THE VIOLENCE RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC.

27 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE AND FUTURE INITIATIVES

12 MAR, 2012

FOUNDING DIRECTORS--1985:

Everett L. “red” Hodges (Chairman)

Stanley van den Noort, M.D. Phillip Lee, M.D., Ph.D.Professor of Neurology and Dean, College of Medicine Professor of Human BiologyUniversity of California, Irvine College of Medicine

Stanford UniversityLouis S. Gottschalk, M.D., Ph.D.Professor and Chair, Department of Psychiatry James Q. Wilson, Ph.D.University of California, Irvine Professor of Management and Public

PolicyUniversity of California, Los Angeles

John Donaldson, Ph.D.Professor of Neurotoxicology Francis M. Crinella, Ph.D.McGill University, Montreal Professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry,

and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

Roger D. Masters, Ph.D. University of California, IrvineNelson A. Rockefeller Professor of GovernmentDartmouth University Hon. James P. Gray

Judge of the Superior CourtHoward G. Tucker County of Orange, California Professor of MathematicsUniversity of California, Irvine Hon. Robert Presley

California State Senator

THE HODGES VIEW--1984

•VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH HAD REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS

•CONVENTIONAL, I.E., SOCIAL-EDUCATIONAL, APPROACHES WERE LARGELY INEFFECTIVE IN STEMMING THE TIDE

•ALTHOUGH THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF VIOLENCE HAD BEEN KNOWN FOR DECADES, PUBLIC POLICY SEEMED CURIOUSLY UNAFFECTED

THE MISSION:

TO SUPPORT RESEARCH PROVIDING IREFFUTABLE EVIDENCE THAT MAJOR CAUSAL FACTORS OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR ARE BIOLOGICAL, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON:

• EXPOSURE TO NEUROTOXINS

• NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

From: Raine, A., Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2002, 30, 311-346

THE PROBLEM:

VIOLENCE IS THE PRODUCT OF A COMPLEX SET OF GENETIC AND EXPERIENTIAL FACTORS

THE EARLY VRF STRATEGY:

“CHARGE IN ALL DIRECTIONS AT ONCE!”

 Schoenthaler, S. J. (1987) The northern California diet-behavior program. International Journal of Biosocial Research.

Gottschalk, L. A., Rebello, T., Buchsbaum, M. S., et al. (1991) Abnormalities in hair trace elements as indicators of aberrant behavior. Comprehensive Psychiatry .

Crinella FM, Cordova E, Ericson JE. (1997) Head hair levels of manganese in children with attention deficit disorder and aggression. Neurotoxicology.

Masters, R.D. , Hone, B.T., Doshi, A. (1998) Environmental pollution, neurotoxicity and criminal violence. Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments. London: Taylor and Francis.

Masters, R.D. (2001) . Biology and politics: Linking nature and nurture. Annual Review of Political Science.

Ericson, J. E., Rinderknecht, A, Kleinman, M.T., et al. (2001). Measurement of manganese with respect to calcium in enamel cross sections: Toward a tooth manganese biomarker. Environmental Research .  

Tran , T.T., Chowanadisai ,W., Crinella,F.M., et al. (2002). Effect of manganese supplementation of neonatal rats on tissue mineral accumulation, striatal dopamine levels, and neurodevelopmental status. Neurotoxicology,. Tran ,T.T., Crinella, F.M., Chicz-Demet ,A., et al. (2002). Effects of neonatal dietary (in manganese exposure on brain dopamine levels and neurocognitive functions. Neurotoxicology.

Crinella, F.M. (2003). Does soy formula cause ADHD? Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.

Crinella, F.M. (2004). Is there a relationship between elevated manganese levels and violent behavior? California Assembly Committee on Public Safety. Golub M.S., Hogrefe C.E., Germann S.L., et al. (2005) Neurobehavioral evaluation of rhesus monkey infants fed cow’s milk formula, soy formula, or soy formula with added manganese. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. Ericson , J.E, Crinella, F.M., Clark-Stewart, K.A., et al. (2006) Prenatal manganese levels linked to childhood behavioral disinhibition. Neurotoxicology and Teratology.

Golub M.S., Hogrefe C.E. Germann S.L., et al. (2006). Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkey. Neurotoxicology and Teratology.

