The Virginia TechNeuropsychology Laboratory

A Functional Neural Systems Approach Emotion: Health

Sex Differences & Aging Emotional Disorders

HOSTILITY & HEALTH

A Robust Literature On Hostility, Cardiovascular Lability, and

Cardiovascular Risk

SEX DIFFERENCES & HEALTHLATERALITY ISSUES?

A Robust Literature On Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Lability, and

Cardiovascular Risk

AGING & HEALTHRIGHT HEMI-AGING?

A Robust Literature On Cardiovascular Lability, and

Cardiovascular Risk

Cerebral Mediation of Emotion:& the Autonomic Nervous System

• Right Brain• Sympathetic Tone• Sweating; >BP;>HR• Glucose Mobilization• Cholesterol Mobilization

• Left Brain • Parasympathetic• Quiescent State• Digestion• Absorption

NEUROPSYCHOLOGY & EMOTION THEORY

• RIGHT HEMISPHERE MODEL• HEILMAN (1982)

• RIGHT CEREBRUM:• Primary Role in Emotion & Arousal

• POSTERIOR = “Sensory Reception or Attention”• ANTERIOR = “Motor Expression or Intention”

• VALENCE MODEL• TUCKER & WILLIAMSON (1984)• DAVIDSON (1993)• “Balance Model” or “Valence Model”

• Relative Right Frontal Activation• NEGATIVE AFFECT• Relative Left Frontal Activation• POSITIVE AFFECT

• BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION MODEL (BIS/BAS)• GRAY• A NONHUMAN ANIMAL MODEL

• BAS & LEFT FRONTAL ACTIVATION• POSITIVE AFFECT• APPROACH• BIS & RIGHT FRONTAL ACTIVATION• NEGATIVE AFFECT• FEAR OR ANXIETY

• DOMINANCE-SUBMISSION MODEL• DEMAREE, EVERHART, YOUNGSTROM, &

HARRISON (2004)

• LEFT FRONTAL ACTIVATION:• DOMINANCE• RIGHT FRONTAL ACTIVATION:• SUBMISSION

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

• LESS CONTROVERSY:• Right Brain & Negative Emotion

• MORE CONTROVERSY:• Asymmetry For Positive Emotion

• Except for Heilman• Models Ignore Sensory or Posterior Brain

DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL NEURAL SYSTEMS THEORY

• SENSORY ANALYSIS =• POSTERIOR BRAIN• SENSORY PROJECTION AREAS

• INHIBITORY REGULATION & MOTOR EXPRESSION• THE FRONTAL LOBES• INHIBITORY REGULATION• INTENTION• MOTOR PROJECTION AREAS

Our Functional Systems Approach:Systematic Research & Replication

Functional Systems ApproachVision

VISION

• FACIAL AFFECT, T-SCOPE, RT• N = 52 (26 Men; 26 Women)• Harrison, Gorelczenko, & Cook, 1990

• Left VF Advantage • Asymmetry in Men Differs From Women

Ventral View of the Visual Projections

Ekman’s Emotional Faces

Harrison & Gorel, 1990

Reaction Time (log 10) By Visual Field

0.9750.98

0.9850.99

0.9951

1.0051.01

1.0151.02

MEN WOMEN

LVFRVF

Replication

• Harrison & Gorelczenko (1990)• Crews & Harrison (1994)• RT Faster at Left VF• SYMMETRY for positive faces• ASYMMETRY In Men Not = Women• Herridge, Harrison, Shenal, Mollet (2003)• ACCURACY Increased at Left VF

Crews & Harrison, 1994

Reaction Time (secs) By Visual Field

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

Left Right

HAPPYANGRY

VISUAL FIELD

Harrison & Gorel, 1990 (men & women)

Reaction Time (LOG10) By Visual Field

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Left Right

HAPPYANGRY

VISUAL FIELD

Harrison & Gorel, 1990 (men & women)

Reaction Time (LOG10) By Visual Field

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

MEN WOMEN

LVFRVF

Herridge, Harrison, Shenal, Mollet, 2004

Accuracy (# Correct) By Visual Field

02468

1012141618

HAPPY NEUTRAL ANGRY

LVFRVF

The Right Hemi-Aging Hypothesis

• McDowell, Harrison, Demaree, 1994 • 10 Faces Depicting 5 Affective Valences• 50 Item Photo Album (Ekman’s Faces)• Elderly & Younger Men & Women (N=60)• Results:• Accuracy of Happy Affect Faces = No Difference• Elderly Impaired on Accuracy of Each Negative

