the vegetation of the western blue mountains · the vegetation of the western blue mountains i...
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The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsincluding the Capertee, Coxs, Jenolan & Gurnang Areas
Volume 1: Technical Report
Hawkesbury-NepeanCMA CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
Department ofEnvironment and Conservation (NSW)
The Vegetation of theWestern Blue Mountains(including the Capertee, Cox’s, Jenolan and Gurnang Areas)
Volume 1: Technical Report (Final V1.1)
Project funded by the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment ManagementAuthority
Information and Assessment SectionMetropolitan BranchEnvironmental Protection and Regulation DivisionDepartment of Environment and ConservationJuly 2006
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis project has been completed by theInformation and Assessment Section,Metropolitan Branch.
Section Head, Information and AssessmentJulie Ravallion
Coordinator, Bioregional Data GroupDaniel Connolly
Vegetation Project OfficerGreg Steenbeeke
GIS, Data Management and DatabaseCoordinationPeter EwinKylie MaddenGreg Steenbeeke
Logistics and Survey PlanningGreg Steenbeeke
Field SurveyorsGreg SteenbeekeDaniel ConnollyElizabeth MagareyHelen AchurchRebecca AllportColin HuntVenesser OakesJosh Madden
Aerial Photo InterpretationBob WilsonData capture by Pintech (Pty Ltd)
Data AnalysisGreg SteenbeekeDaniel Connolly
Report Writing and Map ProductionGreg SteenbeekeDaniel ConnollyBob Wilson
Report Formatting
Kerry Oakes
Special thanks to:The numerous land owners including StateForests of NSW who allowed access to theirproperties.
The Department of Natural Resources, ForestsNSW and Hawkesbury – Nepean CMA forcomments on early drafts.
This report should be referenced as follows:
DEC (2006) The Vegetation of the WesternBlue Mountains. Unpublished report funded bythe Hawkesbury – Nepean CatchmentManagement Authority. Department ofEnvironment and Conservation, Hurstville.
PhotosVegetation community profile photographs byGreg Steenbeeke unless otherwise noted.Feature cover photo by Greg Steenbeeke. Allphotographs are held by DEC. To obtain a copyplease contact the Bioregional Data GroupCoordinator, DEC Hurstville
ISBN 1 920887 44 X
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report describes the distribution and composition of the native vegetation communities for portions ofthe Oberon, Capertee and Lithgow areas within the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. It covers over157 000 hectares of land. The project has been completed on behalf of the Catchment ManagementAuthority with the aim to ensure that native vegetation mapping covers all unmapped areas outside ofDEC managed lands in the catchment. The mapping provides a critical information resource for a widerange of support planning, management and monitoring for biodiversity objectives within the catchment.This project has sought to extend recently completed vegetation mapping work carried out across theSouth Coast and Cental Tablelands (Tindall et al. 2004) as part of the statewide vegetation mappingprogram. A small reserve adjoining the mapping area that covers the Jenolan Caves Trust Reserve hasbeen mapped and described within this report, although it was separately funded by the Oberon office ofthe Parks and Wildlife Division.
A comprehensive field survey program was carried out to augment the information gathered in earliermapping projects in the Warragamba Special Area, Western Blue Mountains National Park, WollemiNational Park and the South Coast and Central Tablelands. An additional 302 floristic survey sites werecollected during this project, bringing the total number in the study area and surrounding 20 kilometrebuffer to 1257 full floristic sites. All vascular plants were identified and vegetation, soil and disturbanceinformation were recorded and entered into an electronic database. This data was used to classifyvegetation communities using quantitative analytical techniques. Fifty-seven vegetation communitieshave been identified and each described in separate profiles. Each profile describes the composition andstructure of the vegetation, example locations, disturbance levels present and includes a photograph thatis considered to be representative of the community.
A detailed 1:25 000 scale map of the vegetation communities of the study area has been completed.Although primarily intended for use in developing Property Vegetation Plans under the NSW NativeVegetation Act 2003, this data can now be widely applied to a number of uses ranging fromenvironmental reporting, fire management planning, conservation assessments and field operations. Thismap was constructed using detailed Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API) of nominal 1:25 000 scalecolour photography (1998 – 2002) in conjunction with environmental data layers that describe thepatterns in geology, elevation, rainfall and aspect. Digital data layers are available for use in ARCViewGIS, which describe the distribution of vegetation communities as well as other landscape features suchas exposed rock and cleared land. The derived mapping can now be used to display vegetationcommunities, vegetation structure, disturbance, amount of rock present, understorey type, canopydensity and tree species present. A score for mapping reliability for each polygon is also provided. Thisfine scale information has been collected to assist with site based assessments.
This study identified and described 19 vegetation communities not previously described by recentregional mapping (Tindall et al. 2004). Many are located within the Capertee Valley, a distinctive andunique area for flora within the catchment. The project also identified and mapped four EndangeredEcological Communities (EECs) listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995).These are the Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland, Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamp, White Box–Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland and Montane Peatlands and Swamps. There are also twoEECs listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999).These EECs are the Grassy White Box Woodlands and the Temperate Highland Peat Swamps onSandstone. Twenty-two plant species that are listed under the NSW Threatened Species ConservationAct (1995) were recorded during project surveys.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsii
CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................11.2 APPROACH............................................................................................................................11.3 STUDY AREA.........................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 Location ...............................................................................................................11.3.2 Environmental Setting .........................................................................................41.3.3 Regional Context .................................................................................................8
2 METHODS.....................................................................................................................................122.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION .....................................................................................122.2 EXISTING SITE DATA ...........................................................................................................122.3 SURVEY STRATIFICATION AND SITE SELECTION ....................................................................132.4 FIELD SAMPLING .................................................................................................................142.5 SITE NOMENCLATURE..........................................................................................................142.6 DATABASE STORAGE...........................................................................................................152.7 TAXONOMIC REVIEW............................................................................................................162.8 AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION..........................................................................................16
2.8.1 Objectives ..........................................................................................................162.8.2 Area Mapped and Photography Used ...............................................................162.8.3 Air Photo Interpretation and Landcover Classification ......................................162.8.4 Feature Code.....................................................................................................192.8.5 Non-canopy Features ........................................................................................192.8.6 Canopy Cover....................................................................................................19
2.9 DIGITAL DATA CAPTURE AND MAP COMPILATION..................................................................232.10 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION..............................................................................................23
2.10.1 Existing Vegetation Classification in the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment ......232.10.2 Relationships between Vegetation Community Classifications.........................242.10.3 Analysis of data .................................................................................................24
2.11 DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES.......................................................................252.12 MAPPING VEGETATION COMMUNITIES ..................................................................................26
3 RESULTS......................................................................................................................................273.1 SURVEY SITES ....................................................................................................................27
3.1.1 Sampling Performance ......................................................................................273.2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................27
3.2.1 Spatial Accuracy................................................................................................273.2.2 Vegetation Cover...............................................................................................273.2.3 Interpretation Confidence ..................................................................................30
3.3 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND SPECIES RICHNESS .....................................................................303.4 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION ..............................................................................................303.5 MAPPING DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES........................................................333.6 RESERVATION STATUS ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................353.7 DISTURBANCE ASSESSMENTS ..............................................................................................41
3.7.1 Disturbance Severity Classes............................................................................414 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................45
4.1 PATTERNS IN VEGETATION COMMUNITIES.............................................................................454.1.1 Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests .........................................................454.1.2 Sydney Montane Heaths ...................................................................................464.1.3 Freshwater Wetlands.........................................................................................464.1.4 Rainforests.........................................................................................................474.1.5 Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests.................................................474.1.6 Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests ....................................................474.1.7 Subalpine Woodlands........................................................................................484.1.8 Southern Tableland Grassy Woodland .............................................................484.1.9 Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland.....................................................................484.1.10 Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests.....................................................484.1.11 South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest ....................................................................49
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains iii
4.1.12 Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests ............................................................. 494.1.13 Eastern Riverine Forests .................................................................................. 494.1.14 Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands ................................................................. 504.1.15 Western Slopes Dry Sclerophyll Forests .......................................................... 50
4.2 THREATENED SPECIES AND ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ................................. 514.2.1 Endangered Ecological Communities ............................................................... 514.2.2 Threatened Species and Rare or Threatened Plants ....................................... 53
4.3 RANGE EXTENSIONS........................................................................................................... 564.4 A GUIDE TO FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES ....................................... 584.5 MAP ACCURACY ................................................................................................................. 60
4.5.1 Sources of Error ................................................................................................ 604.5.2 Common Misapplications.................................................................................. 60
4.6 USING THE MAP AND REPORT ............................................................................................. 604.6.1 PVP and Native Vegetation Management ........................................................ 604.6.2 Fire Management .............................................................................................. 614.6.3 Conservation Assessment ................................................................................ 614.6.4 Vegetation Disturbance Assessment ................................................................ 61
5 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 62
APPENDICESAPPENDIX A: FEATURE CODES, SAMPLING EFFORT AND MAP UNIT ALLOCATION......... 64APPENDIX B: PLANT SPECIES LIST.......................................................................................... 91
LIST OF MAPSMap 1: Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 2
Map 2: Elevation and Physiographic Regions ............................................................................... 3
Map 3: Dominant Lithology ............................................................................................................ 5
Map 4: Average Annual Rainfall .................................................................................................... 9
Map 5: Land Tenure..................................................................................................................... 10
Map 6: Bioregions ........................................................................................................................ 11
Map 7: API Data Coverage & Field Traverses............................................................................. 17
Map 8: Vegetation Survey Sites................................................................................................... 28
Map 9: API Confidence Classes .................................................................................................. 29
Map 10: State-wide Vegetation Classes Present in the Study Area.............................................. 36
Map 11: Disturbance Severity Classes .......................................................................................... 44
Map 12: Endangered Ecological Communities Listed under the TSC Act 1995 ........................... 52
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsiv
LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Area of each survey mapping area ....................................................................................4
Table 1.2. Elevation limits and averages for each mapping area .......................................................7
Table 1.3: Weather station data for the study area .............................................................................7
Table 2.1: Existing survey data .........................................................................................................12
Table 2.2: Cover abundance scores..................................................................................................14
Table 2.3: Aerial photography interpreted .........................................................................................18
Table 2.4: Visible rock classes ..........................................................................................................21
Table 2.5: Interpreter confidence classes..........................................................................................21
Table 2.6: API understorey codes .....................................................................................................22
Table 2.7: Disturbance severity classes and indicators ....................................................................22
Table 2.8: Disturbance feature types.................................................................................................23
Table 3.1: Broad mapping features with area and proportion of study area .....................................27
Table 3.2: API confidence classes with area and proportion of study area ......................................30
Table 3.3: Map units described in the study area..............................................................................33
Table 3.4: Reservation status, clearing loss, regional and statewide vegetation class by map unit.37
Table 3.5: Area and proportion of disturbance severity classes .......................................................41
Table 3.6: Map unit with proportion of each disturbance intensity class (%) (cells highlighted to showgreatest proportion) ..........................................................................................................41
Table 4.1: Relationship between Endangered Ecological Communities (TSC Act 1995) andvegetation communities described in this report ..............................................................51
Table 4.2: Relationship between Endangered Ecological Communities (EPBC Act 1999) andvegetation communities described in this report ..............................................................53
Table 4.3: Threatened species and rare or threatened Australian plants (RoTAPs) ........................53
Table 4.4: Regionally significant species and subtaxa......................................................................56
Table 4.5: Example diagnostic species list........................................................................................59
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Canopy Cover Classes.....................................................................................................19
Figure 2.2: API Mapping Pathway and Features................................................................................20
Figure 3.1: Hierachial Classification of Vegetation Communities .......................................................32
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 1
1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUNDNative Vegetation Mapping is a fundamental information resource required for a myriad of usesassociated with biodiversity and environment planning and catchment protection. While the primaryattributes of such a resource inform vegetation management, it also provides direction on fauna habitatvalues, streamside protection and cultural heritage values.
The western Blue Mountains catchments of the Capertee, Wolgan – Cox’s, Gurnang and Jenolan Valleyswere mapped in four discontinuous areas. The first three of these areas were those areas of privatelands, state forest and crown land tenures unmapped by the south coast regional vegetation mappingproject of Tindall et al. (2004) as part of the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and NaturalResources (DIPNR) State-wide Native Vegetation Mapping Program. The Jenolan Valley was included inthis project at the request of the Oberon office of the Parks and Wildlife Division of the Department ofEnvironment and Conservation (DEC). The request was supported with additional funding. The total areaof mapping undertaken in this project comes to slightly more than 157 000 hectares.
1.2 APPROACHThis project aims to:
Develop a hierarchical classification system in order to describe vegetation patterns using systematicfield data and quantitative analytical methods;
Describe the floristic composition of the defined vegetation communities and their environmentalcharacteristics;
Examine floristic relationships between the vegetation communities found in the study area and thoseoccurring within neighbouring landscapes having particular reference to Tindall et al. (2004);
Delineate the extent of native vegetation cover using recent 1:25 000 scale aerial photography,including a coarse assessment of the intensity and type of disturbance present;
Provide a map of the distribution of vegetation communities over the western parts of the BlueMountains and therefore the upper reaches of the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment.
Classification and mapping vegetation in NSW has been undertaken using a wide variety of methods andapproaches (Benson 1999; FEWG 1997; Sivertsen & Smith 2001). Each method comes with strengthsand weaknesses in terms of accuracy, efficiency and rigour (FEWG 1997). The adoption of systematicfield methods provides an explicit and repeatable means of describing recurring patterns in floristicassemblages, hereafter termed vegetation communities. These methods afford the application ofquantitative classification techniques that provide robust supporting data to vegetation communitydefinition. In addition, comparison and assessment of broader regional vegetation patterns is more easilyachieved and is less driven by subjective judgements.
Mapping of vegetation communities defined by field data is always a process of interpolation. In thisproject, Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) and extensive field reconnaissance have been used to developan understanding of the patterns in vegetation communities within the areas under consideration.
1.3 STUDY AREA1.3.1 Location
The study area (Map 1) comprises four discontinuous areas that occur in the catchments of the Cox’sand Wolgan, the Capertee, the Kowmung and Jenolan rivers in the western Blue Mountains. As theproject was largely targeting areas outside existing mapping work the boundaries are map edges, reserveboundaries or the Great Dividing Range.
The individual mapping areas are separated by the Gardens of Stone and Wollemi National Parks in thenorth, and by the largely agricultural areas of the Megalong and Cox’s valleys in the south. A very narrowseparation between the Jenolan and Kowmung catchments is within the Kanangra-Boyd National Park,and was captured as part of the Jenolan Trust lands mapping undertaken concurrent to this project.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains2
Map 1: Study Area
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 3
Map 2: Elevation and Physiographic Regions
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains4
There are a number of well-known physiographic landmarks and localities within the study area or near tothe boundaries. A number of these are shown in Map 2. The town of Lithgow lies within the southernboundary of the Newnes (middle) mapping area, and Kandos immediately northwest of the Capertee.Jenolan Caves occurs in the northern isthmus of the southern mapping area. The Capertee Valley formsthe basis for the northern mapping area, and the valley of the Kowmung river tributaries (The Hollandersand Tuglow rivers) forms the majority of the Gurnang (southern) mapping area. Shooters Hill, on theOberon to Goulburn road, is the highest peak (1354 metres) and western boundary of the study area,although Mount Trickett near the top of the hill west of Jenolan Caves (and immediately between the twosouthern mapping areas) is slightly higher (1360 metres).The areas of mapping are presented in Table 1.1. In total, they sum to about 60 percent of the area of a1:100 000 scale map sheet.
TABLE 1.1: AREA OF EACH SURVEY MAPPING AREA
Mapping Area Features Area (ha)
Capertee (Northern) Glen Davis, Mount Airly, Bogee, Kandos SF 74,296.27
Newnes (Middle) Wolgan Valley, Newnes Plateau, Cox’s Valley, Mount Walker 62,297.25
Gurnang (Southern) Shooter’s Hill, Gingkin, Tuglow Caves, Jaunter 17,591.94
Jenolan (Southern) Jenolan Caves, Jenolan River 2,938.87
Total 157,124.33
1.3.2 Environmental Setting
GeologyThe generalised lithology of this area is presented in Map 3. Geologically, two distinctly different terranetypes occur in the study areas, although they are arranged so that one overlies the other. The sandstoneplateaux of the western Blue Mountains are formed of (predominantly) Triassic era Narrabeen sedimentscomprising massive sandstones with inter-bedded shale layers and lenses, tuffaceous shale andconglomerate (Mayne et al. 1974). The sandstones are often indurated with leached iron deposits thatwhen weathered produce a distinctive appearance known as pagodas – owing largely to their similarity tothe Asian architecture. This overlies the finer sediments of the Permian era coal deposits, and those inturn overlie the Megalong Conglomerate and Shoalhaven Beds – the basal units of the mostly flat-bedded Sydney Basin. The older terranes (parts of the Lachlan Fold Belt and Bathurst Batholith) aremostly altered as a result of regional metamorphism and are dipping, tilted and folded strata that in somecases are then intruded by granite plutons. The majority of the metamorphic material is felsic- or quartz-rich – either sandstone altered to quartzite or porphyritic rhyolites and lavas (Mayne et al. 1974), and istypically Ordovician, Silurian or Devonian in age. Large areas are also dominated by limestone and thecalcite-rich shale called marl. The caves at Jenolan and Tuglow, and the economically important depositsat Excelsior (near Capertee) and near Kandos are representative of the major outcrops of massivelimestone. The deposits that make up the southern limestone are Silurian in age, while those in the northare mapped as Ordovician (Brunker & Rose 1967).Smaller areas of both granite and basalt occur in the study area. The majority of the granite occurs in theNewnes Mapping Area, with plutons exposed in the Lithgow, Wallerawang, Wolgan Valley and MountLambie areas, and a small area near Morong Deep in the extreme south-eastern corner of the GurnangMapping Area. Tertiary-age (mostly Eocene to Oligocene, but Miocene in the south) basalt, phonolite andtrachyte overlies the older material in several locations in the Capertee Mapping Area and the Gingkinarea near Tuglow (Brunker & Rose 1967, Mayne et al. 1974). The small bodies in the Capertee areamostly overlie the Narrabeen sediments although a small number of presumably intrusive bodies arefound in older sediments in the Bogee area at the northern end of this mapping area. The largest extentof basic volcanic rock in the Capertee is found on the eastern extension of Cherry Tree Hill where it capsthe plateau of Mount Vincent.Basalt does not make a mapped appearance in the Newnes Mapping Area although there is somesuggestion of the presence of basalt in small bodies on a number of the higher parts of the mapping area.In the Gurnang Mapping Area the basalt largely overlies the Ordovician age quartzite’s, greywacke andslates of the Adaminaby group. Throughout the mapping areas much of the alkali (basalt and related)geology has suffered from clearing as the soils are often deeper than the surrounding areas and muchmore fertile, and the landform is more usually of a rolling pattern making the areas easily cleared andtended.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 5
Map 3: Dominant Lithology
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains6
Apart from the narrow strips of Quaternary (Recent) alluvium that form along the main streams there areseveral more extensive areas of alluvium that have formed, in the lower parts of the Capertee, in theupper Cox’s valley and upper Tuglow river. These areas tend to be flat lying and are dominated mostly bysandy alluvium. Typically these areas have been extensively cleared and support little native vegetation.Some areas of organic soils are formed at higher altitudes on parts of the Newnes Plateau and at LongSwamp in the headwaters of the Cox’s River. Some areas on the Newnes Plateau have been identifiedas having aeolian dunes and have been prospected for silica.
MorphologyThe study area comprises a combination of rugged and relatively inaccessible landscapes and rollingterrain that has been largely cleared for agriculture. The main geographic features of the Capertee andNewnes study areas are the extensive sandstone tablelands and the rivers and tributaries which dissectthem. The tablelands are comprised of Narrabeen sediments deposited in the Triassic era (Bryan 1966).This includes the Newnes Plateau, the Ben Bullen Range and Western Wollemi as well as the mesas ofMount Airly and the extension out to Genowlan Point and the Great Dividing Range from Mount Vincentnorth across to Kandos and eastwards north of Bogee. The steep faces of the cliffs form along jointplanes, and the weakening of the underlying sediments by weathering produces sizeable rockfalls andlandslides resulting in a quartz-enriched talus slope below the cliffs.
The areas of metamorphic rock often produce steep, rocky slopes that are usually deeply dissected bythe drainage. The finer-grained materials and the limestone are usually preferentially eroded, leavingsteep-sided (but not usually sheer) ridges with much loose rock. This landscape characterises thesouthern (Gurnang – Jenolan) and the western Capertee mapping areas in particular.
The Narrabeen Sandstone produces an infertile sandy soil (DLWC 2002; Hamilton 1976; Hazelton & Tille1990) which drains well, but has a shallow, sandy structure and low water-holding capacity (Kovac &Lawrie 1990). In areas of lower slope the admixing of organic matter improves the structure and waterholding capacity. The soils that form over the Permian sediments below the escarpments are usually stillvery sandy in nature, with the sandstone talus weathering into the profile. This soil tends to be ofintermediate nutrient status and the additional sand in the profile aids in drainage. The profile can bequite deep, with the accumulation of colluvium producing a deeper, if stony profile. The shale andsiltstone material tend to occur in flatter locations, such as on footslopes or eroded ridges. A clay loamsoil tends to develop in these areas, which is of slightly higher fertility with a better water holding capacity(DLWC 2002; Hamilton 1976; Hazelton & Tille 1990). Clay subsoil & duplex soils may form on slopeswhere shales are weathering (Kovac & Lawrie 1990; Dacre King pers. comm.).
Some areas on the sandstones are also suggestive of higher nutrient levels, and this may relate toobscure areas of basalt, or possibly areas from where the basalt has been relatively recently eroded.Some areas on the sandstone are also affected by interbedded layers of shale. The wet soils that form inthese locations may support a ‘hanging swamp’ community on organic-rich clay soils.
The various metamorphic materials weather to produce soils of character similar to the array of rocksfrom which they are derived. Quartzite weathers to produce a shallow, rocky soil with low to moderatenutrient status and poor water holding capacity, often with cobbles and larger angular stones on thesurface. The shales and interbedded volcanic rocks produce a soil of higher nutrient status that may bedeep in places, but is usually stony. The water-holding capacity of the soils derived from the shales andvolcanics is usually moderate (Kovac & Lawrie 1990). The limestone and marl produce a lime-enrichedsoil (usually a terra rossa) that often has loose rock on the surface and supports a clay soil. It has goodwater-holding capacity, but the steep slopes usually limit the accumulation of soil (Dacre King pers.comm.; Kovac & Lawrie 1990).
The soils over the volcanic and plutonic rocks are usually of low-moderate (granite) to moderate-high(basalt) nutrient status, and often of a clay or gritty clay texture. The soils vary in depth but on flatterslopes can become quite deep. Basalt soils tend to support a grassier community, and near Gingkinchocolate soils and krasnozem form over the basalts, while the granites tend to form podzols and sandyearths of low fertility and low to moderate water-holding capacity (Kovac & Lawrie 1990).
ElevationThere is a large elevation range within the study areas (Map 2). The lowest areas occur around the lowerends of the Capertee and Wolgan rivers, where the altitude drops to 233 metres above sea level (ASL)and 502 metres ASL respectively. The highest elevation within the study area is found on the peak ofShooters Hill, on the Great Divide, which is 1354 metres ASL, although several high peaks occur
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 7
throughout the area and much of the elevated plateau country in all mapping areas exceeds 1000 metresASL. Each of the three mapping areas is different with regard to median elevations and terrain. Table 1.2summarises the main elevation characters of all mapping areas.
TABLE 1.2. ELEVATION LIMITS AND AVERAGES FOR EACH MAPPING AREA
Mapping Area Highest Point Lowest Point Elevation Statistics
Capertee (northern) Mount Vincent (1111 metres)(Tayan Peak at 1154m is highest inthe vicinity, but is excluded from themapping area)
Capertee River below Glen Davis(233 metres)
Mean: 532 metresSD1: 171.3 metres
Newnes (middle) Garlands Hill (1221 metres ) Wolgan River at Newnes (502metres)
Mean: 983 metresSD: 129.0 metres
Gurnang (southern) Shooters Hill (1354 metres) Tuglow Hole Creek (860 metres) Mean: 1165 metresSD: 83.8 metres
Jenolan Unnamed peak west of Jenolan Caves(1324 metres)
Jenolan River (638 metres) Mean: 1036 metresSD: 135.5 metres
1: SD: Standard deviation, the value above and below the mean within which 60 percent of all valuesoccur.
