the verdict of reason: why gay marriage cannot be the real thing and should not be recognized in law

7/24/2019 The Verdict of Reason: Why Gay Marriage Cannot Be the Real thing and Should Not Be Recognized in Law

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THE VERDICT OF REASON

WHY GAY MARRIAGE CANNOT BE THE REAL THING AND SHOULD NOT BE

RECOGNIZED IN LAW

By Nathanael Smith


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Text copyright 2013 Nathaae! S"ith

A!! Right# Re#er$e%


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Intr!"#tin

$ART I The Ratinal Ba%i% &r Nt Re#'ni(in' Gay Marria'e in La)

Cha*ter + Bin!in' One%el&

Cha*ter , Tra!itin

Cha*ter - Telos

Cha*ter . Why Same/Se0 Marria'e i% Nt a 1i#timle%% Inn2atin

Cha*ter 3 Chil!ren

Cha*ter 45 Marria'e an! $"6li# Finan#e

$ART II Marria'e Reali%m7 an! Why Gay Marria'e Cannt Be the Real Thin'

Cha*ter 8 Se0 an! the Sel&i%h Gene%

Cha*ter 9 A Brie& Hi%try & Marria'e

Cha*ter : On $ly'amy

Cha*ter +; Rmanti# L2e

Cha*ter ++ Why $remarital Se0 i% Wrn'

Cha*ter +, Re%i%tan#e


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Itro%&ctioLet me 6e'in thi% 6< 6y *artially a*l'i(in' &r it% rather arr'ant title7 an! &&erin'

#lari&i#atin5 =The 2er!i#t & rea%n> )a% ri'inally meant mre narr)ly than the %"6title )"l!%"''e%t5 What I inten!e! t %ay )a% nt that it i% =the 2er!i#t & rea%n> that ='ay marria'e#annt 6e the real thin' an! %h"l! nt 6e re#'ni(e! in la)7> 6"t merely that there is a rationalbasis&r le'ally re#'ni(in' nly marria'e 6et)een a man an! a )man5 That m"#h7 at lea%t7rea%n #learly #m*el% "% t a##e*t5 It i% the 2er!i#t & rea%n7 an! there #an 6e n !i%%ent? I #ana%%ert that &reely7 6l!ly7 arr'antly i& y" li ha2in' 6e#me nee!le%%7 may 6e "ietly&r'tten5 The tri"m*hant 'ay marria'e m2ement @"%t mi'ht ha2e the !e#en#y t 6eem6arra%%e! 6y the %illy ar'"ment% their allie% &rmerly "%e! in #"rt%5 A!2#ate% & 'aymarria'e may #me t a!mit the &ir%t the%i% & thi% 6


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e*i%!e% in the @"!i#ial hi%try & the #a"%e7 )ell7 let% let 6y'ne% 6e 6y'ne%5 In that #a%e7 "r%#iety )ill ha2e ta


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Sla2ery "%"ally #me% a6"t 6y #a*t"re7 #n"e%t7 r 6irth int a %er2ile %tatin7 an!%la2ery that ri'inate% in any & the%e )ay% i% #learly #ntrary t nat"ral ri'ht%5 B"t%la2ery #an ##"r 6y #n%ent7 t5 I& A i% %tar2in'7 an! B &&er% him &! in ret"rn &r hi%a'reein' t 6e B% %la2e7 A mi'ht ratinally #n%ent t the arran'ement5 Al%7 i& A *lan% alar'e entre*rene"rial 2ent"re7 & the %"##e%% & )hi#h he i% hi'hly #n&i!ent7 6"t )hi#h he

#annt rai%e %"&&i#ient #a*ital t &inan#e7 he mi'ht7 i& *ermitte!7 "%e hi#selfa% #llateral76rr)in' &rm B )ith the *rmi%e t 6e#me B% %la2e i& hi% 2ent"re &ail% an! he i%"na6le t re*ay5

It i% 'enerally hel! in !em#ra#ie% t!ay that a #ertain 6a%i# li6erty i% inalienable7 % that*e*le #annt %ell them%el2e% int %la2ery5 Why thi% i% ri'ht may 6e %een i& )e !i2i!e thein!i2i!"al %el& int time/%li#e% & ar6itrarily %mall len'th7 in )hi#h #a%e the "e%tin &)hat #ntra#t% %h"l! 6e re'ar!e! a% 2ali! t"rn% int the "e%tin & )hat ri'ht%presentselves%h"l! ha2e 2erfuture selves.T *rhi6it %la2ery 6a%e! n e0 ante #n%ent i% t%ay that the ri'ht% & *re%ent 2er &"t"re %el2e% %h"l! nt 6e a6%l"te an! "nlimite!5Ban


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!etail7 an! in a ne) an! )n!er&"l )ay5 That% )hy it% %fun$%I !"6t that a 6< #"l! %ayanythin' )rth)hile a6"t 'ay marria'e "nle%% it )ere a6"t m"#h mre than @"%t 'ay marria'e5

I& $art I *r2e% that there i% a ratinal 6a%i% &r hl!in' that ='ay marria'e5 %h"l! nt 6ere#'ni(e! in la)7> $art II 2in!i#ate% the ther *art & the %"6title7 %h)in' that ='ay marria'e#annt 6e the real thin'5> It !e% % 6y %h)in' )hat marria'e i%5 One )ay t *"t it i% that I amre%tatin' an! re2i%in' the th"'ht & the =ne) nat"ral la)> %#hl7 & )hi#h R6ert Ger'e i% alea!in' li'ht7 n the &"n!atin% & e2l"tinary *%y#hl'y al% Fr *"r*%e% & $art I7 I )"l! an%)er? =Whate2er y" li It )"l!6e im*%%i6le t !e&ine rea%n in %"#h a )ay a% t e0#l"!e &rm the #ate'ry & rea%n thear'"ment ma!e in Cha*ter% + thr"'h .7 )ith"t ttally e2i%#eratin' the term an! alienatin' it#m*letely &rm e2ery!ay "%e5 By any nrmal7 any tena6le7 any *la"%i6le7 any *ra#ti#al7 any&amiliar %en%e & the )r! =rea%n7> the ar'"ment &&ere! in Cha*ter% + thr"'h . i% a ratinalar'"ment5 My me%%a'e7 there&re7 t a!2#ate% & =n ratinal 6a%i%> i%? Y" l%e5 A!mit it5Un#n!itinal %"rren!er i% the nly #hi#e5 Rea%n !e#ree% it5 It i% a mena#e t the %anity & "r#i2ili(atin t ha2e *e*le in *)er #laimin' that there i% n ratinal 6a%i% &r **%itin t 'aymarria'e5 O"r 2ery a6ility t #arry n !em#rati# !i%#"r%e i% threatene! 6y a %it"atin in )hi#hhal& the **"latin i% alle'in' that the ther hal& i% ttally irratinal an! mti2ate! 6y a =6are

!e%ire t harm5> That *r&"n!ly &&en%i2e an! ama(in'ly i'nrant *inin %im*ly nee!% t!i%a**ear5 T that e0tent7 the arr'an#e & my title i% intentinal an! a**r*riate5

Fr *"r*%e% & $art II7 h)e2er7 I )"l! ha2e t !e&ine =rea%n> !i&&erently t ma


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!e#a!e% & h"man hi%try5 In all thi%7 they 6ear a %trn' re%em6lan#e t %#iali%t% a #ent"ry a'5De%*ite7 r rather I %"%*e#t 6e#a"%e &7 it% '! intentin%7 the *"6li# #a%e &r 'ay marria'e i%lar'ely %hall)7 'r"n!le%%7 &a#ile7 an! "n%eri"%5 A!2#ate% are t *i"% t nti#e 62i"%6@e#tin%5 Their )ell/intentine! !e&initin% either &ail t !e&ine r are #learly in#n%i%tent )ithnrmal "%a'e5 E2i!en#e i% !e*lye! %#antily an! %ele#ti2ely7 t %er2e the #a"%e rather than the

tr"th5 Ar'"ment% are rarely &ree & an element & emtinal 6la#


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%*arin'ly an! )ith an a)arene%% & it% )ea in %me&a%hin %t"!y & the e&&e#t & 'ay marria'e in E"r*e7 6y a traine! e#nmi%t7 6"t the in!le%am*le !i! nt 'i2e en"'h en#"ra'in' !etail% a6"t meth!l'y t ma555 Gay enli%tment %im*ly !e% nt ha**en5 E0*an!in' thereli'i"% &l#


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marria'e7 namely that marria'e *lay% an in!i%*en%a6le rle in the rearin' & #hil!ren7 an! 'aymarria'e threaten% t !ein%tit"tinali(e marria'e an! there6y harm #hil!ren5 Blan

,ou/d better put out toniht.N)7 that )a% the %rt & thin' my %trai'ht &rien!% an! I thouhtallthe time5 B"t )e )"l! ne2er ha2esaidit5 It 6there! me5 I& I ha! hear! a %trai'ht '"y %ay it t a'irl7 I )"l! ha2e th"'ht he )a% a#tin' li


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either5 An e0*li#it "i! *r " )"l! !e'ra!e her5 I& I )"l! thin< le%% & a %trai'ht man )h%ai! =Y"! 6etter *"t "t tni'ht7> )hat a6"t a 'ay man )h %ai! that Sh"l! I thin< le%% &him7 t Or !i! the %ame r"le% nt a**ly t them There i% a #ertain !"6le %tan!ar! in the )aym!ern *liti#al #rre#tne%% a% On the ther han!7 it %ay%? =Theyre !i&&erent7 !nt

@"!'e them5> A %imilar i%%"e ari%e% )hen 'ay% a%< t 6e all)e! t marry7 6"t in *ra#ti#e7 a%many %t"!ie% %h)7 ! nt %eem t )ant t 6e hel! t the %tan!ar! & mn'amy5

I ha2e ha! a &e) en#"nter% )ith &"rti2e 'ay h in En'li%h in themi%t"re that ha! #lle#te! n the train )in!)5 Anther time7 I )a% )al


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N)7 I !i! nt There )a% thi% !i&&eren#e?i& I ha! hear! %trai'ht men tal I )hi#h I "%e! t *rte#t my @6 atan in%tit"te )h%e *li#y %tan#e% n 'ay marria'e an! %me ther i%%"e% I !i%a'ree! )ith5 I#rre#te! him an! a)


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mre "n!er%tan!in' Ha! I %&tene! The "e%tin %eeme! t *re%"me that I ha! 6een mti2ate!6y "nre&le#ti2e hm*h6ia7 6"t it )a% nt at all &&en%i2e5 It )a% #l%er t 6ein' an &&er &&r'i2ene%% an! &rien!%hi*7 ma!e )ith a %eri"%ne%% *r*rtinal t the a!miratin that he


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*e*le% li2e% *artly "n!er the in&l"en#e & Chri%tian #h"r#he% )h )"l! ther ha2e %trme! "tin nai2e ri'hte"% in!i'natin at the #h"r#he% in!e&en%i6le 6i'try7 my e&&rt% )ill ha2e 6een)ell re)ar!e!5

B"t my &a2rite anti#i*ate! rea!er i% a y"n' Chri%tian )h7 in the &a#e & %trn' *eer *re%%"ret a##e*t the re!e&initin & marria'e7 ha% *"t hi% r her &aith in the Ch"r#h% tea#hin'%7 )ith"t%eein' a rea%n )hy5 Thi% rea!er )ill ha2e a##e*te! n &aith that marria'e #an nly 6e 6et)een aman an! a )man7 at the #%t & a #ertain mental %train7 )hi#h the &ll)in' meta*hr mayel"#i!ate5 Thin< & &aith a% a 6an< !e*%it7 &rm )hi#h the y"n' Chri%tian )ith!ra)% mney tin2e%t it in a 6elie& )hi#h7 &r the mment7 i% a**arently #ntrary t rea%n5 N)7 "*n rea!in'thi% 6


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'ART I The Ratioa! (a#i# )or Not

Recogi*ig +ay ,arriage i -a.


