the voynich manuscript as a mesoamerican herbal jules janick and arthur o. tucker department of...
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The Voynich Manuscript as a MesoAmerican Herbal
Jules Janick and Arthur O. Tucker
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Emeritus Professor and Co-Director Claude E. Phillips Herbarium, Delaware State University, Dover,
Delaware, USA
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The Manuscript
Most famous and bizarre manuscript in the world Undecipherable alphabet and language
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Herbal: 129 folios (130 Plants)
Eryngium heterophyllum
Psacalium Ipomoea arborescens
Helianthus annuus
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Pharma: 18 folios, 173 plants
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Balneological: 21 folios
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Cosmological, Zodiac: 12 folios
Pisces Leo
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Cosmological (Magic Circles)
Sun Moon
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Recipes? Poems? (24 folios)
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Provenance1607–1622. Signature of Jakub de Tepenec (d. 1622),
Chemist for Rudolf II1639. Owned by George Baresch, alchemist,
(letter to Jesuit Athanasius Kircher)1665. Jans Marek Marci, Rector of Prague University
claims that Rudolf II purchased ms for 600 ducats1912. Wilfrid Voynich (1865–1930)
purchases ms from Villa Mondragone, a Jesuit college
1961. Sold to Hans Kraus1960. Acquired by Yale University.2011. Vellum carbon dated to early 15th
century, but probably a palimpsest
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Cryptographic analyses unsuccessful
Linguistic analysis suggests real language not a
hoax
Languages suggested include Arabic, Chinese,
classical Nahuatl, gibberish, Hebrew Italian,
Medieval Latin, Old Dutch, Old English, Old
Spanish, polyglot Sanskirt, PreWelsh or Scottish
Many books, films, works of fiction, musical
chamber work
World wide web presence
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Evidence that Voynich is MesoAmerican
• All plants are MesoAmerican; no Old World plants identified
• All animals either indigenous or Spanish introductions
• Boleite (mineral) identified, quality & quantity unique to MesoAmerica
• Language symbols similar to those of New Spain Codices
• Mexican cities identified
• Aztec symbolism (ritual bathing, cosmology)
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Folio 1v of Voynich Codex vs. folio 9r of the Codex Cruz-Badianus: Ipomoea arborescens vs. I. murucoides
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Folio 9v of the Voynich Codex: Viola bicolor, not V. tricolor
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Folio 23v of the Voynich Codex: Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (P. morifolia?)
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Folio 93r of the Voynich Codex: Helianthus annuus
#757b chimalacatl from the Florentine Codex of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, 1545–1590
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Decipherment of Ancient Languages
• Based on proper names coupled with surviving related languages
• Thomas Young (1773–1829) and Jean-Francois Champollian (1790–1832) decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics based on names of pharaohs coupled with study of Coptic (Rosetta Stone)
• Eugene Burnouf (1836) deciphers Sumerian cuneiform alphabet by names of kings and links to ancient Persian
• Michel Ventris (1922–1956) and John Chadwick (1920–1998) deciphers Linear B with identification of Crete cities with links to ancient Greek
• Heinrich Berlin (1915–1988) deciphered Mayan logograms with identification of cities and dynasties coupled with Mayan dialects
• Arthur Tucker (2013) deciphers Voynich alphabet based on plant pictures and names in Nahuatl
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Folio 100r #8 of Voynich Codex: Opuntia sp., cf. O. ficus-indica
nāshtli
nochtli (Nahuatl)=fruit or plant of the prickly pear cactus
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Folio 100r #4 of Voynich Codex: Agave sp., cf. A. atrovirens (or A. tequilana)
māguoey
maguey (Spanish from mid-16th century Taino)
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Alphabet Decipherment
Nochtli, prickly pear cactus Maguey, agave
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Voynich Alphabet Decipherment
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Animals
Texas horned lizard Dermophis Mexican tree frog
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Alligator gar Desert big horn ewe Desert big horn ram Andalusian Red cow
Retinta bull Mexican dwarf crayfish Ocelot Jaguarundi
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Alligator gar
Desert big horn sheep
Earless lizard Iguana Paca Coatimundi?
Jellyfish Armadillo Crested caracara
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MineralFolio 102r #20 of Voynich Codex: boleite
(2–20 mm on side, KPb26Ag9Cu24Cl62(OH)48)
ātlaān
atlan (Nahuatl)=in or under water (probably referring to the blue color) from Boleos Mine, Baja California Sur, México
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Kabbala
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Map
Tecamachalco
TlaxcalaVera Cruz
Huejozingo
Puebla de Los Angeles
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Toribio of Benavente Motolinía (1482–1568)
College of Santa Cruz
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Folio 86v Sphere #2=Huejotzingo
Popocatépetl“smoking
mountain ridge”
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Folio 86v Sphere 2 of the Voynich Ms.: Monastery of San Miguel Megun ca. 1543, Huejotzingo [where
willows grow], Puebla, México
huoxeātlocâpi
huoxeatl (Nahuatl)= willow +capi= Spanish for Latin American capital city
Popocatépetl
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Folio 86v Sphere #4=Tlaxcala
La Malinche
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Folio 86v Sphere #6=Tecamachalco/Tepeaca
Asuncion De Nuestra Senorawith illustrations of the Apocalypse of John on amatl paper by native ladino mestizo painter Juan Gerson, 1562
Pico de orizaba (citlaltepetl)
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Folio 86v Sphere #8=Vera Cruz/ Zempoala light house/convento
(“water seller,” putative nickname of Vera Cruz)
ātlmchonon
“Temple of The Chimneys” at Zempoala “place of the 20 waters”
Laguna Catemaco
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Folio 86v Sphere A=AngelopolisPuebla de Los Angeles, Celestial City of Jerusalem
founded by Motolinia 15306 qubba around central complex in Sphere A
Crusader map of Jerusalem(12th century)5 qubba inside, 7 outside
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Balneological
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Ancient Netzahualcoyotl baths in Chapultepec Park, Mexico City
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Baths at Texcotzingo, ancient palace of Netzahualcoyotl near Texcoco
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Cosmology Symbols
Folio 68r-3 Folio 85v-2 Folio 68r-2 Folio 69v-1
Florentine Codex Florentine Codex Florentine Codex Badianus Codex
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ConclusionsThe Voynich Codex is predominantly
a New Word Herbal
Date is probably between 1530 and 1570; best guess ca. 1565
Author/Artist was a trilingual ladino mestizo trained in the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, a College established by Franciscan friars for sons of Aztec nobility
Text probably an extinct dialect of Nahuatl
Complete translation will make this one of the most valuable historical New World manuscripts since it is by a native and not filtered by the Spanish