1925

00

This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with thepermission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of HerMajesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Unauthorisedreproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead toprosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage. 100019088. ©English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: © and database right CrownCopyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rightsreserved) Licence numbers 000394 and TP0024.

Notes:Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract isprovided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) anddoes not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of thelisting(s).Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract arethose used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and theremay be minor differences when compared to the relevant boroughUDP or LDF.

Print Date: 18 March 2008

Tel: 020 7973 3000www.english-heritage.org.uk

Scale: 1:9,000

GLSMR Search Report 7579Canons Park, Edgware

" Pottery SitesRivers

Modern Boroughs

Archaeological Priority Area

Registered Parks & Gardens

Scheduled Ancient Monuments

Archaeology

Requested Search Area

World Heritage Sites

Archaeological Find Spot

Listing Building

Maritime Archaeology

XYë

_̂

Event Location (Archaeology)

Map showing designatedpriority sites in the area

requested, kindly suppliedby English Heritage

XOfficial Archaeological Priority

AreasThe ‘Forum’ is at the center of the red

roadside strip.

Why “Sulloniacis”? As in other areas of largely academic research,close attention is given to each reliable fragmentof information. It could provide a clue that fits anexisting picture or hypothesis, or sometimes cre-ate its own. The Antonine Itinery is the startingpoint. Even though the apparent mileage dis-crepancy has caused some difficulty, the namehas not been put in doubt.The difference between ‘Sulloniacae ’ and‘Sulloniacis’ is a matter of localised linguisticsand I have chosen to use the latter.

There are almost as many assertions as to themeaning or origin of this name, as there areexpert statements. However, one view that hasbeen replicated or simply repeated, is that Sulhis the Celtic word for silk and this relates to thelocal ‘Silk Stream’.The Silk Road was instigated in the Middle Ages.Roman shipping and trade via southern Egypt,the Red Sea and the East, did apparently go on.But it seems far fetched and unlikely that thisriver was named after Silk.

A number of names of Celtic chiefs have beengiven, whose names start with ‘Sul’. This place,on Brockley Hill was, they say, named after oneor the other chief.

William Sharp’s obelisk of the 1700's names atribe, the “Suellani, who under the leadership ofCassivellaunus, put the Romans to flight.”

Well, I propose a single, clear explanation.‘Sul’ refers to Water. In particular The Flow ofBeneficial Water.The associated Celtic goddess of this naturalforce was known by this name, which wasRomanised to ‘Sulis’.

The deities of the Classical world have equiva-lents in each culture, whether they influencedeach other or not.The qualities of the Greek goddess ‘Athena’were like those of the Roman ‘Minerva’ and theCeltic ‘Sul’ (or Sulh etc.).Through an interesting accommodation, theRomano-British version of this deity was called“Sulis Minerva”.In Bath - Aquae Sulis - we can see the remain-ing head of the bronze statue of this representa-tive of the force of healing water.Perhaps ‘Healthy’ water is a better description ofthe original meaning.

“Lon’ was used as an abbreviation for Londinium(as on the official tile stamp) and was perhapsused colloquially.So SUL- LON - IAC - IS means London’s SulisPlace orLONDON’S PLACE OF HEALTH WATER.

We have extended from the importance of locat-ing a necessary watering place on the road, tothe possible site of a healthy pre-Roman springand shrine that turned into a small rural spa, justnorth of Londinium.

If we compare the location of Sulloniacis withLetocetum (page VI), the closeness to the capitaland the consequently greater volume of trafficand act iv i t y, i t seems very un l ike ly tha tSulloniacis would have had just one temple.Remains of several buildings have been desig-nated Temples in little Letocetum.

Sulis Minerva would have been central inSulloniacis.What were her attributes? What did she do?