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Chapter 1 (i%ig Oe#e!)=I #"l! ne2er #n#ei2e r tlerate any Ut*ia )hi#h !i! nt lea2e t me the li6erty &r

)hi#h I #hie&ly #are7 the li6erty t 6in! my%el&5 Cm*lete anar#hy )"l! nt merelyma G55 Che%tertn7 8rthodo(y

=Ill meet y" &r l"n#h at Ca&e Fran#i% at +$M5> A %t"!ent %i'n% a lan &rm *rmi%in'7 a&ter'ra!"atin7 t re*ay the ,+7;;; that he i% 6rr)in' t *ay &r thi% year & %t"!ie%5 A man inrea in +9+3 %ell% him%el& int %la2eryt *ay &r a &"neral &r hi% &ather7 a )an!erin' 6e''ar7an! a !#"ment i% *re*are! t thi% e&&e#t an! i% %tam*e! 6y a l#al &&i#ial5 =D y" ta=I !5> A re#r"it t the US Army *rmi%e% t %er2e &r ei'ht year%5 A mi'rant t +8th/#ent"ry

Nrth Ameri#a %i'n% a #ntra#t a'reein' t 6e the in!ent"re! %er2ant & a 1ir'inia *lanter &r&"r year% in ret"rn &r the *ri#e & hi% *a%%a'e5 The *a%%en'er% & theMayflo)er%i'n a #m*a#te%ta6li%hin' the #i2il #n%tit"tin & a ne) %#iety t 6e e%ta6li%he! )hen they lan! n NrthAmeri#an %il5 A ne) mn< *rmi%e% *2erty7 #ha%tity7 an! 6e!ien#e7 a##r!in' t theBene!i#tine R"le7 an! i% !"ly tn%"re!5 A ne)ly ele#te! US *re%i!ent ta


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#an %ay thatself'at'T9im*%e% an 6li'atin nself'at'T7 )here Ti% a time %"6%e"ent t T95T) "e%tin% ari%e here?

+5 Why %h"l!self'at'T9ha2e any *)er t im*%e 6li'atin% nself'at'T7

,5 I&self'at'T9!e% ha2e %me %"#h *)er7 )hat


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&a#in' !an'er r *ain5 Thi% i% a &rm & #n%i%ten#y5 A #)ar!ly man7 6y #ntra%t7 a6an!n% hi%*rin#i*le% in the &a#e & !an'er7 an! in that %en%e i% in#n%i%tent5 By the %ame t


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!a"'hter%5When he %a) her7 he tre hi% #lthe% in an'"i%h5 =Oh7 my !a"'hter> he #rie!"t5

=Y" ha2e #m*letely !e%trye! me Y"2e 6r"'ht !i%a%ter n me Fr I ha2e ma!e a2) t the Lr!7 an! I #annt ta


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6an


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#alle! =e0*nential !i%#"ntin'> that *e*le% *re&eren#e% are ti#e'consistent7 i5e57 the relative*re&eren#e &r time/t9#n%"m*tin #m*are! t time't #n%"m*tin )here ti% later than t9i% the %ame &r all t*rir t t95 Thi% r"le% "t any #n&li#t & intere%t 6et)een *re%ent an! &"t"re%el2e%5

Re#ently7 h)e2er7 e0*eriment% ha2e e%ta6li%he! that *e*le ! nt ten! t !i%#"nt the &"t"re inthi% )ay Benha6i67 Bi%in an! S#htter7 ,;+; Lai6%n7 +::85 They ! ten! t ha2e =*re%ent6ia%7> 6"t the )ay they 2al"e #n%"m*tin 2er time !e% nt ha2e the %*e#ial e0*nential &rmthat )"l! ma


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)r!%7 the *re%ent %el& i% im*%in' n &"t"re %el2e% a *r6a6ly harm&"l *hy%il'i#al #n!itin5I& I !ri2e re#


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%#ial *enaltie% &rm e0itin' a ln'/term relatin%hi* that may 6e#me ir


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yet 2ery '! at mana'in' li&e5 We la#< %tat"% an! &eel le%% 6ehl!en t the %#ietyar"n! "% than )e )ill later n7 )hen )e ha2e mney r mem6er%hi*% r mrt'a'e%5 We)ant a lt & %e0 6"t ten! t ha2e tr"6lin' han!lin' it5 An!7 &ten7 )e are lnely5

The re%"lt #an 6e tr"6le? i!lene%%7 !e*re%%in7 !e6a"#hery7 !r"'%7 "n)ante! *re'nan#y7an "n)ante! #hil!5 The *r6lem% & y"n' men are e%*e#ially )rri%me7 &r %#iety a%)ell a% &r y"n' men5

=Men are mre a''re%%i2e than )men7> )rite% ame% 5 Wil%n7 the *rminent *liti#al%#ienti%t7 in hi% +::- 6< The Moral Sense5 =In e2ery )rite% Wil%n5 The %ta6ili(in' an! %ettlin' e&&e#t &marria'e i% "nmat#he!5

It )"l! %#ar#ely 6e "n&air t %"mmari(e Ra"#h% *%itin th"%? y"n' *e*le ha2e t m"#h&ree!m they a6"%e it there&re %#iety "'ht t en%"re that they l%e it a% "i#


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mail7 an! te0t me%%a'e% &r %i'n% & =i!lene%%7 !e*re%%in7 !e6a"#hery7 an! !r"'%7> % a% t 6ea6le t inter2ene in a timely manner7 an! *re2ent the 6re! an! !i%en#hante! &rm %*rea!in'%"62er%in5 Clearly7 thi% )"l! =%ettle the y"n'> &ar mre e&&e#ti2ely than marria'e #an !7%in#e % many y"n' *e*le !nt 'et marrie!7 an! the ne% m%t in nee! & %ettlin' !)n are&ten the ne% lea%t in#line!7 r a6le7 t marry5 Till )hat a'e %h"l! =natinal %er2i#e> #ntin"e

A#t"ally7 the ln'er7 the 6etter5 I& the *"r*%e & marria'e i% in Ra"#h% )r!% t =ma

The a62e *ara'ra*h i% at n#e &a#eti"% an! %eri"%5 In 2er%ellin' marria'e thr"'h an"n6alan#e! %tre%% n the !ar< %i!e & &ree!m an! 2erratin' =a %#iety & hme6!ie%7> Ra"#h

i% ma


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#hara#ter 6y the *ra#ti#e & 2irt"e5 Sin#e %el&/6in!in' #"rtail% &ree!m in the *artial %en%e &%*ntaneity an! thi% #ntri6"te% t h"man

)el&are5 La) '2ern% the %tate% "%e & &r#e t %"**rt %el&/6in!in'7 6"t relie% n ethi#% t #he#


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Fr a man7 nt ha2in' the *)er & hi% )n li&e7 #annt 6y #m*a#t r hi% )n #n%enten%la2e him%el& t anyne7 nr *"t him%el& "n!er the a6%l"te7 ar6itrary *)er & anthert ta L#


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t ne anther7 in thi% )hi#h #n#ern n thir! *arty7 %h"l! 6e a6le t relea%e ne anther&rm the en'a'ement an! e2en )ith"t %"#h 2l"ntary relea%e7 there are *erha*% n#ntra#t% r en'a'ement%7 e0#e*t th%e that relate t mney r mney% )rth7 & )hi#hne #an 2ent"re t %ay that there "'ht t 6e n li6erty )hate2er & retra#tatin5 Barn2n H"m6l!t %tate% it a% hi% #n2i#tin7 that en'a'ement% )hi#h in2l2e *er%nal

relatin% r %er2i#e%7 %h"l! ne2er 6e le'ally 6in!in' 6eyn! a limite! !"ratin & timean! that the m%t im*rtant & the%e en'a'ement%7 marria'e7 ha2in' the *e#"liarity thatit% 6@e#t% are &r"%trate! "nle%% the &eelin'% & 6th the *artie% are in harmny )ith it7%h"l! re"ire nthin' mre than the !e#lare! )ill & either *arty t !i%%l2e it5

Mill 'e% n t !i%%ent %me)hat &rm H"m6l!t% a!2#a#y & ea%y !i2r#e7 6"t the *int tnte here i% that Mill %ee% the #n#e*t"al lin< 6et)een marria'e an! %el&/en%la2ement a% mrethan "%"ally in2a%i2e &rm% & %el&/6in!in'7 re#'ni(e% the *%%i6ility & #n&li#t% & intere%t6et)een *re%ent an! &"t"re %el2e%7 an! e2en %eem% t re#'ni(e that it &"n!amentally*r6lemati(e% hi% )hle thery & li6erty=the%e rea%n% are e2i!ently & &ar )i!era**li#atin>yet he re&"%e% t 6e %t**e! in thi% tra#


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an! R6ert N(i# Ye%5 I7 t7 in #n%i!erin' the i%%"e ha2e 6een %tr"#< 6y the )ay *e*le ta


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rnman "%e% nn)ai2a6le )arrantie% & ha6ita6ility &r tenant%that i%7 in %me @"ri%!i#tin%7tenant% ! nt ha2e t *ay rent &r a##mm!atin% that 6e#me "ninha6ita6le7 e2en i& they ha2e%i'ne! a lea%e that )"l! %eem t re"ire them t ! %a% an e0am*le & a limitatin n %el&/6in!in' mti2ate! 6y e&&i#ien#y an! !i%tri6"ti2e @"%ti#e #n%i!eratin%5 With"t %"#h a )arranty7lan!lr!% #"l! !e&ra"! tenant% 6y lea%in' !)ellin'% they n #ntra#t% they ! nt ha2e the time r #a*a#ity t rea!7 there may 6e rm t a!2#ate a ltmre =*aternali%ti#> limit% t %el&/6in!in' n %imilar 'r"n!%5

rnman !e% nt thin


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#"r%e & a#tin )"l! 6e ratinal &r a *er%n )ith the 2al"e% he n#e ha!5 Thi% i% am"#h mre !i&&i#"lt ta%


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the #a%e & 2l"ntary %la2ery the %tate )"l! 6e "%in' &r#e t ma a% =% )hi#h =#n#ern% the#hi#e & en!% rather than mean%5> Sme in%tan#e% & limite! %el&/6in!in'7 %"#h a% the =#lin'/&&> *eri!% !"rin' )hi#h #n%"mer% are %metime% all)e! t re2 that i%a !!'e t a2i! !i%#"%%in' )hat i% '!5 The m!ern man %ay%7 =Let "% lea2e all the%ear6itrary %tan!ar!% an! em6ra#e li6erty5> Thi% i%7 l'i#ally ren!ere!7 =Let "% nt !e#i!e)hat i% '!7 6"t let it 6e #n%i!ere! '! nt t !e#i!e it5> He %ay%7 =A)ay )ith y"rl! mral &rm"lae I am &r *r're%%5> Thi%7 l'i#ally %tate!7 mean%7 =Let "% nt %ettle)hat i% '! 6"t let "% %ettle )hether )e are 'ettin' mre & it5> He %ay%7 =Neither inreli'in nr mrality7 my &rien!7 lie the h*e% & the ra#e7 6"t in e!"#atin5> Thi%7 #learly

e0*re%%e!7 mean%7 =We #annt !e#i!e )hat i% '!7 6"t let "% 'i2e it t "r #hil!ren5>G55 Che%tertn7 =On the Ne'ati2e S*irit7> in5eretics.