Crinella, F.M. (2011). Does Soy Formula cause ADHD? II. Update and public policy considerations. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.

Tran, T.T., Crinella, F.M., Chicz-Demet , A., et al. (in press). Effects of neonatal dietary manganese and iron deficiency on exposure on brain dopamine levels and neurocognitive functions. Neurotoxicology . 

INADEQUATE NUTRITION

NEUROTOXO-LOGICALINFLUENCES

AMBIENT TOXINS

INGESTED TOXINS

CUSTOMIZED NUTRIENT APPROACH

MOTHERS’ AWARENESS INITIATIVE(deferred)

BIOLOGICALBASES OFVIOLENTBEHAVIOR

INDUSTRIAL-BASEDAIR POLUTION

MANGANESE IN SOY INFANT FORMULA

2011

“DOMESTICVIOLENCEREDUCTIONPROJECT”

GENERALIZEDMALNUTRITIONAPPROACH

STUDIES BY:•SCHOENTHALER•GESCH•ZAALBERG

IMPOSSIBILITY OFREPLICATION

LOSS OF PROFESSORERICSON

2012

“ADHD NUTRITIONALPROJECT”

THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VIOLENCE

SELECTIVE DYSFUNCTION OF CERTAIN NEUROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS HAVE LONG BEEN IMPLICATED IN VIOLENT BEHAVIOR, FOR EXAMPLE:

Individuals with histories of episodic violence appear to have dysfunction of the neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, or 5-HT)

Inappropriate aggression has been associated with:

(1) Low serum levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a 5-HT precursor

(2) low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 5-HIAA(3) low 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in whole brain homogenates, reflecting a low

rate of 5-HT turnover (4) intensity of prolactin response to 5-HT agonists (5) depletion of the 5-HT precursor, tryptophan

Pharmacologic treatments that enhance brain 5-HT levels have proven beneficial in patients with inappropriate aggression

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON 5-HT Stress or pain will increase corticosteroid levels, which will in turn activate enzymes that route the 5-HT precursor amino acid, tryptophan (Trp), away from 5-HT conversion Diet can also affect 5-HT production, both directly and indirectly. The amount of Trp that enters the brain, to be available for subsequent conversion to 5-HT, may be altered by dietary 5-HT content

• High protein foods, rich in competitor amino acids, may reduce 5-HT production, while a relatively high carbohydrate diet may raise brain 5-HT levels

• Xanthines, such as caffeine and theobromide (found in coffee, cocoa, and colas), activate enzymes that lower 5-HT production

• The production of 5-HT can be adversely affected by abnormal levels of trace metals

• Omega-3 fatty acids predict metabolites of 5-HT and dopamine (DA) in cerebrospinal fluid (Hibbeln et al., 1998)

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON 5-HT (CONT’D.)

In the Golub laboratory at the University of California, Davis, we have also shown that over-absorption of dietary manganese (Mn) not only affects brain 5-HT levels, but also results in aggressive and impulsive behavior of rhesus monkeys

DIET AND AGGRESSION

1. Manipulation of neurotransmitter/neuromodulator levels via diet and/or dietary supplementation

2. Nutrient/vitamin/mineral deficiencies, imbalances, or over-absorptions associated with lowered threshold for aggression:

• tryptophan (Bjork et al, 1999; 2000), • fatty acids (Corrigan et al, 1994; Stevens et al, 1995, 1996), • copper/zinc ratios (Walsh et al, 1997; )• cholesterol (Golomb et al, 2000),• docosahexaenoic acid (Hamazaki et al, 1996), • zinc(Moynahan, 1976), • lead (Needleman et al., 1996; Masters et al, 1998), • manganese (Golub et al., 2005) • sugar (Kruesi et al, 1987; Lien et al., 2006; Schoenthaler, 1982), Vitamin B-6 (Dakshinamurti

et al., 2000,• generalized vitamin-mineral deficiencies (Schoenthaler et al, 1997; Gesch et al., 2002).

3. However, subjects are more often than not the product of more generally disadvantageous environments

4. In such environments, malnutrition and/or toxic exposures are more common, and are likely to occur in conjunction with a host of socioeconomic and psychosocial stressors, for example:

• inadequate housing X lead exposure; poverty X malnutrition X stimulant abuse

• alcohol abuse X liver disease X over-absorption of manganese

“BOTH THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ALIMENT HAS AN INFLUENCE UPON MORALS”

“I HAVE OBSERVED THE EFFICACY OF A VEGETABLE DIET UPON THE PASSIONS.”