AS MANY OPINIONS AS EXPERTS

‘Paradigm Busting’Statue of a Roman Buddhist in India with

hair in the style of a holy man

The Official London Procurator Stamp

XI

Why “Sulloniacis”? Such was the importance of Minerva, that shewas one of only three deities worshipped at theCapitol in Rome.Sul, like Minerva guarded the entrance to theUnderworld.She embodied so many of life’s useful aspects,that you would definitely want her on your side.“Sulis had a great reputation as a healer andpeople travelled to her shrines to take the waters,commune with the goddess and seek a cure fortheir ills. Sul, goddess of arcane prophesy, wastempered with the cultured arts and science ofMinerva who represented wisdom, medicine, thearts, dyeing, science and trade but also war.”(8)It is said that she ensured victory in wars, but didnot instigate them. (9)She is associated with all arts, physicians, teach-ers, schools and many aspects of nurturing andthe ‘creative-feminine’, such as sewing, spinningand weaving.According to original written evidence in Bath,Sulis Minerva was the patronne of a nearbyschool of midwives.“Sulis has festivals on February 2nd and Decem-ber 22nd. The Romans celebrated Minerva fromMarch 19 to 23 during the Quinquatrus, the arti-sans holiday which was also a festival of purifica-tion. The “goddess of a thousand works” as Ovidcalled her, was pleased to see scholars andschoolmasters join in spring vacation with thosewho laboured with their hands”(8)She could help with lost or stolen property andall sorts of wrongdoing.People’s wishes for everything, from their healthto vengeance for loss, were written on thin pew-ter sheets (in the case of Bath), that were rolledup and placed in the water.“To Minerva the goddess of Sulis I have giventhe thief who has stolen my hooded cloak,whether slave or free, whether man or woman.

He is not to buy back this gift unless with his ownblood.” (Bath)“I have given to the goddess Sulis the six silvercoins, which I have lost. It is for the goddess toexact them from the names written below” (Bath)Writing backwards was apparently used at times,in the belief that this would give extra potency, orperhaps, so that it was not easily read by others.

Sulis Minerva is equated with Britannia, whoseimage and name first appeared on coins issuedunder emperors Claudius and Antoninus Pius.

We can imagine a day trip from Londinium tovisit the spa of Sulloniacis. Even more, we canenvisage the relief of a break before arriving inthe city, on a southbound journey, after the dustand rattle of the road, until fit for a smart entryinto town. An Inn was another essential, and itseems that there may have been a choice: “Theprivately owned Cauponæ were also establishedalong the routes, providing basic hostel-likeaccommodation. However, the upper classeswould use the better Tabernæ, these began ashouses on the roadside offering a service similarto B&Bs (bed and breakfasts) today.”(7)

It seems that communing with Sulis Minervawas part of the bath house experience, ratherthan being restricted to a temple visit.What we know of the bath houses and facilitiesavailable at the time, puts todays equivalents toshame.

In this interpretation of the name Sulloniacis, wehave placed a water-associated deity into aplace that’s a mutation between a pit-stop and aspa, sited along the main road.What is known of what may have happenedthere?

SULIS MINERVA, THE WATER FORCE

Britannia-Minerva on Liverpool Town Hall

‘Minerva’ etymology =mind, understanding,reason,sense

XII

What Happened in Sulloniacis? The central role of the army in building, runningand protecting the infrastructure should beemphasised, as we look at what happened inSulloniacis.Legionnaires quarried stone (elsewhere) forimportant buildings and to build roads thatenabled the stone to be transported. Bricks werenot made, but durable ceramic products weremanufactured for roof tiles, floor tiles, drainagechannels, hypocaust elements, box flu tiles (totake underfloor heat up the walls and out) andother construction components. Building the kilnsand running potteries was part of the army remit,as was erecting public buildings and providingthe means of controlling water supplies.They would be there on the road, at a toll to takeyour money, unless perhaps if you were fromtheir ranks or on official business. It’s likely thatyou would pay to go north at Red Hill and pay togo south at Brockley Hill.Most northbound traffic would have set out fromLondinium, or have stopped there en-route. Soapart from a brief pause for refreshment for theanimals, riders and passengers, and avoidingany roadside offers along this three mile stretch,they would have continued north to Verulamium.If needed, extra pulling power could be hired, toget over Brockley Hill.Just below the ‘center’, a bridge on the roadcrossed the river. It is likely that the bridge was inthe middle of the road, wide enough for one at atime, with types of animal troughs either side.The ‘center’ comprised a Basillica, Forum, Baths,Inn and Temples, A School and Amplitheaterwere probably in the same area.The Basillica was the largest building and wasused for administrative offices. They dealt withtaxes including those on houses and shops,which were rated according to size of the front-age.

Lower buildings formed the other three sides of arectangle, the Forum, with covered walkwaysaround the open square that was used for mar-kets, surrounded by shops and offices. If spaceran out in this shopping center, they would beadded facing onto the street.Bakers; grocers; booksellers; oil sellers; clothmerchants; cobblers; pottery and glass sellers,animal merchants and others were trading here.Workshops for service and repair on the roadmay have also been home for smiths and car-penters. Roman influence affected agriculturalmethods and produce. Farmsteads were estab-lished or extended to service demand. Hay forthe animals must have become a big staple forfarms along the roads.