What rnman ta


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& the '!7 namely7 that it i% '! t ha2e tr"e 6elie&% a6"t hi%try7 an! 6a! t ha2e &al%e ne%5A'ain7 a #ity '2ernment 6"il!% a *ar< )ith tree%7 'ra%%7 an! &l)er%7 in%tea! & #2erin' the'r"n! in #har#al7 6r


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a&&irm7 h"man li6erty an! a 'eneral a6%en#e & #er#in are 2ery im*rtant *art%5 The %tate%h"l! there&re 6e 2ery rel"#tant t en'a'e in *aternali%ti# #er#in &r in!i2i!"al% )n '!7)hi#h i% &"n!amentally &&en%i2e t h"man !i'nity5 B"t limit% t %el&/6in!in' ! nt am"nt t*aternali%ti# #er#in5 Rather7 a!@"!i#atin' 6et)een *a%t an! *re%ent %el2e%7 6y #h%in' )hat&rm% & %el&/6in!in' t re#'ni(e an! en&r#e7 i% ne & the )ay% the %tate %ee a##r!in' t )hi#h555

#ntra#t"al 6li'atin #annt 6e #m*letely "n!er%t! "nle%% it i% 2ie)e! a% *art & a

6ra!er %y%tem & le'al entitlement%5 S"#h a %y%tem7 6a%e! in mrality7 %*e#i&ie% the%"6%tan#e & the ri'ht% in!i2i!"al% may a#"ire an! tran%&er7 an! the mean% 6y )hi#h theymay ! %5 $r*erly "n!er%t!7 #ntra#t la) i% that *art & a %y%tem & entitlement% thati!enti&ie% th%e #ir#"m%tan#e% in )hi#h entitlement% are 2ali!ly tran%&erre! &rm *er%nt *er%n 6y their #n%ent5 Cn%ent i% the mral #m*nent that !i%tin'"i%he% 2ali! &rmin2ali! tran%&er% & aliena6le ri'ht%5 Barnett7 +:947 *5 ,8;

)here the entitlement% that may 6e tran%&erre! 2ia #ntra#t mi'ht in#l"!e #laim% n a *er%n%)n &"t"re a#tin%5 There are %me !i&&eren#e% 6et)een the%e therie%7 6"t Frie! an! Barnettmay 6th 6e #hara#teri(e! a% a&&irmin' a *rin#i*le & %el&/6in!in'5

In *%y#hl'y7 there i% a lar'e literat"re n !elaye! 'rati&i#atin7 the a6ility & in!i2i!"al% t'i2e "* %methin' they )ant n)7 in ret"rn &r %methin' they )ant mre in &"t"re7 e5'5 Sin'er+:33 an! Mi%#hel7 Sh!a7 an! R!ri'"e( +::,5 H"man% are #ertainly a6le t ! thi%7 6"t the%tren'th% & their a6ilitie% 2ary7 an! the #a*a#ity t !elay 'rati&i#atin 2arie% amn' in!i2i!"al%5It %eem% t 6e #rrelate! )ith intelli'en#e7 re%*n%i6ility7 mat"rity7 %"##e%% in li&e7 an! 'eneral'! #n!"#t5 It i% alm%t anther name &r the 2irt"e & *r"!en#e7 6"t it i% !i&&i#"lt t attain7 an!*%y#hl'i%t% ha2e %t"!ie! im*"l%e #ntrl %trate'ie%7 %"#h a% !i%tra#tin' ne%el& 6y thin


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E#nmi%t% ha2e &rm time t time re#'ni(e! %el&/#ntrl a% an im*rtant &rm & h"man#a*ital5 Fr e0am*le7 Gre' Clar i5e57 in#rea%in' )illin'ne%% n the *art & the Briti%h **"latin t!elay 'rati&i#atin5

In ne re%*e#t7 h)e2er7 e#nmi%t% ha2e ln' 6een mre nai2e than *%y#hl'i%t%5 They ha2eln' %im*li&ie! the *r6lem & #hi#e 2er time 6y a !e2i#e #alle! the !i%#"nte! "tility m!elSam"el%n7 +:-8 *man%7 +:4;7 a##r!in' t )hi#h in!i2i!"al% !i%#"nt the &"t"rea#n#e%%in t the )ea


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t!ay7 ma%methin' that7 6ysayin7 ne does5 The #ntent & *rmi%in' #an 6e el"#i!ate! 6y #n%i!erin'

#ertain %tatement% that are nn%en%i#al r =%el&/%t"lti&yin'5> Fr e0am*le7 it i% nn%en%i#al t %ay=I *rmi%e t ! 6"t I ! nt inten! t ! > that %h)% that a *rmi%e i% ne#e%%arily a*erha*% &al%e %tatement & intentin5 Li6"t Ar!al +:49 !i%a'ree%7 #laimin' *la"%i6ly that ne #an *rmi%e t ! %methin' ne6elie2e% i% )rn'5 Yet e2en in that #a%e the *rmi%e !e% nt %eem mrally in%i'ni&i#ant5 I amtem*te! t %ay that a *rmi%e t ! %methin' mrally )rn' %till #reate% a mral 6li'atin t! it7 nly it mi'ht nt 6e %"&&i#iently %trn' t 2er#me the mral 6li'atin nt t ! it5$rmi%in' #ertainly isrelate! t #reatin' mral 6li'atin%5 R6in% +:84 thin


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rather amral im*erati2e t ma0imi(e %harehl!er 2al"e7 an! the !e6tr7 !ri2en t !e%*eratee&&rt% 6y a mral #n2i#tin that he "'ht t re*ay hi% !e6t%5 I )n!er i& I am alne in &in!in'thi% !i%t"r6in'5 O& #"r%e7 it i% tr"e that the #re!itr *erate% )ithin #ertain mral %i!e/#n%traint%? it i% nt a ma&ia7 en'a'in' in e0trtin5 B"t a Bi6li#al attit"!e t len!in' a% a )ay &hel*in' the *r rather than %ee


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in2e%ti'ate!5 It )"l! in#l"!e a hi%try & %la2ery7 )ith em*ha%i% n %la2ery 2l"ntarily entere!int7 an! #m*arin' it t !e6t *ena'e an! ther %emi/%er2ile in%tit"tin%5 It )"l! in#l"!e ahi%try & marria'e7 tra#in' the e2l"tin & the ri'ht% an! re%*n%i6ilitie% & h"%6an!% 2i%/a/2i%)i2e%5 In!ee!7 in #2erin' marria'e an! %er2it"!e it #"l! har!ly hel* 6"t 6e#me a &airlythr"'h hi%try & h"%ehl! mana'ement an! !aily li&e5 It )"l! %t"!y the rle & =#n%ent &

the '2erne!> in the *liti#al #n%tit"tin% & many %#ietie%7 &rm the lyalty ath% & *rimiti2e)arrir%7 t the +8th/#ent"ry %#ial #ntra#t theri%t%7 t m!ern !em#ra#y5 It )"l! e0*lrean! e2al"ate the ri%e & m!ern &rm% & 6"%ine%% r'ani(atin7 & 6an8,7 ,,3/,-85

A"%tin7 5 L5 +:8355o) to do thins )ith )ords1l5 +:335 O0&r! Uni2er%ity $re%%5

Barnett7 R5 E5 +:945 A #n%ent thery & #ntra#t5 Colu#bia 3a) Revie)7 >+,7 ,4:/-,+5

Benha6i67 57 Bi%in7 A57 V S#htter7 A5 ,;+;5 $re%ent/6ia%7 "a%i/hy*er6li# !i%#"ntin'7 an!&i0e! #%t%5 1a#es and


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*man%7 T5 C5 +:4;5 Statinary r!inal "tility an! im*atien#e5


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Chapter 2 Tra%itioIn $a%terna =E%ta6li%hment & )r =Fa#try an!*lant #mmittee%5> The%e )ere the re'"latin% the ne) a"thritie% ha! i%%"e! n enterin'the t)n in *la#e & th%e that ha! 6een in &r#e555

An Ameri#an rea!er &eel% in thi% !etail & $a%terna


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)ith"t 6therin'7 may6e nt e2en n#e in ne% )hle li&e7 t l< "* the late%t re'"latin%5 It i%)hen tra!itin i% 6ein' 2ert"rne! that ne m"%t ne'le#t e2en ne% m%t *re%%in' *ri2ate#n#ern% in ha%te t learn the late%t !e#ree% #min' !)n &rm a62e5

The hi%try & &ree!m i% lar'ely the hi%try & #ertain tra!itin%7 e%*e#ially &r *re%ent*"r*%e% that & the En'li%h/%*ea h)e2er7 i% nt "ite %ati%&a#try7 &r e2ery 'eneratinha! it% a!2er%arial *artie% an! %l'an% an! %#hl% & th"'ht7 e2en i& the a!2er%arie% &ten ha!m"#h in #mmn5 A 6etter )r! &r thi% e#l'y & i!ea% an! ha6it% an! attit"!e%7 a!a*tin' an!#han'in' thr"'h the #ent"rie% 6"t maintainin' a #ertain #ntin"ity7 i%? tra!itin5

The hi%try & &ree!m i% #ertainly not the hi%try & **"lar re2l"tin% 2erthr)in'**re%%i2e tra!itinal a"thritie%5 S"#h re2l"tin% are alm%t al)ay% %et6a#


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##a%inal ill'i#alitie%7 a!a*te! t all learnin' %tyle%7 ne#e%%ary i& *e*le are t "n!er%tan! an!#*erate )ith ea#h ther5

A re#'nitin & the tra!itinal nat"re & lan'"a'e %h"l! alert "% t h) mi%lea!in' i% the!i#htmy that i% %metime% ma!e 6et)een tra!itin an! rea%n5 Clearly7 rea%n !e*en!% nlan'"a'e5 With"t "%in' the lan'"a'e% 6e"eathe! t "% 6y tra!itin7 )e #"l! nt rea%nt'ether at all5 That %ai!7 it i% #mmn &r %*e#iali(e! !i%#i*line% t 6e !i%%ati%&ie! )ith nat"rallan'"a'e7 )ith it% 2a'"ene%%7 it% ran!m a##retin%7 it% am6i'"itie% an! 6ia%e% an! irrele2anta%%#iatin%7 an! t !e2el* their )n te#hni#al 2#a6"larie%5 In %me #a%e%7 they &in! ite0*e!ient t %hi&t "t & nat"ral lan'"a'e an! ! m"#h & their )r< in the mre *re#i%e an!a6%tra#t lan'"a'e & mathemati#% an! &rmal l'i#5 B"t @ar'n an! &rmali(atin lea! int errran! nee!le%% 6%#"rity a% &ten a% they lea! t)ar!% #larity an! tr"th7 an! many & the 6e%t%#hlar% are a!e*t at tran%latin' the ar#ana & %*e#iali%t% int **"lar lan'"a'e7 )hile enri#hin'them in the *r#e%%5 Mre2er7 i& %#ien#e% an! *hil%*hie% %metime% !e*art &rm tra!itin7they al)ay% e%ta6li%h tra!itin% & their )n5 Y"n' %#hlar% are ta"'ht t 2enerate the lea!in'li'ht% & their &iel!%7 their )ritin'% an! their !i%#2erie%7 an! t )rite their m%t %eri"% )r< in a!ry 6"t e&&i#ient %tyle t a"!ien#e% in )hm a


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&! i% amn' the m%t im*rtant an! !i%tin#ti2e a%*e#t% & many natinal #"lt"re%5 One rea%n&r that mi'ht 6e #alle! the #/e2l"tin & # tra!itin5 Thi% maylea! t relati2i%m7 the 2ie) that )hat i% tr"e an! ri'ht =&r me7> 6a%e! n my tra!itin7 i% al%tr"e an! ri'ht =&r y"7> 6a%e! n y"r tra!itin7 that I am neither mre nr le%% @"%ti&ie! in !in')hat my tra!itin tell% me i% ri'ht7 than y" are in !in' )hat y"r tra!itin tell% y" i% ri'ht5 O"r%e7 relati2i%m i% nt really #m*ati6le )ith any tra!itin7 &r all tra!itin% ma


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#laim% rather than limitin' them%el2e% t relati2i%ti# %ha!)/60in'7 nr i% relati2i%m ratinallytena6le in it%el&5 S"**%e ne )ere t a%%ert a Relati2i%m D#trine7 that e2ery tr"th i% tr"e nlyrelati2e t a *arti#"lar #"lt"re r *er%n5 The "e%tin ari%e%? )hat a6"t the Relati2i%m D#trineit%el& I% it tr"e nly relati2e t #ertain #"lt"re% r *er%n% I& %7 "*n th%e )h !eny it ma


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6e#a"%e there are t many "n


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Chapter 3 TelosG2ernment% %h"l! %ee< t %e#"re the ha**ine%% & their #iti(en%? thi% i% a #laim &e) )"l!