Affect Valence (Sad, Angry, & Fearful)

Correct Responses By Age and Affect Category McDowell, Harrison, Demaree, 1994

0123456789

10

Happy Neutral Sad Angry Fearful

YoungerElderly

MEAN # CORRECT

AFFECTIVE VALENCE

• Billings, Harrison, & Alden, 1993• Reduced Left Visual Field Bias Among

Elderly Women• Neutral Faces

Reported Affect (Bias) For Neutral Faces by Visual Field

Billings, Harrison, & Alden, 1993

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

Younger Elderly

LeftRight

REPORTED

AFFECT

Visual Hallucinations: A Clinical Study

• Walters, Harrison, Foster, Williamson, 2004

• Retrospective Review of Archival Data• 200 Patients on Rehabilitation Unit at a • Tertiary Care Medical Center• 30 Identified With Visual Formaesthesias• 16 Men & 14 Women

Walter,Harrison,Foster,Williamson,2004

Visual Formaesthesias: Affective Valence by Visual Field

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Left Right

PositiveNegative

VISUAL FIELD

PERCENT

Mollet, Walters, & Harrison, 2004

Multimodal Paraesthesia Thalamic Syndrome

• “Eye Drillers”, look a hole through you, no noises, they don’t like you, wear black religious clothing

• “Hee Haw Boys”• too happy, talk too much,

colorful Hawaiian shirts

Left Visual Field Right Visual Field

HOSTILITY & VISION

• Harrison & Gorelczenko, 1990 (243 Ss=13)

• High Hostile Men; Low Hostile Men• High Hostile Women; Low Hostile Women

• NO STRESS CHALLENGE!• HOSTILE = NEGATIVE BIAS AT LVF

NEGATIVE AFFECT BIASNEUTRAL FACES IDENTIFIED AS “ANGRY”

1.64

1.66

1.68

1.7

1.72

1.74

1.76

1.78

1.8

HI-HOST LO-HOST

LVFRVF

Harrison & Gorel, 1990

• EMOTIONAL FACE RECOGNITION• Herridge, Harrison, Mollet, & Shenal, 2004

• High Hostile Men; Low Hostile Men

• HOSTILE = Less Accurate at LVF• COLD PRESSOR: Affects Accuracy• LOW HOSTILE:Less Accurate Post CP

Herridge, Harrison, Mollet,&Shenal, 2004

EMOTIONAL FACE RECOGNITION

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

LO-HOST HI-HOST

LVFRVF

#CORRECT

Herridge, Harrison, Mollet,&Shenal,2004

Emotional Face Recognition Pre & Post Cold Pressor

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

LH: Base HH: Base LH: CP HH: CP

LVFRVF

#CORRECT

Functional Systems ApproachAudition

AUDITION

• DICHOTIC WORDS• Snyder, Harrison, & Gorman, 1996

• N=45 men• tower, dower, power, bower• neutral, angry, happy, sad• REA WORDS > REA AFFECT• LEA AFFECT > LEA WORDS

Snyder,Harrison,Gorman,1996

Total Correct By Ear

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

LEFT RIGHT

WORDAFFECT

EAR

#CORRECT

Replication• LEA EMOTIONAL SOUNDS• Emerson, Everhart, Williamson & Harrison, 1999

(children)

• REA WORD SOUNDS• Emerson, Everhart, Williamson & Harrison, 1999 (children)• Alden, Harrison,Snyder,&Everhart, 1997 (elderly)• Demaree & Harrison, 1997 (adults)• Hagopian & Harrison, unpublished (children)