ClimateThe climate of the mapping region is variable, being mostly influenced by topography, includingruggedness, position and elevation. Map 4 illustrates the range in average annual rainfall across thestudy areas. The lower elevations of the Capertee Valley experience a warm and dry climate, asillustrated by Glen Davis having the lowest average rainfall values and highest average temperatures ofthe meteorological stations examined. The Lithgow data further support that the influence of topographyin the regional climate is great, the position below the elevated plateau resulting in a decrease in rainfallvalues and slight increase in overall temperatures. The higher elevation tablelands and highland areashave both a cooler and wetter climate (NPWS 2003b; BOM 2005). The mean temperatures and annualrainfall summaries from the various weather stations within and nearest to the study areas are presentedin Table 1.3 (BOM 2005).
TABLE 1.3: WEATHER STATION DATA FOR THE STUDY AREA
Station Mean Temps (oC) Variations in MonthlyRainfall Means (mm)
Rainfall Extremes (mm) –Month and Day Maxima
Mean AnnualRainfall (mm)
Glen Davis (063031) 16.5 - 30.3 (Jan)2.0 - 15.4 (June)
H – 72.7 (Feb)L – 36.8 (Sep)
Month - 226.6 (June)Day – 113.0 (Mar)
634.0
Gurnang (063033) 9.0 – 22.8 (Jan)-1.6 – 7.4 (Jun)
H – 93.9 (Jun)L – 69.2 (Mar)
M – 345.2 (May)D – 200.3 (Mar)
987.8
Sunny Corner(063079)
10.4 – 25.2 (Jan)-0.2 – 7.1 (Jun)
H – 90.8 (Jan)L – 62.7 (Apr)
M – 316.9 (Feb)D – 135.0 (Sep)
926.4
Jenolan SF(063037)
9.7 – 22.4 (Jan)-1.1 – 7.9 (Jun)
H – 124.9 (Jan)L – 76.5 (Sep)
M – 499.0 (Mar)D – 219.2 (Mar)
1158.4
Oberon (063293) 11.8 – 24.0 (Jan)0.2 – 8.2 (Jun)
H – 81.3 (Jan)L – 50.2 (Apr)
M – 227.1 (Apr)D – 76.6 (Sep)
784.9
Newnes Forest(063062)
10.2 – 23.2 (Jan)-0.8 – 9.4 (Jun)
H – 121.0 (Jan)L – 67.9 (Sep)
M – 519.4 (Mar)D – 192.0 (Aug)
1071.9
Jenolan Caves(063036)
11.6 – 25.6 (Jan)0.2 – 9.4 (Jun(
H – 93.5 (Jan)L – 66.3 (May)
M – 429.0 (Feb)D – 153.2 (Aug)
964.3
Lithgow (063224) 11.8 – 25.5 (Jan)0.7 – 10.4 (Jun)
H – 92.9 (Jan)L – 63.7 (Apr)
M – 374.4 (Aug)D – 179.0 (Jun)
860.1
Lidsdale SF(063046)
11.4 – 24.6 (Jan)-0.3 – 9.5 (Jun)
H – 108.5 (Jan)L – 52.2 (Jul)
M – 361.9 (May)D – 148.6 (Apr)
877.4
Landuse and TenureThe mapping area is thought to have been occupied by humans for at least 20 000 years before present(NPWS 1991). The project area boundaries represent part of the traditional home of the Dharuk andGundangarra Aboriginal people (NPWS 1991). Evidence of indigenous use and occupation of the regionincludes artefacts in rock shelters, camp sites, axe grinding grooves, rock engravings, stonearrangements, burial sites and sites of spiritual significance (NPWS 2001a).
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains8
European occupation of the region commenced around the year 1814, after a way was found across theCarmarthen Hills (Blue Mountains) and through to the pasturelands astride and to the west of the GreatDividing Range (NPWS 2001a). Initially farming was mostly restricted to the richer alluvial soils in theCox’s Valley (NPWS 1991) and soon after in the Capertee Valley. One of the peaks to the northern endof the study area (Mount Marsden) commemorates that the Reverend Marsden had a large holding in theupper reaches of the Capertee Valley. Agricultural pursuits in the study areas were centred on extensivesheep and cattle grazing, although there are also limited areas of cropping (mainly in the lower parts ofthe Capertee Valley).
Logging has an extensive history in the area, and includes both softwood plantation and nativehardwoods. Pine (mainly Pinus radiata) is grown in extensive plantations in the Newnes Plateau, aroundShooters Hill and Jenolan (Jenolan and Gurnang State Forests) and west of Lithgow. Hardwood, mainlyas natural timber but to some extent also in plantations, is sourced from the Newnes Plateau and the BenBullen area, Kandos SF and in the State Forests between Jenolan and Shooters Hill. Map 5 shows thearrangement of land holdings within the study area, including the location of State Forests and NationalParks.
The area also has an extensive history of coal and shale mining (Mayne et al. 1974). The largest shale oilplants at Glen Davis and Newnes were served by a rail link that extended from Newnes Junction (nearthe current upper end of the Zig Zag Tourist railway) across the plateau and through the GlowwormTunnel down to the town of Newnes. A pipeline to carry shale oil from the processing works at Glen Davislinked with the works at Newnes and the railhead. Production ceased in 1952 owing to the high cost andeasier sources of supply for fuel oils (Mayne et al. 1974). Other areas with mining production were to befound near the village of Capertee, and works were constructed into Mount Airly to extract oil shale, andat Marrangaroo, where the oil shale yielded the best volumes of fuel oil (Mayne et al. 1974). The rim ofthe Capertee valley is identified as having a number of accessible oil shale deposits. Coal continues to bemined in the areas around Lithgow and Wallerawang, and apart from local electrical generation, coal isalso transported to ports at Sydney and Port Kembla by rail. Other mining activities in the area includelimestone (quarried at Excelsior, north of Capertee) and diamonds. The latter is mostly sourced fromstreambeds trapped beneath the tertiary basalts in the Mount Airly and Genowlan Point areas.
Tourism has become a major income earner for the region. Newnes and Jenolan State Forests areamongst the most frequently visited State Forests in NSW(www.forest.nsw.gov.au/recreation/survey/default.asp. Jenolan Caves is a well-known destination, andbeing within easy reach of Sydney is well frequented. The Capertee Valley is well known for theopportunities of farm stays and eco-tourism, while the Newnes Plateau is a relatively accessible locationfor off-road recreation. Military establishments at Lithgow have been responsible for small armsmanufacture and testing.
Map 5 also shows that National Parks comprise a significant proportion of the landscape with extensiveholdings in Wollemi, Kanangra Boyd, Gardens of Stone and Blue Mountains National Parks. Significantareas of leased and vacant Crown Lands remain in the Capertee hills.
1.3.3 Regional Context
The mapping areas straddle the boundary (see Map 6) between the Sydney Basin and the South-easternHighlands Bioregions as delineated in the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA)(Thackway & Cresswell 1995). The purpose of these regions is to establish a framework for conservationplanning using broad landscape characteristics to highlight similar influences on flora and fauna. Theinteractions between climate, geology and broad vegetation are the primary attributes that have beenused. The mapping areas include parts of the Central Coast (CC) and the Central Tablelands (CT)botanical regions (Anderson 1961), with the majority of the areas being in the CT. The CC regionincludes part of the lowest section of the Wolgan Valley, and the lowest parts of the Capertee valley andthe elevated country south and east of Glen Alice.
The four mapping areas all encompass very different areas. The Capertee is very similar to the westernslopes in its landform and some of the species present. The Newnes Plateau is very typical of the upperBlue Mountains, while the valleys of the Cox’s and of the Tuglow are typical of the elevated tablelandareas. The Jenolan mapping area is representative of many of the escarpment forest communities.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 9
Map 4: Average Annual Rainfall
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains10
Map 5: Land Tenure
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 11
Map 6: Bioregions
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains12
2 METHODS2.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATIONPrior to this study, regional scale vegetation mapping (1:100 000 scale) for the Burragorang (Fisher et al.1995), Wallerawang (Benson & Keith 1990) and Katoomba (Keith & Benson 1988) and Oberon-Taralga(Fisher and Ryan 1994) mapsheets had been produced. The South Coast and Central Tablelands study(Tindall et al. 2004) had generated modelling and mapping for the mapsheets south and east of Lithgow.Earlier modelling work for the Southern Tablelands was completed by NPWS (2000). The descriptions ofthe vegetation patterns generated by these earlier studies are particularly useful, although the maps arenot appropriate for use at 1:25 000 scale.
Some directed studies had been undertaken in particular areas that had been targeted for reserves anddevelopments, or as part of either localised or more extensive assessments and regional studies. Theseinclude Gardens of Stone NP (EcoGIS 2002), Wollemi NP (Bell 1998) and the Warragamba Special Area(NPWS 2003). In addition, a number of post-graduate and master’s level studies provided survey data forinclusion from the immediately surrounding areas.
2.2 EXISTING SITE DATAPreliminary investigation of the study area suggested that 68 sites existed in the study area. These rangein age from 1982 until just prior to the start of survey. However, since commencing survey, other siteswere identified inside the mapping area boundaries raising total pre-existing numbers to 81. In addition,sites within the immediate vicinity of the study areas were also assessed, and altogether these come to atotal of 955 sites within a 20 kilometre buffer of the study area boundaries.
Existing information has been carefully reviewed in order to collate datasets that have been collectedusing a comparable field survey method. There are a number of studies of relevance that have beenundertaken within and surrounding the reserves. These vary in the type and methodology used tocapture the information and thus their usefulness to this project. Only sites of direct use for this projectwere chosen (i.e. similar methodology and within close proximity to the reserves) for inclusion in analysis.Table 2.1 provides an overview of the studies of relevance to this project and the number of sites utilisedfrom each. Surveys not included are shown to have zero sites utilised.
TABLE 2.1: EXISTING SURVEY DATA
Survey Name/Area SitesUtilised
Total SitesCollected Survey Method Source
Airly Coal Mine 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet
Long term vegetationmonitoring, Lembit (pers.comm.)
All Sandstone 16 66 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data
All Wollemi 127 410 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Bell (1998) Wollemi survey
Blue Mountains 3 15 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
Gellie & Jones, unpublishedNPWS
Blue Mountains City Council 60 181 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
Steve Douglas, Blue MountainsCity Council
Broad Headed SnakePotential Habitat Survey 3 25 20 X 20 quadrat;
1-7 Braun-BlanquetUnpublished, data collectedby Robert Payne (2001)
Clarence Coal Lease, swampmonitoring 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;
1-7 Braun-Blanquet Lembit (pers. comm.)
CRA Hunter 38 291 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
CRA LNE surveys in HunterRegion (Connolly).
EM631GLS 3 9
20x20 quadratSeparate cover /abundance andcombined 1-6 BB
Steenbeeke (2005,unpublished)
Evans Crown Nature Reserve 16 16 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
Amanda Bryant, NPWSBathurst.
Frappels Block, Sunny Corner SF 17 17 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
Amanda Bryant, NPWSBathurst.
Gardens of Stone 81 81 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Washington
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 13
Survey Name/Area SitesUtilised
Total SitesCollected Survey Method Source
Hakea dohertyi study 58 123 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Steenbeeke (1996)
Honours (Kowmung) Study 132 150 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Steenbeeke (1990)
Ivanhoe North collieryrehabilitation survey 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;
1-7 Braun-Blanquet Lembit (pers. comm.)
Mount Werong 0 5 20 X 20 quadrat;Presence only
NPWS held data, Mjadwesch(unpubl.)
NP Southern CRA 40 40 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet NPWS southern CRA survey
Outside CRA records 1 109 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held records
Priority 5 ManagementArea (P5MA) 58 800 20 X 20 quadrat;
1-7 Braun-Blanquet Tindall et al. (2004)
Royal Botanic Gardens 32 51 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet
Benson and Keith mapping ofKatoomba (1988) andWallerawang (1990)
Southern Zone CRA 179 250 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet
NPWS held survey data,Beukers.
Steve Bell 42 43 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data (Bell unpubl.)
Taralga 1:25k sheet 3 42 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data (RBG)
Turon River NP 38 38 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS survey (Gellie unpubl.)
Warragamba Special Area 104 630 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet NPWS (2003b)
Winburndale Flora Reserve 36 36 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS survey (Bryant & Lembit)
2.3 SURVEY STRATIFICATION AND SITE SELECTIONField surveys employed by a number of projects (e.g. NPWS 2003b) have used a stratified survey designto assist with the selection of survey sites. Stratification is a method used to reduce the landscape intomore homogenous sampling units so that sampling effort can be spread across the variation inenvironments present. Generally strata are derived from data layers describing the geology, rainfall,elevation and aspect (NPWS 2003; Sivertsen & Smith 2001). Important considerations when developinga stratification include the following; how comprehensive the coverage is, the scale at which it is able tobe used, what accuracy it shows to the expected boundaries, how well it ‘dovetails’ with adjacent areaswhen these have coverage, and whether it represents a character of the environment that is likely to havean effect upon vegetation distribution.
Initial layers considered for stratification in this project included the geology (a composite of lithology andage of the formation), aspect, altitude (in five separate elevation bands) and a simple woody – non-woodyvegetation layer. However, closer examination of the distribution of geological units in the study area(particularly in the Newnes Mapping Area) revealed that the digitised mapping of the area was displacedby up to 800 metres to the northwest from its actual position. This was considered an unacceptable levelof error, so this layer and those derived from it were rejected as possible stratification and mappinglayers. The soil layer – one of the few layers that would yield information about the physical environmentat a site – was also rejected as the coverage was inconsistent in source scale (1:250 000 and 1:100 000)and value. The mapping areas were covered by more than one classification system of soil landscapemapping and the variations were not able to be joined together easily and would have produced artificialboundaries to units along map boundaries (Kovac & Lawrie 1990; Kovac & Lawrie 1991; King 1993; King1994).
Instead, stratification was developed from the detailed interpretation of landscape and vegetation featurescompleted during this project. Each mapped polygon (Section 2.8) represents a homogenouscombination of ‘landscape’ that includes geology, rock cover, dominant canopy species and understoreyfeatures. Feature codes, describing dominant canopy species and structural formations within uniquesubstrates, were used as stratum. In this way a 1:25 000 scale map of substrate underpinned siteselection across the range of climatic and altitudinal gradients present in the three distinct study areas.
Sample sites drawn from existing studies were reviewed against the stratification. Unsampled strata werehighlighted in Arcview GIS against available access trails in order to identify potential sample points.Where strata fell across multiple land tenures, public lands were selected preferentially in order to
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains14
expedite travel and access times. Further priorities were allocated to localities where multiple strata couldbe sampled in close proximity to each other. Survey of State Forest tenures was completed under permitnumber 21924. Access to privately owned tenure followed verbal or written permission from landowner ormanager.
2.4 FIELD SAMPLINGField survey sought to sample areas that were typical of the surrounding vegetation and were as free ofobvious disturbance as possible.
Sampling was carried out in teams of two people consisting of a botanist and an assistant. Species thatcould not be identified in the field were recorded to the nearest possible family or genus and tagged forlater identification. Species that could not be identified accurately were taken or sent to the NSWHerbarium for identification.
Field sample sites were 0.04 hectares in area. The area was marked out using a 20 by 20 metre tape-bounded quadrat, although in some communities (such as riparian vegetation) a rectangular configuration(ten metres x 40 metres) of the plot was required. Location was determined from Garmin 12 GlobalPositioning System to as good and accuracy as possible (usually less than 10 metres) and this pointlocated at a corner of the plot (usually the SW corner). Within each survey plot all vascular plant specieswere recorded and assigned a cover abundance score using a modified six-point Braun-Blanquet scale(Poore 1955) as shown in Table 2.2 below.
TABLE 2.2: COVER ABUNDANCE SCORES
Score Cover Abundance
1 Rare, few individuals present (three or less) and Cover <5%;
2 Common and cover <5%;
3 Very Abundant and Cover nearing 5% OR Cover from 5% to <25%;
4 Cover from 25% to less than 50%;
5 Cover from 50% to less than 75%;
6 Cover 75% or more
Estimates were made of the height range, projected foliage cover and dominant species of eachstructural stratum recognisable at the site. Measurements of slope and aspect were taken. Notes werealso made on geology, soil type and soil depth. The percentage of outcropping rock, loose surface rock(cobbles more than 40mm on the longest dimension), litter and bare soil were estimated. Evidence ofrecent fire, erosion, clearing, grazing, weed invasion or soil disturbance was also recorded. The locationof the site was determined using a Garmin 12 global positioning system (GPS), using the AGD66 Datum.Elevations were read from the GPS, and where not considered accurate to within 10m were augmentedby a value taken off 1:25 000 topographic maps. Digital photographs were also taken at each site andare attached to the floristic site data in a database operating in Microsoft Access.
2.5 SITE NOMENCLATUREFor the purpose of managing existing and new field data, each site was initially recorded in reverse date(YYMMDD) format with a dash and the site number for the day. For instance, 050422-4 would representthe fourth site collected for the day during the survey on the date April 22nd, 2005. This allowed sites tobe entered into the database in a manner that placed the sites into chronological order when storedallowing rapid updates of data and assessment of survey effort. Following the completion of intensivesurvey, each survey plot was given an eight-digit alphanumerical survey identification number. Aseparate survey identification code was also given to all data to distinguish its source. Using this systemenables the reader to understand basic geographical information about the survey site.
For example, site number EDT06M1M, which is the corrected version for the site listed above:
The first three letters “EDT” refer to an abbreviation of the first characters of the 1:25 000 topographicmapsheet name, in this case the Edith mapsheet, and are usually either the first three consonants or avowel and two consonants where that sheet name begins with a vowel.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 15
The fourth and fifth digits “06” refer to the site number by mapsheet, ie. the sixth site on this mapsheet.Previous studies using this numbering system were taken into account and numbering of the sites wasamended accordingly to follow on from previous surveys.
The sixth character “M” refers to the geological substrate evidenced at the site in this caseundifferentiated metamorphic materials. The geologies found within the study area were coded asfollows:
A = Alluvium (primarily gravels and organic soils, although extensive sandy soils in some partsB = BasaltC = ConglomerateD = Devonian Sediments (mostly quartzite with some porphyritic rhyolite)G = GraniteL = Limestone and marlM = Metamorphic materialsN = Narrabeen SandstoneO = Ordovician metamorphicsP = Permian Sediments (coal, sandstone, siltstone and shale)R = Rhyolite and porphyryS = Silurian metamorphicsT = Talus materials, usually downslope of Narrabeen sediments cliff-facesZ = Quartzite
The seventh character “1” refers to the generalised aspect observed at the site (east in this case) usingthe following categories:
1 = 67.6 – 112.5 or E2 = 112.6 – 157.5 or SE3 = 157.6 – 202.5 or S4 = 202.6 – 247.5 or SW5 = 247.6 – 292.5 or W6 = 292.6 – 337.5 or NW7 = 337.6 – 22.5 or N8 = 22.6 – 67.5 or NE
The eighth character “M” is used to describe the morphology. Morphology coding is as follows:
C = CrestU = Upper SlopeL = Lower SlopeM = Mid SlopeV = Open DepressionD = Closed DepressionS = Simple SlopeF = FlatR = Ridge
2.6 DATABASE STORAGEAll the data collected during field survey was entered into a Microsoft® Access97 database. Thisdatabase was developed by NPWS to facilitate the storage, entry and manipulation of systematic floristicsurvey data. Database entry windows are similar to the format used for field proformas to minimise dataentry errors. All species recorded are coded using the Census of Australian Vascular Plant Species(CAPS). New species or subspecies, as identified by the Royal Botanic Gardens, not previously listed inthe CAPS were assigned new codes to the master CAPS database. An extensive data validationprocedure was undertaken to ensure that the data entered into the Access database matched what hadbeen recorded in the field. Accuracy of survey site locations was also reviewed against original fieldsheets. Site photographs have been electronically attached to sites and stored with the database.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains16
2.7 TAXONOMIC REVIEWFor this project, all nomenclature was reviewed and standardised across data sets for analysis.Synonyms were updated to reflect currently accepted revisions. Nomenclature was standardised tofollow Harden (1990-1993 and revised editions 2000-2002). Recent taxonomic revisions have beenidentified using the Flora Online Website that has been developed by the Royal Botanic Gardens (2005).The principal outcomes of the taxonomic review are as follows:
All exotic species were identified and excluded from the analysis dataset; The review highlighted species that were likely to have been incorrectly identified or incorrectly
entered into the database. Original field sheets were reviewed to determine the status of thesespecies and where data entry errors were detected, changes were made to the database. Wheredata entry errors were not detected, species were reviewed against existing literature. Where thisindicated them to be outside their likely range, and no confirmation had been made, the record wasdeleted from the database;
The review highlighted inconsistently collected records of species containing subspecies or varieties.In such cases, subspecies were either lumped to species level or were assigned to a singlesubspecies or variant if only one sub-specific entity is present in the study area;
The review identified groups of species within which a regular inaccuracy in clear identification couldbe occurring as a result of season of survey or poor ability to distinguish in the field due to missingmaterial or life stages;
The review identified species hybrids that are not recognised formally in the literature. These wereassigned to one or other of the parent species based on the predominance of either in surroundingenvironments; and
The review highlighted flora species identified to genus level only. Samples identified to genus levelonly which were low in number and low in cover scores (less than five percent cover) were deletedfrom the analysis dataset. Where genus only samples were numerous, but could not be clearlyassigned to a single species, they were left unchanged.
2.8 AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION2.8.1 Objectives
Extensive Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) was required to generate a complete spatial coverage of theWestern Blue Mountains (Map 1) showing the distribution of landcover elements. The API component ofthis project has been used to meet several objectives. These are to:
• Quantify the extent of native vegetation cover across the mapping area;• Guide and inform the mapping of vegetation communities derived from field data; and• Provide an index of relative vegetation condition for all native vegetation cover.
2.8.2 Area Mapped and Photography Used
Air photo interpretation of the Western Blue Mountains was completed by a single interpreter using 1:25000 scale aerial photos. Table 2.3 shows the aerial photographs used and Map 7 illustrates the extent ofeach coverage and the routes traversed.
2.8.3 Air Photo Interpretation and Landcover Classification
Air photo interpretation of landcover components as required by this project essentially involved reducingthe variability in the landcover continuum according to a set of prescribed but open-ended criteria.An API stratification of all landcover within the Western Blue Mountains was undertaken by applying thefollowing attribute classes to each polygon. The Aerial Photos were interpreted to provide information on:• Canopy Type• Non-canopy Features• Crown Cover• Visible Rock• API Confidence• Understorey• Disturbance Severity and Type of Disturbance
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 17
Map 7: API Data Coverage & Field Traverses
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains18
Attributes for each of these themes were encoded directly into ArcView GIS for each polygon.Approximately 27 000 polygons were mapped with an average patch size of 4.1 hectares. To ensureconsistency in the interpretation of features across the Study Area, interpretation was tied to explicitmapping thresholds within each of the above themes.
The prescribed minimum patch size for mapping was one hectare. However, smaller patch sizes weremapped at the interpreter’s discretion. Small areas considered significant enough to map included rockoutcrops, rainforest patches, sedgeland and heathland. The mapping pathway is presented in Figure 2.2.
TABLE 2.3: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY INTERPRETED
Title Run Prints DateBATHURST 1 43-45 1998
BATHURST 2 17 1998
BATHURST 3 11-12 1998
BATHURST 4 22 1998
BATHURST 11 40 1998
BATHURST 12 44-46 1998
KATOOMBA 8 48 2002
KATOOMBA 9 29 2002
KATOOMBA 10 75 2002
MT POMANY 11 99-105 2004
MT POMANY 12 11-22 2004
MT POMANY 13 97-107 2004
MUDGEE 12 38 2004
MUDGEE 13 31-33 2004
OBERON 7 49 1999
OBERON 8 46 1999
OBERON 9 45-47 1999
OBERON 10 73-75 1999
OBERON 11 62-68 1999
OBERON 12 15-21 1999
OBERON 13 18-22 1999
WALLERAWANG 8 8-10 1991
WALLERAWANG 9 36-44 1991
WALLERAWANG 10 58-64 1991
WALLERAWANG 11 20-26 1991
WALLERAWANG 12 32 1991
WALLERAWANG 1 77-89 1998
WALLERAWANG 2 15-25 1998
WALLERAWANG 3 28-39 1998
WALLERAWANG 4 59-74 1998
WALLERAWANG 5 77-87 1998
WALLERAWANG 6 14-23 1998
WALLERAWANG 7 7-11 1998
WALLERAWANG 8 45 1998
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 19
Title Run Prints DateWALLERAWANG 9 53-55 1998
WALLERAWANG 10 77-81 1998
WALLERAWANG 11 19-23 1998
WALLERAWANG 12 3-15 1998
WALLERAWANG 13 37-47 1998
2.8.4 Feature Code
A primary requirement of the API was to map patterns of similar species composition within the upperstratum of native vegetation across the Study Area. The conventional process of delineating such areasby drawing a line of best fit between areas that are typically occupied by a species or group of specieshas the effect of reducing the variability of the landcover into “canopy types”. Field traverses were usedto relate photo patterns with canopy species composition.