!eny5 B"t it !e% nt &ll) that the '2ernment nee!% t ha2e any !e&inite 2ie) a6"t )hath"man ha**ine%% #n%i%t% in5 G2ernment mi'ht7 in%tea!7 try t 'i2e *e*le a% m"#h %#*e a%*%%i6le t ! )hate2er it i% they ha**en t )ant5 =Free!m> i% ne & Ameri#an% &a2rite)r!%7 an! '2ernment% + @6 i% t re%*e#t an! *rte#t it5 E#nmi#%7 )hi#h ha% ha! a *re/eminent in&l"en#e n *liti#al nrm% in the We%t &r the *a%t #"*le & #ent"rie%7 ma It !ele'ate% th%e "e%tin% t in!i2i!"al%7 an! the 6i''e%t %in'le @6 & the )hle#n#e*t"al a**arat"% & mar


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ood life for people to have children.$erha*%7 &r %me rea!er%7 thi% *int i% % 62i"% that thear'"ment% 6el) )ill %eem li


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that they are %till ar"n! &r "% t 6%er2e them5 B"t t i!enti&y an! !e%#ri6e the *e#"liar&l"ri%hin' & an a t an Ari%ttelian an! a Dar)ini%t7their li nat"re7 an! tamany)ives5 We are th"% 'eneti#ally *r'ramme! t e0*e#t7 l< &r7 an! a!mire 6attle/#"ra'e inmen7 6"t nt % m"#h in )men5 Nte that it )"l! nt 6e tr"e t %ay that #"ra'e in 'eneral7 re2en *hy%i#al #"ra'e7 i% a *e#"liarly ma%#"line 2irt"e? at a minim"m7 )men nee! the *hy%i#al#"ra'e t en!"re the *ain% & #hil!6irth5 I am nly tal


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N) the *int here i% that7 &ar a*art a% the Ari%ttelian an! the Dar)ini%t are meta*hy%i#ally7 nne *int they are a'ree!? that it i% *art & h"man nat"re7 r h"man telosi& )e #"l! #a@le theDar)ini%t int a##e*tin' the )r! in hi% )n %*e#ial %en%e7 t !e%ire t *r!"#e &&%*rin'7 ten@y "r &&%*rin'7 an! t 'et %ati%&a#tin &rm rai%in' them5

The !e%ire &r &&%*rin'7 then7 ha% 2ery %trn' rt% in 6il'y5 It i% mre &"n!amental than any#"lt"ral *r'rammin'5 It i% "nrea%na6le t 6e % a'n%ti# a6"t the nat"re & h"man ha**ine%%a% nt t re#'ni(e that 6e'ettin' an! 6earin' #hil!ren7 &rmin' &amilie% lin 6y e0*eriment7 &r #a%"al rea%nin'a6"t %it"atin% that ari%e in nat"re )ill "i#


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I& )e a**ly thi% t h"man%7 it i% #lear )hy G! )"l! ha2e ha! t !e%i'n h"man% t 6e %e0"allyattra#te! t ea#h ther an! t l2e their #hil!ren5 He could7 *re%"ma6ly7 ha2e !e%i'ne! them t!i%!ain %e0 r !i%li


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e0*lit &"rther in Cha*ter 3 an! $art II5 Fr the mment7 t reiterate7 all )e nee! t e%ta6li%h i%thi%? that the &ir%t thin' e2l"tinary l'i# im*lie% i% that *e*le %h"l! li


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O& #"r%e7 in the #a%e & 'ay marria'e7 &r the %*"%e% t ha2e #hil!ren t'ether i% nt a6il'i#al *%%i6ility7 % thi% @"%ti&i#atin i% nt a2aila6le5

A *%%i6le 6@e#tin here i% that 'ay #"*le% #an a!*t5 We )ill ret"rn t thi% in Cha*ter 35 B"tanther 6@e#tin m"%t 6e !i%*at#he! imme!iately7 le%t it lin'er in the min!% & %me rea!er%5A'ain an! a'ain7 it i% ar'"e! that *r#reatin #ant 6e an e%%ential *art & marria'e 6e#a"%e%#iety re#'ni(e% marria'e% 6et)een #hil!le%% #"*le%5 Ye%7 6"t the %tate !e%nt


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#r*ratin%7 an! ther &rm% & 6"%ine%% r'ani(atin5 The main rea%n &r '2ernment% tre#'ni(e #r*ratin% an! *artner%hi*% i% that they ten! t #reate 2al"e7 t 6e e#nmi#ally*r!"#ti2e7 in %hrt t %im*li&y %me)hat t 6e *r&ita6le5 B"t the '2ernment %h"l! nt tryt en%"re that e2ery #r*ratin r *artner%hi* i% *r&ita6le7 !i%%l2in' th%e that arent5 It i%6etter &r it t e%ta6li%h a &e) &rmal r"le% an! then rely n the %el&/intere%t & 6"%ine%%*e*le t

en%"re that *r&it% are )i!ely a#hie2e!5 Similarly7 the '2ernment ri'htly e%ta6li%he% the &rmalr"le% & marria'e an! then rely n *e*le% in%tin#t% t en%"re that *r#reatin ha**en%5 B"tneither in2a%in & *ri2a#y7 nr !i%#retin7 nr any & the ther *r6lem% that )"l! ari%e &rmmi#rmana'in' *r#reatin7 ari%e &rm the %im*le r"le that #"*le% m"%t 6e & **%ite %e0e% t'et marrie!5


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Chapter / hy Sa"eSex ,arriage i# Not a

Victi"!e## Io$atioThe 6e%t ar'"ment &r %ame/%e0 marria'e i%? Why nt Wh i% h"rt 6y it What mti2e #"l!anyne ha2e t 6@e#t t it An 8nion arti#le %atiri#ally *"t% in the m"th & %mene re%*n!in't %me %tate% le'ali(atin & 'ay marria'e the line7 =Thi% )ill nly ma Ye%7 an! that &a#tr ha% %me )ei'ht76"t "nle%% y" )ant t en!r%e *e*le %ellin' them%el2e% int %la2ery7 *re2i"% #n%ent #annt6e )hlly !e#i%i2e5 =B"t the %ame ar'"ment )"l! a**ly t %trai'ht marria'e> Ye%5 Strai'htmarria'e i% nt a 2i#timle%% in%tit"tin5 It 'et% %me *e*le int 2ery "n&rt"nate %it"atin%5 Ana!e"ate !e&en%e & marria'e m"%t 6e 6a%e! n an "n!er%tan!in' & marria'e% *la#e in h"man!i'nity an! h"man telos7 an! the hi'her nee!% & %#iety an! the h"man ra#e7 nt merely n=Why nt> an! =It% "* t them t !e#i!e5> =B"t i& 6th %trai'ht an! 'ay marria'e ha2e 2i#tim%7i%nt it in#n%i%tent t %"**rt %trai'ht 6"t nt 'ay marria'e> N7 6e#a"%e t) im*rtant &a#tr%7*r#reatin an! tra!itin7 #"t in **%ite !ire#tin% in the t) #a%e%7 an! may ti* the 6alan#e &rr a'ain%t5 =B"t %eri"%ly7 n)7 it% nt % har! t 'et "t & a mi%ta


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*e*le )ill 6e rel"#tant t ! it i& they are 2"lnera6le t a6an!nment5 Marria'e #an rem2e rat lea%t re!"#e thi% ri%< & a6an!nment7 an! ma


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"n!er%tan!in'% that are % #r"#ial &r *e*le #ntem*latin' the 2ery re)ar!in' 6"t rather ri%


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N *a%t %#iety ha% re#'ni(e! 'ay marria'e5 $re%"ma6ly *a%t %#ietie% ha! '! rea%n% &r nt'i2in' hm%e0"al #"*le% the %ame


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the im*e!iment% t it %h"l! nt 6e tri2ialan! %in#e it i% ri'ht t en&r#e %trai'ht marria'e% e(post7 it i% *r*er t 'i2e them le'al re#'nitin e( ante.

The ar'"ment % &ar ha% 6een !e%i'ne!7 nt t #m*el 'ay marria'e a!2#ate% t a6an!n their#a"%e in 'eneral7 6"t t &r#e them t re#ant &rm ne #laim that ha% 6een ma!e n their %i!e7namely that the tra!itinal !e&initin & marria'e &ail% the ratinal 6a%i% te%t5 "!'e 1a"'hnWal %tate% the r"lin'an! yet !ra) the **%ite #n#l"%in5

Hi% ar'"ment7 i& it !e%er2e% the name7 %eem% t 6e that =the e0#l"%in J& %ame/%e0 #"*le%K%eem% t e0i%t a% an arti&a#t & a time )hen the 'en!er% )ere %een a% ha2in' !i%tin#t rle% in%#iety an! in marria'e5 That time ha% *a%%e!5> N)7 a!2erti%er%7 )h a#t"ally ha2e tsellproductst men an! t )men7


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X#re & marria'e5> An! that i% alm%t e"i2alent t %ayin'7 =)e )ill re!e&ine marria'e h)e2er)e )ant7> )ith the %"6te0t7 =an! at the en! & the !ay7 the *)er & the %tate )r There are time% )hen ne )i%he% that *)er !i! nt ha2e t )ear thi% threa!6are ma%< &*hny rea%nin'5 It !e'ra!e% r"ler% an! %"6@e#t% ali


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*e*le #an nly &ail t %"**rt 'ay marria'e &rm reli'i"% mti2e%7 !i%*lay% an e0trar!inary!e'ree & hi%tri#al i'nran#e5 Ha% Wal


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re#'ni(e 'ay marria'e 6e#a"%e it 6in!% 'ay% &"t"re %el2e% in )ay% that they mi'ht re'ret7 in a&a%hin that la# )"l! 6e a li *e*le e0*e#t a *lea%"ra6le %try t &ll)5 Y" mi'ht e2en 6e6ra''in'7 a% y" %"rely are i& y" %ay7 =I !ate! ten !i&&erent 'irl% my @"nir year & #lle'e5> I&y" %ay7 =I )ent out )itha !an#er7> *e*le mi'ht *r6e &r @"i#y !etail%7 in a %*irit & &"n an!a!2ent"re7 )ith"t m"#h &ear & #a"%in' *ain5 With !atin' relatin%hi*%7 there i% n *re%"m*tin& *ermanen#e7 r at m%t a )ea< ne7 an! 6y the %ame t


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&rm & !atin'5 Y" #an ima'ine a )rl! in )hi#h *e*le 'et marrie! 6e#a"%e they inten! mrethan a ne/ni'ht %tan!7 6"t )here !i2r#e an! remarria'e t %mene el%e are a matter & #"r%ei&7 %ay7 ne% #areer ta


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)ay y" !i! )ith y"r 'ay &rien!5 An! % %#ial nrm% #han'e7 an! tra!itin% 6e'in t 6e &raye!5The la) mi'ht 6e a&&e#te! t7 i& @"!'e% are a&&e#te! 6y 6th mral int"itin7 )hi#h )"l! ma 'ay #"*le% maye0ert an in&l"en#e 2er the )ay nrm% &r heter%e0"al% are "n!er%t!5 The in%ta6ility &le%6ian marria'e% mi'ht ma


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a!2ent"r"% y"th int mi!!le a'e an! the !e#line & li&e7 )ith it% *re&eren#e &r %e#"rity5 S"#he&&e#t% m"%t7 at any rate7 6e re'ar!e! a% li


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Chapter Chi!%re$r#reatin *lay% a !i&&erent rle in my ar'"ment than in th%e & 'ay marria'e **nent% li


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in 'eneral7 r #ertain #la%%e% & #hil!ren7 mi'ht #ntain relati2ely &e) #an!i!ate% )ith!em'ra*hi# #hara#teri%ti#% that ma


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A#r%%555 %t"!ie%7 there )ere n !i&&eren#e% 6et)een the t) 'r"*% J#hil!ren rai%e! 6yheter%e0"al *arent% an! #hil!ren rai%e! 6y le%6ian *arent%K in term% & the rate% &*%y#hiatri# !i%r!er% %"#h a% !e*re%%in an! an0iety555 Nt a %in'le ne555 &"n! any#rrelatin 6et)een *arental %e0"al rientatin an! any a!2er%e e&&e#t n #hil!ren%*%y#hl'i#al r emtinal !e2el*ment555 Chil!ren & le%6ian *arent% ma!e &rien!% an!

&rme! healthy relatin%hi*% @"%t a% )ell a% their *eer%555 St"!ie% J&"n! n !i&&eren#e% inK#'niti2e an! intelle#t"al !e2el*ment an! %#hl &"n#tinin'555 6et)een #hil!ren &le%6ian *arent% an! #hil!ren & heter%e0"al *arent%555 There )ere n !i&&eren#e% in*arent% #mmitment t their #hil!ren #rrelatin' )ith *arent% %e0"al rientatin555 The"ality & the *arent/#hil! relatin%hi*% 6et)een le%6ian mther% an! their #hil!ren )a% atlea%t a% '! a% th%e in heter%e0"al *arent &amilie%555 Nne & the%e %t"!ie% &"n! any!i&&eren#e% in mental health 6et)een the t) 'r"*% & *arent%555 $arental %e0"alrientatin ha! n im*a#t n #hil!ren% 'en!er i!entity !e2el*ment555 ACLU7 **5 ,8/,:

There i% m"#h mre in thi% 2ein5 In &a#t7 I ha2e "te! the ACLU re*rt %me)hat %ele#ti2ely inr!er t #en%r the re*rt% ten!en#y illi#itly t #n2ert ne'ati2e %tatement% li t *%iti2e %tatement% li 6"t i& thi% i% tr"e7 e0*ert% in the &iel! %h"l!


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With %t"!y a&ter %t"!y %h)in' "ni&rm re%"lt%7 )hether *arental %e0"al rientatina&&e#t% #hil!ren% %"##e%%&"l a!@"%tment i% n ln'er an *en "e%tin r %"6@e#t & !e6ateamn' %#ial %#ienti%t%5 It i% )ell/%ettle! that it !e% nt5

i% %#ial/%#ienti&i# mal*ra#ti#e5 In thi% re%*e#t7 the ACLU i% nt alne5 hn Cr2in7 ar'"in'&r %ame/%e0 marria'e a'ain%t Mar'aret Galla'her in&ebatin Sa#e'Se( Marriae7 i% a6le t"te many ther %"r#e%?