Emerson, Everhart, Williamson & Harrison, 1999

Percent Correct By Ear

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

LEFT RIGHT

WORDAFFECT

%

CORRECT

EAR

Emerson,Everhart,Williamson & Harrison, 1999

Ear Advantage For Emotional Valence Dichotic Listening

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

SAD ANGRY HAPPY NEUTRAL

Left EarRight Ear

%

CORRECT

VALENCE

• Asymmetry in Men Differs From Women• Higgins & Harrison, unpublished

Higgins & Harrison, unpublished

Sex DifferencesLaterality For Speech Sounds

POC

SCORE

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Men Women

Sex

Sex Differences In Frontal Lobe LateralityFocused Listening to Left or Right Ear

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

Left Ear Right Ear

MenWomen

SYSTOLIC

BP SIDE OF FOCUS

The Right Hemi-Aging Hypothesis

• Alden, Harrison, Snyder, & Everhart, 1997 • Age Differences in Intention to Right & to Left Hemispace• Dichotic Listening• Elderly & Younger Women (N=54)• Results:• Right Ear Advantage for CV Sounds• No Difference • Elderly Impaired • on Directing Intention to the Left Ear

CVs Identified at the Left and Right Ear by Age & Focus

Alden, Harrison, Snyder, & Everhart, 1997

02468

1012141618

Left No Focus Right

Older LOlder RYounger LYounger R

TOTAL DETECTED

FOCUS

HOSTILITY & AUDITION

• COLD PRESSOR STRESS• DICHOTIC LISTENING• CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURES• Demaree & Harrison, 1997b

High Hostile vs. Low Hostile

• HIGH HOSTILE: Cardiac Reactivity (HR)• Enhanced LEA• RIGHT Cerebral Activation to Stress

• LOW HOSTILE: Cardiac Stability (HR)• Enhanced REA• LEFT Cerebral Activation to Stress

Demaree & Harrison, 1997B

Heart Rate Pre & Post Stress Conditions

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

Pre-Stress PostStress

Lo-HostileHi-Hostile

HEART

RATE

Demaree & Harrison, 1997B

Number of Left Ear StimuliBy Stress Condition

10

10.2

10.4

10.6

10.8

11

11.2

11.4

11.6

PreStress PostStress

LoHostileHiHostile

#IDENTIFIED

Functional Systems ApproachVestibular

VESTIBULAR

• RESEARCH (bug Joe--in progress)

• Vection Induced Motion (rotating chair)• Activation of Right Temporal• Sensation of Spinning to the Left• Activation of Left Temporal• Sensation of Spinning to the Right

A Pilot ProjectWhy Do People Barf?

K. C. Harrison

The Mad Scientist

Pilot Project

• Spinning to Right 30 Rotations• Increased Activation of the Right Brain• Decreased Activation of the Left Brain• Dizziness = Leftward Vection• Temperature spike • Nausea and Balance Problems• Large Leftward Eye Movements

After Spinning 30 TimesThe Brain is Out of Balance

“I Am Sick”

Delta BetaTheta

Decreased Activation Left Brain Increased Activation Right Brain

Left & Right Frontal LobeDelta Magnitude

0123456789

Normal Sick Normal Sick

F1vsF2F3vsF4F7vsF8

Left Frontal Lobe Right Frontal Lobe

MicroVol ts

Left & Right BrainTemporal Parietal & Occipital Lobe (PTO)

Beta Magnitude

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Normal Sick Normal Sick

T3vsT4T5vsT6P3vsP4C3vsC4O1vsO2

Left Brain (PTO) Right Brain (PTO)

MicroVol ts

PTSD Left Vection with Anger & Fear:A Clinical Study With Quantitative EEG

• Rhodes & Harrison, unpublished• Profuse Sweating & Rapid Heart Rate• Fearful Facial Configuration• Abdominal Contractions• Bodily Tremor• Self Reported--Loss of Control• Leftward Vection

Rhodes & Harrison, unpublished

DELTA Magnitude Left & Right Frontal Lobe

02468

1012141618

Baseline Anger

F7-LeftF8-Right

CONDITION

uV

Rhodes & Harrison, unpublished

BETA Magnitude Left & Right Temporal Lobe

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Baseline Anger

T3-LeftT4-Right

CONDITION

uV

Functional Systems ApproachSomatosensory

SOMATOSENSORY

• FACIAL CONFIGURATION• Herridge, Harrison, & Demaree, 1997• N = 26 men

• “ANGER”=Increase Conductance at LEFT• “HAPPY”=Increase Conductance at RIGHT• “NEUTRAL”= NO DIFFERENCE

DUCHENNE 1862

Ekman et al., 1990

Herridge, Harrison, Demaree, 1997

Facial Muscle Contractions Alter Skin Conductance (umhos)