A table of canopy types was compiled throughout the course of the project from field observation andreference to other data sources such as plot based floristic survey and previous vegetation mapping (SeeTable 2.1). All vegetation cover classified as having a crown cover greater than three percent (crownseparation ratio of less than five (Walker & Hopkins 1984)) was allocated a canopy species code basedon the dominant combinations of the upper stratum species.
Canopy types were described using a two level hierarchy. The first level in the hierarchy, Level 2,described a broad, recurring pattern in upper stratum species within a unique habitat. This unique habitatmost often reflected similar geological substrates and topographic positions. The second level in thehierarchy, Level 3, was allocated for distinct patterns of species that could be identified within the broaderpatterns described in Level 2 and retained similar environmental characteristics.
A complete list of feature codes is provided in Appendix B.
2.8.5 Non-canopy Features
Other landcover features mapped include non-vegetated and highly modified landcover such asinfrastructure and cleared lands. A list of non-canopy features is provided in Appendix A.
2.8.6 Canopy Cover
An eight-scale classification of Crown Separation Ratio was utilised as a relative measure of canopycover (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1: Canopy Cover Classes
Adapted from Walker and Hopkins (1984)
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Pat
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The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 21
Closed, Mid dense to Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map codes 1-4
All vegetation cover that displays canopy integrity has been mapped. Canopy integrity has been definedas having a Crown Separation Ratio less than two (equivalent to canopy cover greater than ten percent).All vegetation cover falling within this class and with an area greater than one hectare has been mapped.This covers a range of sizes from large expanses of vegetation cover to remnant patches in clearedlandscapes. They are attributed with a code describing the canopy species present, visible rock, thenature of the understorey, the severity and main types of disturbance present and an API confidenceindex.
Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map code 5
A regular feature of native vegetation cover in disturbed environments is the presence of scattered treesabove an open or absent understorey, in a mosaic of cleared and remnant vegetation. Areas having aCrown Separation Ratio between two and five (equivalent to canopy cover between three and tenpercent) are considered not to display canopy integrity. In view of this, attribution with a code describingthe canopy species present and the nature of the understorey has been left to the discretion of theinterpreter. Attributes indicating visible rock, the severity and main types of disturbance present and anAPI confidence index have been included.
Sparse to Very Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map codes 6-8
This includes obvious features such as man made structures, cleared paddocks, etc. Specific non-vegetative features attributed include landslides, rock outcrops and water bodies. Areas having a CrownSeparation Ratio greater than five have not been attributed with a code describing the canopy speciespresent and the nature of the understorey.
Visible RockVisible rock (Table 2.4) was interpreted for the purpose of providing information that may be of interest forfurther scientific survey investigation (herpetological, botanical) as well as for fire management andlogistics (fuel and bushfire behaviour mapping, helicopter access points) etc.
TABLE 2.4: VISIBLE ROCK CLASSES
Code Class
0 NIL1 Visible – 10%
2 10 - 25%
3 25 – 50%
4 50 – 75%
5 75 – 100%
Interpretation ConfidenceFour classes of interpreter mapping confidence were applied to each mapped polygon (Table 2.5).These classes enable users to understand the reliability of the mapping features.
TABLE 2.5: INTERPRETER CONFIDENCE CLASSES
Mapping Confidence Class Confidence Assessment Criteria1: Very High • Sites visited, features checked
2: High• Confident extrapolation from localised sampling• Interpretability of features considered high, consistent with features sampled
elsewhere
3: Medium• Not visited• Some similarity with features sample elsewhere• Uncertainty in species interpretation
4: Low
• Site or locality not visited• Remote area• Inconsistent with features sampled elsewhere• Low confidence in species interpretation
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains22
Understorey ClassesUnderstorey characteristics were interpreted where they were visible and grouped into a number of broadclasses, as in Table 2.6. Understorey has been collected for a number of reasons. Firstly, it provides anadditional layer of information that can be used to more accurately delineate vegetation communitydistribution. Secondly, it can be used to clarify habitat values for fauna. Understorey features are mostreliably interpreted from mesic and sheltered forests, rocky open woodlands and through lower canopycover vegetation formations. It is least reliable for understorey characteristics that lie between mesic andxeric.
TABLE 2.6: API UNDERSTOREY CODES
Understorey Code Dominant Understorey Elements10 • Mesic / Rainforest11 • Intermediate – moist; Shrubs
12d • Dry – intermediate; Shrubs12r • Dry; rocky, Shrubs / scrub (xeric)12x • Dry; Shrubs / scrub (xeric)13 • Dry; Shrubs and grasses14 • Dry – intermediate; Shrubs and grasses16 • Acacia species
18a • Moist – swamp; Shrubs and sedges on gully alluvium18s • Dry – moist; shrubs and sedges associated with seepage areas19 • Dry; mallee and shrubs21 • Riparian complex
21a • Moist; shrubs and grasses on alluvium
Disturbance Severity ClassesAll vegetation cover was assessed for disturbance. An initial code was applied to indicate the severity ofdisturbance based on a subjective assessment using a number of predefined indicators. This was athree-class system, including Low, Medium and High. The two most dominant types of disturbance wererecorded in separate fields. Disturbance severity and type are displayed in Tables 2.7 and 2.8respectively.
TABLE 2.7: DISTURBANCE SEVERITY CLASSES AND INDICATORS
Code Severity Indicators of Disturbance• Tracks may be present but not clearly evident from API• Weeds not clearly evident from API• Canopy gaps likely to be natural
1 Lowest Disturbance
• Regrowth <10%• Limited areas of weed infestation evident (eg in canopy gaps)• Trails clearly evident• Canopy gaps and regrowth associated with trails (timber extraction) evident• Moderate disturbance associated with clearing or part clearing evident• Regrowth 10 - 30%• Past grazing activity evident (small dams, yards, buildings etc)
• Scattered or clustered areas of Eucalypt regeneration, Acacia spp.• Kunzea spp. etc.
2 Moderate Disturbance
• Limited areas of erosion, bare soil or landslip
• Severe disturbance associated with community or industrial infrastructure• Such as roads and powerlines easements are clearly evident
• Severe weed infestation evident• Regrowth >30%
• Continuous even aged stands of Eucalypt regeneration, Acacia spp.• Kunzea spp. etc
3 High Disturbance
• Large areas of erosion, bare soil or landslip
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 23
TABLE 2.8: DISTURBANCE FEATURE TYPES
Disturbance Code Disturbance Feature Type11 • Roads, Trails (within or adjacent polygon)12 • Transmission Line13 • Weeds14 • Canopy Gaps15 • Regrowth16 • Grazing / Pasture17 • Cultivation18 • Plantation / Woodlot (not pine wildlings)19 • Rural Residential Subdivision20 • Urban / Industrial Development (includes mining areas)21 • Recreation Area22 • Small Dam23 • Open Water24 • Erosion / Bare Soil25 • Landslip26 • Building27 • Pioneering shrubs / Acacia28 • Windthrow29 • Clearing / Pt clearing30 • Recent fire31 • Viney Scrub32 • Allocasuarina verticillata / Bursaria spinosa33 • Pine wildlings34 • Exotic trees other than pine (willow / poplar etc)
2.9 DIGITAL DATA CAPTURE AND MAP COMPILATIONThe line work from the Aerial Photo Interpretation was completed on transparent overlays and delineatedon every second photo frame.
The transfer of line work to a GIS format used a scanning and photogrammetric rectification process foreach annotated photo. Ground control points were established using topographic maps and a 1:25 000series of digital orthographic photos. These control points were used to rectify (the adjustment used tocompensate for distortion due to change in elevation) and geo-reference (reference the spatial locationby using the locations of known features) each photograph. Following this process, the raster data wasconverted to vectors, cleaned, and in turn converted to polygons.
A digital data layer supporting topology was cleaned and built in the ArcInfo GIS package. Polygonshave been labelled with the attributes identified during interpretation process as per feature code table(Appendix A) and Tables described above.
Vegetation Pattern Code (Formation, Sub-formation, Feature);
• Crown Cover;
• Structural Formation;
• Visible Rock;
• API Confidence Class;
• Understorey;
• Disturbance Severity and Disturbance Feature (two fields).
2.10 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION
2.10.1 Existing Vegetation Classification in the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment
Multiple vegetation classification systems have been applied to the native vegetation cover of theHawkesbury – Nepean catchment (RBG 1:100 000 series) or in part NPWS (2000; 2002; 2003), Bell(1998), Tozer (2003). The scale of both the classifications of the vegetation as well as the derived mapproducts is highly variable such that no single system can be applied to the whole region. This arises
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains24
because there is a wide variety of different uses for vegetation maps ranging from site based planningassociated with urban development and clearing applications through to regional planning and firemanagement. Detailed delineation of vegetation communities is used to highlight endangered ecologicalcommunities and is a requirement of fine-scale mapping used by councils and land managers (e.g. ESP2001; NPWS 2002; Bell 2002) while estimates of clearing and regional vegetation patterns are sought byregional conservation planning projects (Thomas et.al. 2000; Tindall et al. 2004).
The recently completed vegetation classification of the South Coast Priority Five Mapping Area (P5MA)(Tindall et al. 2004) provides the most complete single-source coverage of the broad vegetationcommunities in the southern Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. However, the northern catchmentincludes large areas of reserved lands (Wollemi, Blue Mountains and Yengo National Parks) for whichthere is more detailed vegetation classification though the mapping remains coarse Bell (1998) and (Bellet al. 1993). By contrast local council mapping adjoining the study area is detailed in both classificationand mapping (ESP 2001).
2.10.2 Relationships between Vegetation Community Classifications
In order to assess the floristic relationships between vegetation classifications used in severaloverlapping and/or adjoining regions, all available site data within a 20 kilometre radius of the study areawas included in the analysis. In this way, the allocation of sample sites to vegetation communitiesdescribed by other studies (Tindall et al. 2004; Bell 2004; ESP 2001) could be tracked in any newanalysis. Further the relationships between the addition of new sites collected by this project and theseexisting sites could be assessed in the same way. In all, some 1257 data points were analysed. 466 sitesoccurred within areas mapped as part of this project, including the Jenolan Caves Trust Reserve.
2.10.3 Analysis of Data
All data was compiled and a full list of all species recorded was examined to standardise taxonomyacross the various studies. In most cases the taxa below species level (varieties and subspecies mainly)were not recorded consistently (even within surveys). Therefore all taxa below species level werecollapsed upwards unless they could be shown to be reliable. Species considered unlikely to be in thearea were also examined for validity, and where possible site records were examined to determine eitherto accept as recorded, or rejects the entry as a data error. Species that had been segregated as part of ataxonomic review within the last 20 years were collapsed under the species in the broad sense (toremove errors induced by date of sampling). Where a group of species shows poor discernability in thefield these were also collapsed under a single taxon and it treated in the broadest sense.
Analysis of all data from all 1257 sites was undertaken using the analyses in the PATN suite (Belbin1994). A number of different analyses were run in an effort to ascertain the relationships between thespatial data layer and the floristic sites. Two separate sets of analyses were conducted, and initial mapconstruction was based on the first and confirmed with the second. The first set of runs was conductedon data containing species data as extracted from the Vegetation Survey Database, with genus-only andsingle occurrence species within the dataset. Masking for all species of less than two sites occurrencewas applied to the dataset using the appropriate option in PATN and analyses run in accordance with theprocedures outlined below. The second set of analyses were conducted using the complete data set withsingle-occurrence taxa and those recorded only to genus level physically removed prior to analysis.
Analysis of the data was undertaken using three different approaches. An initial non-hierarchicalclustering method (ALOC) using the kulczinski coefficient was applied to the data set, using five seedsand a maximum of 100 groups with 50 iterations. In the first analysis this produced 98 groups, in thesecond it generated 99 groups. As the method starts with randomly chosen seeds the groups generatedin one run will not necessarily be labelled the same in subsequent runs, although in most cases sites willend up in similarly-composed groups following each run.
Secondly, an association matrix displaying dissimilarity scores between all pairs of sites was producedusing the ASO module in PATN. An unweighted pair group arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) clusteringstrategy was applied to the matrix to derive a hierarchical classification from the bottom up (FUSE) and asimilar approach from the top down using Polythetic Divisive clustering (PDIV). The default beta value of–0.1 was used on all analyses, and a total of 100 groups was requested from the analyses.
A dendrogram was produced to display the hierarchical relationships between both individual sites andgroups of sites from each of the three different analyses. Two sites in vegetation sampling are rarely
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 25
identical given the natural continuum of vegetation patterns in the landscape. The question facing theanalyst is to what degree are differences worthy of justifying unique groups of sites. These decisions arebased on field observations and experience with similar vegetation. This interpretation results in either abroader or finer classification depending upon the aims and limitations of project.
Groups of sites were examined using the species that characterise the group, the structural features suchas height and tree cover, along with physical characteristics such as geology, topographic position andaspect. These groups were matched to the spatial layer and communities allocated to groups ofpolygons based on similarity of coding strings and the frequency and similarity of floristic sites located ineach polygon class.
2.11 DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESVegetation communities have been described in detail using a number of features. Firstly, combinationsof sites defining unique groups in the cluster analysis were used to identify the characteristic flora speciesof that group. These species are presented as a summary for each community in the profiles found inVolume Two. These are known as Map Units and describe the location, dominant or characteristicspecies (generally tree species), broad understorey description and structure. Each Map Unit is given alabel to describe the vegetation present. This label is generally found only in this study in order todifferentiate it from any other study unless: (a) sites used to describe a community have been used in anadjoining study that replicates the methods used here (e.g. NPWS 2003) or (b) a community defined inthis study was based solely on sites collected in other studies (e.g. Tindall et al. 2004)
Each profile includes a brief summary of key identifying features. These include commonly occurringplant species and habitat characteristics. Example locations are also given, as is a sample photograph toguide in recognition of the community. The proportion of each disturbance class (percent) found withinthe mapped vegetation community is also presented along with figures highlighting the total extant areaof the community within the study area. Data describing the vegetation structure (height and vegetationcover) has been generated from field sample points.
Each profile includes a list of diagnostic species. This species list is derived from the field site data andcan be used to help define the floristic composition of a community in relation to all others present in thestudy area. A concept known as ‘fidelity’, developed by Keith and Bedward (1999) based on Westhoffand van der Maarel (1978) provides a systematic method for identifying ‘diagnostic’ or ‘characteristic’species within an assemblage. This approach recognises that within given vegetation community aspecies may be conspicuous by the frequency and abundance with which it has been recorded.However, in other communities the same species may only occur sparsely, at low abundance or not atall. Patterns may be revealed by analysing the performance of each individual species found within eachcommunity. Table 2.9 describes the criteria used to define positive, negative, uninformative and constantspecies. Positive species are recorded more frequently within a community and/or at a higher mediancover abundance than in all other vegetation communities. Positive species also include those that areonly recorded within the target community irrespective of their frequency of detection or abundance. Aspecies that is present in all other communities but is less common or abundant or not present at all inthe target community is defined as a negative diagnostic species. A constant species is one that occursconsistently within many communities. Uninformative are those that are recorded at lower abundanceand less frequently across all communities. The profile lists all species classified as positive, negativeand constant. Some uninformative species have been included in the species list to aid field identification.
TABLE 2.9: DEFINITIONS OF DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES
Occurrence of Species in Residual Map Units
Frequency>=35%AND C/A>=2
Frequency<35%OR C/A<2 Frequency=0
Frequency>=35%AND C/A>=2 Constant Positive
DiagnosticPositiveDiagnostic
Frequency<35%OR C/A<2
NegativeDiagnostic Uninformative Positive
Diagnostic
Occurrence ofSpecies within
Target Map UnitFrequency=0 Negative
Diagnostic Uninformative -
C/A = Cover Abundance
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains26
2.12 MAPPING VEGETATION COMMUNITIESThe mapping of vegetation communities integrated patterns in canopy and understorey from aerial photointerpretation with soil and geology mapping. Soil and geological influences are included within the aerialphotograph coding as each code is structured hierarchically underneath major landscape and geologicalfeature.
Allocation of a vegetation community to a mapped feature code was achieved using the following steps.Firstly, a number of vegetation communities appear as highly contrasting patterns on aerial photographs.These include swamps, rainforest, heaths and River Oak forests. These communities can be mappedwith a high degree of reliability and correlate strongly with classified site data.
Secondly, eucalypt dominated vegetation codes were intersected with sample data. Feature codes thatachieved 100 percent agreement in samples describing a single vegetation community in the analyseswere allocated to that community. Feature codes that did not achieve complete agreement betweensample point located within it were assessed for spatial accuracy. Sites that reached agreement within a40 metre tolerance of the polygon boundary were subsequently allocated to the vegetation community.Sites that continued to indicate an alternative community to that described by the API feature code wereinvestigated. Individual polygons were assessed against the mapping reliability code and, where low,were recorded to that suggested by the sample point. Feature codes that retained mixed sampleallocations were allocated to the vegetated community suggested by the majority of samples and thecomposition of both site and polygon data strings. A small number of codes were not sampled and thesewere allocated to a vegetation community based on field traverses or were amalgamated with adjoiningcommunities based on similar geological, structural and floristic attributes.
Vegetation communities defined by sites that were all located outside of the study area were excludedwhere they described vegetation communities found in environmental domains not present in the studyarea.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 27
3 RESULTS3.1 SURVEY SITESField sampling was conducted from December 2004 until October 2005. A total of 302 full floristic surveysites were sampled during this period. These sites augmented the existing 955 sites that were extractedfrom previous studies (Section 2.2). The total number of sites utilised in analysis reached 1257, of which346 occurred within the study area. This equates to a sampling density of one site per 454 hectares,slightly better than the one site per 500 hectares nominated in the project brief. These sites aredisplayed on Map 8.
3.1.1 Sampling Performance
Field survey sites sampled 160 of the 187 (85 percent) native vegetation feature codes mapped fromaerial photographic interpretation and associated fieldwork. The apportioning of sampling effort betweenthe feature codes is shown in Appendix B. Unsampled feature codes comprise less than 0.5 percent ofthe remaining vegetation cover. Appendix B includes sites from pre-existing surveys.
3.2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATIONAerial Photo Interpretation of vegetation patterns has been completed over the study area. In total over203 different vegetation and landscape features have been mapped. These include vegetation patternsas well as landscape features such as rock outcrop and man made infrastructure such as powerlineeasements and transport corridors.
3.2.1 Spatial Accuracy
The spatial accuracy of the API data layer is based on a detailed comparison of ten percent of polygonsagainst linear and high contrast landscape features obvious in orthorectified 1:40 000 digital air photoimages and orthorectified digital images of the 1:25 000 topographic mapsheets.
Over 95 percent were found to be within a tolerance of 37.5 metres. Spatial accuracy is best on flatto undulating topography of the plateaux and plains and worst on the steep escarpment slopes anddissected gorges of the sandstone tablelands where displacement is greatest.
Coding transfer error between photo linework and digital coverage was found to be less than onepercent based on a sample review of original coding attribute and digital coverage.
3.2.2 Vegetation Cover
The combined coverage’s of vegetation mapping indicate that almost 100 000 hectares have beenidentified as native vegetation cover. This comprises over 62 percent of the mapping study area. Table3.1 below indicates the area and proportion of broad mapping features found in the study area.
TABLE 3.1: BROAD MAPPING FEATURES WITH AREA AND PROPORTION OF STUDY AREA
Broad Mapping Feature Area (ha) Proportion (%)
Native Vegetation Cover 99752 62.50
Cleared-Severely Disturbed Land 50143 31.43
Plantation and Woodlot 8972 5.62
Exposed Rock 62 0.003
Unassessed Vegetation 660 0.004
Total 159589 100
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains28
Map 8: Vegetation Survey Sites
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 29
Map 9: API Confidence Classes
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains30
3.2.3 Interpretation Confidence
The classes describing the confidence in the interpretation of the landscape features are shown in Map 9and provided in Table 3.2 below. Over 75 percent of the study area was mapped with a high or very highlevel of confidence based on either visitation of sites or the extrapolation of patterns based on visitedareas (as described in Section 2.8). Lower confidence levels were recorded in areas that presentedunique photo patterns to the interpreter. In most instances these are located in areas that wereinaccessible as a result of tenure or terrain.
TABLE 3.2: API CONFIDENCE CLASSES WITH AREA AND PROPORTION OF STUDY AREA
Interpretation Confidence Area (ha) Proportion (%)Very High 16506 10.34
High 72240 45.26
Medium 19300 29.94
Low 490 12.09
Unassessed or Cleared 61444 38.50
Total 159589 100
3.3 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND SPECIES RICHNESSThe study area spans two botanical divisions, the Central Coast and Central Tablelands. Some 1551indigenous species have been recorded from all field data used in the analysis. The full list of nativespecies found in the study area and adjoining environs is presented in Appendix B.
Species richness was estimated as the mean number of species found within each vegetation communityusing standard sites of 400 square metres. Mean richness scores varied between nine and 49.1 taxa persite. The results for each individual community are presented in each vegetation community profile(Appendix A). Communities supporting lower richness scores generally included swamp, mallee andheath communities. Forests on shale or basalt soil and on sheltered aspects of the escarpment slopes orwithin the gorges of the sandstone plateau support the highest mean species richness scores.
3.4 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATIONQuantitative analysis of all site data suggested 100 groups when a dissimilarity score of 0.93 was appliedto classify the floristic variation. Figure 3.1 illustrates the hierarchal relationships between these groups,and displays relationships with other classifications developed by Tindall et al. (2004) and Bell (1998).These groups of sites underpin the definition of each of the vegetation communities described in thisreport.
In all 53 vegetation communities were extracted from the analysis to describe patterns in nativevegetation cover and composition in the study area. Stand alone map unit numbers were allocated toeach, while a further three additional communities were split using detailed aerial photographinterpretation to highlight structural variations in the parent community.
The selection of these communities from the pool of 100 groups was achieved by firstly ensuring that allgroups that featured a sample site located within the study area were included. Secondly any groups thatdescribed vegetation communities found on environmental domains not present in the study area wereexcluded. This latter process excluded a number of groups associated with the Kowmung Valley, centralWollemi National Park, dry tablelands environments of Bathurst and adjoining ranges as well as basaltcaps in the Blue Mountains. These are noted within Figure 3.1 as occurring outside. Patterns achievedfrom the aerial photo stages were then compared to highlight any potential gaps in vegetation patternsnot sampled by sites located within the study area.
Of the 53 vegetation communities 22 were related to existing classifications of Tindall et al. (2004) andfour of Bell (1998). Vegetation communities were said to be equivalent where any sample site used todefine a community in previous studies formed a component of site groups achieved during this analysis.Where more than one classification unit from previous studies was present within a group of sites thenthe classification with the majority number of sites was used.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 31
Figure 3.1 illustrates twelve broad clusters of site groups that describe similar landscape and floristicfeatures. These are resolved to finer site groups that have been used to define each vegetationcommunity or map unit.
The first cluster identifies Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2004) found on the NewnesPlateau and adjoining Narrabeen Sandstones. Map units (26 & 28) describing the highest elevationexposed sandstone sclerophyll forests were not defined by any sites used in previous analysis, whileMU30 was strongly related to classifications used by both Tindall et al. (2004) and Bell (1998). Thesecond cluster assembles taller forests found on sheltered narrabeen sandstones at elevations above700 metres ASL as well as exposed forests found on residual permian sediments. The most sheltered ofthese forests (MU8) did not share an overlap with sites used to describe previous classifications. This islikely to arise from undersampling in the upper mountains area, as the community is present in the MountVictoria area. The latter groups however achieved strong associations with previous classifications.
Montane Heaths (Keith 2004) are highly variable. The third broad cluster describes them. MU44 andMU46 both share sites used to describe the Blue Mountains Heath (Tindall et al. 2004), however each ofthe map units occupy very different landscape positions. MU47 is an unusual feature of Genowlan Pointand sites were equivocal between the Ti willa Kanangra Heaths and Blue Mountains Heath (ibid). Thedistinctive pagodas of the western Blue Mountains support a very sparse heath cover, and this isrecognised by MU43. This is closely related to the Pagoda heaths of Bell (1998), while only a single sitefrom the Blue Mountains Heath of Tindall et al. (2004) was a member of this group.
The fourth cluster describes shrub/grass forests and woodlands found on Permian sediments along thedividing range between Lithgow and Capertee. A poor association with other classifications was achievedwithin this cluster largely because it is describing environmental domains not previously sampled. OnlyMU31 was strongly related to grassy tablelands forests of Tindall et al. (2004).
No associations were achieved within the next cluster, where the low rainfall grassy woodlands of theCapertee Valley are described. These forests and woodlands are more typical of the central westernslopes of NSW and there are few similar environments present within other areas of the Hawkesbury –Nepean catchment.