Alth"'h the re%ear#h li


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S#ial %#ienti%t% r"tinely "%e a %tati%ti#al meth! #alle! =hy*the%i% te%tin'7 )hi#h %ee


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la%t #"nt7 2er -3; )r


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Are#uchmre li


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N)7 at thi% *int7 it i% im*rtant t %tre%% that e2en i& %tati%ti#al *attern% li that may 6e #laime! n any"e%tin% relate! t hm%e0"ality5 A#a!emi#% are h"man7 an! they ha2e #areer% t )rry a6"t5With thi%


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Still7 )e may a% )ell #n#e!e t Re'ner"%% #riti#% that the %tate & %#ial %#ien#e n 'ay*arentin' i% in!eterminate5 In!ee!7 Re'ner"% him%el& )a% the &ir%t t in%i%t that hi% re%"lt% !nt%he! any *arti#"lar li'ht n 'ay marria'e7 %in#e hi% !ata relate t time *eri!% 6e&re 'aymarria'e )a% *art & the *liti#al lan!%#a*e5

B"t )hen em*iri#al )r< i% % !i&&i#"lt7 it i% "%e&"l t t"rn t thery a% a r"'h '"i!e an! a%"r#e & *rir 6elie&%5 An! here7 the #hie& thin' t 6%er2e i% that Re'ner"%% re%"lt% are r"'hly)hat )e %h"l! e0*e#t n the 6a%i% & e2l"tinary thery5 The nrmal h"man &amily *attern i%&r a man an! a )man t #*erate in rai%in' #hil!ren5 Se0"al #m*lementarity in *arentin'7%"#h that men ! %me *art% & the @6 & *arentin' )ell7 an! )men ! ther% )ell7 )"l! 6ee2l"tinarily a!2anta'e"%5 I&(i% a *arentin' ta%


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a!*ti2e *arent% them%el2e% !7 then the%e


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'ay marria'e )a% a2aila6le in Cana!a7 % Allen% &in!in'% may 6e mre in!i#ati2e & the ln'/r"n *er&rman#e & %ame/%e0 *arent%5 Allen% &in!in'%7 a% %"mmari(e! in the a6%tra#t

Alm%t all %t"!ie% & %ame/%e0 *arentin' ha2e #n#l"!e! there i% =n !i&&eren#e> in aran'e & "t#me mea%"re% &r #hil!ren )h li2e in a h"%ehl! )ith %ame/%e0 *arent%#m*are! t #hil!ren li2in' )ith marrie! **%ite/%e0 *arent%5 Re#ently7 %me )r h) )ill they li the e0tra ta0 that%ame/%e0 rmmate% *ay &r nt ha2in' %e0 )ith ea#h ther an! there&re 6ein' a6le t =marry>

The m%t e&&e#ti2e )ay t *re2ent **rt"ni%ti# "%e & 'ay marria'e 6y nn/'ay% )"l!*r6a6ly 6e t ma )a% really *ermanent7 an! *re#l"!e! any &"t"re marria'e%5 Thi% *int% t a !ilemma&r 'ay marria'e a!2#ate%5 D they )ant %ame/%e0 marria'e t 6e really 6in!in'7 r nt The

mre 6in!in' marria'e i%7 the )ea


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)ritin'7 )hi#h he &elt it )"l! 6e a %#ial '! !ee! &r him t #r%%/%"6%i!i(e 6y *ayin' mrethan hi% %hare & the h"%ehl! 6ill%5 Al%7 )e l


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that %en%e7 it !e% a rea%na6ly '! @6 & a#hie2in' &airne%%5 It al% #reate% %"6%tantial *er2er%ein#enti2e%7 in that ta0 %"6%i!ie% an! ta0 *enaltie% )"l! en#"ra'e *e*le t "%e le'al marria'ean! !i2r#e t re!"#e their ta0 6ill%7 6"t there !e%nt %eem t 6e m"#h e2i!en#e that *e*lere%*n! t the%e in#enti2e%5 S that% all ri'ht5

Gay marria'e mi'ht !e%ta6ili(e thi% rather &a2ra6le %it"atin5 Fir%t7 'ay% are li #"l! "tn"m6er the 6na &i!e ne%5 In 'eneral7 the mre the !e&initin & marria'e6e#me% %"!!enly ne'tia6le7 &le0i6le7 "n#ertain7 !eta#he! &rm #"lt"ral tra!itin%7 the le%%"%e&"l it i% &r *"6li# &inan#e5

Mean)hile7 #n#ern% a6"t &airne%% al% #"t 6th )ay%5 Gay #"*le% mi'ht 'et 6etter treatment

than %trai'ht #"*le% in ta0 an! *li#y7 6e#a"%e they re'ar! #i2il marria'e a% *tinal5 Gay#"*le% may al% 'et 6etter ta0 treatment than %imilarly %it"ate! rmmate% & the %ame 'en!er)h ! nt ha2e %e05 Frm the *er%*e#ti2e & *"6li# &inan#e7 'ay marria'e #reate% #ertain ri%


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'ART II ,arriage Rea!i#"6 a% hy +ay

,arriage Caot (e the Rea! Thig


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Chapter 7 Sex a% the Se!)i#h +ee#

In the a6rtin !e6ate7 the la6el% *r/li&e an! *r/#hi#e7 th"'h in!i2i!"ally "n&air an!ten!enti"%7 t'ether &rm a "%e&"l 6alan#e5 $r/li&e i% "n&air an! ten!enti"% 6e#a"%e *r/#hi#e *e*le7 t7 are &ten in &a2r & li&ethey %"**rt la)% a'ain%t in&anti#i!e an! *re&er*ea#e t )ar)hile *r/li&e *e*le mi'ht 6e7 i& anythin'7 mre li i% "e%tin/6e''in' it a%%ert% that *e*le are e"al entitle! t7 6"t *r2i!e% n )arrant &r &illin' in the 6lan< ne )ay rather than anther5 A% amatter & l'i#7 =marry a #n%entin' %in'le7 li2in'7 a!"lt7 nn/relate! in!i2i!"al & the **%ite%e0> i% a% 2ali! a )ay t &ill in the 6lan< a% =marry a #n%entin' %in'le7 li2in'7 a!"lt7 nn/relate!in!i2i!"al7> &"ll %t*5 Still7 the *hra%e =marria'e e"ality7> %"''e%tin' an e"al ri'ht t #arry theperson you love7 %eem% t ha2e a #ertain int"iti2e &r#e7 an! it i% n mre ten!enti"% than =*r/li&e> r =*r/#hi#e5> It !e% @"%ti#e t the mral 'al% that mti2ate the7 )ell7 marria'e/e"ality#a"%e5

A% #m*en%atin &r en!r%in' the *hra%e =marria'e e"ality7> I %"''e%t that **nent% & %ame/%e0 marria'e ha2e the ri'ht t a!*t "r )n ten!enti"% la6el7 an! I *r*%e the *hra%e=marria'e reali%m5> The main #mmn i!ea amn' **nent% & %ame/%e0 marria'e an! Da2i!Blan


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a#"ie%#e% in the re!e&initin & the )r! =marria'e7> that )r! )ill %im*ly ha2e #me t re&er7in#n2eniently7 t t) !i&&erent thin'%7 marria'e an! %tate/6a# It en#a*%"late% m"#h & Ra"#h% ar'"ment7 an! hi% errr7 )ith mar2el"%%"##in#tne%%5 T %ee )hy7 ne m"%t


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really tr"e an! "%e&"l i!ea% ! #me aln'5 Fr e0am*le7 the i!ea & !eman!7 %"**ly7 an!e"ili6ri"m in e#nmi#% may 6e %ai!7 )ith a little *eti# li#en%e7 t ha2e )n the Cl! War an!%a2e! &ree!m in the )rl!5 In &a#t7 Ill ta


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A% the %#iali%t re2l"tin% & the early ,;th #ent"ry !"6te! r !enie! *r*erty ri'ht%7 the%e0"al re2l"tin & the +:4;% an! a&ter)ar!% ha% !"6te! r !enie! marria'e5 That i%7 a &e)ra!i#al% re@e#te! marria'e alt'ether7 6"t %#iety a% a )hle ha% let it *er%i%t7 )hile )ea


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thery & e2l"tin i% that r'ani%m%7 in#l"!in' *e*le7 m"%t 6e #m*letely %el&i%h7 6e#a"%er'ani%m% that 6eha2e! altr"i%ti#ally7 %a#ri&i#in' them%el2e% &r the 6ene&it & ther%7 )"l!#ntri6"te le%% t the ne0t 'eneratin7 an! )"l! 6e 6re! "t & the **"latin5 O& #"r%e7 m"#ha**arent altr"i%m i% 6%er2e! amn' *e*le7 an! t a le%%er e0tent ther r'ani%m% a% )ell5 Thatmi'ht %eem t *r2e the thery & e2l"tin &al%e5 B"t it t"rn% "t that there are %e2eral

e2l"tinary e0*lanatin% & altr"i%m5 Fir%t7 e2l"tin *re!i#t% a nat"ral altr"i%m t)ar!%


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in#rea%in' the #han#e% that their &&%*rin' )ill %"r2i2e an! *r%*er in the ne0t 'eneratin5 On thether han!7 i& a man 'et% a )man *re'nant an! a6an!n% her7 the #hil! mi'ht %"r2i2e any)ay7an! he i% &ree t m2e n t ther **rt"nitie%5

S ea#h man &a#e% a %trate'i# !ilemma? )hether t 6e a =!a!7> %tayin' t '"i!e an! '"ar! the#hil!ren he ha% 6e'tten 6y ne r mre )men7 r a =#a!7> %erially %e!"#in' an! a6an!nin')men5 =Da!> ty*e% %h"l! %till 6e n the l


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All in the mrnin' 6etimeAn! I a mai! at y"r )in!)T 6e y"r 1alentine5Then "* he r%e an! !nn! hi% #lthe%an! !"**! the #ham6er !r

Let in the mai!7 that "t a mai!Ne2er !e*arte! mre5"th %he7 Be&re y" t"m6le! me7Y" *rmi%! me t )e!5He an%)er%?S )"l! I ha!ne7 6y yn!er %"n7An Ji&K th" ha!%t nt #me t my 6e!5

The man in the %n' %tate% hi% %trate'y )ith 6r"tal !ire#tne%%5 It mi'ht 6e mre ty*i#al & a mant 6e le%% 6l"nt7 an! #2er him%el& )ith %el&/@"%ti&yin' e0#"%e% & ne %rt r anther5 B"t7 mre%"6tly7 he mi'ht not be a)arethat he )a% te%tin' her5 May6e &rm hi% *int & 2ie)7 he )a%ar!ently in l2e )ith her7 an! then7 my%teri"%ly7 he )a% nt5 Thi% emtinal in#n%i%ten#y

%er2e% him )ell7 r rather7 %er2e% hi% %el&i%h 'ene% )ell7 %in#e he im*re'nate! the 'irl 6"t


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)e may 6e the 6lin! *a)n% & !e%ire% rte! in the %el&i%h 'ene%7 r )e may &i'ht a'ain%t an!lar'ely 2er#me th%e !e%ire%5

Thi% m"#h7 at any rate7 i% #lear? &r a *er%n t li2e % a% t ma0imi(e the %"##e%% & hi% %el&i%h'ene% )"l! 6e % hrri6le an! #ra(y that it %eem% %a&e t a%%ert that 2irt"ally n ne !e% it5 Fra man7 the 'eneti#ally 6e%t %trate'y mi'ht 6e t 6e a %erial ra*i%t & Cathli# %#hl'irl% )h !nt 6elie2e in a6rtin5 He )"l! en! "* in @ail %ner r later 6"t mean)hile mi'ht %ire mre&&%*rin' than e2en the m%t &rt"nate *ater&amilia%5 That %"#h a li&e )"l! 6e nt nlyhi!e"%ly e2il 6"t al% ttally "nha**y7 )ret#he!7 an! mi%era6le !e% nt matter t the %el&i%h'ene%5 B"t they ! nt Th"% he )rite% && hal& hi% *tential a"!ien#e5He thin


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A% I e0*laine! in Cha*ter -7 e2en i& G! ma!e the )rl! 47;;; year% a'7 He %eem% t ha2ema!e it in ecoloical equilibriu#7 an! &rm that &a#t7 m"#h #an 6e !e!"#e!5 Nat"ral %ele#tin i%a &r#e that )"l! ten! t destabili6ethe e#l'i#al ma