Both relaxing and invigorating, bathhouses,which were often built with columns and arches,were heath and leisure centers where you mightget a haircut or have a mole removed.“Roman soldiers always lived in their own camps,away from the people in the towns”(6)“If a soldier chose not to cook his own food hecould always buy a snack from a plethora of foodsellers grouped around the baths.With duties completed, soldiers would haveenjoyed the bath house. Here, the legionnairescould play ball games, swim, gamble, employ theservices of a hair-plucker or have a massage. Hecould also take his time to go through the seriesof cold, warm and hot baths, adding oil to hisbody before the hot suite, then having it scrapedoff before a final plunge into the cold bath.Providing passes were issued he may also havevisited the civilian vicus, or settlement, whichalways grew up around a military base. Traders,bars, performers and brothels were all keen toextract some of the hard currency that the sol-diers were paid in.”(10)

A WAY STATION BUILT BY LEGIONNAIRES

Painted wall decoration at Letocetum Baths

Artists impression of a Roman bathhouse

XIII

What Happened in Sulloniacis? There is something about Canons Drive and thearea at the top of it, that reminds me of the atmo-sphere of Roman villa locations that I have visit-ed in the UK, France and Tunisia.One day in 1979, work on a drainage ditch thererevealed the remains of a Roman tile dumpwhich, investigators determined,covers an areaof 40m. Four years later, part of a laid floor ofblack vitrif ied tiles was found in the samearea.(20)The archaeological evidence concerningSulloniacis was now surely skewed away fromBrockley Hill.Reported finds and those that I have looked at inHarrow Museum are of tiles and ceramic buildingproducts, along with some kiln slag. A local resi-dents’ publication states that “Tile makingoccurred within Canons Park in Roman times.This area seems to have been a production cen-ter for official tiles for the provincial procurator’soffice, based in London. Up to 26 Roman pottersmay have had their workshops in the area,engaged in the production of mortaria (bowlswith a grit surface to help grind food), flagons,amphorae, jars, lids, bowls, beakers and centralheating (hypocaust) elements.”(11)Production at this site, was perhaps dedicated tobuilding products. Water for production wasprobably channelled, rather than carried from thenearby lake. Bulk finished products could betaken down a short path to the river, for bargedelivery along the Thames via Brentford. It is notclear whether the source of the clay used washereabouts, or brought from the Brockley Hillarea.Forest clearance for construction timber andheating fuel, was matched by the consumptionneeds of firing the kilns. The limits of drying-shedspace for the products in winter, must have beenexceeded at times when they could be dried out-

doors. This may have led to a seasonal productrotation.Forming, moulding, decorating, stamping, stok-ing and firing, packing and transporting are someof the associated activities, together with the pro-vision of clay, grits, aggregates, and fuel.If the black floor tiles, reported in the archaeolog-ical record are indeed ‘vitrified’, this wouldrequire a firing temperature of around 1200ºC.An enormous amount of fuel is required to sus-tain this temperature. Window glass, that wasmade from imported cullet(13), could have beenproduced here, although there is no evidence ofthis so far. Angela Wardle, Roman Glass special-ist at the Museum of London, agrees that theglass workshops at Londinium-Wallbrook mayhave been abandoned as the cost of fuel, frommore and more distant locations, increased. Theway that this industry was set up and run, proba-bly reflects the wider political and economic situ-ation. The period of stability and growth in the 1st- 2nd century, that lasted for about 80 years,would have seen this place in full swing.Of the signatures found on Roman pottery in Brit-ain, ‘Albinus’ is the most common, particularly ongrinding bowls (mortaria). His name and that ofhis son, has been associated with potteries in St.Albans, Radlett and Brockley Hill. Rather thanseeing Albinus as a potting superman, at leastone source(14) refers to him as the owner of thebusiness. A contract to supply public and govern-ment buildings, may have enabled the establish-ment or expansion of this site.It is my contention that Albinus lived in a fine villa,at the top of Canons Drive, in the area that isnow a girls school, or nearby.Roman tiles from the ‘dump’ found in the woodscan be seen in the medieval tower of the adja-cent church of St. Lawrence.But will the kilns ever be found?

ALBINUS: A ROMAN CERAMIC IKEA?

Bright salmon-orange finds with kilnslag from Canons Park

Roman kiln foundations in Cearsws (12)See the diggers for scale

XIV

What Happened in Sulloniacis?