BENJAMIN RUSH

[PHYSICIAN,AND SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE] IN HIS INVITED ADDRESS TO THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (1786)

EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION ON RECIDIVISM IN MALE PROBATIONERS CONVICTED OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Francis M. Crinella, Ph.D.Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry & Human Behavior, and

Physical Medicine & RehabilitationUniversity of California, Irvine

and

Everett L. Hodges and Ron StewardViolence Research Foundation

San Clemente California

SCOPE OF PROBLEM

On average, more than three U.S. women per day are murdered by their husbands or boyfriends (USDOJ, 2008).

One in four U.S women will experience DV at some point in her life

5.5 million U.S. children live in families in which DV has occurred at least once in the past year

On a single day in 2008, 1,683 domestic violence hotline calls were answered, an average of 14 calls per minute (NNEVD, 2008).

2008 National Census of Domestic Violence Services (62% programs reporting)

•3,872 victims of DV were served (2,281 adults and 1,591 children)

• 1,142 victims served in shelters

• 870 in transitional housing •1,860 in non-residential settings

•1,081 DV hotline calls were answered

Laura Lund, California Department of Health Services: “Violence against Women in California, 1992-99.”

•620,000 women per year experienced violence or physical abuse by intimate partners

•916,000 children present in the households where DV occurred

•2,712 women per year hospitalized as result of DV

•563 women per year murdered, 34% by intimate partners

REPETITIVE NATURE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

• 36% of arrested DV offenders reoffend within 6 months• 48% of those not arrested reoffend• 3,147 victims reported >9,000 incidents since initial DV incident

BATTERER’S INTERVENTION PROGRAMS (BIPs) show similar recidivism rates (Gondolf ,1997)

• 32% of female partners reported at least one reassault during BIP treatment• 61% resulted in bruises or injuries• 12% required medical attention.

Meta analysis of 36 studies of BIPs (Babcock et al., 2004)

•DV offenders had a 40% chance of being successfully nonviolent without treatment•35% chance with BIP treatment•About 60% of DV offenders will recidivate, irrespective of intervention

BIP TREATMENT OUTCOMES IN CALIFORNIA

National Institute of Justice Review of California BIPs (MacLeod et al.,2009)

Sample: 1,000 men

Treatment: BIPs in five counties (Los Angeles, Riverside, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, and Solano)

Results:

1. No statistical association between program and offender’s likelihood of re-offense

2. Program completion (52 weeks) associated with small, positive changes in “soft measures” such as:

• Verbal promises to take greater personal responsibility

• Verbalizing the effect of abuse on others

GENERALIZED VITAMIN-MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION

Recent studies show that dietary changes in prison and other institutional populations may correct low blood concentrations of nutrients essential for proper brain function, thus reducing violence owing to malnutrition

Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Gesch, C.B., Hammond, S.M., Hampson, S.E., Eves, A., & Crowder, M.J. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2002, 181, 22-28

Effects of nutritional supplements on aggression, rule-breaking, and psychopathology among young adult prisoners. Zaalberg, A., Nujman, H., Bulten, E., Stroosma, L., & van der Staak, C. Aggressive Behavior, 2010, 36, 117-126)

Copyright © 2008 The Royal College of Psychiatrists

GESCH, C. B. et al. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181:22-28

Fig. 1 Trial profile.

PERCENT REDUCTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (from GESCH et al, 2002)

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ZAALBERG et al STUDY (2010)

Subjects: 221 prisoners, 18 to 25 years of age

Active nutrition treatment = 115Placebo treatment = 105

Treatment period: 1 to 3 months

Results: Reported incidents of aggressive/violent behavior were significantly reduced (p = .017)

PERCENT REDUCTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (from ZAALBERG et al, 2010)

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P = .017

LIMITATIONS OF PRISON-BASED STUDIES

1. Low base rates of aggression in prison settings

Reduced likelihood of offending because of prison structure and peer-based monitoring/coercion

Skewed statistical distributions in which only a few prisoners actually commit violent offenses increase likelihood of erroneous conclusions