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#reatin 47;;; year% a'7 it re"ire% male anatmy t 6e )ell/hne! &r %"##e%% in an n'in''eneti# #m*etitin7 an! that re"ire% te%te% t 6e the ri'ht %i(e7 nt in#n2eniently lar'e7 6"t 6i'en"'h t )in %*erm #m*etitin% %metime%5

T %"m "* )hat ha% 6een e%ta6li%he! % &ar7 h)e2er li&e n earth an! man


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*lenty & li'ht n the nat"re & "r %e0"al !e%ire%7 6th le'itimate ne% )hi#h )e ri'htly *"r%"e7an! e2il ne% )hi#h )e %tr"''le a'ain%t a% tem*tatin%5

N)7 )hile there i% mre t marria'e than the %el&i%h 'ene%7 marria'e #annt 6e "n!er%t! a*art&rm the %el&i%h 'ene% an! their *e#"liar7 *er2a%i2e7 an! !e#i!e!ly a%ymmetri# in&l"en#e n )hatmen an! )men )ant &rm ea#h ther5 Marria'e #"l!7 in *rin#i*le7 taThe %ymmetry & m!ern marria'e i% mi%lea!in'5 Frm the %el&i%h 'ene% *int & 2ie)7 male an!&emale a!"ltery are differente2il%5 Male a!"ltery7 r e2en in&at"atin7 i% a !i2er%in & re%"r#e%&rm the *arental in2e%tment an! may *re#i*itate a6an!nment5 Female a!"ltery threaten% a man)ith #"#

Mean)hile7 )hat ! the %el&i%h 'ene% ha2e t %ay a6"t hm%e0"ality The m%t 62i"% *inti% that hm%e0"al rientatin i% !iametri#ally **%e! t the %el&i%h 'ene% intere%t%5 One mi'htthere&re #n#l"!e that hm%e0"ality #annt 6e a nat"ral *henmenn7 that i%7 a *henmennthat )"l! ##"r in the en2irnment & e2l"tinary a!a*tatin7 6"t m"%t ari%e %meh) &rmthe in&l"en#e% & #"lt"re r #i2ili(e! h"manity% 'eneral mala!a*tatin t the en2irnment )eha2e #reate! &r "r%el2e%5 B"t thi% #n#l"%in i% t ha%ty5 Hm%e0"al% %eem t *re&er tre'ar! their %e0"al rientatin a% 'eneti#ally 6a%e!7 an! E5O5 Wil%n e0*lain% h) thi% #"l!ma


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talent%7 "n"%"al "alitie% & *er%nality7 an! the %*e#iali(e! rle% an! *r&e%%in% it'enerate%5 There i% a6"n!ant e2i!en#e that %"#h i% the #a%e in 6th *reliterate an! m!ern%#ietie%5 E5O5 Wil%n7 The Social Conquest of the en2irnment7 #"lt"re7 reli'in7"*6rin'in'7 et#5*lay in %ha*in' a *er%n% 6eha2ir7 #hara#ter7 ta%te%7 talent%7 an! % n5 T)in%t"!ie% %h) that )hen ne i!enti#al t)in i% hm%e0"al7 the ther i% "%"ally heter%e0"al7 6"t i%mre li


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6y th%e & )men555 Hm%e0"al men 6eha2e li


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tea#he% "% i% &ten !i&&i#"lt t arti#"late7 that )e ha2efree )ill.S#ienti&i# materiali%m r"le% "t&ree )ill7 there&re it #annt 6e )hlly #rre#t5

E2en i& )e %et a%i!e the%e *hil%*hi#al "e%tin% an! e0amine the thery & e2l"tin &rm amre *"rely %#ienti&i# %tan!*int7 )e !nt


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Wily Whi((


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an! e2l"tin% *)er7 )e )"l! &in! that the emer'en#e & %entient li&e )a% a near #ertainty7 rn the ther han!7 that it )a% *rhi6iti2ely im*r6a6le5

The main e2i!en#e that e2l"tin could'enerate the #m*le0ity & li&e n Earth %eem% t 6e thatit did.Li&e i% a &a#t5 S#ien#e


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Rather than #reatin' the )rl! in e#l'i#al e"ili6ri"m a% )e 6%er2e it t!ay7 G! may ha2e#reate! the )rl! in a 2ery !i&&erent an! 6etter %tate7 an! h"man 6ein'%7 )h )ere a**inte! a%#areta


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Chapter 8 A (rie) Hi#tory o) ,arriageMany )men7 an! %me men t7 2al"e the n2el% & ane A"%ten a% a )i%e '"i!e t )hat

marria'e i%7 an! )hat it "'ht t 6e7 an! h) t 'et it5 A '! marria'e i%7 &r her7 the re)ar! &2irt"e? & #"ra'e7 & !i%#retin an! ta#t7 & h"mility an! *atien#e7 & !i%#ernment5 By the %amet 6y her Well7 it t"rn% "t that in Britain at

that time7 an! &r a ln' time *rir7 a man #"l! 6e 6"n! t marry by his #ere )ord7 )hile the)man )a% nt % 6"n!5 S ha! S#r'e 'ne 6a#< n hi% )r! )ith"t 6ein' =relea%e!7> %he#"l! ha2e liti'ate!5 S"#h a la) &a2r% )men7 *rte#tin' them &rm men )h mi'ht lea! themn7 6"t n the ther han!7 marrie! )men #"l! nt )n *r*erty in Great Britain "ntil +99,5An! !i2r#e )a% nearly im*%%i6le5 In!ee!7 theMatri#onial Causes *ct& +938 all)e! #ent!i2r#e their )i2e% &r a!"ltery7 6"t "n&aith&"lne%% )a% %till nt %"&&i#ient 'r"n!% &r a )mant 'et a !i2r#e5

By #ntra%t7 t!ay in the US all 3; %tate% &&er n/&a"lt !i2r#e marrie! )men #an )n*r*erty an! are nt really "n!er their h"%6an!% le'al a"thrity in any %i'ni&i#ant )ay an! therei% n %"#h thin' a% a =6rea#h & *rmi%e trial5> I& marria'e )ere merely a #ntra#t7 the #ntent &that #ntra#t )"l! 6e % !i&&erent t!ay than in ane A"%ten% time that it )"l! 6e %tran'e an!'rat"it"%ly #n&"%in' t "%e the %ame )r! &r 6th the%e ty*e% & #ntra#t5 I& )e re'ar!marria'e merely a% a #ntra#t7 r an in%tit"tin7 it 6e#me% "ite !! that )e #an re#'ni(e ita#r%% #"lt"re% at all7 % a% t #r%%/a**ly the )r!% =marria'e> an! =h"%6an!> an! =)i&e> tan#ient Rme7 me!ie2al Mn'lia7 tri6al A&ri#a7 et#5 The rea%n )e are a6le t re#'ni(emarria'e a#r%% #"lt"re% i% that )hile the in%tit"tinal %hell & marria'e 2arie% a '! !eal a#r%%time an! %*a#e7 the #ntent & marria'e i% %"6%tantially !etermine! 6y the %el&i%h 'ene%5Cha6itatin7 *lin' & re%"r#e%7 "%"ally )ith the male %"6%i!i(in' the &emale7 a nrm &


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*ermanen#e7 an in%i%ten#e n the %e0"al &i!elity & )i2e%7 an! a ta6 a'ain%t )men ha2in'%e0 *rir t marria'eall the%e a**ear a'ain an! a'ain7 6e#a"%e they ari%e &rm the %el&i%h'ene%5

Nam Chm% r =harlt7> )ith !i%hnra6le #nntatin%5 The%e term% !nt nly mean =tra!e%%e0 &r mney> 6"t are %metime% "%e! &r any *rmi%#""% )man7 an! in any #a%e the!i%hnr %eem% "%"ally t atta#h mre t the *rmi%#"ity than the mney5 N #m*ara6le term%e0i%t &r men5 Term% li =*layer7> =*lay6y7> =Ca%an2a7> =l2er 6y> an! =Dn"an> are rarer an! le%% im*rtant7 an! !nt !e2al"e a man in the %ame )ay7 #nntin'!i%a**r2al *erha*%7 6"t nt !i%'"%t7 an! %metime% en2y r a!miratin5

When the Bi6le %ay% that =a&ter arri2in' &rm He6rn7 Da2i! t< mre )i2e% an! #n#"6ine%&rm er"%alem> , Sam"el 3?+-7 there i% n %"''e%tin that he !i! )rn' there6y5 I ! ntmean t a**eal t the Bi6le a% a reli'i"% a"thrity here7 6"t merely a% a hi%tri#al %"r#e5 TheBi6li#al her Gi!en ha! many )i2e%7 an! in' Slmn ha! %e2en h"n!re! )i2e% an! threeh"n!re! #n#"6ine% , Sam"el ++?+5 I& the Bi6le 6lame% him &r thi% at all7 it i% nly 6e#a"%emany & the%e )i2e% )ere &rei'n an! intr!"#e! *a'an )r%hi* int the ryal h"%ehl!5 The%try & "!ah an! Tamar in the Bi6le i% e%*e#ially re2ealin' & a *arti#"lar %y%tem & nrm%7%me)hat "n&amiliar t "% t!ay yet ty*i#al & a )i!e %)ath & h"manity5 "!ah% !a"'hter/in/la)7 t)i#e )i!)e! at the !eath & "!ah% t) %n% )h marrie! her in %"##e%%in7 i% )aitin' t6e 'i2en in marria'e t "!ah% thir! %n a##r!in' t #"%tm7 6"t "!ah !elay%5 Tamar ta


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S it )a% tl! Tamar7 %ayin'7 =L Th"% %he t< && her )i!)% 'arment%7 #2ere! her%el& )ith a 2eil7 ma!e her%el&6ea"ti&"l7 an! %at !)n near the 'ate% & Ainan n the )ay *a%t Timnah &r %he %a)J"!ah% thir! %nK )a% 'r)n7 an! %he )a% nt 'i2en t him a% a )i&e5 When "!ah %a)her7 he th"'ht %he )a% a *r%tit"te7 6e#a"%e %he ha! #2ere! her &a#e an! he !i! nt

re#'ni(e her5 Then he t"rne! t her 6y the )ay7 an! %ai!7 =Let me #me in t y">555 S%he %ai!7 =What )ill y" 'i2e me7 that y" may #me in t me> J"!ah *rmi%e% t %en!a y"n' 'at7 an! %he a%


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#a*ti2e7 !i! 6eln' t him7 ha2in' 6een all#ate! t him 6y the army )hile they )ere !i2i!in'the %*il% & )ar7 an! that A'amemnn7 in re2i%in' that all#atin e( post7 )a% in the )rn'5 B"tneither here7 nr any)here el%e in the4liad7 )hi#h i% &"ll & %"#h ra2i%hin' & )men7 a#t"al7threatene!7 an! &&ere! a% a 6ar'ainin' #hi*7 i% there any hint & %#r"*le% n the *art & the Gree


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m"#h a% r mre than *hy%i#al &aith&"lne%%7 an! %e0"al ri2al% are threat% 6e#a"%e they mi'ht*re#i*itate a6an!nment5 A )man mi'ht 6ene&it 6y &&erin' a man e0#l"%i2e %e0"al ri'ht% 2erher e2en i& he !e% nt re#i*r#ate5 By % !in'7 %he ma


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a#hie2ement that the We%t ha% &r % ln' ma!e it nrmati2e an! nrmal &r e2en the *)er&"l t%"**re%% that im*"l%e5

O& #"r%e7 there ha2e 6een *lenty & la*%e%7 amn' the %la2e)nin' *lanter% n the Cari66ean%"'ar i%lan!% an! amn' US 6"%ine%%men 2i%itin' a *re/re2l"tinary C"6a ntri"% &r it%a6"n!ant *r%tit"te%7 in#l"!in' many & the m!ern E"r*ean mnar#h% an! many & theAmeri#an *re%i!ent%7 %"#h a% Warren G5 Har!in'7 Fran


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a#hie2e a %*len!i! harmny 6et)een in%tin#t an! altr"i%ti# l2e5 It ha% a )ea< 6a%i% ine2l"tinary l'i#7 6"t it *%%e%%e% a *)er&"l mral l'i# in%tea!5

Why !i! the mn'amy re2l"tin ##"r Ci2i# re*"6li#ani%m in Gree#e an! Rme hel*e!e%ta6li%h it7 6"t the lar'er an%)er i% *r6a6ly Chri%tianity7 )ith"t )hi#h the #la%%i#al #i2ili(atin& Gre#/Rman anti"ity mi'ht ha2e 2ani%he! )ith"t a tra#e7 )ith man


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They %ai! t him7 =Why then !i! M%e% #mman! t 'i2e a #erti&i#ate & !i2r#e7 an! t*"t her a)ay>

He %ai! t them7 =M%e%7 6e#a"%e & the har!ne%% & y"r heart%7 *ermitte! y" t !i2r#ey"r )i2e%7 6"t &rm the 6e'innin' it )a% nt %5 An! I %ay t y"7 )he2er !i2r#e% hi%)i&e7 e0#e*t &r %e0"al immrality7 an! marrie% anther7 #mmit% a!"ltery7 an! )he2ermarrie% her )h i% !i2r#e! #mmit% a!"ltery5> Matthe) +:?+/:

e%"% i% "tin' Gene%i% ,?,. here5 He a'ree% )ith $a"l Simn7 )h7 in the %n' Heart% an!Bne%7 *"t% the %ame my%teri"% *int *ithily? y" ta Mar< +;?++/+,

=Whe2er !i2r#e% hi% )i&e an! marrie% anther #mmit% a!"ltery an! )he2er marrie%her )h i% !i2r#e! #mmit% a!"ltery5> L" *rin#i*le %eem% t r"le "t *ly'yny a% m"#h a% it

r"le% "t !i2r#e7 &r h) #an a man )h i% =ne &le%h> )ith hi% )i&e ta )ith her a% )ell Thi% %ame e'alitariani%m i% e2i!ent in $a"l% tea#hin' n marria'e t the#h"r#h at Crinth?