LINKS WITH LYON

Pottery finds, distributed around the country, thathave been identified as coming from Sulloniacis,often include an inscribed signature which issometimes suffixed by ‘Lugudunum’, assumed tobe Lyon, France. The potters ‘Matugenas’ and ‘A.Terentius Ripanus’ are said to have also hadkilns in Lyon. It seems that experienced crafts-men “implanted their art throughout Europebehind the Roman legions.”(15) Lug or Lugoswas a Celtic god, who has been associated withMercury, and proposed as the origin of theRomanised Lugudunum(or Lugdunum)- Lyon,founded in 43BC and Londinium.Lyon was the capitol of Roman Gaul and some-thing of a hub. One road could take you directlyfrom Lyon to Sulloniacis.Although metal rimmed wheels were noisy on thestone and horse riders could only bounce awaysome of the impact, it must have seemed moreextraordinary than Eurostar or a motorway.Experienced administrators, planners, engineersand others were part of the Roman army. But itseems that some specialists and ‘master crafts-men’ were engaged by and worked with theLegions.Albinus may have been a successful entrepre-neur, running three ceramic production facilities,with origins or links to Lyon.Another Albinus, Clodius Albinus, was a Gover-nor of Britain, who lost a final showdown againstSeptimus Severus. The Battle of Lyon, in Febru-ary 197, is said to have been the bloodiest ofRoman internal conflicts, with an estimated150,000 troops on each side. In an attempt tobecome Emperor, Albinus had withdrawn theLegions from Britain to fight in Gaul. Thisappears to mark the end of a period of stabilityand growth. It took all the effort of the victor,Septimus Severus, to overcome rebellions andrestore the Roman army’s positions in Britain.

XV

Clodius Albinus

Lyon to Sulloniacis - A direct route

What Happened to Sulloniacis?

LOSS OF LEGIONS

Septembris Severus

Severus, like Albinus was from North Africa. Hehad to be as severe as his name suggests toregain something of the army’s previous position.Stability may have returned at Sulloniacis butone gets the impression that things were neverquite the same across the country. The picture ofRoman rule in Britain fluctuates, fragments andbreaks down in the C.3rd and C.4th, at the endof which King Arthur appears to try and restoresome unity and order.The local ceramics manufacturing business pos-sibly continued through the C.3rd, conceivablyconcentrating on mass consumption domesticware and exports. Simple products like plateswere turned out with little or no decoration.Albinus may have been like a brand name, thatdidn’t sound too good after the defeat of Albinusthe Governor. Saint Alban later established thename at Verulamium, after becoming Britain’sfirst Christian martyr.The situation in Sulloniacis must have becomeunreliable and unstable. The organisation,strength and skills of the Legionnaires in creatingthe infrastructure, could not be replaced in theirabsence. Roads and buildings were left to deteri-orate. Since the road was the reason for theway-station, a lack of maintenance and trafficresulted in its decline and disappearance.Around 1,500 years passed before many of theelements and images of the Roman Empire wereresurrected in the British Empire.Where local clusters of inhabitants remained, thestone surface of the road was probably used forbuilding and repair. Many buildings remainingf rom the midd le ages , such as par t s o fColchester Castle, incorporate bits of reusedRoman period material. This is often identified aspieces of terra cotta tile.We can see them clearly in the tower of thechurch at Canons, that is very near the tile dump.But first, let’s have a glimpse at Silchester.

XVI

A Victorian image?No, its from Antioch, made in C.2nd, of

a theatrical performance

What Happened to Sulloniacis?SILCHESTER

Here, for comparison, is the layout of the Roman town of Silchester, south west of Reading. “These towns came to an end, not by fire or sword, but by decay and evacuation.They were abandoned and left to fall down”(16) Silchester is not the only town to have been abandoned and never reoccupied, where the foundations are mainly intact.Buildings without foundations beyond the wall, probably extended the area of the town. Amplitheaters have become associated with wild animals and gladiators but it is more likelythat wrestling, cock fighting, recitations and performances of plays took place here and in Sulloniacis.

The Silchester Cup was found in a burial. It’s made of enamelled bronze and appears to be two joined cups with an added handle. This beautiful object has a ‘magical’ quality thatreflects order and dynamic energies in nature and in peoples lives and experience. It provides a window. to the spirit and consciousness of the time - the most interesting andneglected aspect of historical study.(17).

XVII

What Happened to Sulloniacis?

BENEDICTINES AND CHANDOS AT CANONS

The area at the top of Canons Drive has seennumerous occupants, reconstructions and altera-tions. Will the remains of a Roman villa ever befound? It seems unlikely when one considers theamount of evidence of building materials havingbeen reused. It may be that it’s not just Romantiles in the church tower but that the stone itselfwas taken from the kiln foundations.

In 1809, David Hughson says that in the gardensof a house which the Duke of Chandos built forhis wife, was a bridge “part of which is composedof a few fragments of a large Roman watch tower,which once stood upon the hill.”(5) (Here or morelikely Brockley Hill?)