Cluster eight describes Tableland Grassy Woodlands found in the western Lithgow valley. Again many ofthese environments have been sampled for the first time, and it is not surprising that there were fewoverlaps with sites describing regional communities. Only a single site from Regional Map Unit 17 wasincluded within the site group used to describe MU33.
This was not the case for the next two clusters, describing exposed grassy woodlands and tallersheltered forests of the eastern tableland around the Oberon and Lithgow Plateaux. Many sites wereencompasses from several studies within these clusters, although MU35 and MU6 included sites frommultiple regional units. This may relate to a higher numbers of observers used within these clusters ofsites and may also go some way to explaining the number of affiliated communities that occur justoutside the study area boundary.
Tall grassy forests associated with riparian zones and hollow depressions are described by Cluster 9.Many sites were shared between the regional analysis of Tindall et al. (2004) and this study. Only thelower elevations associated with MU15 and the considerably drier environments of MU20 did not warrantequivalence between the studies.
Swamps and montane bogs and wetlands are another highly variable community (Cluster10). Ouranalysis indicated that a large number of these communities appear to occur outside of the study area,particularly those associated with Blue Mountains sandstones. The Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps(MU50 & 51) were clearly distinguished from other upland swamp communities associated with the KingsTableland in Blue Mountains NP. Similarly the Capertee Melaleuca Thickets were not found to beassociated with any previous classification. However the grassy fens (MU53) are part of a moreextensive assemblage found across the southern tableland.
Only small areas of warm temperate rainforest (Cluster 11) are present in the study areas on the NewnesPlateau. These form part of a widespread sandstone gully rainforest found across the Sydney Basin.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains32
The final cluster describes a large number of forests growing on sheltered aspects in riarpian situations orescarpment slopes. These forests are generally herbaceous and shrubby associated with fine -grainedloamy soils derived from shales, basalt, limestone, porphory and alluvium. A number of groups within thiscluster were associated with the southern Kowmung gorges and were not considered further. Howeverthe upper reaches of this gorge country around Jenolan Caves did include a number of sites describinggrassy woodlands that are more extensive throughout the northern Kowmung and Kanangra gorges. Thelimestone (karst) of the Jenolan Caves area is a distinctive assemblage, and a number of structural formshave been identified to describe the vegetation on the limestone outcrops.
Figure 3.1: Hierarchal Classification of Vegetation Communities
Broad DescriptorRegional Map Unit Name Map Unit Name | | | | |
No Match MU26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint-Silvertop Ash Layered Open Forest _No Match MU26a |____________DSF136 MU30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint-Silvertop Ash Shrubby Woodland ____________|_____
outside (Wollemi) _ |outside (Wollemi) |____ |
No Match MU27 Mount Airly Sydney Peppermint-Narrow-leaved Stringybark-Silvertop Ash Shrubby Woodland ____|______ |outside (Wollemi) __________|______|____
No match MU8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint-Brown Barrel Shrubby Foret ___ |
DSF136 MU29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Pepermint Shrubby Forest __|____ |DSF136 MU28 Sandstone Plateau and Ridge Scribbly Gum-Silvertop Ash shrubby Woodland ______|________ |DSF8 MU25 Montane Exposed Silvertop Ash Wodland _____ | |DSF8? MU24 Montane Slopes Stringybark Forest ____|_________|______|____________________HL124 MU44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak-Banksia Rocky Heath _ |HL124 MU46 Newnes Plateau Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia |_ |HL124/HL120 MU47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland _|_________ |
outside (southern) __ | |Outside (Loombah Heath) _|________|___________________ |
no match MU43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland _________________ | |outside (Wollemi) ______________ | | |outside (Wollemi) | | | |
no match MU32 Tableland Scribbly Gum-Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Open Forest outside | outside | outside | |
no match MU38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark-Scribbly Gum-Callitris Shrubby Forest | no match MU39 Capertee Hills Blue-leaved Ironbark-Callitris Shrubby Forest | | no match MU42 Capertee Hills White Box-Tumbledown Redgum-Ironbark-Callitris Shrubby Woodland | DSF14 MU31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint-Mountain Gum Grassy Forest |
outside | | outside | | outside | | | outside | | | |
no match MU21 Capertee-Wolgan Slopes Red Box-Grey Gum-Stringybark Grassy Woodland | no match MU20 Capertee Roughbarked Apple-Redgum-Yellow Box Grassy Woodland | |
no match MU19 Capertee Box-Narrow-leaved Ironbark-Callitris Grassy Woodland & MU18 Capertee Marl Grassy Box Woodland | | no match MU41 Capertee Slopes Slaty Gum-Grey Gum-Mugga-Callitris Open Forest | | | no match MU16 Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box-Grass Tree-Spinifex Grassy Woodland | | no match MU17 Capertee Box-Kurrajong-Grey Gum Grassy Woodland | | | no match MU33 Coxs Permian Red Stringybark-Brittle Gum Woodland | no match MU36 Tableland Apple Box-Bursaria Grassy Open Forest | | GW23/GW17 MU33 Tableland Broad-leaved Peppermint-Brittle Gum-Red Stringybark Grassy Open Forest | |no match MU7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint- Mountain Gum-Brown Stringybark Layered Forest MU73/MU14/MU8 MU35 Tableland Gully Mountain Gum-Broadleaved Peppermint Grassy Forest | no match MU14 Tableland Mountain Gum-Snow Gum-Daviesia Montane Open Forest | WSF73 MU6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest | WSF73 MU5 Jenolan Brown Barrel-Mountain Gum-Narrow-leaved Peppermint-Blackwood Montane Grassy Forest | | WSF73 MU4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest | |
outside | | outside | | | outside | | | | outside(Megalong) | | | | outside (Kowmung Valley) | |
no match MU15 Tableland Hollows Black Gum-Black Sally Grassy Open Forest | GW220 MU11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum-Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest | | GW19/GW520 MU13 Tableland Ribbon Gum-Blackwood-Apple Box Forest | | no match MU55 Tableland Riparian Scrub Complex | | | GW220 MU9 Mount Vincent Basalt Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest | | | GW23 MU34 Tableland Slopes Brittle Gum-Broad-leaved Peppermint Grassy Forest | | GW17 MU12 Lithgow-Abercrombie Grassy Woodland | | |
outside | | | outside | | outside | | |
FRW130 MU50 & MU51 Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps | GL257 MU53 Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen | | FOW54 MU52 Newnes Plateau Rush-Sedge Snow Gum Hollow Wooded Heath | | |
outside | | | | outside | | | | outside | | | | outside | | | | | outside | | | | | outside | | | |
High ElevationTableland Exposed Grassy Forests
Tableland Sheltered Forests
Capertee Permian GrassyDry Forests and Woodlands
Tableland Grassy Woodlands (mid elevation)
TablelandsTall Grassy Forests
Exposed Montane Narrabeen Sandstone Forests and Woodlands
Montane Sheltered Sandstone and Exposed Permian Forests
Montane Heaths
Exposed Tablelands Shrubby Woodlands
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 33
3.5 MAPPING DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESA total of 57 vegetation communities have been mapped within the study area along with six additionallandscape features. The distribution of the statewide vegetation classes (Section 3.4) is shown in Map10. Table 3.3 indicates the total area for each vegetation community grouped into structural classes.Structural classifications are based on tree height and crown separation (Walker and Hopkins, 1990).
TABLE 3.3: MAP UNITS DESCRIBED IN THE STUDY AREA
Map Unit Region Map Unit Name(Tindall et al. 2004)
State-wide Vegetation Class(Keith 2004)
Map Unit Area withinStudy Area (ha)
1 Sandstone Gully WarmTemperate Rainforest
RF114 Sandstone ScarpWarm Temperate Rainforest
Northern Warm TemperateRainforest
4
2 Mountain Gully Grey MyrtleDry Rainforest
RF38 Grey Myrtle DryRainforest
Dry Rainforest 39
3 Hillslope Talus MountainGum - Brown Stringybark -Grey Gum - Broad-leavedHickory Moist Forest
No match Southern Escarpment WetSclerophyll Forests
2695
4 Sheltered Gully BrownBarrel Ferny Forest
WSF73 Cool Montane WetForest
Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest
71
5 Jenolan Brown Barrel -Mountain Gum - Narrow-leavedPeppermint - BlackwoodMontane Grassy Forest
WSF73 Cool Montane WetForest
Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest
2691
6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest
WSF73 Cool Montane WetForest
Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest
1701
7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - MountainGum - Brown StringybarkLayered Forest
No match Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest
2477
8 Newnes ShelteredPeppermint - Brown BarrelShrubby Forest
No match Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
2200
9 Mount Vincent BasaltRibbon Gum Grassy Forest
GW20 Tablelands BasaltForest
Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 303
10 Capertee Residual BasaltBrittle Gum - StringybarkLayered Open Forest
No match Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 142
11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum- Ribbon Gum Montane GrassyForest
GW520 Tableland SwampFlats Forest
Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 1586
12 Lithgow - AbercrombieGrassy Woodland
GW17 Lithgow - AbercrombieGrassy Woodland
Southern Tableland GrassyWoodland
122
13 Tableland Gully RibbonGum - Blackwood - Apple BoxForest
GW19 Abercrombie-TarloFootslope Woodland/ GW520Tableland Swamp Flats Forest
Southern Tableland GrassyWoodland
861
14 Tableland Mountain Gum -Snow Gum - Daviesia MontaneOpen Forest
No match Subalpine Woodlands 1739
15 Tableland Hollows BlackGum - Black Sally OpenForest
GW520 Tableland SwampFlats Forest
Subalpine Woodlands 384
16 Capertee Limestone HillsGrey Box - Grass Tree -Spinifex Grassy Woodland
No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 108
17 Capertee Box - Kurrajong -Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands
No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 1532
18 Capertee Marl Box GrassyWoodlands
No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 1141
19 Capertee Box - Narrow-leafIronbark - Callitris GrassyWoodland
No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 5551
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains34
Map Unit Region Map Unit Name(Tindall et al. 2004)
State-wide Vegetation Class(Keith 2004)
Map Unit Area withinStudy Area (ha)
20 Capertee Rough-barkedApple - Redgum - Yellow BoxGrassy Woodlands
No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 5457
21 Capertee - Wolgan SlopesRed Box - Grey Gum -Stringybark Grassy OpenForest
No match Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 9369
22 Kanangra Gorge ShelteredGrey Gum Forest
DSF37 Kowmung-WollondillyGrassy Gorge Forest
Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 342
23 Jenolan Limestone ScrubWoodland
No match Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 66
24 Montane SlopesStringybark Forest
DSF8 Tableland Ridge Forest South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest 428
25 Montane Exposed SilvertopAsh Forest
DSF8 Tableland Ridge Forest South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest 208
26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Silver-topAsh Layered Open Forest
No match Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
7601
27 Mount Airly SydneyPeppermint - Narrow-leavedStringy - Grey Gum ShrubbyOpen Forest
No match Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
1041
28 Sandstone Plateau AndRidge Scribbly Gum - Silver-top Ash Shrubby Woodland
DSF136 Blue MountainsRidgetop Forest
Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
3240
29 Sandstone Slopes SydneyPeppermint Shrubby Forest
DSF136 Blue MountainsRidgetop Forest
Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
3000
30 Exposed Blue MountainsSydney Peppermint - Silver-topAsh Shrubby Woodland
DSF136 Blue MountainsRidgetop Forest
Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest
6864
31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint - MountainGum Grassy Forest
DSF14 Western TablelandsDry Forest
Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
1283
32 Tableland Hills ScribblyGum - Narrow-leavedStringybark Shrubby OpenForest
No match Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
1697
33 Tableland Broad-leavedPeppermint - Brittle Gum - RedStringybark Grassy OpenForest
GW23 Tableland Hills GrassyWoodland
Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
1041
34 Tableland Slopes BrittleGum - Broad-leavedPeppermint Grassy Forest
GW23 Tableland Hills GrassyWoodland/GW17 LithgowAbercrombie Grassy Forest
Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
3077
35 Tableland Gully MountainGum - Broad-leavedPeppermint Grassy Forest
MU73 Cool Montane WetForest/DSF 14 WesternTablelands Dry Forest/DSF8Tableland Ridge Forest
Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
797
36 Tableland Apple Box -Bursaria Grassy Open Forest
No match Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
384
37 Cox’s Permian RedStringybark - Brittle GumWoodland
DSF14 Western TablelandsDry Forest
Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest
3048
38 Capertee Grey Gum -Narrow-leaved Stringybark -Scribbly Gum - Callitris -Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest
No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests
9247
39 Capertee Hills Blue-leavedIronbark - Callitris ShrubbyForest
No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests
328
40 Capertee Slopes RedIronbark - Red Stringybark -
No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests
855
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 35
Map Unit Region Map Unit Name(Tindall et al. 2004)
State-wide Vegetation Class(Keith 2004)
Map Unit Area withinStudy Area (ha)
Narrow-leaved StringybarkShrubby Woodland
41 Capertee Slopes SlatyGum - Grey Gum - Mugga -Callitris Open Forest
No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests
2004
42 Capertee Hills White Box -Tumbledown Redgum -Ironbark - Callitris ShrubbyWoodland
No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests
5931
43 Pagoda Rock SparseShrubland
No match Sydney Montane Heath 1898
44 Sandstone Plateaux TeaTree - Dwarf Sheoak - BanksiaRocky Heath
HL124 Blue Mountains Heath Sydney Montane Heath 1925
45 Newnes Plateau Tea Tree -Banksia - Mallee Heath
HL124 Blue Mountains Heath Sydney Montane Heath 144
46 Newnes Plateau DwarfSheoak - Banksia Heath
HL124 Blue Mountains Heath Sydney Montane Heath 296
47 Genowlan Point DwarfSheoak Heathland
HL124 Blue MountainsHeath/HL120 Kanangra TiWillaHeath
Sydney Montane Heath 16
48 Limestone Karst No match no match 50
49 Rock Outcrop No match no match 12
50 Newnes Plateau ShrubSwamp
FRW130 Blue Mtns -Shoalhaven Hanging Swamps
Coastal Heath Swamp 394
51 Newnes Plateau HangingSwamp
FRW130 Blue Mtns -Shoalhaven Hanging Swamps
Coastal Heath Swamp 274
52 Newnes Plateau Rush -Sedge - Snow Gum HollowWooded Heath
FOW 54 Tablelands SwampWoodland
Montane Bogs and Fens 46
53 Mountain Hollow GrassyFen
GL257 Tablelands FlatsGrassland
Montane Bogs and Fens 98
54 Capertee - WolganRiparian Rough-barked Apple -River Oak Open Forest
No match Eastern Riverine Forests 1142
55 Tableland Riparian ScrubComplex
FRW55 Riparian Herbfields(possible only)
Eastern Riverine Forests 119
56 Wolgan Riparian ScrubComplex
FRW55 Riparian Herbfields(possible only)
Eastern Riverine Forests 43
57 Capertee RiparianMelaleuca Thickets
No Match Inland Floodplain Shrubby Wetlands 32
59 Non-native Vegetation -Pine plantation / woodlot /shelter
Non-native vegetation Non-native vegetation 8872
60 Non-native Vegetation -Other exotics (willow etc)
Non-native vegetation Non-native vegetation 97
61 Unclassified ( <1ha patchof remnant vegetation adjacent/ within cleared lands)
No match No match 660
62 Cleared and SeverelyDisturbed Lands
Cleared and SeverelyDisturbed Lands
Cleared and Severely DisturbedLands
50143
Total 157356
3.6 RESERVATION STATUS ASSESSMENTTable 3.4 presents figures describing the regional reservation status for each vegetation community. Theregion refers to the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. Reservation Status is calculated for the area(hectares) and proportion (percent) of each vegetation community located within NPWS estate, as at May2004.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains36
Map 10: State-wide Vegetation Classes Present in the Study Area
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns37
T AB
LE 3
.4:
RES
ERVA
TIO
N S
TATU
S, C
LEA
RIN
G L
OSS
, REG
ION
AL
AN
D S
TATE
WID
E VE
GET
ATI
ON
CLA
SS B
Y M
AP U
NIT
Map
Uni
tPr
imar
y R
egio
nal M
ap U
nit
Stat
e
Map Unit Area WithinStudy Area (ha)
Estimated Extant Areain HNCMA (ha)
Estimate of Clearing inHNCMA (%)
Estimate of Pre-Clearing Area in DECEstate
1 S
ands
tone
Gul
ly W
arm
Tem
pera
te R
ainf
ores
tR
F114
San
dsto
ne S
carp
War
mTe
mpe
rate
Rai
nfor
est
Nor
ther
n W
arm
Tem
pera
te R
ainf
ores
t4
>720
05-
20%
95%
2 M
ount
ain
Gul
ly G
rey
Myr
tle D
ry R
ainf
ores
tR
F38
Gre
y M
yrtle
Dry
Rai
nfor
est
Dry
Rai
nfor
est
3975
0025
-45%
70%
3 H
illsl
ope
Talu
s M
ount
ain
Gum
- B
row
n S
tring
ybar
k - G
rey
Gum
- B
road
-le
aved
Hic
kory
Moi
st F
ores
tN
o m
atch
Sou
ther
n E
scar
pmen
t Wet
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
sts
2695
2695
30-7
0%10
-30%
4 S
helte
red
Gul
ly B
row
n B
arre
l Fer
ny F
ores
tW
SF7
3 C
ool M
onta
ne W
et F
ores
tS
outh
ern
Tabl
elan
d W
et S
cler
ophy
llFo
rest
7160
0010
-30%
60-7
0%
5 J
enol
an B
row
n B
arre
l - M
ount
ain
Gum
- N
arro
w-le
aved
Pep
perm
int -
Bla
ckw
ood
Mon
tane
Gra
ssy
Fore
stW
SF7
3 C
ool M
onta
ne W
et F
ores
tS
outh
ern
Tabl
elan
d W
et S
cler
ophy
llFo
rest
2691
1032
0010
-30%
45-5
5%
6 M
onta
ne S
helte
red
Nar
row
-leav
ed P
eppe
rmin
t For
est
WS
F73
Coo
l Mon
tane
Wet
For
est
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Wet
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st17
0137
000
10-3
0%50
-60%
7 N
ewne
s P
late
au N
arro
w-le
aved
Pep
perm
int -
Mou
ntai
n G
um -
Bro
wn
Stri
ngyb
ark
Laye
red
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Wet
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st24
7724
7710
-30%
0%
8 N
ewne
s S
helte
red
Pep
perm
int -
Bro
wn
Bar
rel S
hrub
by F
ores
tN
o m
atch
Syd
ney
Mon
tane
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st22
0030
0010
-30%
0-10
%
9 M
ount
Vin
cent
Bas
alt R
ibbo
n G
um G
rass
y Fo
rest
GW
20 T
able
land
s B
asal
t For
est
Tabl
elan
d C
lay
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
d30
374
0080
-95%
<2%
10 C
aper
tee
Res
idua
l Bas
alt B
rittle
Gum
- S
tring
ybar
k La
yere
d O
pen
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Tabl
elan
d C
lay
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
d14
214
250
-70%
0%
11 T
able
land
Gul
ly S
now
Gum
- R
ibbo
n G
um M
onta
ne G
rass
y Fo
rest
GW
520
Tabl
elan
d S
wam
p Fl
ats
Fore
stTa
blel
and
Cla
y G
rass
y W
oodl
and
1586
1050
065
-80%
<10%
12 L
ithgo
w -
Abe
rcro
mbi
e G
rass
y W
oodl
and
GW
17 L
ithgo
w -
Abe
rcro
mbi
eG
rass
y W
oodl
and
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
d12
222
245
-65%
0%
13 T
able
land
Gul
ly R
ibbo
n G
um -
Bla
ckw
ood
- App
le B
ox F
ores
tN
o m
atch
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
d86
186
1>7
0%0%
14 T
able
land
Mou
ntai
n G
um -
Sno
w G
um -
Dav
iesi
a M
onta
ne O
pen
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Sub
alpi
ne W
oodl
ands
1739
1739
30-7
00%
15 T
able
land
Hol
low
s B
lack
Gum
- B
lack
Sal
ly O
pen
Fore
stG
W52
0 Ta
blel
and
Sw
amp
Flat
sFo
rest
Sub
alpi
ne W
oodl
ands
384
384
95%
0%
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns38M
ap U
nit
Prim
ary
Reg
iona
l Map
Uni
tSt
ate
Map Unit Area WithinStudy Area (ha)
Estimated Extant Areain HNCMA (ha)
Estimate of Clearing inHNCMA (%)
Estimate of Pre-Clearing Area in DECEstate
16 C
aper
tee
Lim
esto
ne H
ills
Gre
y B
ox -
Gra
ss T
ree
- Spi
nife
x G
rass
yW
oodl
and
No
mat
chW
este
rn S
lope
s G
rass
y W
oodl
ands
108
108
10-3
0%0%
17 C
aper
tee
Box
- K
urra
jong
- G
rey
Gum
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
dsN
o m
atch
Wes
tern
Slo
pes
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
ds15
3215
32>7
0%0%
18 C
aper
tee
Mar
l Box
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
dsN
o m
atch
Wes
tern
Slo
pes
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
ds11
4111
41>7
0%0%
19 C
aper
tee
Box
- N
arro
w-le
af Ir
onba
rk -
Cal
litris
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
dN
o m
atch
Wes
tern
Slo
pes
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
ds55
5155
51>7
0%0%
20 C
aper
tee
Rou
gh-b
arke
d A
pple
- R
edgu
m -
Yello
w B
ox G
rass
y W
oodl
ands
No
mat
chW
este
rn S
lope
s G
rass
y W
oodl
ands
5457
5457
>70%
0%
21 C
aper
tee
- Wol
gan
Slo
pes
Red
Box
- G
rey
Gum
- S
tring
ybar
k G
rass
y O
pen
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Cen
tral G
orge
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st93
6993
6910
-30%
10-2
0%
22 K
anan
gra
Gor
ge S
helte
red
Gre
y G
um F
ores
tD
SF3
7 K
owm
ung-
Wol
lond
illy
Gra
ssy
Gor
ge F
ores
tC
entra
l Gor
ge D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
342
1180
9<1
0%>9
0%
23 J
enol
an L
imes
tone
Scr
ub W
oodl
and
No
mat
chC
entra
l Gor
ge D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
6666
<10%
100%
24 M
onta
ne S
lope
s S
tring
ybar
k Fo
rest
DS
F8 T
able
land
Rid
ge F
ores
tS
outh
Eas
t Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st42
810
000
10-2
0%>7
0%
25 M
onta
ne E
xpos
ed S
ilver
top
Ash
For
est
DS
F8 T
able
land
Rid
ge F
ores
tS
outh
Eas
t Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st20
822
508
10-2
0%>5
0%
26 N
ewne
s P
late
au N
arro
w-le
aved
Pep
perm
int -
Silv
er-to
p A
sh L
ayer
ed O
pen
Fore
stN
o M
atch
Syd
ney
Mon
tane
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st76
0128
640
10-2
0%>8
0%
27 M
ount
Airl
y S
ydne
y P
eppe
rmin
t - N
arro
w-le
aved
Stri
ngy
- Gre
y G
umS
hrub
by O
pen
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Syd
ney
Mon
tane
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st10
4128
640
10-2
0%>8
0%
28 S
ands
tone
Pla
teau
And
Rid
ge S
crib
bly
Gum
- S
ilver
-top
Ash
Shr
ubby
Woo
dlan
dD
SF1
36 B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns R
idge
top
Fore
stS
ydne
y M
onta
ne D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
3240
2864
010
-20%
>80%
29 S
ands
tone
Slo
pes
Syd
ney
Pep
perm
int S
hrub
by F
ores
tD
SF1
36 B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns R
idge
top
Fore
stS
ydne
y M
onta
ne D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
3000
1530
010
-20%
>80%
30 E
xpos
ed B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns S
ydne
y P
eppe
rmin
t - S
ilver
-top
Ash
Shr
ubby
Woo
dlan
dD
SF1
36 B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns R
idge
top
Fore
stS
ydne
y M
onta
ne D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
6864
2864
010
-20%
>80%
31 M
onta
ne R
idge
Bro
ad-le
aved
Pep
perm
int -
Mou
ntai
n G
um G
rass
y Fo
rest
DS
F14
Wes
tern
Tab
lela
nds
Dry
Fore
stS
outh
ern
Tabl
elan
d D
ry S
cler
ophy
llFo
rest
1283
1118
0035
-55%
<15%
32 T
able
land
Hill
s S
crib
bly
Gum
- N
arro
w-le
aved
Stri
ngyb
ark
Shr
ubby
Ope
nFo
rest
No
mat
chS
outh
ern
Tabl
elan
d D
ry S
cler
ophy
llFo
rest
1697
1118
0035
-55%
<15%
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns39
Map
Uni
tPr
imar
y R
egio
nal M
ap U
nit
Stat
e
Map Unit Area WithinStudy Area (ha)
Estimated Extant Areain HNCMA (ha)
Estimate of Clearing inHNCMA (%)
Estimate of Pre-Clearing Area in DECEstate
33 T
able
land
Bro
ad-le
aved
Pep
perm
int -
Brit
tle G
um -
Red
Stri
ngyb
ark
Gra
ssy
Ope
n Fo
rest
GW
23 T
able
land
Hill
s G
rass
yW
oodl
and
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st10
4118
800
60-8
0%<2
%
34 T
able
land
Slo
pes
Brit
tle G
um -
Bro
ad-le
aved
Pep
perm
int G
rass
y Fo
rest
GW
23 T
able
land
Hill
s G
rass
yW
oodl
and
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st30
7718
800
60-8
0%<2
%
35 T
able
land
Gul
ly M
ount
ain
Gum
- B
road
-leav
ed P
eppe
rmin
t Gra
ssy
Fore
stN
o m
atch
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st79
779
7>7
0%0%
36 T
able
land
App
le B
ox -
Bur
saria
Gra
ssy
Ope
n Fo
rest
No
mat
chS
outh
ern
Tabl
elan
d D
ry S
cler
ophy
llFo
rest
384
384
>70%
0%
37 C
ox’s
Per
mia
n R
ed S
tring
ybar
k - B
rittle
Gum
Woo
dlan
dD
SF1
4 W
este
rn T
able
land
s D
ryFo
rest
Sou
ther
n Ta
blel
and
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
st30
4818
800
60-8
0%<2
%
38 C
aper
tee
Gre
y G
um -
Nar
row
-leav
ed S
tring
ybar
k - S
crib
bly
Gum
- C
allit
ris -
Ironb
ark
Shr
ubby
Ope
n Fo
rest
No
mat
chW
este
rn S
lope
s D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
s92
4792
4720
-40%
0%
39 C
aper
tee
Hill
s B
lue-
leav
ed Ir
onba
rk -
Cal
litris
Shr
ubby
For
est
No
mat
chW
este
rn S
lope
s D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
s32
832
8<1
0%0%
40 C
aper
tee
Slo
pes
Red
Iron
bark
- R
ed S
tring
ybar
k - N
arro
w-le
aved
Stri
ngyb
ark
Shr
ubby
Woo
dlan
dN
o m
atch
Wes
tern
Slo
pes
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
sts
855
855
<10%
0%
41 C
aper
tee
Slo
pes
Sla
ty G
um -
Gre
y G
um -
Mug
ga -
Cal
litris
Ope
n Fo
rest
No
mat
chW
este
rn S
lope
s D
ry S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
s20
0420
04<1
0%10
-15%
42 C
aper
tee
Hill
s W
hite
Box
- Tu
mbl
edow
n R
edgu
m -
Ironb
ark
- Cal
litris
Shr
ubby
Woo
dlan
dN
o m
atch
Wes
tern
Slo
pes
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
sts
5931
5931
<10%
0%
43 P
agod
a R
ock
Spa
rse
Shr
ubla
ndN
o m
atch
Syd
ney
Mon
tane
Hea
th18
9850
00<1
%>9
9%
44 S
ands
tone
Pla
teau
x Te
a Tr
ee -
Dw
arf S
heoa
k - B
anks
ia R
ocky
Hea
thH
L124
Blu
e M
ount
ains
Hea
thS
ydne
y M
onta
ne H
eath
1925
8000
<5%
70-8
5%
45 N
ewne
s P
late
au T
ea T
ree
- Ban
ksia
- M
alle
e H
eath
HL1
24 B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns H
eath
Syd
ney
Mon
tane
Hea
th14
480
00<5
%70
-85%
46 N
ewne
s P
late
au D
war
f She
oak
- Ban
ksia
Hea
thH
L124
Blu
e M
ount
ains
Hea
thS
ydne
y M
onta
ne H
eath
296
8000
<5%
70-8
5%
47 G
enow
lan
Poi
nt D
war
f She
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Map Unit Area WithinStudy Area (ha)
Estimated Extant Areain HNCMA (ha)
Estimate of Clearing inHNCMA (%)
Estimate of Pre-Clearing Area in DECEstate
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The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 41
3.7 DISTURBANCE ASSESSMENTS
3.7.1 Disturbance Severity Classes
Evidence of human related impacts over the mapping area is extensive (Map 11) with around 58 000hectares of land likely to have been cleared or remains as very sparse scattered trees (less than twopercent crown canopy cover). Almost a third of the native vegetation cover in the study area displaysevidence of high levels of visible disturbance on aerial photographs. This is particularly prevalent acrossthe Newnes and Oberon Plateaux where forestry is a primary land use, and the Capertee Valley whereclearing for grazing has fragmented and disturbed significant areas. Evidence of these impacts includescanopy gaps, regrowth trees, soils disturbance, tracks and roading, and weeds.