Let ea#h man ha2e hi% )n )i&e7 an! let ea#h )man ha2e her )n h"%6an!5 Let theh"%6an! ren!er t the )i&e the a&&e#tin !"e her7 an! li


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On the ther han!7 the a*%tle%7 in their 2ari"% e*i%tle%7 tea#h male hea!%hi* )ithin marria'e5Fr e0am*le7 $eter )rite%?

Wi2e%7 li the Via &olorosa" #arryin'the #r%% t Cal2ary7 the nail% in hi% han!% an! &eet7 the %#&&er% @eerin' at him7 the terri6le thir%tan! nthin' 6"t 2ine'ar 'i2en him t !rin


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la!7 &&erin' the mre #m&rta6le *ill)7 'ettin' "* in the ni'ht % that %he #an %lee* Yet inthe en!7 the t) meta*hr% #n2er'e5 Fr in !ire %it"atin%7 in e0treme *eril7 )hat !e% l2in'hi% )i&e a% hi% )n 6!y mean 6"t ta i% har! t %ay7 6"t

it %eem% #lear at any rate that he 2ie)e! the %*e#ial 6n! 6et)een man an! )man )hi#h the*hra%e =ne &le%h> !e%#ri6e% a% ari%in' &rm %e0per se7 "ite a*art &rm the intentin% & the manan! the )man in2l2e!7 let alne )hat the la) mi'ht ha2e t %ay a6"t the matter5 The %el&i%h'ene% #an "n!er%tan! that5 They *r'ram a man t 2al"e 2ir'inity in )men an! t !i%!ainharlt% e2en a% they l"%t a&ter them5 At the %ame time7 a man ten!% t &eel a %*e#ial ten!erne%%t)ar!% any )man )h mi'ht 6e #arryin' hi% #hil!5 A )man% %el&i%h 'ene%7


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I& y" are 'in' t *ra#ti#e &rni#atin a&ter marria'e7 y" ha2e a**ra#he! marria'e"%ele%%ly an! in 2ain r rather nt merely in 2ain7 6"t t y"r harm5 It i% nt a% %eri"%&r an "nmarrie! man t *ra#ti#e &rni#atin a% t ! the %ame a&ter marria'e5 Fr thenthe %ame a#t i% n ln'er &rni#atin 6"t a!"ltery5 E2en i& thi% %tatement %eem% %tran'e7 iti% tr"e5 I reali(e that many *e*le thin< it i% a!"ltery nly )hen ne #rr"*t% a marrie!

)man5 B"t I %ay that i& a marrie! man treat% )i#


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)rn'7 an! arenin i% %t**e! &rm &ll)in' thr"'h n thi% re%l"tin 6y hi% %en%e that the'e%t"re i% %hame&"l an! irrele2ant5 1rn%


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#ha&e at the la%t 6it in the !e&initin7 a%


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T %"m "*7 )hile it ha% 6e#me &a%hina6le t %ay thin'% li


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heter%e0"al #"*le%7 6"t there i% n rea%n either t e0*e#t r t !e%ire &r that t ha**en*arti#"larly &ten5 At any rate the anal'y #annt 6e very #l%e7 6e#a"%e marria'e 6et)een menan! )men ha% al)ay% 6een a%ymmetri#7 an! %ame/%e0 #"*le% la#< the 6a%i# 'en!ere!a%ymmetry that i% an e%%ential &eat"re & marria'e5 Same/%e0 marria'e *%e% %me ri%< that!i&&erent 6eha2iral *attern% nat"ral t %ame/%e0 #"*le%7 %"#h a% 'ay male in&i!elity7 )ill a&&e#t

the nrm% &r %trai'ht marria'e7 6"t that a%i!e7 )hy #all !i&&erent thin'% 6y the %ame name Why#all a !' a #at Why #all an arm a le' Why #all %methin' that i% nt marria'e7 marria'e

An i%%"e ari%e% here that may 6e %tate! in a *hra%e #ine! 6y the C(e#h !i%%i!ent a'ain%t#mm"ni%m7 1a#la2 Ha2el? =li2in' in tr"th5> It )a% a!2anta'e"%7 in #mm"ni%tC(e#h%l2a


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Chapter 9 O 'o!yga"yOne !ay a&ter #h"r#h7 I )a% tal


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li6ertarian ar'"ment i% e0tremely %im*le5 $e*le %h"l! 6e &ree t #h%e5 I& they l2e %menean! )ant t marry them7 i& that i% )hat ma


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& hi% li6ertarian 6ent7 an! a !a((lin' )ay )ith )r!%5 He )rte a =le'ali(e *ly'amy> arti#le a)hile 6a#


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all the%e y"n' )men )"l! ha2e %"#h #han#e% r )"l! ta i% rele2ant in anther )ay5 Thi% ar'"mentm"%t 6e !e*lye! #are&"lly7 a% it #an %"n! 2a'"ely ra#i%t5 B"t it i% a #lear %#ienti&i# &a#tthat *e*le% trait% an! talent%7 an! there&re their li&e *r%*e#t% an! their 2al"e t %#ietya% )ell7 !e*en! hea2ily n their 'eneti# ma


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#n%i!era6ly %)eeten the "*%i!e & %"##e%%&"l entre*rene"r%hi*5 That )"l! mean %mart*e*le )r


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L"ther l The%e ma


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#hil!ren% )el&are in min!7 he li


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6i'amy #a%e% nt in2l2in' !e#e*tin7 th"% !e#riminali(in' 6i'amy de factothr"'h*r%e#"trial !i%#retin5 El%e)here7 *enalty re!"#tin% an! *ar!n% ha2e miti'ate! en&r#ement7% that %e2en year% a' the Nat"ral Marria'e F"n!atin &ir%t *re%i!ent? L"ther Lennn )a%a6le t r'ani(e natin)i!e #ele6ratin% )hen the la%t man in @ail &r #n%en%"al 6i'amy )a%relea%e!5 Thi% 2i#try )a% %me)hat $yrrhi#7 h)e2er7 a% a han!&"l & the m%t 6i'te! %tate

'2ernr% !eli6erately @aile! a &e) 6i'ami%t% in a la%t/!it#h attem*t t re%tre the %ti'ma5 The6l' &ten #ele6rate% *e*le =#min' "t> a% 6i'am"%7 an! Nat"ral Marria'e F"n!atinre%ear#h e%timate% that there are -;;7;;; *enly *ly'am"% r *lyan!r"% marria'e% in theUnite! State%7 "* &rm +;7;;; a !e#a!e a'5 $ll% %h) that m%t y"n' *e*le "n!er -; e0*e#t*ly'amy t 6e le'al )ithin t)enty year%7 )ith 3P & y"n' men %ayin' they h*e t 6e*ly'am"% )hen they 'r) "* an! thi% %"r*ri%e% L"ther Lennn the %ame n"m6er & y"n')men h*in' t 6e *lyan!r"%5 Lennn i% "ite #ertain the y"n' *e*le% *timi%m i%@"%ti&ie!5 B"t it i% nt #lear )hether they mean that *ly'amyper se )ill 6e le'ali(e!7 r)hether7 a% many are n) ar'"in'7 there )ill %im*ly 6e a #m*rehen%i2e %e*aratin & marria'ean! %tate5 Many & L"ther% #llea'"e% at the Nat"ral Marria'e F"n!atin n) a!2#ate thea6litin & =marria'e> a% a le'al #ate'ry alt'ether7 an! the a%%imilatin & &amily la) int

#ntra#t la)7 )hi#h may nee! t 6e ma!e mre r6"%t in it% inter&eren#e )ith *ri2ate !me%ti#ityin r!er t &ill the *la#e & &amily la)5 Thi% art&"l e"*hemi%m i% the %rt & thin' !nr% )h)ant t l66y &r ti'hter #ntrl 2er their %e#n! )i2e% l2e L"ther &r5

Lennn %te**e! !)n a% *re%i!ent & the Nat"ral Marria'e F"n!atin %e2eral year% *re2i"%ly2er a le'al i%%"e #n#ernin' Sa"!i mney5 Thi% )a% e2ent"ally re%l2e! )hen the 'ener"%!natin% &rm the H"%e & Sa"! )ere #hannele! int a %e*arate entity7 the Or'ani(atin &r theA!2an#ement & I%lami# Marital Li6erty7 h"%e! "n!er the %ame r& a% the Nat"ral Marria'eF"n!atin an! em*lyin' many & the %ame %ta&&7 6"t nt in2l2e! in !ire#t *liti#al a#ti2i%m5A ri#h man n)7 than


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Any)ay7 here i% the i!ea5 Why !i! )e le'ali(e 'ay marria'e A lt & %t"&& )a% %ai! at the time7%me & )hi#h %"n!e! 2ery *r/tra!itinal marria'e % a% t a**eal t )hat *"6li# *inin )a%in th%e !ay%7 6"t #learly the real i%%"e )a% thatse(ual satisfaction is a basic hu#an need7Atne time7 the %tate trie! t !eny %e0"al %ati%&a#tin t %me *e*le 6y la)7 6y "tla)in'=%!my> an! a!"ltery5 Later7 the %tate %t**e! tryin' t *re2ent %e0 6y &r#e7 6"t it %till atta#he!

a %ti'ma t it 6y nt 'i2in' hm%e0"al "nin% re#'nitin a% =marria'e7> )hi#h at that time )a%re'ar!e! 6y many *e*le a% the nly #nte0t in )hi#h %e0 )a% a**r*riate5 With the le'ali(atin& 'ay marria'e7 the %et & *e*le )h #"l! %ati%&y their %e0"al nee!% )ith"t 6ein' l


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Shudder.