Benedictine-Augustine canons occupied the siteas a priory, from the latter part of the Romanperiod through the middle ages. By the end ofthe C.4th, emperor Theodosius had bannedpagan worship and closed all temples. Theremains of some of the Roman infrastructurebecame the domain of the early Christian orders.The priory of St John of Jerusalem owned land inEdgware, in the vicinity of the present church.

The many private owners of Canons can betraced back to 1400. In 1547, Edgware had 120inhabitants and by 1801, there were 412.John Bryges, who had amassed a fortune aspaymaster to the army in the reign of QueenAnne, inherited Canons through his first wife.During the decades from 1700 he became theDuke of Chandos and master of a big, exoticestate, that was seen as refined but alsosatirised as tastelessly aquired.Over 30 musicians were in residence, includingHandel from 1717-18, whose musical output wasphenomenal at this time. His ‘Chandos Anthems’and others were performed in the Duke’s chapel.

A tiger roamed the grounds which he developed,that included a palm tree house. Chandos alsobought and developed property in Bath. In thegrounds at Canons, he began to remodel thechurch of St. Lawrence as a family chapel. Thelocals got wind of his plans to rebuild the Normanstyle tower and took the bells! The Duke was notpleased, which is why the original tower, built1130-40, is still there.In spite of his losses on investments, such as thein famous ‘South Sea Bubb le ’ , the Dukeremained at Canons until his death in 1744. Itseems that no one could take the place on andeverything removable was auctioned off. Gatesfrom the estate are in Oxford and Hampsteadchurch.

These and other complexities have an impact onarchaeological research. It may be that moreclues emerge from fragments of Roman materi-als that were incorporated into later construction.

The Roman ‘tilery’ here was run by Romans withlocals probably supplying some of the peripheralgoods and services. It could have been ownedby the local procurators office or manned byLegionnaires stationed at Brockley Hill.At industrial sites, such as at mines in Flint, an‘overseers center’, with accommodation for gov-ernment officials, evolved its living facilities up toAD.250.(18)An experienced potter from Lyon may havefound his fortune here, running three manufactur-ing sites and living in something of a rural idyll.

A number of houses in the high street weredemolished in 1904, when the road was widenedfor the tram service. The parade of shops on thecorner, that was built in 1930, is called “TheForum”.

The Chandos home, rebuilt by William Hallett,now part of North London Collegiate girls’ school.

XVIII

Part of the tower of St. Lawrence Church withred Roman tiles from the nearby dump. Are the

stone slabs, some of them perhaps scorch-marked, the Roman kiln foundations?

What Happened to Sulloniacis?

CONCLUSION

XIX

Charles Wright, a metalworker, built the ‘Forum’.His brother was the architect. He had apparentlydone well making World War 1 medals - anotherarmy connection - and established his buildingcompany behind the Forum.So far it has not been possible to find any recordof why the name ‘Forum’ was chosen. Romanfinds might have been concealed, rather thanallowed to disrupt the building work. Or it’s one ofa string of coincidences that form a different pic-ture to the one painted here. The removal of lightindustrial buildings in the area behind the Forum,has left a wasteland that awaits an economicupturn and development. This is currently themost interesting part of the archaeological priori-ty area adjacent to the road, that could beexplored.An alternative explanation for the road mileageanomaly, could be that the measurement was toWestminster rather than the walled ‘center’ ofLondinium’ in the City. Referring to the time ofBoudicca, Collingwood says “London was a largestraggling town, unwalled, full of peaceful tradersand military stores”(16). But if we push back thesite of Sulloniacis towards Brockley Hill, or southto Red Hill, the water is no longer central. Is theidea of a place, 3 miles long between hills,guards and tolls, a far fetched and unreasonabletheory? Perhaps not when you consider theLegion’s memory of the early defeat at BrockleyHill and the strategic importance of the stretch ofroad leading to it.The 7 acre lake is private, enclosed and con-cealed. It may have escaped the attention ofsome of the previous researchers. The possiblesignificance of water on both sides of ‘central’Sulloniacis may have been missed.

Edgware has declined into something of a messyhotchpotch. Its division between two local author-ities does not help.Can it rediscover a lost identity and be refreshedby the waters of Sulloniacis?

Beyond this localised topic is a wider issue thatis hardly touched on here. It involves our under-standing of and ability to portray a different stateof mind. In this realm, ideas of linear time, histo-ry and evolution dissolve. The flow of knowledge,like goods, seems to be cyclic.Julian Jaynes(17) broke new ground in 1979, inthe way he connected psychology, human historyand the development of reflective self-awareness.As James Cohn says(21) “Jaynes‘s hypothesisremains the most astonishingly vital and suc-cessful model in the effort to explain the thingsthat become more and more inexplicable usingany other framework.”It is perhaps, by ‘digging’ in this neglected areaof Classical study that a greater treasure may beuncovered.