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

HAPPY ANGRY NEUTRAL

L-HANDR-HAND

umho

Muscles Contracted

Replication: A Clinical Study

• PATHOLOGICAL POSITIVE AFFECT• “GELASTIC LABILITY”• Demakis, Herridge, & Harrison, 1994

• Multiple Baseline Reversal Design• Three Replications• Skin Conductance (Umhos)

Demakis,Herridge,Harrison,1994

Gelastic Lability (Percent Change)Asymmetry in Skin Conductance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

NEUTRAL HAPPY

L-HANDR-HAND

B E H A V I O R

% CHANGE

HOSTILITY & SOMATOSENSORY

• FACIAL AFFECT CONFIGURATION• REPETITIVE TESTING (BLOCK 1 & 2)• SKIN CONDUCTANCE (Umhos)• Herridge, Harrison, & Demaree, 1997

High Hostile vs. Low Hostile

• HIGH HOSTILE:• Enhanced Sympathetic Tone• Slow Habituation at LEFT Hand• LOW HOSTILE:• Diminished Sympathetic Tone• Slow Habituation at RIGHT Hand

Herridge,Harrison,Demaree, 1997

Skin Conductance Habituation

1616.5

1717.5

1818.5

1919.5

2020.5

2121.5

Left Right Left Right

Block 1Block 2

Umhos

Low Hostile High Hostile

Hostility & Temperature

• A thesis for someone.• Note: temperature dysaesthesia• Lesion = “Cold” and Cold to the Touch• Investigate Role of Somaesthesis in

Cardiovascular Dynamics (at corresponding body locations---homunculus)

Functional Systems ApproachMotor Strength

MOTOR

RIGHT HAND ADVANTAGE-STRENGTH DEPRESSION Crews, Harrison, & Rhodes, 1999 (women) Emerson, Harrison, & Everhart, 2000 (boys) ANXIETY Everhart, Harrison, Shenal, Williamson,Wuensch, 2002(men) HOSTILITY Demaree, Harrison, & Higgins, 2000 (men)

SEX DIFFERENCES Higgins & Harrison (unpublished) Motor Asymmetry in Men Differs From Women

Grip Strength

05

101520253035404550

Left Right

MenWomen

GRIPKg

H A N D

The Right Hemi-Aging Hypothesis

• Shapiro, Harrison, Crews, & Everhart, 1996 • Right Handed Ss (Coren, Porac, & Duncan)• Elderly & Younger Women (N=26)• Dynomometer Grip Strength• Context: Dim & Bright Light• Results:• Asymmetry = Significant in Bright Light• Asymmetry = No Difference in Dim Light• Elderly Left Hand Weaker in Bright Light• Note: Only Partial Data Reported. Needs Replication

Grip Strength as a Function of Context Shapiro, Harrison, Crews, & Everhart, 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

Younger Elderly

LeftRightLeftRight

DIM BRIGHT DIM BRIGHT

KI LLOGRAMS

HOSTILITY & MOTOR

• HAND GRIP STRENGTH• Demaree, Harrison, Higgins, 2002

• HIGH HOSTILE:• FLEXOR STRONGER AT LEFT• LOW HOSTILE:• FLEXOR STRONGER AT RIGHT

Demaree,Harrison,Higgins,2002

Hostility & Grip Strength

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

Left Hand Right Hand

Hi-HostLo-Host

GRIP

kG

REPLICATIONS

• Emerson,Harrison,Everhart,Williamson,2000• Anxious Depressed School-Aged Boys• Stronger at Left Hand, Weaker at Right Hand

• Crews, Harrison, Rhodes, & Demaree, 1995• “Anxious-Depressed Women”• Stronger at Left Hand, Weaker at Right Hand

Facial Motor Tone

• Left Frontal Right Frontal• Right Hemiface Left Hemiface

Facial Motor Tone:Electromyogram

• Hypothesis: Facial Asymmetry• Predict• Increased Left Facial Tone in Hostiles• Less Asymmetry in Women• could be a thesis for you

• Sympathetic -- Left Hemifacial Tone• Parasympathetic -- Right Hemifacial Tone

Hostility & Facial Motor Tone

• FACIAL INTENSITY & AFFECT• Rhodes & Harrison, pending

• Predict• Heightened Left Hemifacial Tone• Increased Left Hemifacial Reactivity• Relationship Between• Left Hemiface and Cardiac Reactivity