I )ill nt attem*t t '"e%% h) li


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Tra!itin in the We%t i% nt n the %i!e & *ly'amy7 at lea%t it ha% nt 6een &r mre than t)th"%an! year%5 That i% a %trn' ar'"ment a'ain%t re#'ni(in' *ly'amy5 Yet the Bi6le !e%*r2i!e %me *re#e!ent% &r it5 M%t ther h"man #i2ili(atin% ha2e *ra#ti#e! *ly'amy "ntilm"#h mre re#ently7 an! %me %till *ra#ti#e it t!ay7 a% L"ther Lennn ar'"e!5 T the e0tent thatthe US i% 6e#min' a m"lti#"lt"ral %#iety7 it i% at lea%t ar'"a6le that the 2er!i#t & tra!itin i%

am6i'""%5

A% &r telos7 % &ar in thi% 6


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Chapter 10 Ro"atic -o$eS &ar7 "r !e&initin & marria'e i% a 6it li


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are *lenty & *er%n% )ith )hm a l)e%t/#mmn/!enminatr marria'e #"l! 6e #ntra#te!76"t &e)er7 an! &rm the l2er% in%i%tent *er%*e#ti2e nly ne7 )ith )hm the i!eal & marria'e7the #m*rehen%i2e "nin & *er%n%7 #"l! 6e reali(e!5 A mere li6ertarian ntin & *er%nal&ree!m )"l! @"%ti&y *arent% an! %#iety in re&"%in' t a#


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!e%#ri6e i% the et#etera & marria'e7 2ery )rth)hile t 6e %"re7 6"t nt the heart & the matter5Anther )ay t *"t it i% that )hat Ger'e et al5 !e%#ri6e i% nt rmanti# l2e r marria'e 6"t%im*lyfriendship7 al6eit & a


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N)7 I &in! it har! t i%late an! e2al"ate the meta*hy%i#al #mmitment% that %eem t "n!er'ir!thi% ar'"ment7 6"t I #an "n!er%tan! it in my )n )ay5 I& it #an %meh) 6e '"arantee! that a#"*le )ill 6e %e0"ally e0#l"%i2e7 then7 in/la)% a%i!e7 theenetic interests& h"%6an! an! )i&eare #m*letely "nite!5 Hi% nly &&%*rin' )ill 6e her nly &&%*rin'7 an! 2i#e 2er%a5 There i% n#n&li#t & intere%t 6et)een their %el&i%h 'ene%7 )hi#h 'i2e% "% rea%n t e0*e#t that their

in%tin#t%7 t7 )ill 6e in harmny5 In/la)% inter&ere )ith thi% "nity7 a% a h"%6an! )i&e #an %er2ehi% her )n %el&i%h 'ene% 6y hel*in' hi% her 6rther% an! %i%ter%7 )ith"t !in' hi% )i&e% herh"%6an!% %el&i%h 'ene% any '! there6y5 Thi% %eem% t 6e )hy7 )hen the Bi6le %ay% =the %hall6e#me ne &le%h7> it a!!% in the %ame 2er%e that =&r thi% rea%n a man %hall lea2e hi% &ather an!mther an! 6e @ine! t hi% )i&e> Gene%i% ,?,.5 Lea2in' the *arent% minimi(e% #n&li#t% &'eneti# intere%t5 Se0"al attra#tin t "t%i!er%7 t7 i% a #n%tant threat t the #n@"'al "nin7)hi#h #"lt"re an! in%tit"tin% an! mrality an! #hara#ter m"%t %meh) #ntri2e t 2erri!e7#an#el7 2et7 re*re%%7 ne"trali(e7 *rhi6it5 Chil!ren &rm *re2i"% marria'e% #an al% #reate#n&li#t% & intere%t5 B"t i& all the%e *r6lem% are a2i!e! r minimi(e!7 a


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)i&e7 t %i'nal her &i!elity t him thr"'h a&&e#tinate attentin%5 B"t *tential #m*lementarityin re*r!"#tin i% %till the !ee* mti2e &r #n@"'al "nin5

Ger'e et al5 err in defininmarria'e a% #n@"'al "nin7 m%t 62i"%ly 6e#a"%e marria'e ha%hi%tri#ally 6een "n!er%t!7 e0#e*t in the We%t7 t in#l"!e the *%%i6ility & *ly'amy7 )herea%the #n@"'al "nin they !e%#ri6e %eem% nly #n%i%tent )ith mn'amy5 What Ger'e et al5 are!e%#ri6in'7 in their a##"nt & #n@"'al "nin7 i% nt the !e&inin' e%%en#e7 6"t rather thea%*iratinal i!eal7 & marria'e7 & marital l2e7 & rmanti# l2e lea!in' t #n@"'al "nin a% it%&"l&illment5 Thi% ha% *r6a6ly al)ay% e0i%te! a% a *tentiality an! !ream & man


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i% a !i%tra#tin &rm them5 Stran'ely en"'h7 it i% nt %5 There i% nthin' in the )rl! % hi'han! hly that it )"l! 6e "t & *la#e in a l2e *em5 Nnethele%%7 e2en in the m%t %arin'e#%ta%ie% & rmanti# l2e7 the %el&i%h 'ene% ha2e their %hare5 They #an ! '! %er2i#e7 &re0am*le7 a% an inter*reti2e


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O Rme7 Rme )here&re art th" Rme-3Deny thy &ather an! re&"%e thy nameOr7 i& th" )ilt nt7 6e 6"t %)rn my l2e7An! Ill n ln'er 6e a Ca*"let555XTi% 6"t thy name that i% my enemy? .;

Th" art thy%el&7 th"'h nt a Mnta'"e5What% Mnta'"e It i% nr han!7 nr &t7Nr arm7 nr &a#e7 nr any ther *artBeln'in' t a man5 O7 6e %me ther name5What% in a name That )hi#h )e #all a r%e .3By any ther name )"l! %mell a% %)eetS Rme )"l!7 )ere he nt Rme #all!7Retain that !ear *er&e#tin )hi#h he )e%With"t that title5 Rme7 !&& thy name7An! &r that name7 )hi#h i% n *art & thee7 3;Ta Rme !i%!ain% thi% ri%


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Beyn! that7 %i'nalin' i% at )r


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An! nt im*"te thi% yiel!in' t li'ht l2eWhi#h the !ar< ni'ht hath % !i%#2ere!5 ++;555O7 %)ear nt 6y the mn7 the in#n%tant mn7That mnthly #han'e% in her #ir#le! r67Le%t that thy l2e *r2e li


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!e%ire7 )hi#h %ee


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S"#h7 at any rate7 i% the *%itin I )ant t %ta !e2el*e! 6y +:th/#ent"ry Cathli#% an! %till a!2#ate! 6y %meCathli#% t!ay )"l! im*%e mn'amy n %#iety7 n the 'r"n!% that i& %me men ha2em"lti*le )i2e%7 ther men )"l! ha2e nne5 Thi% i% the ar'"ment that )a% #ntem*t""%ly!i%mi%%e! 6y L"ther Lennn a% =!e*ri2in' millin% & )men & #a*a6le an! attra#ti2e mate% inr!er t an! in thi% #a%e7 I a'ree )ith him5Wmen are nt a #mm!ity t 6e all#ate! 6y %tate an! %#iety in the intere%t% & men5 Theirintere%t% %h"l! nt 6e %"6r!inate! in thi% )ay t the 'al & ma


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I& a )man "'ht t 6e &ree t lea2e apolya#ousmarria'e &r the %a


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%eem% t ha2e arri2e! at5 Rmanti# l2e lea!in' t #n@"'al "nin i% an im*rtant h"man '!7an! % a% 6e%t t ena6le their %"6@e#t% t a#hie2e7 '2ernment% %h"l! all) them t marry)hm they )i%h5 B"t nly )hen #n@"'al "nin7 the mer'er & 'eneti# intere%t% an! the harmny& in%tin#t% that ari%e% &rm it7 i% *%%i6le5 Fr 'ay #"*le%7 it i% nt5

A mn'am"% #"*le7 e2en i& #ntra#e*ti2e an!Qr in&ertile7 ha% the %el&i%h 'ene% n it% %i!e5Rmanti# l2e ethereali(e%7 rather than tran%#en!%7 the %el&i%h 'ene% an! their !e%ire%5 E2enRme an! "liet7 the m%t &am"% l2er% in hi%try7 )ere ena#tin' a %#i6il'i#al %#ri*t5What i% !i%tin#ti2e in marria'e i% nt merely *er&e#t l2e an! %el&/'i2in'7 )hi#h mi'ht ##"r in&rien!%hi*7 6"t that *er&e#t l2e an! %el&/'i2in' ha2e a *e#"liar 6a%i% in in%tin#t5 That #annt##"r in *ly'am"% marria'e%7 an! it #annt ##"r 6et)een %ame/%e0 #"*le%5 A!2#ate% &'ay marria'e %eem t #are mre a6"t %"6@e#ti2e &eelin'% than 6il'i#al &a#t%7 an! *erha*%ri'htly %5 B"t "r &eelin'% are in&rme! 6y the %el&i%h 'ene%5

It i% e2i!ent that the %el&i%h 'ene% #an 6e &le! int thin


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%e0 #"*le% &rm the #ate'ry that n %ame/%e0 "nin #an 6e a marria'e5 Thi% i% )here thein#e%%antly re*eate! anal'y 6et)een interra#ial marria'e an! 'ay marria'e 6rea


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Chapter 11 hy 're"arita! Sex i# rogWe!!in'% in a %#iety that !e% nt #n!emn *remarital %e0 are a little li an! maintain that =y"#annt *r2e an X"'ht &rm an Xi%7> i5e57 n rea%nin' *"rely &rm &a#t% #an e%ta6li%h a mral#laim5 T e%ta6li%h a mral #n#l"%in7 y" may "%e &a#t% 6"t y" nee! a mral *remi%e & %me%rt7 e5'57 &rm a =it i% )rn' t m"r!er a man> a mral #laim an! 6 =a#< i% a man> a&a#t"al #laim7 y" #an e%ta6li%h # =it i% )rn' t m"r!er a# a mral #laim7 6"t )ith"t%me mral #laim li an!="'ht> are nt !i%tin#t "ni2er%e%7 there i% a en!7 at lea%t a% &ar a% in!i2i!"al 6eha2ir i% #n#erne!5 I ha2e )ritten a'! !eal a6"t )hat thestate"'ht t !7 6"t I ha2e trie! t a2i! in#r*ratin' #laim% a6"tin!i2i!"al mrality int my ar'"ment5

Marria'e7 h)e2er7 %tra!!le% the i%/"'ht !i%tin#tin7 )ith ne &t in ea#h #ate'ry5 Frm the%tatement =Anne an! Arth"r are marrie!7> it &ll)% that =Anne an! Arth"r "'ht t ha2e %e0)ith ea#h ther> r at lea%t that they #ay an! al% that =Anne an! Arth"r "'ht nt t ha2e %e0)ith anyne el%e5> Y" may7 i& y" li B"t that mral #laim i% % intimately a*art & the !e&initin & marria'e that e2en t %ay =Anne an! Arth"r are marrie!> i% tantam"ntt a&&irmin' the mral #laim5 There i% an alternati2e meanin'? ne mi'ht %im*ly mean that Annean! Arth"r are leallymarrie!7 i5e57 that a *ie#e & *a*er e0i%t% in %me '2ernment &&i#e %tatin'that they are marrie!7 "n#ntra!i#te! 6y %me ther !#"ment a# A *er%n )h "%e% the )r!marria'e )ith"t 6elie2in' in the mral 6li'atin% "%"ally a%%#iate! )ith it i% alm%t li


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Mral r"le% a'ain%t *remarital an!Qr e0tramarital %e07 i& a##e*te!7 'i2e marria'e a 2ery !e&initemeanin'5

Ameri#an %#iety t!ay7 reli'i"% *e*le e0#e*te!7 'enerally re'ar!% e0tramarital %e0 a% )rn'6"t *remarital %e0 a% O5 The mral %i'ni&i#an#e & marria'e ha% narr)e!7 &rm 6ein' a li#en%et ha2e %e07 t 6ein' a relin"i%hin' & the ri'ht t ha2e %e07 e0#e*t )ith ne% %*"%e5 I& y"thin< a6"t the in#enti2e% thi% #reate%7 it i% nt %"r*ri%in' that the marrie! %hare & the a!"lt**"latin ha% 6een !e#linin' in We%tern #"ntrie%5 There "%e! t 6e an imme!iate %e0"alin#enti2e t marry5 N)7 in%tea!7 there i% a ln'/term %e0"al disin#enti2e t marry7 an! there6y t%a#ri&i#e %e0"al **rt"nitie% ne mi'ht ther)i%e ha2e en@ye! 2er the year% t #me5 Inret"rn7 %mene el%e %a#ri&i#e% their "t%i!e *tin in &a2r & &i!elity t y"7 % marria'e may%till 6e )rth it7 6"t it i% a le%% attra#ti2e 6ar'ain that it )a% in the *a%t5

Why e0tramarital %e0 i% %till )i!ely re'ar!e! a% )rn' )hen *remarital %e0 i% nt7 i% nt #lear tme5 D"6tle%%7 it ha% %methin' t ! )ith the i!ea that a!"ltery i% an in@"ry t ne% %*"%e7 6"t)hy ! )e 6lame the a!"lterer an! nt the @eal"% %*"%e Mean)hile7 !e% my !e&initin &marria'e7 a% a *"6li#ly a#


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e%"% & Na(areth ta"'ht *e*le t =! "nt ther% a% y" )"l! ha2e them ! "nt y"7> an!many r m%t m!ern nn/Chri%tian% %eem t a##e*t thi% r"le a% a '! 6a%i% &r ethi#%5 Th"%7 !nt lie7 ! nt %teal7 ! nt &rm the mral *er%*e#ti2e5 O##a%inally there i%

#n&"%in a6"t thi% 6e#a"%eso#eti#esthe t)


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*a%t7 ha2in'

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