Disturbance mapping can underestimate impacts in forested areas as impacts may affect subcanopyvegetation and are not always visible using remote-sensing techniques such as those used in this project.Table 3.5 provides a summary of disturbance severity classes across the mapping area.
The impact of disturbance on the composition and structure of vegetation will vary with the type oflanduse. Forestry, mining or agriculture for example, will display very different disturbance patterns onphotographs. Different components of the ecosystem are affected. These impacts are not quantified forthe purposes of this report. However the spatial data can be used to highlight where impactingprocesses are either still active or have been present in recent years.
TABLE 3.5: AREA AND PROPORTION OF DISTURBANCE SEVERITY CLASSES
Code Severity Classes Area (ha)* Proportion (%)*
A Low Level Disturbance 26653 16.70
B Medium Level Disturbance 34516 21.63
C High Level Disturbance 37677 23.61
Cleared Land and Plantation 59115 37.04
Total 159569
Table 3.6 lists the proportions of each vegetation community that have low, medium and high levels ofdisturbance. The highly disturbed class is mostly comprised of the scattered trees and regrowthvegetation disturbance type that describe a very open and often significantly disturbed canopy. A rangeof understorey types may be present varying from improved pasture grass to secondary native grassland.It is often apparent that areas of high disturbance continue to support high levels of native species.
The vegetation communities featuring the highest levels of disturbance are generally those found onlandscapes with richer soils such as basalt, alluvium, shale and other fine grained sediments. These arethe areas that have historically been subject to intensive agricultural activities such as clearing, loggingand grazing. Capertee valley communities, alluvial grassy forests and woodlands and tall montane brownbarrel eucalypt forests are examples.
TABLE 3.6: MAP UNIT WITH PROPORTION OF EACH DISTURBANCE INTENSITY CLASS (%) (CELLSHIGHLIGHTED TO SHOW GREATEST PROPORTION)
Map Unit Name % LowDisturbance
% ModerateDisturbance
% HighDisturbance
TotalArea (ha)
1 Sandstone Gully Warm Temperate Rainforest 100.0 3
2 Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest 76.5 16.4 7.0 38
3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum- Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest
52.2 33.0 14.8 2695
4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest 66.5 33.5 0.0 71
5 Jenolan Brown Barrel - Mountain Gum - Narrow-leavedPeppermint - Blackwood Montane Grassy Forest
13.5 48.7 37.7 2690
6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest 15.4 42.4 42.2 1700
7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Gum -Brown Stringybark Layered Forest
1.7 10.9 87.4 2477
8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint - Brown Barrel Shrubby Forest 46.2 37.6 16.2 2156
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains42
Map Unit Name % LowDisturbance
% ModerateDisturbance
% HighDisturbance
TotalArea (ha)
9 Mount Vincent Basalt Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest 4.3 1.8 93.9 302
10 Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum - Stringybark LayeredOpen Forest
18.7 26.2 55.2 142
11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum - Ribbon Gum Montane GrassyForest
5.1 38.7 56.2 1584
12 Lithgow - Abercrombie Grassy Woodland 0.0 14.4 85.6 121
13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest 25.7 46.1 28.2 859
14 Tableland Mountain Gum - Snow Gum - Daviesia MontaneOpen Forest
9.5 31.1 59.4 1713
15 Tableland Hollows Black Gum - Black Sally Open Forest 1.7 8.6 89.7 383
16 Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box - Grass Tree - SpinifexGrassy Woodland
33.0 14.3 52.6 108
17 Capertee Box - Kurrajong - Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands 8.5 27.1 64.4 1532
18 Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands 6.4 15.3 78.3 1140
19 Capertee Box - Narrow-leaf Ironbark - Callitris GrassyWoodland
0.8 11.6 87.6 5550
20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands
6.8 24.7 68.5 5452
21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - StringybarkGrassy Open Forest
36.0 45.7 18.4 8990
22 Kanangra Gorge Sheltered Grey Gum Forest 39.6 50.1 10.3 342
23 Jenolan Limestone Scrub Woodland N/A N/A N/A 66
24 Montane Slopes Stringybark Forest 1.9 72.8 25.3 427
25 Montane Exposed Silvertop Ash Forest 22.5 75.7 1.8 207
26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Silver-top AshLayered Open Forest
8.6 41.2 50.1 6472
27 Mount Airly Sydney Peppermint - Narrow-leaved Stringy - GreyGum Shrubby Open Forest
100.0 0.0 0.0 0.9
28 Sandstone Plateau And Ridge Scribbly Gum - Silver-top AshShrubby Woodland
21.0 79.0 0.0 46
29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Peppermint Shrubby Forest 22.4 53.1 24.5 2947
30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint - Silver-top AshShrubby Woodland
4.4 95.6 0.0 9
31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint - Mountain GumGrassy Forest
33.3 43.7 22.9 1281
32 Tableland Hills Scribbly Gum - Narrow-leaved StringybarkShrubby Open Forest
10.6 22.3 67.1 934
33 Tableland Broad-leaved Peppermint - Brittle Gum - RedStringybark Grassy Open Forest
2.2 44.5 53.3 1041
34 Tableland Slopes Brittle Gum - Broad-leaved PeppermintGrassy Forest
37.7 53.4 8.9 3077
35 Tableland Gully Mountain Gum - Broad-leaved PeppermintGrassy Forest
7.6 72.0 20.4 797
36 Tableland Apple Box - Bursaria Grassy Open Forest 19.2 45.2 35.7 384
37 Cox’s Permian Red Stringybark - Brittle Gum Woodland 10.9 55.2 34.0 3033
38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - ScribblyGum - Callitris - Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest
42.4 31.2 26.4 9114
39 Capertee Hills Blue-leaved Ironbark - Callitris Shrubby Forest 6.5 73.4 20.0 328
40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland
62.4 35.0 2.6 855
41 Capertee Slopes Slaty Gum - Grey Gum - Mugga - CallitrisOpen Forest
21.3 46.1 32.6 2004
42 Capertee Hills White Box - Tumbledown Redgum - Ironbark -Callitris Shrubby Woodland
48.2 26.6 25.1 5913
43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland N/A N/A N/A 1898
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 43
Map Unit Name % LowDisturbance
% ModerateDisturbance
% HighDisturbance
TotalArea (ha)
44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak – Banksia RockyHeath
75.7 8.4 16.0 1053
45 Newnes Plateau Tea Tree - Banksia - Mallee Heath 6.8 63.8 29.4 143
46 Newnes Plateau Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia Heath 14.4 30.9 54.7 247
47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland 33.8 66.2 0.0 16
48 Limestone Karst N/A N/A N/A 50
49 Rock Outcrop 89.4 4.0 6.6 12
50 Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamp 58.2 28.7 13.1 394
51 Newnes Plateau Hanging Swamp 86.7 8.4 5.0 272
52 Newnes Plateau Rush - Sedge - Snow Gum Hollow WoodedHeath
76.1 23.9 0.0 45
53 Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen 0.4 13.2 86.4 97
54 Capertee - Wolgan Riparian Rough-barked Apple - River OakOpen Forest
2.3 48.4 49.3 1142
55 Tableland Riparian Scrub Complex 5.1 71.9 23.0 119
56 Wolgan Riparian Scrub Complex 0.0 0.0 100.0 42
57 Capertee Riparian Melaleuca Thickets 0.0 0.0 100.0 31
58 Acacia Thickets 0.0 0.0 100.0 411
59 Non-native Vegetation - Pine plantation / woodlot / shelter 0.0 0.0 100.0 3730
60 Non-native Vegetation - Other exotics (willow etc) 0.0 0.0 100.0 89
61 Unclassified ( <1ha patch of remnant vegetation adjacent /within cleared lands)
4.0 0.4 95.6 21
62 Cleared and Severely Disturbed Lands 0.0 0.0 100.0 49708
Grand Total 14.9 21.7 63.5 136803
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains44
Map 11: Disturbance Severity Classes
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 45
4 DISCUSSION4.1 PATTERNS IN VEGETATION COMMUNITIESThe collection of systematic field data and quantitative multivariate analysis has confirmed that patternsin the composition and distribution of vegetation communities in the study area are influenced by complexinteractions between geology, soil type, topography, elevation and rainfall. Different environmentsdistinguish the separate mapping areas, with plant species characterised by those common to either theNSW western slopes, Montane Sydney Sandstone or metamorphic substrates of the Eastern Tableland.The following sections provide an overview of how the changes in environmental characteristics result incorresponding variation in vegetation composition. The sections below represent the breakdown of thedendrogram into broad vegetation groups as described in Section 3.4 (Figure 4), with communitiesarranged in classes and formations in Keith (2004). Derived Map Units are also related to Tindall et al.(2004) as the Gurnang and Cox’s mapping areas share a common boundary with that work. It should benoted that mapping boundaries will differ between projects given their study was produced at a scale of1:100 000, which is approximately 16 times coarser than this project, executed at 1:25 000 scale.Consequently, a number of the map units described in that study have been divided when presentedhere.
4.1.1 Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests
The Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests occupy higher elevation positions (mostly above 900metres altitude) on sandstones of the Triassic era Narrabeen sediments. These communities defined byMap Units 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are characterised by the distinctive sclerophyllous understorey ofsandstone environments. The density of the shrub layer varies between the map units however eachinvariably included species of legumes (Acacia, Dillwynia, Pultenaea) and Proteaceae (Hakea, Isopogon,Petrophile, Telopea). This collection of communities is also united by some similarities in the canopy withsilvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) a common member. Most are likely to be referable to the BlueMountains Ridgetop Forest of Tindall et al. (2004) however those associated with the highest elevationsof the Newnes Plateau are less strongly associated.
Map Unit 26 describes several combinations of tree species of quite different appearance, although eachshare similar overall floristic composition. A low open woodland of twisted white-trunked gums (scribblygum (E. sclerophylla) and brittle gum (E. mannifera)) grows on the shallow sandy soils of exposed slopesand crests that mark some of the higher ridges of the Newnes Plateau. The shrub layer may be sparseand the grasses (such as red-anther wallaby grass (Joycea pallida)) very prominent. Other forms of thisMap Unit appear as denser stands of small diameter individuals of trees such as E. sieberi, BlueMountains ash (E. oreades) and narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata). The blue-green juvenile leavesof broad-leaved peppermint (E. dives) are often prominent at the same height as the shrubs. This variantis also found on some of the deeper friable sandy soils of the higher plateau.
Map Units 28 and 30 represent sandstone woodlands and forests with a well-developed heath and shrublayers. The latter is typical of the forests on higher elevation Narrabeen Sandstones that underlie thecapping of the Newnes Plateau itself. The gradation into Sydney peppermint (E. piperata) - E. sieberidominated forest is apparent along many of the fire trails that extend to the outer boundary of NewnesState Forest and into Wollemi and Gardens of Stone National Parks. The distinctive E. oreades is nolonger found in the canopy. The abundant grass layer of snow grass (Poa) and Joycea found in MU26are not characteristic of the extensive sandstone plateau forests. Map Unit 28 is closely related to MU30though it tends to occupy rocky sites with skeletal soils, typically at the end of long narrow ridges leadingto cliff edges. The understorey may be heathy, sometimes with the mallee E. stricta growing amongst E.sclerophllya and E. sieberi.
Another of the montane sandstone ridgetop forests is described by Map Unit 27. This community doesnot equate easily with this Keith (2004) class and its position in the dendrogram reflects this difficulty.Sites that fall on Mount Airly, a residual sandstone landscape in the Capertee Valley, define Map Unit 27.While E. piperata is present, the narrow-leaved stringybarks (E. sparsifolia and E. tenella) also occur, asdoes grey gum (E. punctata). A shrub layer of geebung (Persoonia linearis) and blunt beard heath(Leucopogon muticus) reflect the lower elevation and rainfall experienced in this area.
Map Unit 29 falls in another part of the dendrogram that represents the sheltered aspects of montanesandstone environments, although still falls under the broad Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forest
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains46
class. This community is widespread and common across the upper Blue Mountains. The forest isgenerally taller than the adjoining ridgetop forests, is dominated by E. piperita, sometimes with brownstringybark (E. blaxlandii) or E. radiata. The ground layer often supports a high cover of bracken fern(Pteridium esculentum). The forest grades into Map Unit 8, a tall gully forest found in the narrow gorges.While closely related floristically as shown in the dendrogram, that map unit shares more in common withthe Southern Tablelands Wet Sclerophyll Forests Class of Keith (2004).
4.1.2 Sydney Montane Heaths
Heathland Communities are common in the study area on skeletal soils in exposed areas of the NewnesPlateau, through Ben Bullen and the Mount Airly mesa to the northern end of the Capertee. These fallwithin the Sydney Montane Heaths of Keith (2004) and mostly are included within the Blue MountainsHeath of Tindall et al. (2004). There are five Map Units (43, 44, 45, 46, 47) involved in this group, with thehanging swamp unit (MU51) showing greater similarity to the heaths than to other wetlands. Fourseparate alliances can be identified in the analysis.
The most different of the communities from the Blue Mountains Heaths described by Tindall et al. (2004)is Map Unit 43. Sandstone outcropping known as ‘Pagodas’ dots the cliff edges of the sandstoneescarpments of the Newnes Plateau, Wolgan and Capertee Valley. Map Unit 43 describes these openheath communities that grow amongst these rocks where common fringe-myrtle (Calytrix tetragona) andLeucopogon muticus are most common. Some sites feature scattered native cypress pine (Callitris)growing from rock cracks and crevices. Map Unit 44 is found in similar situations to Map Unit 43, althoughthere is less pagoda outcrop and more exposed rock sheets. The form of the community is usually amatrix of moderately dense thickets of Banksia, tea-tree (Leptospermum) and dwarf sheoak(Allocasuarina nana) with clumps of dryland sedge (Lepidosperma) and carrot-bush (Platysace).
The third grouping consists of three Map Units (45, 46, 47). Each are united by a high abundance ofAllocasuarina nana and Banksia species. The Genowlan Point Heath (MU47) on Mount Airly has beenseparated in the spatial presentation (map) as it is recognised as an Endangered Ecological Community(EEC) under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) (TSC Act 1995). However, based onsite data there are minor flortistic differences between this community and those found on the NewnesPlateau. The rare mallee Wolgan snow gum (Eucalyptus gregsoniana) is found in MU46 above the heathlayer, which can include a moderate cover of tussock graminoids like the sword-sedge (Lepidosperma).The lower-growing form (MU45) typically has less groundcover, but may also have some exposed rocksheets.
4.1.3 Freshwater Wetlands
There are two statewide vegetation classes of freshwater wetlands found in the study area. These areCoastal Heath Swamps (Map Units 50, 51, 52), and Montane Bogs and Fens (Map Units 52 and 53). Allwetland map units occurring in the study area are recognised as EECs under the TSC Act 1995. Theseclasses form disjunct clusters in the dendrogram.
The Newnes Plateau features elongated flat swamps along open drainage depressions. These shrubswamps (Map Unit 50) are restricted to the high elevation sandstone plateau. These swamps areperiodically waterlogged. The general condition in the community is one of saturated peaty soils with ahigh sand content. The shrub layer is often moderately dense, and a thick groundcover dominated bysedges and rushes protects the soil surface. In some areas subject to continual overland flow this covermay be reduced in extent, but other species take advantage of the exposed soils and some (particularlythe bladderworts – Utricularia) thrive. Many of these wetland species are also found on the shallowdepressions located on the higher ridgelines of the Newnes Plateau. Here (MU52) snow gum (E.pauciflora) is scattered above a woody shrub layer of Leptospermum species.
The Hanging Swamps (MU51) found on the Newnes Plateau are also closely related to the drainage lineshrub swamps (MU50). Different analyses clustered the sites with either wetland or heathlandcommunities highlighting the similarities between the two assemblages. The community is entirelydependent on the seeping of groundwater from the sandstone strata.
The Montane Bogs and Fens (MU53) are located away from the sandstone geology, in close associationwith recently deposited alluvium adjoining Permian or Ordovician sediments. These are essentially wettussock grasslands, with very few areas of woody vegetation to be found within the Map Unit.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 47
4.1.4 Rainforests
There are two main types of rainforest community in the study area. These are recognised in Keith (2004)as Northern Warm Temperate Rainforests (MU1) and Dry Rainforests (MU2). Both are usually dominatedby a single species, or a few species, and typically have a sparse shrub layer (if at all) and moderatevalues for the groundcover density. Emergent eucalypts sometimes tower above the rainforest canopy.
The sandstone canyon warm temperate rainforests (MU1) form tiny isolated patches in the study area.However, they have an extensive spread across the Blue Mountains. It is dominated by coachwood(Ceratopetalum apetalum) and sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). Black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia) andlarger ferns (Todea, Cyathea) often make up the undergrowth.
Dry rainforests (MU2) in this area are usually dominated by a dense canopy of grey myrtle (Backhousiamyrtifolia). At some sites a low sprawling fig (Ficus rubiginosa) dominates, while others include scrubbeefwood (Stenocarpus) or prickly tea-tree (Melaleuca styphelioides). Dry rainforests, as the namesuggests, occur in areas of lower rainfall sandstone talus, quartzite and limestone in the Capertee valley.
4.1.5 Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests
There are few examples of wet layered forests in the study area. Map Unit 3 is a depauperate example ofsuch a forest. It is found on sheltered escarpment slopes and gullies usually underlain by PermianSediments. The understorey is ferny, features a high number of wattles in the small tree layer and a mixof low growing sclerophyllous species. The community is restricted in the Hawkesbury – Nepeancatchment to areas north of the Cox’s River catchment.
4.1.6 Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests
Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests of Keith (2004) implies a tall mesic forest, however, they aremore commonly tall open eucalypt forests with a herbaceous or ferny understorey. They all occur onhigher elevations of the eastern tableland with rainfall exceeding 900 mm per year. Six Map Units (4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9) fall within this Statewide Vegetation Class. The analysis clusters these Map Units into theprimary substrates on which they grow, therefore they are split into different parts of the dendrogram.
Map Unit 9 has been identified from sites located outside of the study area, however the Mount VincentBasalt Cap supports a forest that is very similar to those of adjoining basalt caps of Mount Coricudgy andKerry Mountain. The understorey is open with herbs and ferns dominant, with a tall to very tall canopy ofribbon gum (E. viminalis) sometimes with blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon). This unit has been almosttotally cleared, and few remnants exist in private hands and along very narrow road reserves. Map Units5 and 6 are similar in height and structure although they grow on metamorphosed sediments of thecentral and southern tablelands. Tall forests of brown barrel (E. fastigata) and mountain gum (E.dalrympleana) are found in the gullies, while forests of E. radiata occupy the sheltered slopes. Both ofthese Map Units are closely related to the Cool Montane Wet Forests described by Tindall et al. (2004).
A number of the wet sclerophyll forests occur on the high elevation sandstone plateaux of Newnes andMount Airly. Map Unit 8 is a tall forest found in the gorge and gully systems of the Newnes Plateau andfeatures tall E. fastigata, E. oreades, monkey gum (E. cypellocarpa) and E. piperata. However theunderstorey is noticeably shrubby with sclerophyllous species shared with the surrounding sandstoneforests and woodlands. Given the sandy soils, the ground cover is poor in herbaceous cover and species.Indeed, the Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests will often grade into this unit, as illustrated by theirimmediate proximity in the dendrogram. Map Unit 4 represents the sheltered sandstone forests found inthe most protected of the gully sites, with a very dense fern layer and an absence of shrubs such asLeptospermum and Acacia species. Both of these communities share some resemblance to the MoistMontane Sandstone Forest of Tindall et al. (2004).