Facial Motor Tone as a Function of Stress (Rhodes & Harrison, 2004)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Base CP Recov Base CP Recov

LoHostileHiHostile

Left Masseter Right Masseter

M I CROVOL TS

Systolic Blood Pressure as a Function of Stress (Rhodes & Harrison, 2004)

110

115

120

125

130

135

Baseline ColdPress Recovery

LoHostileHiHostile

SYSTOL I C

BP

mmHg

CONDITION

PREMOTOR

• RAPID ALTERNATING MOVEMENTS• Harrison, 1991

• Dual Concurrent Motor Tasks• Reading Aloud• Tapping• Right or Left Hand• Right or Left Elbow

Harrison, 1991

Rapid Alternating Movements

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Hand Elbow

LeftRight

%CHANGE

Tapping Location

Planned Research

• RAM• Predict• Reduced Asymmetry in Women• Concurrent Emotional Task• Increased Dual Task Capacity in Women

Functional Systems ApproachFrontal Eye Fields

Research Underway

• Frontal Eye Fields • Mollet, Walters, & Harrison (pending)

• Lateral Eye Movements• Hypothesis:• Leftward Increased Sympathetic Tone• RightwardIncreased Parasympathetic Tone

Functional Systems ApproachPremotor Region

• Left Frontal Right Frontal Verbal Fluency Design FluencyVerbal Fluency Design Fluency

Pet Scan During Noun/Verb Processing (From Carlson, 2002)

Speech Fluency A Clinical Study of Stuttering

• Foster & Harrison, (submitted)

• Patient• Developmental Nonfluent Aphasia• NONFLUENT “STUTTERING” • A CASE STUDY WITH QEEG

Foster & Harrison, 2004

LeftLeft Frontal Delta 2 Magnitude Quiet vs. Speech

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

F3F7

M I C R O V O L T

QUIET SPEECH

Foster & Harrison, 2004

Left & RightLeft & Right Frontal Delta 2 Magnitude Quiet vs. Speech

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

F3 vs F4 F7 vs F8 F3 vs F4 F7 vs F8

LeftRight

M I C R O V O L T

QUIET SPEECH

Design FluencyDesign FluencyRight Frontal

• Foster, Williamson, & Harrison, 2004• Normal College Students (N = 45)• Ruff Figural Fluency TestRuff Figural Fluency Test• Hi Fluency (N = 15)• Lo Fluency (N = 15)• QEEG Right Frontal Delta MagnitudeQEEG Right Frontal Delta Magnitude• Results• Lo Fluency = Increased Right Frontal DeltaLo Fluency = Increased Right Frontal Delta

Foster Graphs

• SCAN

Hostility & FluencyVerbal Fluency vs. Design FluencyVerbal Fluency vs. Design Fluency

• Williamson & Harrison, (2000; 2004)

• HIGH HOSTILE:• Design Fluency----Increased Systole• Verbal Fluency----Decreased Systole• VERBAL FLUENCY:• Increased Systole in LOW HOSTILES• Decreased Systole in HIGH HOSTILES

Williamson & Harrison, 2003

Systolic Blood PressurePre & Post Stress Conditions

113114115116117118119120121122

Baseline Stress Baseline Stress

VerbalDesign

High Hostile Low Hostile

mm

Hg

Perseverative ErrorsPerseverative ErrorsVerbal Fluency vs. Design Fluency

• High Hostile Men• More Perseverative Errors in Design FluencyDesign Fluency

• High Hostile Men• More Perseverative Errors Overall (Main Effect)

PERSEVERATIVE ERRORS

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Lo-Hostile Hi-Hostile

Verbal Nonverb

M E A N

E R R O R

GROUP

Planned Research

• OBESITY & HEALTHOBESITY & HEALTH• Left & Right Frontal• Regulation of the Gut• Design Fluency• Verbal Fluency• Should interfere with GI• DigestionDigestion• Should Interfere With Verbal Fluency In MenShould Interfere With Verbal Fluency In Men

Hostility & Self Awareness

• Demaree & Harrison, 1997a

• Neuropsychology Review• Less Aware of Role of Self in AngerLess Aware of Role of Self in Anger• Conclude Others Responsible