2. Limited generalization of findings to non-prison community

3. With reference to DV, it is possible that those who are not aggressive/violent in prison settings might still be violent with intimate partners

METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF PROPOSED STUDY

SPECIFIC AIMS

1. Screening—ca. 1,000 male probationers upon entry to BIPSociodemographic informationMedical/psychiatric informationNutritional information

2. Obtain informed consent 600 individuals who have passed screening

3. Randomly assign subjects to either:a) active nutritional supplement group (n = 300) b) placebo group (n = 300)

commencing with the initiation of their first session of BIP, and continuing through program termination and/or completion

4. Gather information pertaining to all incidents of violent behavior, from: a) reviews of police/probation records

b) reviews of treatment program outcomes

5. Contrast outcomes for the active nutrient vs. placebo groups

Nutritional Intervention.

At the time of each BIP visit, the subject will be provided with a one-week supply of vitamin/mineral supplements, formulated by Hero Nutritionals, inc., of San Clemente, CA. The formulation will be similar to that employed by Gesch et al. (2002) and Zaalberg et al (2010)--essentially, 100% USDA RDA for vitamins/minerals, and a fatty acid supplement that will include omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids.

Placebo control subjects will receive vegetable oil-based placebo capsules, identical in appearance and taste.

Subjects will be instructed to take the vitamin-mineral (or placebo) capsule in the morning, at or around breakfast time, and the essential fatty acid capsule in the evening, at or around supper time.

Subjects will continue taking the supplements over the 52-week course of the BIP, or over the 18 months that are allowed, by law, for completion of the 52 BIP sessions, whichever occurs first.

Subjects will be offered the opportunity to participate in a one-year “open label” study following their participation in the placebo-controlled study.

  POTENCYNutrient Form Proposed

studyZaalberg et al. [174]Gesch et al. [175] Recommended US DRIs

Vitamin A ug Retinol Acetate 750 750 750 900Vitamin B1 mg Thiamine 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Vitamin B2 mg Riboflavine 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3Vitamin B3 mg Nicotinamide 18 18 18 16Vitamin B5 mg Calciumpanothenate 4 4 4 5

Vitamin B6 mg Pyrodoxal-5-phosphate 2 2 2 1.3

Vitamin B11 ug Folic Acid 400 400 400 400Vitamin B12 ug Cyanocobalamine 3 3 3 2.4Biotin ug   100 100 100 30Vitamin C mg Ascorbic acid 60 60 60 90Vitamin D3 ug Cholocalciferol 5 5 10 5Vitamin E mg D-alfa-tocoferyl acetate 10 10 10 15

Calcium mg Tricalcium phosphate 100 100 100 1,000

Magnesium mg Magnesium citrate 100 100 30 400Phosphorus mg Tricalcium phosphate 100 52 77 700

Zinc mg Zinc citrate 15 15 15 11Iron mg Ferro fumerate 12 12 12 8Manganese mg Manganese gluconate 3 3 3 2.3

Copper mg Copper gluconate 2 2 2 0.9Potassium mg Potassium chloride 4 4 4  Iodine ug Potassium iodide 100 140 140 150Selenium ug Sodium selinite 50 50 50 55Chromium ug Chromium chloride 200 200 200 35Molybdenum ug Sodium molybdate 250 250 250 45Docosahexanoenic acid mg

  200 400 44 --

Eicosapentainoic acid mg

  400 400 80 --

Gamma-linolenic acid mg

  100 100 160 --

Linoleic acid   -- -- 1,260 --

         US Daily recommended intake

Outcome measures

Subjects will be followed for 36 months, up to 18 of which they will be receiving either active supplement or placebos

The following outcome measures will be used to determine effectiveness of the experimental intervention:

1. Record of BIP program compliance, including time to drop out and time to completion of program

2. Repeat DV offenses

SURVIVAL FUNCTION--TIME TO RE-OFFENSE

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Behavioral Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Children with ADHD

 Francis M. Crinella, Ph.D.

Sabrina E.B. Schuck, Ph.D.Natasha Schneider, Ph.D.Andrew Schneider, D.O.

Melody Yi, Ph.D.Angela Liang, M.A.

Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine

and

Everett L. Hodges and Ron StewardViolence Research Foundation, Inc.