The European Union began with the Treaty ofRome, but which one?Have we caught up with the Romans?They transported knowledge, practical innova-tions and even ‘mystery schools’, whose originwas in Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece andPhonecia. What stands out as uniquely Roman isthe extraordinary vigor, muscle and organiseddetermination’ that they were able to deploy. Per-haps it was all those invigorating baths.

Many threads of research remain to be checkedor pursued, but rather than giving way to hesita-tion, doubts or delay, I have been spurred on bythe Ancient Roman story - “The Lesson of theLeaves”............... Roman Baths found in The Strand in 1929

"C’mon son. It’ll take 2,000 years to finish the Jacuzzi”

Europa & The BullMosaic in Aquielia made in C.1st

THE LESSON OF THE LEAVES (19)

In a cave by the seashore lived an old, old woman. This very old woman was also very wise.She remembered everything that had ever happened and she knew almost everything that was going to happen in her country.She lived in Italy and was called the Sibyl.One day a man named Aeneas came to her cave to question her. She was very kind to him. She even took him far down into the center of the earth,Pluto‘s kingdom, to see those whom Pluto had carried away.When they came back, Aeneas said he would build a temple to her and have gifts brought to her. She had so much power and was so wise he felt sureshe must be more than mortal. But she would not let Aeneas build the temple. Instead she told him her story. It was this:“Apollo saw me when I was young, and told me to ask him for any gift I would have. We were standing on the seashore. I stooped down and filled myhand with the white sand at our feet.“’Give me as many birthdays as there are grains of sand in my hand, O Apollo!‘ I said.“’It is granted,‘ said Apollo. But, in my foolishness, I forgot to ask for everlasting youth.“When one hundred grains of sand had slipped away from the glass in which I placed them all, I was old. My youth was gone.“Seven hundred grains have slipped through now. I have counted the rest. I shall yet see three hundred springs and three hundred harvests; then theSibyl will be no more. My body has shriveled. Soon I shall be only a warning voice to the children of men, but I shall live till the grains are gone fromthat glade. While my voice lasts men will respect my sayings. As long as I live, I will strive to help the human race.”Aeneas went with her into the cave. The leaves were thick on the floor. The Sibyl picked them up and wrote with an eagle’s quill on each.She let him read as many as he wished. He found some of them were warnings to his friends. Some were for people he had never seen. The Sibylplaced them in rows on the ledges of rock inside the cavern.A fierce wind blew into the cave and carried the written leaves away.“Save them, O Sibyl!” cried Aeneas“My work is to write, Aeneas. I am no man‘s slave. If he wishes his leaf, he must come for it before the wind takes it away. There are thousands ofleaves not written upon yet. But no man may have a second leaf. He must be here on time.”“One leaf, one life!” said Aeneas. “I see your meaning, O Sibyl, and go about my work. My ship shall sail to-day. Each day shall bring me nearer myjourney’s end, and when I reach my home the leaves on my forest trees shall teach me your lesson over again. I will rise early each day and be the firstin all things. Even the winds shall not be quicker than I am in the work it is my duty to do. Farewell.”

Here is another story which is told of the Sibyl. It shows that she could write on something beside leaves.She appeared one day at the king‘s palace gate with a heavy burden on her back. The keeper let her in.With a guard on either side the Sibyl was shown into the presence of the king.The burden proved to be nine large books closely written. She offered them for sale at an enormous price. The king refused to pay it. The Sibyl onlysmiled and threw three of the books into the open fire. The king had wished to own those three, for he knew that future events were written in them.“I have now six books and the price is the same as for the nine. Does the king want them?” The king hesitated. While he was thinking what to do, thelittle old woman threw three more into the fire.“I have now three books and the price is the same as for the nine. Does the king want them?” And the king said, “Yes,” without a minute’s waiting, andtook the books.The little old woman vanished. Her thousand years were nearly gone, but her voice was still heard when people visited her cave.The king searched the three books and found that all things concerning his city, Rome, were foretold in them for hundreds of years. Perhaps manywars and troubles would have been saved if he had bought all the books instead of only three.It is usually best to decide a matter quickly when one knows that nothing can be gained by waiting.