• Demaree & Harrison, (pending)

• HIGH HOSTILE-Less Accurate Group ID

Demaree & Harrison, 1997DDemaree & Harrison, 1997D

Accuracy of Group IdentificationAccuracy of Group Identification

0102030405060708090

Lo-Hostile Hi-Hostile

%accuracy

Hostility & Self Awareness

• Emerson & Harrison, 1990 • 45 WomenWomen• Stroop Stressor• Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale• State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory• Low Anger--------Low Denial• High Anger--------Low Denial• Low Anger--------High Denial

High Hostile vs. Low Hostile

• GROUPS• LOW ANGER--HIGH DENIAL• Highest Reactivity• HIGH ANGER--LOW DENIAL• High Reactivity• LOW ANGER--LOW DENIAL• Stability

Emerson & Harrison, 1990Emerson & Harrison, 1990

Blood PressureBlood PressurePre & Post StressPre & Post Stress

0123456789

10

Lo/Lo Hi/Lo Lo/Hi

%CHANGE

GROUP

Learning--Visual

• EKMAN’S AFFECTIVE FACES• Harrison, Gorel, & Cook• RAPID PROCESSING OF HAPPY FACES• SLOW PROCESSING OF ANGRY FACES

LEARNING—VisualHappy vs. Angry Faces

LEARNING--Audition• THE AAVLT• AUDITORY AFFECT VERBAL LEARNING TESTAUDITORY AFFECT VERBAL LEARNING TEST• Snyder & Harrison, 1997• Shenal & Harrison, 2003• Mollet & Harrison, (Submitted)• See Also: Everhart, Demaree, & Harrison, 2004See Also: Everhart, Demaree, & Harrison, 2004• Book Chapter in Book Chapter in Psychology of MoodsPsychology of Moods• POSITIVE WORD LIST• NEGATIVE WORD LIST• NEUTRAL WORD LIST

Sample Words Rated for Familiarity & Affect Intensity

POSITIVE NEGATIVE NEUTRAL

Smile Murder Drum

Joy Kill Curtain

Happy Cruel Bell

Cheerful Hate House

Familiarity & Pleasantness Ratings:Toglia & Battig (1978)

Emotional Learning & Blood Pressure

• Snyder, Harrison, Shenal, 1997

• POSITIVE: Decreased Blood Pressure• NEGATIVE: Increased Blood Pressure• NEUTRAL: No Change

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

8889909192939495969798

Positive Negative Neutral

BeforeAfter

M

A

P

mmHg

Snyder, Harrison, Shenal, 1997 GROUP

REPLICATION

• Shenal & Harrison, 2003• NEGATIVE LIST: Increased Blood Pressure

• EXTENSION• NEUTRAL SPEECH SOUNDS• LOWERS B.P.• SEX DIFFERENCES• Higgins & Harrison, (unpublished)

Emotion & Verbal Learning

• DOES HOSTILITY AFFECT VERBAL LIST LEARNING?

• Mollet’s Thesis• THE AAVLT• NEUTRAL• POSITIVE• NEGATIVE

Gradual Learning Curve

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Wor

ds

Trial

FirstSecondThirdFourthFifth

F(4,176) = 395.46, p < .0001

Post hoc Comparisons: Trial 1: M= 2.20, SD = 1.19, Trial 2: M= 3.16, SD = 1.21, Trial 3: M = 3.71, SD = 1.13Trail 4: M = 4.02, SD = 1.00, Trial 5: M = 4.25, SD = .94

Primacy & Recency Effects

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

4

Wor

ds

Location

BegMidEnd

F(2,88) = 77.44, p < .0001) Post hoc Comparisons: Beginning: M = 3.95, SD = 1.08 Middle: M = 2.98, SD = 1.47 End: M = 3.48, SD = 1.18

Better Recall of Negative List

3.2

3.25

3.3

3.35

3.4

3.45

3.5

3.55

3.6

Wor

ds

List

NeutralPositiveNegative

(F(2,88) = 5.90, p < .004) Post hoc Comparisons: Negative: M = 3.58, SD = 1.38 Positive: M = 3.36, SD = 1.26Neutral: M = 3.47, SD = 1.29