Map Unit 7 is another tall forest found on the Newnes Plateau. This community is restricted to the highestelevations on the enriched sandstone capping of the central plateau. Tall stands of E. blaxlandii, E.radiata, E. dalrympleana and E. oreades are distinctive in otherwise exposed locations. The ground coveris grassy and the shrub layer is sparse and is not typical of other montane sandstone vegetation. Itshares more in common with the tall forests of the metamorphosed sediments of the Jenolan and OberonPlateau. For this reason it has been aligned to the Southern Tableland Wet Scleophyll Forests ratherthan the Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests of Keith (2004). The community is likely to be restrictedto the Newnes Plateau.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains48
4.1.7 Subalpine Woodlands
There are two Map Units (14 and 15) that fall with the Subalpine Woodlands Statewide Vegetation Class.Both of these are communities dominated by snow gum (E. pauciflora). The first of these (MU15) occursin frost hollows and drainage lines above 900 metres altitude. Both E. pauciflora and black gum (E.aggregata) are prominent, above a very grassy ground cover. These forests often grade into the treelessmontane bogs and fens.
The second is a very dry community (MU14) with a mountain gum (E. dalrympleana) and snow gum (E.pauciflora) canopy over a grassy groundcover. A layer of shrubs may be present, and almost invariablythis is dominated by broad-leaved egg-and-bacon pea (Daviesia latifolia). The community favours poor,stony sites in exposed positions particularly on hillcrests and on slopes.
4.1.8 Southern Tableland Grassy Woodland
The Southern Tableland Grassy Woodlands of Keith (2004) are extensively distributed across the broadplateax south from Bathurst. There are two Map Units (12 and 13) that are covered by this class,although both are closely related to the Tableland Clay Grassy Woodlands. Small areas of granite areexposed near the southern limit of the Cox’s-Lithgow area, just east and south of Mount Walker. Thewoodlands found here (Map Unit 12) are moderately tall and dominated by E. viminalis and E. pauciflorawith a dense cover of snow grasses (Poa sp.). Map Units 15 and 11 are both closely related in thedendrogram, although these have been allocated to the Subalpine Woodlands and Tableland ClayGrassy Woodland respectively.
In the drier western Capertee Valley, Map Unit 13 occupies narrow gullies and flats. The soils appear tomostly be fine-grained alluvium. A dense grass cover of weeping grass (Microlaena) and Poa isprominent, as are clumps of Lomandra. A moderately tall canopy of apple box (E. bridgesiana) and E.viminalis distinguishes the community from the surrounding ironbark and stringybark dominated dryshrubby woodlands.
4.1.9 Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland
Tableland Clay Grassy Woodlands are associated with deeper soils found on richer alluvium or basaltsoils. There are two communities (Map Units 10 and 11) that are suggestive of this broader statewidecommunity. Map Unit 11 is aligned to the Southern Tablelands Flats Forest of Tindall et al. (2004) and isfound along creeks, flats and gullies at high elevations. The forest is dominated by E. viminalis, E.dalrympleana, E. pauciflora and E. rubida with a snow grass dominated ground cover. Smaller shrubssuch as silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) dominate rather than the taller wattles found in Map Unit 13.
Map Unit 10 falls in the dendrogram among other grassy and herbaceous communities of the CaperteeValley. It delineates an open forest and woodland growing on the residual basalt caps of Mount Airly –Genowlan and Mount Vincent. The basalt capping is thinner in these locations, and as a result the tallerforests found on Mount Vincent does not occur. Soils often show a mixed composition, with theunderlying coarse Tertiary sediments exposed above Triassic sandstone and below the basalt.Consequently more deeply rooted species illustrate these influences, with trees such as E. mannifera andCapertee stringybark (E. cannonii) recorded in this community. However, the ground cover retainssufficient moisture to maintain a cover of herbs and grasses not found on the surrounding sandstone.
4.1.10 Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests
The Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests form a closely related group of communities in thedendrogram. These are species poor, low growing woodlands and open forests on crests and steepslopes along the Tablelands and Great Dividing Range. Map Units 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 comprisethe communities that fall within this statewide class.
Map Units 31, 32 and 37 show close relationship to the Western Tablelands Dry Forests of Tindall et al.(2004). These forests are less than 20 metres in height and include a range of typical tableland eucalyptssuch as E. dives, inland scribbly gum (E. rossii), red stringybark (E. macrohyncha) and E. mannifera. Asclerophyllous shrub layer is usually present. However, Map Unit 32 includes several species such assunshine wattle (Acacia terminalis) and E. sparsifolia, more common to the adjoining Triassic sandstonesthan the sediments of the tablelands.
Some communities within this class include a grassy ground cover, while still supporting a low growingcanopy. Map Units 33, 34, 35 and 36 share these features. The first two of these map units align with the
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 49
Tableland Hills Grassy Woodland of Tindall et al. (2004). These are exposed grassy woodlands with avariety of tableland eucalypts mixing in the canopy, above tussocks of Joycea pallida and Poa. MapUnits 35 and 36 however are grassy, semi-sheltered forests of the tableland hills and rises. Given thescale of the regional analysis, these units are likely to have been included within the broader TablelandHills Grassy Forests of Tindall et al. (2004). Map Unit 35 describes the taller forests found on thesheltered slopes and gullies of Mount Walker, near Lithgow. It comprises a tall canopy of E. dalrympleanaand a smaller tree layer of E. dives. A greater number of herbaceous species are found amongst thegrassy ground cover than is found in the adjoining exposed Map Units of 33 and 34. Map Unit 36 issimilar, though it is dominated by E. bridgesiana and occupies the higher and drier sites of the westernCox’s Valley. The community is more extensively distributed outside of the Hawkesbury – Nepeancatchment.
4.1.11 South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest
There are two Map Units (24 and 25) that fall in the higher elevations of the South East Dry SclerophyllClass. They are associated with the montane environments of the eastern tablelands along the westernfringe of the Blue Mountains reserve system. Exposed sites with stony shallow soils of both the residualPermian sediments and the Ordovician metasediments are the favoured habitat for these communities.While both map units are likely to fall within the broader forests of the Tableland Ridge Forest of Tindall etal. (2004) they do occupy different topographic positions and therefore are easily distinguished on theground. Map Unit 25 is closely associated with ridges where E. sieberi forms a densely stocked canopylayer. Map Unit 24 mainly occurs on slopes and other semi-sheltered sites with E. blaxlandii replacing E.sieberi as the dominant tree species. The forest is generally taller and includes fewer of the shrubs typicalof rocky ridgetop habitats.
4.1.12 Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests
The Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests describe the vegetation associated with the heavily dissectedWollondilly, Wingecarribee, Kowmung and the lower Cox’s rivers. There are only small areas of thissystem found in the current study area, at the lowest elevations of the Jenolan Valley. Map Unit 22, asthe community name implies, is more common across the gorges of Kanangra-Boyd National Park. It is adry shrubby forest dominated by E. punctata and thin-leaved stringybark (E. eugenioides) and occupiesvery steep slopes. It forms part of the Kowmung-Wollondilly Grassy Gorge Forest of Tindall et al. (2004).
Both Map Units 21 and 23 do not sit easily within any of the statewide or regional vegetation mappingclassifications. Both have been allocated to this statewide class based on similarities of landscapeposition rather than floristic similarity. Map Unit 23 is an open shrubby forest growing on the JenolanLimestone outcrop. It is only found in this location. Map Unit 21 is however an extensive feature of the dryPermian escarpment slopes of the Wolgan and Capertee Valleys. It includes both E. punctata and redbox (E. polyanthemos) as canopy dominants, in a community that resembles some habitats of the CentralGorges of the Burragorang Valley in the Warragamba catchment. Floristic analysis also suggests someminor association with Western Dry Sclerophyll Forests.
4.1.13 Eastern Riverine Forests
Eastern Riverine Forests are included within the Forested Wetlands Statewide vegetation formation ofKeith (2004). There are four Map Units (54, 55, 56 and 57) that are suggestive of this broader class. TheCapertee and Wolgan Valleys support significant areas of streamside vegetation. Map Unit 54 describesthis community, which is dominated by a mix of river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) on the bank of thestream or river, with rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and eucalypt species on the adjoiningterraces.
The remaining Map Units of this class are highly variable scrub communities along narrow riparian strips.The variability arises from both natural flood events that occur infrequently as well as human impactsassociated with land clearing. Map Unit 57 is a flax-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca linariifolia) dominatedthicket found on the swampy alluvial fans of the Capertee Valley. The thickets are probably enlarging(certainly according to some landholders) and may be taking advantage of the sedimentation of streamchannels providing a flat, well-watered environment in which they can grow.
The Wolgan River marks a complex of eucalypt forest and regenerating Acacia and Leptospermumspecies. Map Unit 56 describes this scrub-woodland. At higher elevations similarly structuredassemblages are found along the Jenolan River and the Cox’s River. Again regenerating wattles and tea
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains50
trees are commonly forming a moderately dense stand beneath an open canopy of cold-climateeucalypts such as ribbon gum (E. viminalis) and black sally (E. stellulata).
4.1.14 Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands
The Capertee Valley is situated in the far northwestern corner of the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchmentand presents a unique area for plant species. This is because the climate is one of low rainfall and theenvironment is shaped from moderately fertile Permian Sediments and Ordvician metamorphic rocks. It isone of the few areas within the catchment that comprises vegetation typical of the western slopes, othersbeing the Burragorang Valley and the Cumberland Plain. The Capertee Valley retains significant areas ofthe Statewide Vegetation Class known as Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands. Map Units 16, 17, 18, 19,20 all fall within this class. These communities are all likely to conform to the EEC of White Box – YellowBox – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland, listed under the TSC Act 1995 and the Grassy White BoxWoodlands listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act(1999) (EPBC Act 1999).
Map Unit 19 describes the vegetation community that extends across the gentle rises of Permiansediments of the valley floor. Species of box tree including white box (E. albens), grey box (E.moluccana) and yellow box (E. melliodora) grow in combination with narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra)to form an open woodland. Small trees of Callitris are sometimes present. The understorey is grassy, andin most cases only a few shrubs occur, scattered through the mid-layers. This Map Unit grade into MapUnit 20 in minor depressions, gullies and flats. In these locations Angophora floribunda, E. melliodora, E.polyanthemos and Blakely’s red gum (E. blakelyi) form the dominant canopy species. Clearing hasheavily fragmented both of these communities and many remnants are in stages of regrowth. This mayhave contributed to the difficulty in separating these communities in the analyses. Additional sampling islikely to be required.
In the southern area of the valley, near to and within the Gardens of Stone National Park, there are twocommunities that have been mapped on limestone-influenced soils (Map Units 16 and 18). Map Unit 16 islocated on limestone outcrops and presents a very distinctive community of grass trees (Xanthorrhoeaspecies), spinifex (Triodia scariosa) and a very open canopy of E. moluccana / E. albens intergrades.Adjoining these outcrops are soils derived from shale mixed with limestone, known as marl. Thisproduces an orange-coloured clay soil. Eucalyptus moluccana is typically the dominant canopy species,above a very open cover of grasses and scattered kurrajongs (Brachychiton populneus). Clearing hasremoved extensive areas of this community in the valley. It is floristically very similar to MU19, and hasbeen separated in the analyses on the basis of the distinctive soil properties.
The footslopes of the northern escarpment of the Valley also comprise another grassy box woodland(MU17). The community appears to define a transition between Ordovician basement rocks or shale-derived Permian soils overlain by sandstone talus. The community retains a canopy of E. albens, thoughit can also include E. punctata. Ground cover is grassy and shrub layers sparse.
4.1.15 Western Slopes Dry Sclerophyll Forests
The dry Capertee Valley also supports western slopes plant species in the dry sclerophyll forests foundon the shallow infertile soils of the western hills. These are a distinctive cluster of communities (MapUnits 38, 39, 40, 41, 42) that appear together in the dendrogram, and are classified as Western SlopesDry Sclrophyll Forests of Keith (2004). Primarily these are shrubby ironbark and cypress forests andwoodlands.
One of the clear examples of the western influence is Map Unit 39. This community is typified by theblue-leaved ironbark (E. nubila) and Callitris, both being species more common on the western slopesand ranges. This forest also includes Leucopogon muticus as a prominent shrub species, a further link tothe Brigalow Belt vegetation found on sandstone soils around Coonabarabran and Mendooran. However,a very similar shrubby forest (Map Unit 38) is far more extensive across the residual Permian hills andrises. A wide variety of eucalypts are present with E. punctata the most commonly recorded, and redironbark (E. fibrosa) and the threatened Capertee stringybark (E. cannonii) also frequent.
There are several steeply incised gorges in the western hills of the Capertee Valley. These expose theunderlying Devonian and Ordovician metasediments. The open shrubby woodland found here (MU42) isdominated by E. albens, tumbledown redgum (E. dealbata) and E. crebra. This community is tranistionalbetween the grassy box woodlands of the valley floor (MU19 and 20) and the residual Permian Ironbark –Callitris (MU38 and 39). As a result, it includes many of the shrub species found in these latter map units.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 51
Two other dry shrubby sclerophyll forests are found on the steep Permian escarpment slopes that markthe western limit boundary of Wollemi National Park. Map Unit 41 is a moderately tall forest found on thelower talus slopes. One of the dominant tree species is slaty gum (E. dawsonii), an endemic to the slopesand ranges of the Wollemi escarpment. Dense stands of Callitris are commonly found within thecommunity, reflecting past disturbance from adjoining agricultural activities. Some sites may also featurethe distinctive mugga ironbark (E. sideroxylon). The shrub layer is very sparse, as is the ground cover.Further upslope Map Unit 40 is more prominent, with E. fibrosa and E.punctata dominating the steepertalus slopes.
4.2 THREATENED SPECIES AND ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
4.2.1 Endangered Ecological Communities
EECs are recognised under both the NSW TSC Act 1995 and the Commonwealth EPBC Act 1999.
The NSW Scientific Committee have scheduled under the TSC Act 1995 a number of EECs that arerelevant to the vegetation that is found in the study area. These EECs are:
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland
Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin,South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Autralian Alps Bioregions
Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps
Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland
Several of these are also nationally listed EECs under the EPBC Act 1999.
Grassy White Box Woodlands
Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone
The determinations that accompany these listings provide information on habitat, typical species andexample locations. These were used to relate the vegetation communities defined in this report tohighlight potential EECs. Tables 15 and 16 highlight the relationships between the two. Several of theEEC determinations describe broad vegetation communities that have been divided into their componentparts in this report. The distribution of all EECs located within the study area is shown in Map 12.
TABLE 4.1: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES (TSC ACT 1995) ANDVEGETATION COMMUNITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT
Endangered Ecological Community Name Corresponding Vegetation Community (This Report)
Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New EnglandTableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South EastCorner, South Eastern Highlands and Autralian AlpsBioregions
Newnes Plateau Snow Gum Hollow Wooded Swampy Heath(MU52)
Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen (MU53)
Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps (MU50)
Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland (MU47)
White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland
Capertee Box – Narrow-leaved Ironbark – Callitris GrassyWoodland (MU19)
Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands (MU18)
Capertee Rough-barked Apple – Redgum – Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands (MU20)
Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box – Grass Tree – SpinifexGrassy Woodland (MU16)
Capertee Box – Kurrajong – Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands(MU17)
Lithgow - Abercrombie Grassy Woodland (MU12)
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains52
Map 12: Endangered Ecological Communities Listed under the TSC Act 1995
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 53
TABLE 4.2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES (EPBC ACT 1999) ANDVEGETATION COMMUNITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT
Endangered Ecological Community Name Corresponding Vegetation Community (This Report)
Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone
Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps (MU50)
Newnes Plateau Hanging Swamps (MU51)
Newnes Plateau SnowGum Hollow Wooded Swampy Heath(MU52)
Grassy White Box Woodlands
Capertee Box – Narrow-leaved Ironbark – Callitris GrassyWoodland (MU19)
Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands (MU18)
Capertee Rough-barked Apple-Redgum-Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands (MU20)
Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box-Grassy Tree-Spinifex GrassyWoodland (MU16)
Capertee Box – Kurrajong – Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands(MU17)
4.2.2 Threatened Species and Rare or Threatened Australian Plants
Records of threatened species were compiled from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife, NSW Herbarium, and allsystematic survey site data. This information indicates that a total of 29 threatened species have beenrecorded within the study area. A further eight species listed on the Schedules of the TSC Act 1995 mayoccur in the area but have yet failed to be noted owing to lack of survey or timing of survey. Eighteenadditional species listed by Briggs and Leigh (1995) as Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (RoTAPs)are also recorded within the study area.
Table 4.3 lists the threatened species recorded within the study area. It includes species that are listedunder the TSC Act 1995 and/or RoTAP (Briggs and Leigh, 1995). Codes describing their status are asfollows:
• V-Vulnerable, E1-Endangered (TSC Act 1995);• 2 -Distribution of less than 100 kilometres, 3-Distribution greater than 100km (RoTAP);• E-Endangered, K-Poorly Known, R-Rare, V-Vulnerable (RoTAP);• C-Within Conservation Reserve, a-Adequately Reserved (>1000 plants), I-Inadequately Reserved
(<1000 plants), “-“-Reserve level unknown, t-Total Population within Conservation Reserve (RoTAP).A number of species in the following list (Table 4.3) are provided despite no records in the immediatelysurrounding area, or records in similar habitats to those found during the study but not within the studyarea itself. The list given has been made broad to be encompassing of species that may be in the area.Likewise, in the Map Unit profiles, the threatened species listed are given as 'definite' and 'possible'depending on the known records and expert judgement of habitat similarity.
TABLE 4.3: THREATENED SPECIES AND RARE OR THREATENED AUSTRALIAN PLANTS (ROTAPS)
Scientific Name TSC Act RoTAP Known SpeciesHabitat
Total KnownDistribution
Likely Distribution WithinStudy Area
Acacia asparagoides - 2R Dry sclerophyll forest andheath on sandstone Newnes Junction to Lawson Newnes Junction area
Acacia clunies-rossiae+ V 2RC-t Grey gum dominated
open forests Kowmung and Cox's ValleysMay occur in lowest parts ofKowmung Valley and nearJenolan
Acacia flocktoniae V 2VC-Narrabeen sandstones, indry sclerophyll forest andwoodlands
Mount Wilson to Picton Newnes Plateau
Acacia matthewii - 3RC-Shrubby open forest ofgrey gum, slaty gum,ironbark and Callitris
Rylstone – Capertee toDharug NP
Capertee Valley, esp. GlenDavis, mainly near Sir JohnsPoint
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains54
Scientific Name TSC Act RoTAP Known SpeciesHabitat
Total KnownDistribution
Likely Distribution WithinStudy Area
Apatophyllumconstablei E1 2EC- Grey gum - ironbark open
forest Glen Davis area Green Gully
Atkinsonia ligustrina - 2RCaShrubby Sydneypeppermint - silvertop ashforest
Wallerawang and eastthrough Wollemi NP Newnes Plateau
Baloskion longipes V 3VC- Broad cold flats andswampy areas
South from near MountWerong to Clyde Mountain Montane hollow communities
Boronia deanei V 3VCa Wet heaths and swampheaths South from Newnes Mainly in Newnes Plateau
Swamp Heath
Carex klaphakei E1 - Riparian communities Cox’s valley / Blackheath,Mount Werong, Penrose Cox’s and Kowmung rivers
Darwinia peduncularis V 3RCi Rocky sandstone heathsand pagodas Honsby to Glen Davis Pagoda rock and sand-stone
heath communities
Derwentia blakelyi V 2K
Damper places in streamlines; soaks andseepages in montanecommunities
Clarence to Peel River(Bathurst) and CoricudgyRange; Tuglow
Mainly between Newnes andthe upper Cox's headwaters,but also near Tuglow
Digitaria porrecta E 3E Grasslands on better soils Prior to syudy, only north ofthe Liverpool Range
Capertee Valley – enrichedsoils in northern parts
Dillwynia stipulifera - 3RCa Swamp heath onsandstone
Lithgow district andBudawang ranges Newnes Plateau
Discaria pubescens - 3RCaGrassy to shrubbywoodlands and forests,often on enriched soils
Victoria to Queensland Capertee Valley, Cox’s Valley,Jenolan area
Diuris aequalis+ E1 3VC- Grassy forests ontablelands and ranges
Braidwood to Kanangra andLiverpool
In montane communities southfrom Lithgow
Diuris tricolor (D.sheaffiana)+ V 3K Grassy box woodlands Western slopes of NSW
south from Qld Likely in Capertee Valley
Epacris muelleri - 3RC- Skeletal soils on damprock faces
Blue Mountains and WollemiNPs
Sandstone scarps in Newnesand eastern Capertee
Eucalyptus camphora E1 3VC- Cold broad flats andmontane hollows
Nullo Mountain to MegalongValley
Capertee, Cox's andKowmung valleys
Eucalyptus cannonii V 2VCi Sclerophyll forests Upper Wolgan Valley toCapertee Valley
Widespread in Wolgan andCapertee valleys
Eucalyptusgregsoniana - 3RCa Heath communities on
sandstone Newnes Plateau Newnes Plateau
Eucalyptusmacarthurii V 2RCi Cold broad flats and
montane hollowsTablelands south fromOrange
Montane hollow communitiesin Cox's and Kowmung valleys
Eucalyptuspulverulenta V 3V Hillside woodlands often
over graniteBathurst – Lithgow toBombala Southern Mount Walker area
Eucalyptus robertsoniisubsp. hemisphaerica V 2V Hillside grassy
peppermint communities South and east from OrangeHigher peppermintcommunities around Jenolanand Gurnang
Euphrasia bowdeniae V 2VCit Wet seeps in rockysandstone areas
Higher Blue Mountainsplateaux
Swamp heaths and hangingswamps
Euphrasia scabra E1 3KCa
Wetter areas in CentralGorge Dry SclerophyllForests and SouthernTablelands WetSclerophyll Forests
Mainly south from JenolanMontane and grey gumcommunities in southernmapping area
Geranium graniticola - 3RC- Montane woodland Oberon to Kanangra- BoydNP Throughout Gurnang section
Gonocarpuslongifolius 3RC-
Shrub communities onsandstone and nearstreams
Armidale to the BlueMountains Throughout
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 55
Scientific Name TSC Act RoTAP Known SpeciesHabitat
Total KnownDistribution
Likely Distribution WithinStudy Area
Goodenia macbarronii+ V 3VC- Ephemeral swamps,
seeps and soaks South from QueenslandWetter areas in dry sclerophyllforest in Capertee and Cox'svalleys
Grammitis stenophylla E1 - Rainforests and damperplaces in gullies
Queensland to NSW southcoast
Newnes and Wollemi gulliesand gorges
Grevillea evansiana V 2VC- Dry sclerophyll forest onsandstone Western Wollemi Eastern Capertee and south to
near glowworm tunnel
Grevillea obtusifolia E1 2E Ironbark, grey gum andstringybark forests Pantoney's Crown to Kandos Pantoney's Crown to Kandos
on Permian strata
Haloragodendronlucasii + E1 2RCat Along and near creeks
upstream of canyonsNewnes Plateau; FrenchsForest
Eastern side of NewnesPlateau
Kunzea cambagei+ V 2VCa Montane heathcommunities
Mount Werong and BindookPlateau area
May be in SE corner ofsouthern mapping area
Lastreopsis hispida E1 - Wet sclerophyll forest andgullies
Blue Mountains only inNSW, also Victoria Eastern Newnes Plateau
Leionema sympetalum V 2VC- Rocky sandstone heathsand pagodas Capertee Valley area Pagoda rock and sand-stone
heath communities
Leucochrysumgraminifolium - 2R Rocky sandstone heaths
and pagodasWestern Newnes Plateau toMount Airly Pagoda rock communities
Leucopogon fletcherisubsp. fletcheri + E1 2RC- Shrubby peppermint
woodland and forest Middle Blue MountainsMay be in sandstone woodlandon eastern side of Caperteeand Wolgan
Lomandra fluviatilis - 3RCa Streamside communities Royal NP to Colo River Capertee and Wolgan Rivers
Notochloe microdon - 2RC- Wet heaths and swamps Elevated parts of the BlueMountains Newnes Plateau
Olearia quercifolia - 3RC- Wetter areas and soaksover sandstone Blue Mountains Newnes Plateau
Persoonia acerosa - 2VC- Heath and dry sclerophyllforest on sandstone
Central Blue Mountains toHilltop Elevated Sandstone plateaux
Persoonia hindii E1 -Dry sclerophyll forest andwoodlands oversandstone
Newnes Plateau andwestern Wollemi
Newnes Plateau and easternCapertee
Persoonia hirsuta E1 3KCi Dry sclerophyll forest,woodland and heath
Putty and Glen Davis toHilltop
Hassan's Walls and near GlenDavis
Persoonia marginata V 2V Dry sclerophyll forest Kandos to Lidsdale Ben Bullen, Kandos andNewnes
Persoonia recedens - 2R Dry sclerophyll forest Newnes to Gurnang Newnes mapping area andGurnang Mapping area
Phebalium bifidum E1 2E Shrubby ironbark forestand heath Genowlan Point to Bogee Genowlan Point to Bogee
Philotheca ericifolia V 3RC-
Dry sclerophyll forests,often shrubby, in ironbark- Callitris communities,often in damper spots
Upper Hunter and Narrabrito Peak HIll Capertee valley
Philotheca obovalis - 3RCa Heath Higher Blue Mountains Newnes Plateau
Pomaderris brunnea V 2VC- Streamside communities Colo River and upperNepean River Capertee and Wolgan valleys
Prostantheracryptandroides V 2RC-t
Dry sclerophyll forestsand shrubby woodlandson sandstone and talus
Glen Davis north to Warialda(northern NSW) Glen Davis area
Prostanthera hindii - 2KC- Shrubland and woodland Rylstone, Wollemi, Caperteeand Newnes
Sandstone areas of Caperteeand Newnes plateau
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains56
Scientific Name TSC Act RoTAP Known SpeciesHabitat
Total KnownDistribution
Likely Distribution WithinStudy Area
Prostanthera stricta V 2V
Shrubby woodlands andheaths on basalt soils;margins of dry rainforeston metamorphics
Mount Vincent to beloweastern side of MountGenowlan (Widden Valleypopulations now not thisspecies)
Mount Vincent to beloweastern side of MountGenowlan
Pseudanthusdivaricatissimus - 3RCa Heath and rocky sites Far northern NSW to
Victoria, at higher altitudesRocky heaths through-out thearea, mainly on sandstone
Pultenaea glabra V 3VCaDry sclerophyll forest, talldamp heath and creeklines
Glen Davis to higher BlueMountains
Green Gully near Glen Davisand Newnes
Pultenaea sp.(Genowlan Point) E1 - Shrubby woodlands near
cliff lines Genowlan Point Genowlan Point
Thesium australe+ V 3VCi+
Areas with muchThemeda grass, includingforests, woodlands andgrasslands
Elevated areas fromQueensland to Tasmania,but not recorded in thecentral tablelands
Suitable habitats (similar tothose in northern NSW)observed during study
+ Species marked with this symbol are not identified from the area, but suitable habitat and range limitssuggest that the species may possibly be present, but as yet is unrecorded.