XX

Chaucer, Watling, The Milky Way & Speed

UPDATE 1

From Connibere:

“As to the main Watling Street there is no dispute.Running right across the island from the Irish Seato the straights of Dover, it suggested to the mindsof our English ancestors the shining track of theMilky Way from end to end of the heavens.Even so Chaucer, in his ‘House of Fame’, sings:“Lothere!” quoc he, “cast up your eye, See yonder,lo! the Galaxie, The whiche men clepe the MilkyWay, For it is white, and some, parfay, Y-callen hanit Watlinge-strete’............the “Watlings” being the patrons of handicraftin the Anglo-Saxon Pantheon”.

Among other proposals: “Waetling - an Anglo-Danishfamily whose progentor was Wade, the Anglo-Saxongiant.”

Originally, in the Roman period, the road was mostlikely known by a number.

The three ‘Royal Roads’ of Britain are Watling Street,Ermine Street and the Fosse Way.Straightness, Ruler and Royal are here connected.

500 miles in 24 hours:“Way stations providing refreshments were main-tained by the government at regular intervals alongthe roads. A separate system of changing stationsfor official and private couriers was also maintained.This allowed a dispatch to travel a maximum of 500miles in 24 hours, by using a relay of horses.” Roman Roadbuilding

FIRES - Impact & DatesFires in Roman Londinium must have had animpact on Sulloniacis. The first in AD60, seemsto have been followed by rapid rebuilding whichwould have increased demand from the CanonsTilery. The second fire of Roman London in 130seems to have been more widespread and dev-astating. Archaeological signs indicate abandon-ment, with no rebuilding for some time. Perhapsthis was due to disease and vulnerability. Sometroops, at least, were dealing with troubles in thenorth.An associated decline in Sulloniacis, could havelasted from 30 - 60 years until the time ofSeverus, when the position of the army wasboosted and the road arteries maintained, alongwith the facilities.

TILERY - Ownership StatusThe Canons ‘Tilery’ was possibly state owned, atleast for some of its life. After 80-100 years ofproduction, the ‘Tilery’ would have ceased. Thepossibility that it adapted and carried on by mak-ing other products, such as domestic ware,would need to be shown by new discoveries atthe site. So far, it seems that nothing made after160 has been found.

ROAD NAMES - Edgware Road & Watling StreetThe significance of Edgware as the first coach-inn stop out of London, may have been the sameas in Roman times. The name Edgware Road isstill used, particularly at the London end, but thename Watling Street, whilst used less, seems tobe older.Accord ing to Germanic fami ly research,

“‘Waetling’ is an Anglo-Danish family whose pro-genitor was Wade, the Anglo-Saxon giant. It’sfrom this family that the ancient English roadWatling Street was named, which runs fromDover to Cardigan”.More arcane and perhaps more interesting, isthe suggestion that the road on the ground wasseen as a reflection of a straight path, such as analignment of stars, in the sky.The website page -http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/Royalrds.htmhas some historic quotations, supporting the the-ory that Watling = The Milky Way.The ruler, it suggests, travelled this straight path,the old Royal Road, which in legend is identifiedwith the Milky Way.‘This means,’ affirms John Michell, ‘that it was asacred path, a processional and pilgrimage roadleading to the ’pole star‘ of a central sanctuary.’

It seems that tribal nature-gods were only tempo-rarily challenged by the panoply of Roman gods.Some Roman gods and aspects of others, mayhave represented required elements of a ‘shift inmind set’.

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY -The Historyof our MindThe defeat of indigenous South Americans bySpain, is considered to have been due to superi-or force/weapons and disease. But what hap-pens when very different ‘mind-sets’ or mentali-ties are juxtaposed?Once the apparent bases of ‘reason’ are defied,a degree of mental defeat and conquest mayensue. Jaynes connects this historically in abreakdown of the “bicameral mind” and ‘pyramid,bee-hive’ societies. This breakdown seems tohave happened several t imes prior to theconquests.

Many North American ‘Indian’ scaffolders, whoreturn to their indigenous tents at the weekends,seem happy with their bi-cultural position.But what would the humiliating impact be, of theappearance of say space-time ‘intellegences’ orbeings from ‘another universe’? How wouldhumanity cope with an apparently superior intelli-gence and having so much illusion blown away?One method may be to carry on as if nothinghappened. Einstein’s truths are used mathemati-cally by rocket scientists, but our deeply embed-ded, illusory linear idea of time persists.South Sea islanders, seeing a huge ship andwhite ‘people’ emerging from its belly, for the firsttime, thought that they were hallucinating or see-ing ghosts or gods.When change does become established, it maytake two or three generations to fully adapt.When things become urgent, ‘mad’ people mayprovide the inspiration for the needed adaptation.Robert Ornstein’s work points out that the currentdemands on our adaptive abilities are far toourgent for biological change to deal with in time.All future evolution will be conscious - it is con-sciousness that has a long way to go and ourleft-brains that have a large expansion capacity.First we must be released from the unconsciousthat’s in the dark, imprisoning itself and us. Ourconfused and contradictory multi-minds are, hesays, the haphazard and accidental conse-quence of biological and culural evolutionaryadaptation. Like ‘squadrons of simpletons’ in ourunconscious, they appear by association -irrational, incapable and not fit-for-purpose. Butyou can ‘out-trick’ them and have ‘the right mindin place’.You can find Ornstein’s “The Evolution of Con-sciousness” and others at:-www.ishkbooks.com