Primacy Effect for Negative List

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Wor

ds

Beginning Middle EndLocation

NeutralPositiveNegative

F (4,176) = 13.79, p < .0001

High Hostiles Slow Verbal Learners of Neutral & Positive Words

Trial Low Hostile

Trial High Hostile

F (8,352) = 2.47, p < .02)

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Wor

ds

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

NeuPosNeg

Hi Hostiles Recall Negative Words Best

3.053.1

3.153.2

3.253.3

3.353.4

3.453.5

3.55W

ords

ListHIGH HOSTILE

NeutralPositiveNegative

F(2,44) = 5.55, p < .01

Negative: M = 3.57, SD = 1.37 Positive: M = 3.28, SD =1.21 Neutral: M = 3.39, SD = 1.29

Emotion Intensity & QEEG

• DOES EMOTION INTENSITY VARY WITH CORTICAL ACTIVATION –EEG?

• Foster &Harrison, 2002

Emotional MemorySubjective Anger Intensity & QEEG Beta Magnitude

Low Beta High Beta Low Beta High Beta

MEN WOMENIntensity of Emotion Correlates With Cerebral Activation

Foster & Harrison, 2002

Age of Emotional Memory & QEEG

• Foster & Harrison, 2003

• INSERT GRAPHS

Cardiovascular Response & QEEG

CORTICAL ACTIVATION (EEG)CORRELATES WITH

CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSEFoster & Harrison, 2004

Alpha & Beta Magnitude Correlate With Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Especially Frontal and Temporal Sites

• Scan Foster Graphs here• See my desk for copy

Demaree, Harrison, & Rhodes (2000)

• We used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG)– Measures brain activation in MicroVolts

Hostility & Quantitative EEG

• COLD PRESSOR STRESS• CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURES• QUANTITATIVE EEG• Left Frontal………….….....……F7• Left Temporal…………...…...…T3• Right Frontal……………..……..F8• Right Temporal………......……..T4

Demaree & Harrison, 1997C

Heart Rate Pre & Post Stress Condition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PreStress PostStress

LoHostileHiHostile

HEART

RATE

CONDITION

Demaree & Harrison, 1997C

Systolic Blood PressurePre & Post Stress

118

120

122

124

126

128

130

132

134

PreStress PostStress

Lo-HostileHi-Hostile

mm

Hg

CONDITION

Demaree & Harrison, 1997C

QEEG Beta Magnitude By Electrode Site

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

Lo-Hostile Hi-Hostile

F7T3F8T4

BETA

MAGNITUDE

*

A PROPOSED SYSTEM

• RIGHT ORBITOFRONTAL-• Deactivate-Hostility• Activate-Decreased Hostility• (Butters, 1970)• RIGHT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL-• Activate-Hostility (Ursin, 1960)• Deactivate-Placid ( Woods, 1956)

PROPOSED ROLE IN AUTONOMIC REGULATION

• RIGHT FRONTAL INHIBITION• OVER LEFT VENTRICULAR REFLEX • (Harrison, unpublished) • & RIGHT TEMPORAL REGION• ACTIVATE-Sympathetic Arousal• (Gatchel & Barnes, 1989; Heilman-1993)• DEACTIVATE-Sympathetic Hypoarousal & • Bland Affect (Heilman-, 1970)• LEFT TEMPORAL-OPPOSITION

PROPOSED MECHANISMS

• Kinsbourne on Functional Cerebral Space• Dual Task Interference for Shared Space• HOSTILE: Sympathetic Tone• Dual Task :• Primary Task = Anger• Secondary Task = Sympathetic Tone• Stress Yields Sympathetic Disregulation

• NONHOSTILE: Parasympathetic Tone• Dual Task:• Primary Task = Positive Affect• Secondary Task = Parasympathetic Tone

EXTRA SLIDES

EXTRA SLIDES

Smith (1994) On Hostility

• “…hostility connotes a devaluation of the worth and motives of others, an expectation that others are likely sources of wrong doing, a relational view of being in opposition toward others, and a desire to inflict harm or see others harmed” (p.26).