4.3 RANGE EXTENSIONS
A number of species identified during the most recent survey effort provided records of extensions ofrange. The list includes threatened or significant species that are known from new locations at somedistance from those at which they were previously known, and species and subtaxa which are beingrecorded from a botanical region for the first time during this survey, when compared to the dataextracted from the PlantNET website (DEC 2005). Table 4.4 provides the list of species, and the reasonfor their consideration. Species for which range extensions were not drawn from the surveys undertakenfor this project are not included in this list. Eighty-eight native species are recorded as having rangeextensions. A further fifteen exotic species are also included in range extensions.
TABLE 4.4: REGIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES AND SUBTAXA
Regionally Significant Species ReasonAbutilon oxycarpum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAcacia dorothea New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAcacia gunnii New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAcacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAcianthus fornicatus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAmyema bifurcatum var. bifurcatum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAristida caput-medusae New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAsperula scoparia New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAustrodanthonia racemosa ssp.obtusata
Range extension to Central Tablelands (CT) botanical region. Occurs in scattered localitiesin the western Capertee Valley.
Bacopa monnieri New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionBothriochloa decipiens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionBrunonia australis New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionCallitris glaucophylla New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCalotis cuneata var. cuneata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionCassinia leptocephala New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCentaurium spicatum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionChorizema parviflorum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCymbopogon obtectus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDendrophthoe glabrescens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionDigitaria brownii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDigitaria divaricatissima New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 57
Regionally Significant Species ReasonDigitaria porrecta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDillwynia sericea New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionDiuris alba New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDodonaea sinuolata subsp. sinuolata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEchinopogon intermedius New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEnchylaena tomentosa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus blakelyi New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus blaxlandii New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus crebra New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus dawsonii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus macrorhyncha New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus polyanthemos New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus radiata New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region
Evolvulus alsinoides ssp. decumbens Range extension to Central Tablelands (CT) botanical region. Recorded from a single sitebut possibly more widespread. Timing of survey not ideal.
Glycine pacifica New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionGoodenia pinnatifida New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region
Grevillea obtusifolia ssp. fecunda New population of several hundred individual ramets further west of the previously knownmain populations.
Hibbertia vestita New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionHovea apiculata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionHydrocotyle laxiflora New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionIxiolaena leptolepis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLeptinella filicula New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLeucochrysum albicans subsp.albicans var. albicans New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region
Leucopogon fraseri New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionLeucopogon hookeri New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLomandra hystrix New record for both Botanical RegionsMarsdenia pleiadenia New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMarsdenia viridiflora subsp. viridiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMaytenus cunninghamii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMelaleuca erubescens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMirbelia platylobioides New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionMurdannia graminea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionNotelaea neglecta New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionOlearia alpicola New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionOplismenus imbecillis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionOpuntia stricta var. stricta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPaspalidium distans New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPersoonia myrtilloides subsp.myrtilloides New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region
Phebalium bifidum New population found about 10km south from previous known extent. This more thantriples the total known geographic range of the species.
Pittosporum revolutum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPlantago cunninghamii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPomaderris betulina subsp. betulina New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionProstanthera nivea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis abrupta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis concinna New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis grandiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis nana New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis ophioglossa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPultenaea canescens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionPultenaea cinerascens New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains58
Regionally Significant Species ReasonRapanea variabilis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionRhodanthe diffusa subsp. leucactina New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionRumex dumosus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSicyos australis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSida cunninghamii New record for both Botanical RegionsSigesbeckia australiensis New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionSolanum stelligerum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSporobolus indicus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionStellaria pungens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionTeucrium racemosum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionTeucrium species A New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region
Trachymene scapigera New populations found in several places, including the ‘lost’ likely type locality nearJenolan Cottages. Major range extension within the Kowmung and Jenolan catchments.
Triodia scariosa subsp. scariosa New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionTylophora grandiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionVittadinia dissecta var. hirta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionVittadinia sulcata New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionXanthorrhoea johnsonii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Bidens pilosa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Carduus nutans subsp. nutans New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region*Chenopodium ambrosioides New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Conyza parva New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Elytrigia repens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Facelis retusa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Medicago minima New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Phytolacca americana New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Polygala myrtifolia New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Pyrus communis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Salix nigra New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Salvia coccinea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Soliva sessilis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Vicia hirsuta Range extension within CT.*Vulpia muralis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region
(Data compared with DEC 2005).
4.4 A GUIDE TO FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESEach vegetation community profile includes a description of key identifying features and a list ofdiagnostic species. The diagnostic species list is presented to guide users in the process ofdifferentiating communities from one another or confirming the type of vegetation at a site of interest.The list of diagnostic species has been drawn from survey site data collected in this project as well as anumber of previously existing survey and mapping programs. They do not represent the total list presentat any given location or within any given community. The first thing to note is the number of sites thathave been used to describe the community. Vegetation communities that are described using fewer sitesare likely to be less accurate in the diagnostic species list than those with a high number of replicates.
The Fidelity Class column provides up to three classes for species: positive, negative and constant. Afourth type called ‘uninformative’ is not presented in this list but may be present in the Floristic Summarylist in the profile if it is a conspicuous species or a canopy species. Table 4.3 provides an example fromwhich to discuss the interpretation of the diagnostic species list.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 59
TABLE 4.5: EXAMPLE DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES LIST
Species Name Group Score Group Freq. Non Group Score
Non Group Freq.
FidelityClass
Cassine australis var. australis 4 1.00 3 0.35 positive
Cayratia clematidea 2 0.55 1 0.24 positive
Croton verreauxii 3 0.82 3 0.23 positive
Diospyros australis 4 0.91 1 0.40 positive
Diospyros pentamera 1 0.09 0 0.00 positive
Doodia aspera 3 0.55 3 0.46 positive
Ficus superba var. henneana 5 0.09 0 0.00 positive
Pittosporum multiflorum 3 0.91 2 0.34 positive
Planchonella australis 4 0.73 4 0.10 positive
Streblus brunonianus 5 1.00 1 0.22 positive
Geitonoplesium cymosum 2 0.91 2 0.61 constantPandorea pandorana subsp. pandorana 2 1.00 2 0.61 constantEustrephus latifolius 1 0.91 2 0.65 negative
Livistona australis 0 0.00 2 0.52 negative
Pittosporum undulatum 1 0.82 3 0.62 negative
Group Score and Frequency: These refer to median cover abundance and the frequency at whichspecies have been recorded at sample sites that have been used to define the community. For examplein the table above it can be seen that Croton verreauxii occurred in 82 percent of sites and was recordedwith a median cover abundance score of 5-20 percent. Cover abundance scores are provided in Section2.4.
Non-Group Score and Frequency: These provide a comparative cover abundance and frequency ofoccurrence for this species in relation to all other sites not found in this community. In this example,Croton verreauxii has occurred in 23 percent of all other sites at a cover abundance of 5-20 percent.
Positive species are those that are recorded more frequently and at higher abundance within the givenvegetation community compared to all other communities. They may also be species that are unique tothat community, that is, they were not found amongst sites that defined any other community. In thisexample it is seen that Cassine australis var. australis occurs at 100 percent of the sites within thiscommunity at a mean cover abundance of 25-50 percent, while it occurred in only 35 percent of all othersites. It is also noted that Ficus superba var. henneana is unique to this community, and has not beenrecorded in any other sites (Non Group Frequency equals zero).
Negative species are the inverse of the positive species in that they are recorded less frequently and atlower abundance in the given community relative to all others. It may also be that the species has neverbeen recorded within the sites that were used to describe the given community. In this example it isnoted that Livistona australis has not been recorded at all in this community (Group Frequency score ofzero), and that it occurs in 52 percent of sites outside this community. Eustrephus latifolius has alsobeen recorded as a negative diagnostic species even though it has occurred in 91 percent of the siteswithin the community, though at lower cover abundance than at other sites. The Non Group scoresindicate that generally this species occurs with a higher abundance elsewhere than recorded within thisgroup so it is not an indicator species for this community.
Constant species are those that occur at relatively consistent frequency and abundance across allcommunities. As such they are not useful in differentiating vegetation communities but can however beuseful in describing them. In this example it can be seen that Pandorea pandorana subsp. pandoranahas occurred in 100 percent of sites within the community, at a mean cover abundance of two. This doesnot help to differentiate this community as the species was recorded in 61 percent of all other sites alsowith a mean cover abundance of two.
Diagnostic species are a guide only. They can be misleading in that species that appear as unique orabsent from a community may result from insufficient sampling. However, with communities that havebeen sampled by a larger number of replicates, diagnostic species can be used to identify particularcommunities from one another, only if identical field survey methods are employed. Reliability of
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains60
identification will increase with the greater number of positive diagnostic species identified at a site.Confidence can also be improved with an understanding of the habitat and structural characteristics ofthe vegetation community of interest.
4.5 MAP ACCURACY
4.5.1 Sources of Error
This report is accompanied by a map showing the predicted distribution of vegetation communities withinthe study area. This map should be interpreted with regard to the limitations inherent in the methodsused in its compilation. The delineation of vegetation community boundaries has relied on the allocationof API feature codes to map units, as guided by existing literature and analyses of floristic site data. It isinevitable that errors in spatial and textual information are present in the mapping coverage and usersshould be aware of the limitations.
The spatial or positional accuracy arises mostly from the conversion of API linework into a GIS layer.This conversion is relatively simple on flat or undulating terrain. However distortion in steep and ruggedlandscapes can be significant. This has generated spatial discrepancies of up to 40 metres betweenaerial photo layer and 1:25 000 topographic maps.
Errors may also arise during API, from misinterpretations of canopy patterns or interpretation difficulty.The latter can be assessed using the reliability code present in the digital coverage (Section 3.2, Map11). Coding error may also arise during the data transfer process. However a number of precautionarychecks are carried out to help minimise this occurrence. The reliability of the API is one method to reviewmap accuracy. Another is to use the distribution and sampling intensity of survey site data presented inMap 10.
The derived vegetation community map relied on spatial data layers that are compiled at smaller scales.The Geology and Soil Landscape layers are available at 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 scale and maythemselves contain spatial and attribution errors. This project has sought to overcome these problems byplacing greater emphasis on larger scale API work than on data derived from these smaller-scaled datasets.
Other studies (Keith & Bedward 1999; NPWS 2000c) have attempted to quantify the accuracy of derivedvegetation mapping for broad regions. Using the same review process both studies achieved similarlevels of accuracy ranging from 70 percent accuracy within 100 metres of a known point to 80 percentwithin 250 metres. No attempt has been made to quantify map accuracy for this project.
Finally, vegetation community boundaries rarely change abruptly. The transition between one communityand another tends to be gradual and as such a line used to separate the two can be misleading.However, despite these shortcomings qualitative field review of the mapped outputs indicate that thedelineation of vegetation community boundaries is accurate at scales of 1:25 000 or larger.
4.5.2 Common Misapplications
The most common misapplication is the use of mapping products at a scale for which it has not beendesigned. GIS systems make it easy for users to zoom into a small area and simply overlay thevegetation map on the area of interest. Mapping linework and attribution does not hold the sameaccuracy at a focused area of say 1:4 000 scale as it does at 1:25 000 scale.
The attribution of the mapping work varies in accuracy across the study area. This arises from accessconstraints, sampling intensity and so on. Users should at least review the API confidence score andproximity of field sampling sites to judge accuracy of vegetation mapping at any given point.
4.6 USING THE MAP AND REPORT
4.6.1 PVP and Native Vegetation Management
The primary purpose of the mapping is to provide detailed vegetation mapping for on the groundapplications for vegetation assessment tasks. Detailed information is provided in digital format for 1:25000 scale assessments. Relationships with regional and statewide vegetation classes are provided foreach community along with key benchmark data derived from fieldwork.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 61
4.6.2 Fire Management
The information during this project now provides an opportunity for field data and vegetation mapping tobe applied to the development of fire management plans for the study area.
Vegetation community profiles provide an estimate of vegetation structure (height), cover andvegetation strata. Importantly, the characteristics of the vegetation associated with each communityare readily accessible. Broad fuel hazard classes associated with each vegetation type can beassessed using the floristic information contained within the profiles to complete a spatial coveragefor the reserves. These broad hazard classes may then be refined using site based assessmentssuch as those promoted by McCarthy et al. (1999) using bark hazard, elevated fuel hazard andsurface fine fuel hazard.
Planning for hazard reduction burns can utilise the array of information captured from API. Usefulfeatures include vegetation community boundaries, presence of rock outcrops, proportion of rockwithin each site, understorey characteristics and tree types present. Prominent landscape featuressuch as rainforests and heaths are easily recognised.
Each field sample site supports at least one digital photograph. These photographs can inform usersof the nature of the vegetation in the area of interest.
4.6.3 Conservation Assessment
Information provided in this report allows land managers to understand the conservation significance ofdifferent types of vegetation present within the study area. Mapping now delineates the extent of EECsat a scale of 1:25 000, the presence of endangered plant species found within each vegetationcommunity and nominates a regional reservation status. These are relevant for the preparation ofReviews of Environmental Factors (REFs).
4.6.4 Vegetation Disturbance Assessment
Information is now available that maps indicators of disturbance to native vegetation in the study area.Data has been recorded to indicate the intensity of these disturbances to native vegetation cover. Thisdata can be used to guide land use management practices, by highlighting areas that may require furtherinvestigation. This data may be queried to understand dominant disturbance types such as weedinfestations, regrowth forests, transmission lines, and roads and trails. Remnant patches of vegetationhave been mapped for areas greater than one hectare in size.
Disturbance indicators, as mapped, provide one measure of where vegetation condition may be effected.Conclusions about the condition of vegetation require close assessment of the patch of vegetation inquestion. Developing a detailed inventory of native species present and a review of the structuralintegrity of the vegetation is best achieved through a site inspection.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains62
5 REFERENCESBedward, M., Keith, D.A. and Pressey, R.L. (1992) Homogeneity Analysis: Assessing the Utility ofClassifications and Maps of Natural Resources. Australian Journal of Ecology 17: 133–139.Belbin, L. (1994) PATN Pattern Analysis Package. CSIRO, Canberra.Bell, S. (1998) Wollemi National Park Vegetation Survey. Volume 1. A Fire Management Document.Unpublished Report to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Upper Hunter District.Benson, D. and Howell, J. (1994) Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment Studies. Draft Explanatory Notes forthe Wollongong 1:100 000 Vegetation Map Sheet. Ecology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Benson D.H.and Keith D.A. (1990) Natural Vegetation of the Wallerawang Area. Cunninghamia 2, 305-335.Benson, J. (1999) Setting the Scene: The Native Vegetation of New South Wales: A background paper ofthe Native Vegetation Advisory Council of New South Wales. Background Paper Number 1. NativeVegetation Advisory Council NSWBriggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1995) Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Centre for Plant BiodiversityResearch, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra.Brunker R.L. and Rose G. (1967) Sydney Basin 1:500 000 Geological Sheet (Special). Gological Surveyof New South Wales, Sydney.Bryan, J.H. (1966) Geology of the Sydney 1:250 000 Map Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales.Bureau of Meteorology (2005) Summary Climatic Data for Selected Weather Stations accessed fromwww.bom.gov.au/observations accessed on October 30, 2005DEC (2005) PlantNET and Flora Online. Accessed on the internet at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au on22nd September 2005.DLWC (2002) Soil Landscapes of the Sydney Catchment Authority Hydrological Catchments. A jointproject undertaken by Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) and Sydney CatchmentAuthority (SCA).EcoGIS (2002) “Vegetation Mapping for Turon River and Gardens of Stone National Park” Unpublishedconsultants report to the Blackheath Office of the National Parks and Wildlife ServiceFEWG (1997) Issues and Options for Forest Classification and Mapping as an aid to Forest EcosystemDefinition in New South Wales. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Working Group to the Environment andHeritage Technical Committee.Fisher, M., Ryan, K. and Lembit, R. (1995) The Natural Vegetation of the Burragorang 1:100 000 MapSheet. Cunninghamia 4(2):143-215.Fisher, M. and Ryan, K. (1993) The Natural Vegetation of the Oberon-Taralga 1:100 000 Map Sheets.Draft Notes on Vegetation Communities, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.Hamilton, G.J. (1976) The Soil Resources of the Hawkesbury River Catchment, New South Wales.Journal of the Soil Conservation Service of NSW 32:204-229.Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1990-1993) The Flora of New South Wales. Volumes 3-4. New South WalesUniversity Press, Kensington.Harden, G.J. (ed.) (2000-2002) The Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1-2 (Revised Edition) New SouthWales University Press.Hazelton, P.A. and Tille, P.J. (1990) Soil Landscapes of the Wollongong-Port Hacking 1:100 000 MapSheet. Soil Conservation Service of NSW, Sydney.Herbert, C. and Helby, R. (eds) (1980) A Guide to the Sydney Basin. Geological Survey of NSW, Bulletin26, NSW Dept. of Mineral Resources, Sydney. 603pp.Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes, the native vegetation of New South Wales and theACT. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney.Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Native Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NewSouth Wales. Cunninghamia 6(1):1-218Keith, D.A and Benson, D.H. (1988) The Natural Vegetation of the Katoomba 1:100 000 Map Sheet.Cunninghamia 2(1):107-144.
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 63
King D.P. (1993) Soil Landscapes of the Wallerawang 1:100 000 Map Sheet. Department ofConservation and Land Management, Soil Conservation Service, Sydney.King D.P. (1994) Soil Landscapes of the Katoomba 1:100 000 Map Sheet. Department of Conservationand Land Management, Soil Conservation Service, Sydney.Kovac M. and Lawrie J.A. (1990) Soil Landscapes of the Bathurst 1:250 000 Sheet. Soil ConservationService of NSW, Sydney.Kovac M. and Lawrie J.A. (1991) Soil Landscapes of the Singleton 1:250 000 Sheet. Soil ConservationService of NSW, Sydney.Mayne S.J., Nicholas E., Bigg-Wither A.L., Rasidi J.S. and Raine M.J. (1974) Geology of the SydneyBasin – A review. Bulletin 149, Department of Minerals and Energy, Canberra.McCarthy G.J., Tolhurst K.G. and Chatto K. (1999) Overall Fuel Hazard Guide, Fire ManagementResearch Report No.47, Third Edition. Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria.NPWS (1991) Kanangra – Boyd Wilderness Assessment Report. NSW National Parks and WildlifeService, Sydney.NPWS (1998) The Greater Blue Mountains Area: World Heritage Nomination. Nomination of the GreaterBlue Mountains Area for inscription on the World Heritage List by the Government of Australia. Preparedby the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in association with Environment Australia.NPWS (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern CRA Region, Volume IIAppendices. A report undertaken for the NSW CRA/RFA Steering Committee, Project Number NS 08EHNPWS (2003) The Native Vegetation of the Warragamba Special Area. Part A: Technical Report and PartB: Vegetation Community Profiles. Unpublished Report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,Hurstville.Payne, R. (2001) Unpublished Vegetation Survey Data. Collected for the NSW National Parks andWildlife Service (NPWS) for use in modeling potential habitat areas for the Broad Headed Snake.Poore, M.E.D. (1955) The use of photosociological methods in ecological investigations. I. The BraunBlanquet System. Journal of Ecology 43: 226-244Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) NSW Flora Online. Published online by the Royal Botanic Gardens,Sydney http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/floraonline.htm, accessed as required in 2004 – 05 for surveypurposes.Sivertsen D.P. & Smith P.L. (eds) (2001) Guidelines for mapping native vegetation: version 2.1 –Guidelines and Appendices. Unpublished report, NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation,Sydney.Smith, P.J. and Smith, J.E. (1996) Vegetation Survey of the Kedumba Valley. Unpublished reportprepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority.Thackway, R. and Cresswell, D. (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: aframework for setting priorities in the national reserves system cooperative program. Australian NatureConservation Agency, Canberra.Tindall, D, Pennay C, Tozer, M, Turner, K and Keith D (2004) The Native Vegetation Map Report series,number 4.Version 2.2 Araluen, Bateman’s Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay,Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla and Wollongong 1:100000 Mapsheets. Version 2.2 Department of Environment and Conservation and Department ofInfrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, SydneyWalker, J.S. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Vegetation. In ‘Australian soil and land survey field handbook’second edition. McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (Eds.) InkataPress, Melbourne.Westhoff V. and van der Maarel E. (1978) “ The Braun Blanquet Approach” in Whittaker R.H (1978) ed.“Classification of Plant Communities” Dr W. Junk b.v. Publishers The Hague
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n to c
losed
fores
t10
208
E. fa
stiga
ta, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.bla
xland
ii, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
E. o
read
es, E
. rad
iata,
E pip
erita
129
2
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
/ Per
mian
slop
esPr
otecte
d gor
ges a
ndca
nyon
s at h
igh el
evati
on.
Occu
rs on
deep
ersa
ndsto
ne so
ils an
d on
sand
stone
collu
vium
mantl
eov
er P
ermi
an se
ds
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n to c
losed
fores
t10
218
E. fa
stiga
taE.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
orea
des,
E. ra
diata
, E.
blaxla
ndii,
E pip
erita
E. d
alrym
plean
a som
etime
sco
domi
nant
down
slop
e & E
.bla
xland
ii ups
lope,
partic
ularly
unde
r san
dston
e
463
0
Newn
es P
latea
uCa
perte
e Vall
eyTr
iassic
SS
/ Per
mian
slop
esSh
elter
ed he
ads o
f gull
ieson
deep
er so
ilsTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen t
o clos
edfor
est
1022
4E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
fasti
gata
E. d
alrym
plean
aGu
lly he
ads
249
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns65
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
/ Per
mian
slop
esSh
elter
ed "c
old ai
rdr
ainag
e" gu
lly lin
es an
dslo
pes a
t high
elev
ation
.
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n to c
losed
fores
t10
238
E. d
alrym
plean
a,E.
fasti
gata
, E. p
iperit
aEn
trenc
hed s
teep-
sided
gullie
s in s
ands
tone.
1050
used
whe
re le
ss sh
elter
ed,
less r
ocky
and l
ower
grad
ient
79
Cape
rtee V
alley
(Mou
nt Ai
rly)
Trias
sic S
S / P
ermi
an sl
opes
Shelt
ered
head
s of g
ullies
and a
spec
ts10
248
E. cy
pello
carp
aE.
eug
enioi
des
8
Shelt
ered
aspe
cts an
dgu
llies,
not e
ntren
ched
as10
21
1026
7E.
fasti
gata
, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.bla
xland
ii+ / -
E. ra
diata
Shelt
ered
aspe
cts,
mode
ratel
y inc
lined
gullie
s.No
t entr
ench
ed
243
7
1030
NEW
NES
PLAT
EAU
MONT
ANE
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th en
riche
d Tr
iassic
sand
ston
e ( E
. blax
landi
i / E.
dalr
ympl
eana
/ E. r
adiat
a / E
. ore
ades
)Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SUn
dulat
ing sl
opes
and r
ises
on en
riche
d san
dston
esab
ove 1
050 m
. Loc
alise
dpa
tches
of E
. ore
ades
domi
nant
fores
t pre
sent
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1030
26 E
. blax
landii
, E. r
adiat
a,E.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
orea
des
E. si
eber
i, E. m
annif
era
subs
p. m
annif
era,
E.
dives
E. s
clero
phyll
a
E. p
iperit
a ra
re or
abse
nt.En
riche
d san
dston
e soil
s,hig
h elev
ation
New
nes
platea
u
619
41
1030
7Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SDe
eper
enric
hed s
oils.
