the victorian age 1832: 1 st reform bill; sir walter scott dies 1837: victoria becomes queen 1847:...
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The Victorian Age• 1832: 1st Reform Bill; Sir Walter Scott dies• 1837: Victoria Becomes Queen• 1847: Communist Manifesto• 1850: Tennyson succeeds Wordsworth as
poet laureate• 1851: Great Exhibition• 1859: Origin of the Species• 1867: 2nd Reform Bill• 1901: Death of Victoria
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Rise of London• Great urbanization • London replaces Paris as dominant city of
the world
Image borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/photos/postcards/08.html
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John Henry Henshall, The Public Bar
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William Powell Frith, The Railway Station (1862)
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William May Egley, Omnibus Life in London(1859)
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Augustus Leopold Egg, Travelling Companions (1862)
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Picadilly Circus 1893
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Trafalgar Square
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Rising Industrialization
Images borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/art/design/textiles/intro.html
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Sir Luke Fildes, Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward
(1874)
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Eyre Crowe, The Dinner Hour, Wigan (1874)
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Tremendous Colonial Empire• Colonial Office, Whitewall
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England’s Empire
Jubilee Clock Tower, Malaysia, 1897
Mutiny Memorial
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Rise of Nationalist Sentiment
National Gallery, Trafalgar Square
Natural History Museum
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Great National Accomplishments
Royal Albert Hall
Lyceum Theatre
Image borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/art/architecture/alberthall/7.html Image borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/buildings/classical/3.html
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The National Past
The Oxford MuseumImage borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/art/architecture/arch4.html
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A Modern Nation
The United Service 1828
Image borrowed from: http://65.107.211.206/buildings/classical/5.html
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Victoria Embankment
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Bank of England 1844
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Triumphant Reign of VictoriaVictoria Memorial 1911
Albert Memorial
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1832 Reform Bill• Widened the vote• Abolished rotten boroughs• Redistributed parliamentary
representation
John Robertson Reid,A Country Cricket Match(1878)
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1830s-40s: Time of Troubles
Sir Hubert von Herkomer, Hard Times (1885)• Hungry 40s
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Chartists• 1838: People’s Charter—parliamentary
petition• First sustained, inclusive working-class
movement in modern English history• Universal manhood suffrage• Secret ballot• Payment for members of Parliament• Abolition of the property qualification for
members• Equal electoral districts• Annual elections
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Corn Laws • England had maintained high tariffs on
grain imports to protect domestic agriculture
• Abolished high tariffs on grain imports• 1845: Crop failures• Potato blight
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Rise of Benthamite Utilitarianism
• Greatest pleasure to the greatest number• Workhouse theory• Philosophy of political economy that
inspired the Industrial Revolution• Influenced by Malthus and Priestley• Importance of Jeremy Bentham and
James Mill• Basis for hedonistic philosophy• Carlyle, Ruskin, John Stuart Mill, and
others would criticize
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Age of Improvement—1848-1870
• Growth of Empire• Rise of prisons• Great Exhibition• National confidence Frank Holl, Newgate (1878)
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The Great Exhibition (1851)• Designed to showcase England’s
accomplishments• Emphasized the scientific and artistic
developments of the 19c• Demonstrated England’s vast global
empire and influence• Revealed the tremendous optimism and
hope of the Victorian Age
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The Crystal Palace
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The Crystal Palace
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The Factory Acts (1802-78)• Increased regulation on labor in mines
and factories• Reduction to 16-hour day
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Prominent Emigration
Harry Nelson O’Neil,Eastward Ho! (1857)
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“White Man’s Burden”• John Frederick Lewis, The Mid-day Meal, Cairo (1875)
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Biblical High Criticism• Scientifically re-examined facts and
figures of the BibleDavid Roberts, Rome from the Convent of San Onofrio (1861)
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Darwin’s Origin of the Species (1859)
• Monumental attack on the social authority of religion
• Served as more of a confirmation of already-held beliefs
• Led to prominent debates amongst scientists
• Forerunner of Thomas Huxley’s work on science
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John Tyndall
• Age of the earth• Strong influence on Tennyson’s In
Memoriam (1850)• Challenged biblical accounts about the
origin and history of the earth• Forced Victorian society to re-think who
created the earth and how• Suggests that creation was neither
complete nor perfect
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Victorian Decay (1870-1901)• England as technological consumer
culture• Decline in national optimism• Imperial aims questioned• New challenge of artist• Rise of aestheticism• Irish question
Erskine Nicol, An Irish Emigrant arriving in Liverpool (1871)
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Aesthetic Movement of 1890s• Late-century movement that aimed to
celebrate for its own sake• Great influence of William Pater, John
Ruskin, and French symbolist poets (e.g. Charloes Baudelaire)
• Oscar Wilde, Lionel Johnson, Aubrey Beardsley
• Response to the earnestness of Victorian art and society
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Role of Women• Women did not share in reform• Became integral to Victorian society• Angel in the house model• Rise of domesticity• Few employment opportunities
Richard Redgrave, The Governess
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Social Reform for Women• Custody Act of 1839• Divorce and Matrimonial Act of 1857• Married Women’s Property Acts • Increased pressure for women’s
education options
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Women’s Role in Literature• Governess novel• Angel in the house• Fallen Woman• Exalted conception of home• Increased “social” importance of woman
Emily Mary Osborn, Nameless andFaceless (1857)
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Literacy and Publishing• Continued increase in literacy• Better printing technology• Growth of the periodical• More communities of readers• Difficult relationship between writer and
public readerships
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Novel as Dominant Form• Realism• Social realism/social problems• Material conditions• Class structures• Tensions of heroine • Novel’s affinity with women and
domesticity• Sensationalist novel
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Victorian Poetry• Always seems inferior when compared to
Romanticism• Develop new ways to tell stories—e.g.
dramatic monologue• Do not share Romantics’ confidence in
the imagination• Emphasis on visual imagery and sound• Seek to present psychology in new way• Poetry of mood and character
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Victorian Non-Fiction Prose• Extended function of didactic prose writer• Investigation of important social issues
– Education– Labor and Utilitarianism– Science– Religion– Empire– Art and Literature– Women– Crime and Prison
• Lack of Drama until 1890s
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Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)• Great teacher of
the age• American following
—Emerson• Prominent crisis of
faith—recorded in Sartor Resartus
• Highly personal and psychological prose style
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Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)• Criticizes soulless
world• Vitalism—sees
great energy of world as presence of godhead
• Critic of laissez-faire and Benthamite Utilitarianism
• Conservative/pseudo-fascist desire for hero-worship
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Past and Present (1843)• Call for heroic leadership• Need to replace a “do-nothing
Aristocracy”• 1110: serious time• 1111: Mammon
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Past and Present (1843)• 1112: Gurth—14c peasant was happy• Liberty has led to starvation• 1115: leadership must come from within• 1116: hope of awakening a British man• Addresses captains of Industry re:
England’s fate• 1117: need for love• 1118: awake ye noble workers• Work requires organization