A PROPOSED SYSTEM

• RIGHT ORBITOFRONTAL-• DEACTIVATE- Increased Hostility• ACTIVATE- Decreased Hostility• • RIGHT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL-• ACTIVATE- Hostile (Ursin, 1960)

• DEACTIVATE- Placid (Woods, 1956)

PROPOSAL FOR AUTONOMIC REGULATION

• RIGHT TEMPORAL REGION• ACTIVATE- Sympathetic Arousal• (Gatchel & Barnes, 1989; Heilman-1993)• DEACTIVATE- Sympathetic Hypoarousal & • Bland Affect (Heilman-, 1970)• LEFT TEMPORAL REGION• ACTIVATE- Parasympathetic Arousal• (Wittling, 2000)

The QuigmansRoanoke Times, 2002

Functional Systems ApproachVision

Functional Systems ApproachAudition

Functional Systems ApproachVestibular

Vestibular

• Park & Harrison (in progress)• Induced Vection (spinning drum)• Activation of Right Temporal• Sensation of Spinning to the Left• Activation of Left Temporal• Sensation of Spinning to the Right

Functional Systems ApproachSomatosensory

Functional Systems ApproachMotor Strength

Emerson,Harrison,Everhart,Williamson,2000

Depressed Boys & Grip Strength

16

16.5

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

Left Hand Right Hand

DepressedNon-Depr

GRI

P

kG

Depressed Women & Left Hand Grip Strength

1414.5

1515.5

1616.5

1717.5

1818.5

1 2 3 4

A-DNA-ND

T R I A L

GR

I

P

kG

Functional Systems ApproachFacial Motor Tone

• Left Frontal Right Frontal• Right Hemiface Left Hemiface

Functional Systems ApproachFrontal Eye Fields

Hostility & The Frontal Eye Fields

• Beck & Harrison (in progress)• Leftward Eye Movements• Rightward Eye Movements• Hypotheses• Blood Pressure• Behavior

Hostility & LearningPositive vs. Negative Emotion

• Mollet & Harrison, 2004

List (Cold Pressor Group)

3.23.253.3

3.353.4

3.453.5

3.553.6

3.65W

ords

List

NeutralPositiveNegative

Cold PressorF(2,44) = 5.52, p < .01 Negative: M = 3.68, SD = 1.34 Neutral: M = 3.45, SD = 1.30 Positive: M = 3.40, SD = 1.31

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN ASYMMETRY

• THE “ALIEN-ARM SYNDROME”• LEFT BRAIN-• LINGUISTIC & LOGICAL ANALYSIS• RIGHT BRAIN-• EMOTION & NEGATIVE EMOTION• SPATIAL ANALYSIS•

CLINICAL EXAMPLES

• AUDITORY AFFECT RECOGNITION• “I just won a million dollars”• “My mom just died”• CONSTRUCTIONAL DRAWING• “Draw a clock”• “Draw a picture of a clock”

“Draw a Clock”“Draw a Picture of a Clock”

Ley and Brydon (1979)

• Found significant LVF (right cerebrum) bias for emotional valence recognition

• Subjects were quicker and more accurate in determining facial valence when presented to LVF

Strauss and Moscovitch (1981)

• Tachistoscopically presented 2 emotional faces to either LVF or RVF (40 men and 40 women)– Subjects were significantly better at

determining whether faces were of the same or different affect when presented to LVF

– Also quicker and more accurate in determining the facial valence within the LVF

Ley and Brydon (1979)

• Found significant LVF (right cerebrum) bias for emotional valence recognition

• Subjects were quicker and more accurate in determining facial valence when presented to LVF

Demakis,Herridge,Harrison, 1994

TOTAL TIME LAUGHING OR SMILING

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

BASE-1 NEUTRAL BASE-2 SAD

REP. 1REP. 2REP. 3

Foster & Harrison

Delta 2 Magnitude During Quiet in Nonfluent Dysphasia

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

F3 vs F4 F7 vs F8 T3 vs T4 T5 vs T6 P3 vs P4

Left BrainRightBrain

M I C R O V O L T

ELECTRODE LOCATION

Foster & Harrison

Delta 2 Magnitude During Speech in Nonfluent Dysphasia

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

F3 vs F4 F7 vs F8 T3 vs T4 T5 vs T6 P3 vs P4

Left BrainRightBrain

M I C R O V O L T

ELECTRODE LOCATION

Depressed Women & Grip Fatigue

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Lo-Depr. Hi-Depr.

Left HandRightHand

Kg.