 

ADHD IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD

•ACCOUNTS FOR AS MANY VISITS TO PEDIATRICIANS AS UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

•CHARACTERIZED BY A PERSISTENT PATTERN OF OVERACTIVITY, INATTENTION, AND IMPULSIVITY

•WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE IS ESTIMATED AT 5% ±3%

•RELATED TO DYSFUNCTION IN THE BRAIN’S DOPAMINE NETWORKS

STIMULANTS (E.G., RITALIN; DEXEDRINE), WHICH ARE DOPAMINE AGONISTS, ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE KNOWN TREATMENT FOR ADHD--

BUT:

1.STIMULANTS HAVE NOT BEEN UNIFORMLY EFFECTIVE IN MODIFYING ADHD SYMPTOMS, WITH ESTIMATES OF NON-RESPONDERS RANGING FROM 25 TO 35%

2.STIMULANT DRUGS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR EFFICACY IN TREATING ADHD SYMPTOMS, ARE NOT WITHOUT SIDE EFFECTS, SUCH AS ANOREXIA, INSOMNIA, AND REDUCED GROWTH RATE

3.EVEN IF STIMULANTS WERE 100% EFFECTIVE, WITH NO SIDE EFFECTS, SOME FAMILIES REMAIN UNALTERABLY OPPOSED TO TREATING THEIR CHILD WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

AT THE TME OF FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UCI CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER, 60% OF FAMILIES WILL HAVE TRIED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES (CAMs), INCLUDING:

•COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

•NEUROFEEDBACK • AEROBIC EXERCISES

•HERBAL REMEDIES

•ELIMINATION DIETES (THE MOST COMMON BEING REFIEND SUGAR, AT 31%)

•DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids; alone or in various combinations)

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION:

“THE CORRECTION OF INNATE OR ACQUARED CHEMICAL IMBALANCES USING AMINO ACIDS, VITAMINS, MINERALS AND OTHER BIOCHEMICALS THAT ARE NATURALLY PRESENT IN THE BODY.”

WILLIAM WALSH

EVIDENCE THAT SUCH IMBALANCES MAY BE PRESENT IN U.S. CHILDREN:

MUNOZ ET AL. (1997) SURVEY OF 3307 U.S. CHILDREN

• ONLY 1% MET ALL USDA RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCES FOR NUTRIENT INTAKE• 30% FAILED TO MEET THE MINIMUM RDA FOR FRUITS, GRAIN, MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. • 36 % FAILED TO MEET THE MINIUM RDA FOR VEGETABLES.

GLEASON AND SUITOR (2002) SURVEY OF 2,692 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS FOUND THAT THE MAJORITY OF CHILDREN FAILED TO MEET THE MINIMUM RDA FOR:

VITAMINS A, C, E, AND B6

FOLATE, MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM

Guenther (2006) 24-HOUR RECALL FROM EACH OF 8,070 RESPONDENTS

THE PROPORTIONS OF SEX-AGE GROUPS MEETING USDA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES RANGED FROM 0.7%, FOR BOYS AGED 14 TO 18, UP TO 48%, FOR CHILDREN AGED 2 TO 3 YEARS

HENCE, IT IS REASOMABLE TO ASSUME THAT CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH VARIOUS BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS WILL ALSO HAVE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES BECAUSE A LARGE PROPORTION OF ALL U.S. YOUNG PEOPLE WILL, ON THE AVERAGE, TEND TO HAVE SUCH DEFICIENCIES

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFAs) AND BEHAVIOR DEFICITS

1. JOHNSON ET AL (1999)

75 SWEDISH CHILDREN, AGES 8 TO 18, ALL WITH ADHD, WERE TREATED WITH PUFAS OR PLACEBO

RESULTS

A SUBGROUP OF 34 PUFA-TREATED CHILDREN SHOWED 25% OR MORE IMPROVEMENT IN ADHD SYMPTOMS

AFTER 6 MONTHS, 28 OF 59 SUBJECTS WERE CONSIDERED TO BE POSITIVE RESPONDERS, BASED ON SYMPTOM RATING SCALE SCORES

2. VAISMAN ET AL (1998)

83 CHILDREN WITH ADHD WERE GIVEN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENT

RESULTS:

SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN PUFAS AND SCORES ON THE TOVA, A TEST OF SUSTAINED ATTENTION

3.NEMO GROUP STUDY (2007)

396 AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN AND 384 INDONESIAN CHILDREN, AGES 6 TO 10

RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY IN WHICH THE ACTIVE MICRONUTRIENT CONTAINED: IRON, ZINC, FOLATE, VITAMINS A, B6, B12 AND C, PLUS PUFAS

NUTRIENT DRINK ADMINISTERED 6 DAYS PER WEEK FOR 12 MONTHS

MICRONUTRIENT TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED :

• PLASMA MICRONUTIRENT CONCENTRATION• SCORES ON TESTS OF VERBAL LEARNING AND MEMORY• BUT NOT GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

4. Sinn & Bryan (2008)

132 AUSTRALIAN CHIDREN, AGES 7 THROUGH 12, ALL WITH ADHD

STRONG POSITIVE TREATMENT EFFECTS WITH 15 WEEKS OF PUFAS

NO ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOUND FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENT CONTAINING VITAMINS A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B12, CALCIUM, IRON, MAGNESIUM,

MANGANESE, COPPER, ZINZ AND POTASSIUM.

PARENT RATINGS, BUT NOT TEACHER RATINGS, IMPROVED FOR PUFA GROUPS AFTER 15 WEEKS OF TREATMENT

5. McNAMARA et al (2010)

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE RELATED TO BRAIN FUNCTION

33 NINE-YEAR OLD HEALTHY BOYS RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO ONE OF THREE GROUPS

1. PLACEBO

2. 400 Mg/d PUFA

3. 1200 Mg/d PUFA

BRAIN ACTIVATION PATTERNS DURING SUSTAINED ATTENTION TASK WERE DETERMINED BY fMRI AT BASELINE AND AFTER EIGHT WEEKS OF INTERVENTION

BOTH PUFA DOSES RESULTED IN:

• SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER CHANGE IN FRONTAL LOBE ACTIVATION FROM BASELINE

• SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN ACTIVITY OF OCCIPITAL AND CEREBELLAR AREAS

• FASTER REACTION TIMES

UCI/VRF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN ADHD

OBJECTIVES

1. Recruit up to 150 children, ages 7 through 12, with ADHD

2. Obtain informed consent from no fewer than 120

3. Approximately eight weeks after enrollment, assign each subject to a Social Skills Training Program

4. Randomly assign the 120 subjects to one of three nutritional treatment groups:

 

I. SSTP + Micronutrient supplement group (Group I; n = 40)

II.SSTP + Placebo supplement group (Group II; n = 40)

III. SSTP only control group (Group III; n = 40)

 

 5. At conclusion of SSTP perform behavior rating scales and laboratory performance tests

 

COLLABORATING AGENCIESORANGE COUNTY PROBATION DEPARTMENT

ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS

COUNCIL OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TREATMENT PROVIDERS

ORANGE COUNTY HUMAN OPTIONS

ORANGE COUNTY VIOLENCE PROTECTION COUNCIL

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE (DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIOCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS (DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION SCIENCES)

HERO NUTRITIONALS, SAN CLEMENTE

VRF ORGANIZATION

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

RED HODGES, CHAIRMAN EMERITUS

FRANCIS CRINELLA, PRESIDENT

BOB PRESLEY, VICE-PRESIDENT

MAURY DeWALD, SECT/TREASURER

JIM O’HALLORAN, DIRECTOR

BRYCE RHODES, DIRECTOR

AUDRE DENNARD, DIRECTOR

PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

FRANCIS CRINELLA, UC IRVINE, CHAIR

JOHN DONALDSON, McGILL UNIVERSITY

BO LONNERDAL, UC DAVIS

MARI GOLUB, UC DAVIS

JAMES CARTER, TULANE UNIVERSITY

DON SMITH, UC SANTA CRUZ

BERNIE GESCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

ROGER MASTERS, DARTMOUTH

BILL WALSH, CARL PFEIFFER CENTER

VRF STAFFRON STEWARD

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

JENNIFER STEWARD

RECORCING SECRETARY

LYDIA DUNCAN

SECRETARY

NANCY MONEY

BOOKKEEPER

RESEARCH ASSOCIATES (TBN)