UPDATE 2

http://mapoflondon.uvic.ca

Londinium, around 1,300 yearslater.

The position and size of London, mainly withinthe original Roman wall, remained the same for1,300 years.

Major changes happened in the rebuilding,after the Great Fire of London in 1666.

For much of the time, Londoners had believedin the myth (created by the Welsh priestGeoffrey of Monmouth), that London wasfounded by Brutus after he escaped from Troy.

UPDATE 3

www.bristol.ac.uk/...cabinet/london-map.htmlThe Hoefnagel Map of 1572

aanndd aa mmaapp ffrroomm 11665533 -- hhttttpp::////wwwwww..bbll..uukk//oonnlliinneeggaalllleerryy//oonnlliinneeeexx//ccrraaccee//aa//000077000000000000000000000011uu0000003333000000..hhttmmll

Verulamium -St Albans

Beyond the ChesterGate is Gorhambury,the site of a Romanfarm and villa.The ruins of OldGorhambury Housecan be visited.Sir Francis Bacon,the true main authorof what is known as‘Shakespear’, livedhere.

Bacon’s were fromNorman France.‘Bah-coen’ was, Ibelieve, originally BarCohen.

UPDATE 4

The Waters of Sulloniacis

REFERENCES

THANKS to

COPYRIGHT © Morris Mosart 2008/9/10 Free for individual use in digital form.For permission to print or any other use please write to Morris Mosart c/o greg@mosart.co.uk

(19) The Myths of Ancient Greece and Rome by E M Berens

(1) ‘In Search of Sulloniacis’ Harvey Sheldon in ‘Interpreting Roman London Papers in Memory of Hugh Chapman’ Oxbow Monograph 58

(20) Greater London Sites and Monuments Records

(5) “London; Being an Accurate Description of the British Metropolis” David Hughson 1809

(6) http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/learning/features_facts/digging/army/s1.html

(11) http://www.cpea.org.uk/PARKHISTORY.doc

(15) http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp006-1_glass.htm

(7) http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A24369951

(4) www.earthtransition.com/stanmoresuprise.htm

(2) www.johnchaple.co.uk

XXI

(3) N. Sitwell ‘Roman Roads of Europe’

(8) http://www.manygods.org.uk/articles/essays/minerva.html

(9) http://sulisminerva.com

(10) http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/snapshot_legion.html

(12) http://www.cpat.org.uk/cpat/past/roman/roman.htm

(14) http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/rca_roman_british_pottery.htm

(13) http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp006-4_glass.htm

(16) ‘Roman Britain and the English Settlements’ R G Collingwood & Myres 1937

(17) ‘The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind’ Julian Jaynes 1979

(18) Pentre Farm : www.tegula.freeserve.co.uk/cbmlinks.htm

OTHER LINKS

Images of Rome, Legions etchttp://www.hbo.com/rome/behind/rome_revealed/rome.html

(21) http://www.julianjaynes.org/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=257

More on Sulishttp://www.celtnet.org.uk/gods_s/sulis.html

It has not been possible to trace the source of all the images used. If you require acknowledgement or removal, please contact me via the email below.

Web link URL’s may change or cease

Pottery detailshttp://www.potsherd.uklinux.net/index.php

info. and links on Roman Britain ‘Novaroma’ ‘Webring’ at:-http://d.webring.com/hub?ring=novaroma

Art Tables made by Morris Mosarthttp://www.mosarttables.com

HHaarrrrooww MMuusseeuummEEnngglliisshh HHeerriittaaggee

MMrr RRuuddddRRoonnaa && LLiioonneellDDaann WWiilllliiaammss

GGooooggllee

(Similar references to subsidence evidence can be found via the Institute of Archaeology & ‘Britannia’)

UPDATES “The Evolution of Consciousness” by Robert Ornsteinhttp://www.ishkbooks.comhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ancient-Roman-technology

A Roman Road in Italy - THE VIA APPIA