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1031
7E.
ore
ades
E.
blaxla
ndii+
/ -E.
radia
ta, o
cc E
.sie
beri
E. o
read
es ty
picall
y for
msdo
mina
nt ca
nopy
sp. S
parse
dry s
hrub
s with
Poa
sp.
prom
inent
219
76
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Sligh
tly sh
elter
ed br
oad
terra
cing o
ff main
ridge
lines
.
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1032
26E.
blax
landii
, E.
dalry
mple
ana+
/ -
E.
radia
ta+
/ - E
. sieb
eri+
/-
E. m
annif
era,
E. d
ives,
E. o
read
esE.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E. r
adiat
afre
quen
tly co
domi
nant
but
can b
e loc
ally a
bsen
t. High
lyva
riable
comp
ositio
n due
topa
st log
ging.
E. o
read
es ca
nbe
loca
lly co
domi
nant.
Spar
se dr
y shr
ubs w
ith P
oasp
. pro
mine
nt. T
all E
.bla
xland
ii and
E.
dalry
mple
ana (
when
pres
ent)
abov
e a sm
aller
tree l
ayer
415
24
1032
7
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns66Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Cres
ts an
d rise
s whe
re so
ilsar
e sha
llowe
r and
rock
ierTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen f
ores
t10
3426
E. si
eber
i, E. r
adiat
a+ / -
E. b
laxlan
dii, E
.m
annif
era,
E. o
read
es,
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E. d
ives
E. b
laxlan
dii ab
sent
or oc
c.on
ly. E
. man
nifer
a oc.
codo
mina
nt.
158
9
1040
MONT
ANE
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th b
road
ridg
es an
d slo
pes o
n Tr
iassic
sand
ston
e ( E
. blax
landi
i / E.
ore
ades
/ E. p
iper
ita+
/ - )
Newn
es P
latea
uCa
perte
e Vall
eyTr
iassic
SS
Shelt
ered
slop
es an
dgu
llies
Mid h
igh to
tall,
open
fore
st10
4029
E. ra
diata
, E. b
laxlan
dii,
E. p
iperit
a, E
. ore
ades
,E.
sieb
eri
E. d
ives
E. sc
lerop
hylla
Shru
bby t
o fer
ny to
dens
eLo
man
dra s
p.. E
. spa
rsifo
liara
re or
abse
nt. G
rade
s to
1030
grou
p as s
oils b
ecom
ede
eper
and 1
070 g
roup
towar
d edg
e of p
latea
u or
wher
e soil
s bec
ome m
ore
sand
y or s
hallo
w / r
ocky
(e.g.
towa
rd pa
goda
forma
tion)
412
65
Newn
es P
latea
uCa
perte
e Vall
eyTr
iassic
SS
Shelt
ered
slop
es an
dgu
llies.
Varia
nt do
mina
tedby
the s
tringy
bark
at he
ads
of gu
llies
Tall,
open
fore
st10
4129
E. b
laxlan
diiE.
radia
ta, E
. dive
s, E.
piper
ita, E
.cy
pello
carp
a, E
.or
eade
s
Shru
by oc
c. fer
ny3
1586
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Freq
uentl
y occ
urrin
g on
steep
slop
es de
scen
ding
from
Newn
es P
latea
u, wi
thE.
orea
des d
ense
and
domi
nant
Tall,
open
fore
st10
4226
E. o
read
esE.
radia
ta, E
. blax
landii
,E.
dive
s, E
. pipe
rita,
E.
siebe
ri, E
. cyp
elloc
arpa
Exten
ds to
lowe
r limi
ts for
E.
orea
des.
Over
laps w
ith10
70. D
ry sh
rubs
occ.
ferny
316
27
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Broa
d san
dston
e ridg
es an
dsh
elter
ed as
pects
with
deep
er so
ils.
Mid h
igh to
tall,
open
fore
st10
4329
E. p
iperit
aE.
sieb
eri, E
. spa
rsifo
liaoc
c E. b
laxlan
dii, E
.or
eade
s, E.
dive
s
110
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
1044
26E.
blax
landii
, E.
sieb
eri,
E. ra
diata
+ / -
E.
orea
des+
/ -
E. p
iperit
a, E
.m
annif
era,
E. d
ives
136
0
1050
NEW
NES
PLAT
EAU
MONT
ANE
/ SUB
ALPI
NE E
UCAL
YPT
FORE
ST A
ND W
OODL
ANDS
asso
ciate
d wi
th co
ld h
ollo
ws o
n Tr
iassic
sand
ston
e ( E
. man
nife
ra / E
. pau
ciflo
ra / E
. scle
roph
ylla /
E. d
alrym
plea
na )
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed s
lopes
and r
idges
and e
xpos
ed ge
ntle
depr
essio
ns an
d fro
stho
llows
of hi
gh el
evati
onpla
teau.
Cold
air dr
ainag
e
Low
to mi
d high
, woo
dland
toop
en w
oodla
nd10
5026
aE.
man
nifer
a, E
.pa
uciflo
ra, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.sc
lerop
hylla
E. o
read
es, E
. dive
s,E.
radia
ta45
0
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns67
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
and s
inks
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed g
entle
depr
essio
ns, fr
ost h
ollow
san
d low
grad
ient g
ullies
ofhig
h elev
ation
plate
au
Low
to mi
d high
, woo
dland
toop
en w
oodla
nd10
5114
E. m
annif
era,
E.
pauc
iflora
, E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E. o
read
es, E
. dive
s,E.
scler
ophy
lla, E
.ra
diata
Expo
sed g
ullies
and
drain
age l
ines.
Unde
rstor
eyva
ries f
rom
dens
eLe
ptos
perm
um th
icket
toop
en fo
rbs a
nd tu
ssoc
kgr
ass.
1023
used
whe
regu
llies a
re m
ore e
ntren
ched
in sa
ndsto
ne
160
3
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed s
lopes
and r
idges
.Of
ten le
ading
to te
a tre
ethi
cket
drain
age l
ines.
Soils
shall
ow an
d roc
ky
Low
to mi
d high
, woo
dland
toop
en w
oodla
nd10
5226
aE.
E. m
annif
era
E.sc
lerop
hylla
E. d
ives,
E. o
read
es, E
.pa
uciflo
ra, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.ra
diata
. (E
. pipe
rita+
/ -
)
Shru
bby i
nclud
es B
.sp
inulos
a, A
.nan
a. M
allee
soc
pres
ent (
E. g
regs
onian
a,E.
mult
icauli
s) E.
pipe
rita o
ccpr
esen
t to ea
st
158
6
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed s
lopes
and r
idges
1053
52E.
pau
ciflor
aE.
man
nifer
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
a2
71
1053
14Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SEx
pose
d slop
es an
d ridg
es.
1055
26a
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E.
dalry
mple
ana
E. o
read
es, E
. dive
s23
1
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed s
lopes
and r
idges
.Of
ten le
ading
to T
ea-tr
eethi
cket
drain
age l
ines.
Soils
shall
ow an
d roc
ky.
1056
26a
E. m
annif
era,
E.
dives
+ / -
E
. ore
ades
+ / -
E. s
ieber
i+ / -
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E.
pauc
iflora
E. d
ives s
ometi
mes a
ssoc
only
226
8
1070
MONT
ANE
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
AND
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
ridg
es o
n Tr
iassic
sand
ston
e ( E
. pip
erita
/ E. s
ieber
i / E.
scler
ophy
lla u
suall
y pre
sent
; E. b
laxlan
dii /
E. ra
diat
a rar
e or a
bsen
t)Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Cape
rtee V
alley
Trias
sic S
SEx
pose
d slop
es an
d ridg
es.
Mid h
igh to
tall,
wood
land t
o ope
nfor
est
1070
32E.
pipe
rita,
E. s
ieber
i, E.
scler
ophy
lla, E
.sp
arsif
olia,
A.lit
tora
lis(lo
cal)
E. m
annif
era,
E.
orea
des (
at low
erlim
its),
E. b
laxlan
dii /
E. ra
diata
rare
or ab
sent.
High
elev
ation
sand
stone
s. Ne
ar lim
it of E
.or
eade
s. Lo
w sh
rubs
tohe
athy.
E. p
uncta
taes
senti
ally a
bsen
t on
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne.
719
26
1070
30
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns68Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed u
pper
slop
es an
drid
ge to
ps. O
ften s
warm
ingpo
st fire
regr
owth
on na
rrow
ridge
lines
. Low
thin
diame
ter tr
ees
Mid h
igh to
tall,
open
fore
st10
7130
E. si
eber
i, E. p
iperit
a+ /
- E
. spa
rsifo
liaE.
pipe
rita s
ometi
mes a
ssoc
.sh
rubb
y1
1019
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
comm
only
occu
rring
onex
pose
d roc
ky en
ds of
ridge
lines
lead
ing to
heath
land o
r esc
arpm
ent
cliffs
Low
to tal
l, woo
dland
to op
enwo
odlan
d10
7328
E. sc
lerop
hylla
E. si
eber
i, E. p
iperit
a, E
.sp
arsif
olia,
E. o
read
esSh
rubb
y to h
eathy
with
L..
trine
rvium
, B. s
pinulo
sa et
c.E.
pipe
rita
occ.
co-d
omina
nt.
419
55
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Mid h
igh to
tall,
wood
land t
o ope
nfor
est
1074
28E.
sieb
eri, E
.sc
lerop
hylla
E. p
iperit
a, E
.m
annif
era,
E. d
ives,
E.ra
diata
, E
. ore
ades
Comm
on on
ridge
s adja
cent
to hig
hway
lead
ing in
toLit
hgow
, E. o
read
es at
lowe
rlim
its
112
4
Newn
es P
latea
uCa
perte
e Vall
eyTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed u
pper
slop
es an
drid
ge to
psMi
d high
to ta
ll, wo
odlan
d to o
pen
fores
t10
7530
E. p
iperit
a, E
.sp
arsif
olia,
E. s
ieber
i+ /
-
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E.
punc
tata
E. sp
arsif
olia s
ometi
mes
asso
c. on
ly3
2826
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed u
pper
slop
eLo
w to
tall, o
pen f
ores
t10
7630
A.litt
orali
s1
7Co
xs V
alley
(Ben
Bull
en S
FNt
h)
Trias
sic S
SEx
pose
d upp
er sl
opes
and
broa
d ridg
e top
sLo
w to
tall, w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t10
7732
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E.
spar
sifoli
a, E
. sieb
eri,
E. m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. m
annif
era,
E. d
ives,
E. p
uncta
ta
E. sc
lerop
hylla
, E.
spar
sifoli
a, E
. sieb
eri+
/ -pr
edom
inant
on br
oad r
idge
tops a
nd P
ermi
an sl
opes
.Sp
p. oc
c. pr
esen
t nea
red
ges g
radin
g to 1
120.
247
7
Coxs
, Wolg
anVa
lleys
Perm
ian sh
ales +
sand
stone
collu
vium
Edge
s of T
riass
icsa
ndsto
ne an
d esc
arpm
ent
uppe
r slop
es. C
ommo
n as a
comm
unity
occu
rring
onsa
ndsto
ne co
lluviu
m ov
erup
per P
ermi
an se
dimen
ts(b
elow
cliff f
aces
)
Mid h
igh to
tall,
wood
land t
o ope
nfor
est
1079
27E.
pipe
rita,
E. s
ieber
i, E.
punc
tata
E. m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. ro
ssii
620
21
1079
30Sp
lit for
floris
tic as
semb
lage
1100
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th se
mi-s
helte
red
Perm
ian ta
lus s
lope
s ( E
. pun
ctat
a )
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns69
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
Valle
ys
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
of es
carp
ment
slope
sTa
ll to v
ery t
all op
en fo
rest
1100
3E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
punc
tata
, A.flo
ribun
da,
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E
.sp
arsif
olia,
E. b
laxlan
dii,
E. vi
mina
lis
E. m
elliod
ora
E.po
lyant
hem
os, E
.bla
kelyi
, E. f
astig
ata
Shru
bby a
nd fe
rny
283
6
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
Valle
ys
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
of es
carp
ment
slope
sTa
ll to v
ery t
all op
en fo
rest
1101
3E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
punc
tata
, A.flo
ribun
daE.
eug
enioi
des,
E.
mell
iodor
a, E
. fas
tigat
a,E.
poly
anth
emos
Shru
bby a
nd fe
rny.
Moist
.4
548
Wolg
an V
alley
Perm
ian +
sand
stone
/ sha
leco
lluviu
mSh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
of es
carp
ment
slope
soc
cupy
ing co
lluvia
l ben
ches
resu
lting f
rom
mass
move
ment
(slum
ping)
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
023
A.flo
ribun
da, E
.eu
genio
ides,
E.
punc
tata
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.m
elliod
ora
Moist
to in
terme
diate.
110
4
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
esca
rpme
nt slo
pes
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
033
E. p
uncta
ta, A
.flo
ribun
daE.
blak
elyi, E
.m
elliod
ora
Down
strea
m fro
m Gl
enDa
vis3
434
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
esca
rpme
nt slo
pes
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
043
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. c
anno
nii,
E. m
elliod
ora
E. p
olyan
them
os,
Inter
media
te-dr
y. Le
ss dr
ytha
n 114
6. E.
mell
iodor
aoc
c. as
soc.
only.
339.3
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
esca
rpme
nt slo
pes.
Prob
ably
on co
lluviu
m
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
053
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.bla
xland
iiE.
cann
onii
Inter
media
te-dr
y.1
274
Perm
ian +
sand
stone
/ sha
leco
lluviu
mSh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
of es
carp
ment
slope
s on
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
neco
lluviu
m
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
063
E. si
eber
i, E.
blax
landii
,E.
pipe
rita,
E. p
uncta
taE.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
orea
des (
Cox’s
Vall
ey),
E. m
elliod
ora,
E.
polya
nthe
mos
115
6
1140
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
asso
ciate
d wi
th P
erm
ian ta
lus s
lope
s ( E
. pun
ctat
a / E
. pol
yant
hem
os )
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
Valle
ys
Perm
ianDr
y esc
arpm
ent s
lopes
onPe
rmian
sedim
ents
below
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne
Mid h
igh to
tall o
pen f
ores
t11
4021
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii /
spar
sifoli
a, E
.po
lyant
hem
os, E
.m
elliod
ora,
E. f
ibros
a,E.
ross
ii,
E. a
lbens
A.flo
ribun
da, E
. blak
elyi,
E. cr
ebra
,
Callit
rissp
p.
E. p
olyan
them
os, E
. albe
ns, E
. mell
iodor
a, E
. fibr
osa
comm
on on
ly in
Cape
rtee
and W
olgan
Vall
eys
223
20
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns70Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianDr
y esc
arpm
ent s
lopes
onPe
rmian
sedim
ents
below
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
4140
E. fib
rosa
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. ro
ssii,
E.po
lyant
hem
os, E
.m
elliod
ora
285
6
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianDr
y esc
arpm
ent s
lopes
onPe
rmian
sedim
ents
below
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
4332
E. p
uncta
ta, E
. ros
sii, E
.sp
arsif
olia
E. m
elliod
ora,
E.
polya
nthe
mos
, E.
man
nifer
a, E
. dive
s
Drier
, gen
erall
y mor
e ope
ntha
n 114
6. Hi
gher
elev
ation
> 80
0m oc
c. E.
man
nifer
aan
d E. d
ives o
n upp
erslo
pes /
ridge
top.
E. ro
ssii
can b
e loc
ally d
omina
nt in
drier
area
s
174
1143
21Ca
perte
e Vall
eyPe
rmian
Dry e
scar
pmen
t slop
es on
Perm
ian se
dimen
ts be
lowTr
iassic
sand
stone
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
4438
E. p
uncta
ta, E
. fibr
osa
E. cr
ebra
, E. s
pars
ifolia
,Ca
llitris
1015
29
1144
41Ca
perte
eVa
lley,
Wolg
an V
alley
Perm
ianDr
y esc
arpm
ent s
lopes
onPe
rmian
sedim
ents
below
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
4621
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. c
anno
nii,
E. p
olyan
them
os
E. m
elliod
ora,
E. r
ossii
,E.
albe
nsE.
poly
anth
emos
varie
s,so
metim
es do
mina
nt /
codo
mina
nt an
d som
etime
sas
soc.
Grad
es in
to 11
61 an
d11
63. M
ore d
ry tha
n 110
4.Si
milar
to 15
94 bu
t SS
abov
e and
E. p
uncta
tapr
esen
t in 11
46
1125
88
Occu
rs at
chan
ge of
grad
e.Gr
ades
to S
hoalh
aven
grp?
1148
21E.
poly
anth
emos
, E.
blake
lyi, E
. mell
iodor
aE.
pun
ctata
, E. c
anno
niiCo
mmon
ly oc
curs
below
1146
, Gra
des i
nto 15
95. E
.bla
kelyi
usua
lly pr
esen
t
119
7
1160
CAPE
RTEE
DRY
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th lo
wer P
erm
ian se
dim
ent r
idge
s ( E
. pun
ctat
a / E
. spa
rsifo
lia / E
. ten
ella )
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
Valle
ys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es (o
n Per
mian
cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding
from
steep
er P
ermi
anslo
pes g
radin
g to D
evon
ianme
tased
imen
ts
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6038
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. t
enell
a,E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E
. cre
bra
/fib
rosa
, E. r
ossii
,Ca
llitris
, E. n
ubila
E. p
olyan
them
os, E
.m
elliod
ora,
E.
molu
ccan
a / E
. albe
ns,
E. a
lbens
, E. d
ealba
ta+
/ -
Ridg
e top
s and
uppe
rslo
pes.
Fine l
eave
d strin
gy(E
. ten
ella?
) and
E. p
uncta
tatyp
ically
pres
ent.
223
94
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns71
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Wolg
an an
dCa
perte
eVa
lleys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es on
lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding f
rom
steep
erPe
rmian
slop
es gr
ading
toDe
vonia
n meta
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6138
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. t
enell
a?,
E. m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii+
/ - E
. cre
bra
/fib
rosa
+ / -
E. m
elliod
ora,
E.
molu
ccan
a / E
. albe
ns,
E. p
olyan
them
os, E
.alb
ens,
E. ro
ssii,
Callit
ris
Fine c
anop
y tex
ture.
Ironb
ark i
s usu
ally E
. cre
bra.
E. ro
ssii o
cc. c
odom
inant
orloc
ally d
omina
nt in
place
s.
414
61
Wolg
an an
dCa
perte
eVa
lleys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es on
lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding f
rom
steep
erPe
rmian
slop
es gr
ading
toDe
vonia
n meta
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6238
E. p
uncta
ta, E
. cre
bra
E. te
nella
Fine c
anop
y tex
ture,
occu
rring
on rid
ge to
ps9
Wolg
an an
dCa
perte
eVa
lleys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es on
lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding f
rom
steep
erPe
rmian
slop
es gr
ading
toDe
vonia
n meta
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6438
E. fib
rosa
E. p
uncta
ta, E
. ten
ella,
E. p
olyan
them
osFin
e can
opy t
extur
e,loc
alise
d on r
idge t
ops.
Tend
s to o
ccur
towa
rd en
dsof
ridge
s tha
t dro
p into
stee
pgu
llies o
r gor
ges.
Perh
aps
part
of 15
93 or
1596
?
147
Wolg
an an
dCa
perte
eVa
lleys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es on
lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding f
rom
steep
erPe
rmian
slop
es gr
ading
toDe
vonia
n meta
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6538
E. ro
ssii
E. te
nella
, E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii
Very
dry o
pen p
atche
s1
18
Wolg
an an
dCa
perte
eVa
lleys
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Ridg
es on
lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
exten
ding f
rom
steep
erPe
rmian
slop
es gr
ading
toDe
vonia
n meta
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6638
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E.
tene
lla?,
Callit
ris
On rid
ge to
ps, u
suall
y sma
llcro
wns o
ccur
ring w
ithin
1161
270
1
Cape
rtee
Valle
ysLo
wer P
ermi
an se
dimen
ts(co
nglom
erate
?)Ri
dges
on lo
wer P
ermi
anse
dimen
ts (co
nglom
erate
?)ex
tendin
g fro
m ste
eper
Perm
ian sl
opes
grad
ing to
Devo
nian m
etase
ds
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
6739
E. n
ubila
, E.
fibro
sa /
creb
ra, C
allitr
is+ /
-E.
albe
ns, E
. dea
lbata
,E.
molu
ccan
a, E
.pu
ncta
ta
433
8
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns72Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Lowe
r Per
mian
sedim
ents
(cong
lomer
ate?)
Tran
sition
al ge
ology
. Stee
plow
er P
ermi
an si
de sl
opes
grad
ing to
Dev
onian
metas
edim
ents.
Alt >
500m
at W
side
of va
lley
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1168
38E.
albe
ns,
E.
punc
tata
+ / -
E
. cre
bra
/ fibr
osa+
/ -
Callit
ris, E
. mell
iodor
a,E.
dea
lbata
(loca
l)Tr
ansit
ional
wbx t
ype.
Simi
lar to
1593
but
trans
itiona
l Per
mian
grad
ingto
Devo
nian m
etase
dimen
ts(1
593=
Perm
ian on
ly)Tr
ansit
ional
with
1271
but E
.pu
ncta
ta pr
esen
t. 118
0 grp
used
if E.
pun
ctata
isun
likely
and E
. dea
lbata
ismo
re ab
unda
nt (st
eep d
ryop
en an
d Call
itris
pres
ent)
420
13
1170
TALL
OPE
N EU
CALY
PT F
ORES
T as
socia
ted
with
Per
mian
sedi
men
t gul
lies (
Box
- Gu
m S
pecie
s )W
olgan
and
Cape
rtee
Valle
ys
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianGu
llies d
raini
ng fr
omPe
rmian
esca
rpme
nt foo
tslo
pes o
n Per
mian
sedim
ents
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
7021
E. b
lakely
i, E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.br
idges
iana,
E.
vimina
lis, E
. spa
rsifo
lia,
E. p
uncta
ta
E. ca
nnon
ii, E.
polya
nthem
os35
5
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianGu
llies d
raini
ng fr
omPe
rmian
esca
rpme
nt foo
tslo
pes o
n Per
mian
sedim
ents
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
7213
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.br
idges
iana,
E. b
lakely
ii,E.
mell
iodor
a
E. po
lyanth
emos
,A.
florib
unda
383
2.5
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianMa
jor gu
llies d
raini
ng fr
omPe
rmian
esca
rpme
nt foo
tslo
pes
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
7313
E. vi
mina
lisPe
rhap
s mer
ge w
ith 11
72.
Both
alluv
ial an
dint
erme
diate-
moist
131
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianGu
llies d
raini
ng fr
omPe
rmian
esca
rpme
nt foo
tslo
pes o
n Per
mian
sedim
ents
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
7420
E. b
lakely
ii, E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.br
idges
iana
+ / -
, E.
punc
tata
+ / -
E. a
lbens
, A.flo
ribun
da,
E. vi
mina
lis6
1686
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
esca
rpme
nt an
d foo
t slop
egu
llies.
Exten
ds w
ell do
wnslo
pe to
meta
seds
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st11
7521
E. vi
mina
lis,
E.
punc
tata
, E. s
pars
ifolia
(NS)
E. b
laxlan
dii,
E.
blake
lyi, E
. brid
gesia
naNe
eds s
ampli
ng. ?
Mudg
eeR1
2 / 38
.20
0
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianMo
unt A
irly. S
helte
red s
ideslo
pes a
nd gu
llies
1176
3E.
vim
inalis
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
17
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns73
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
esca
rpme
nt an
d foo
t slop
egu
llies.
1177
41E.
pun
ctata
domi
nant
E. b
lakely
ii, E.
mell
iodor
a, E
. cre
bra
/fib
rosa
21
1180
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
AND
PIN
E W
OODL
ANDS
asso
ciate
d wi
th P
erm
ian / D
evon
ian co
mpl
ex ri
dges
and
gorg
es (
E. al
bens
/ E. d
ealb
ata /
C. e
ndlic
heri
)Ca
perte
e Vall
eyDe
vonia
nSt
eep a
nd ex
pose
d(D
evon
ian?)
side
slop
esLo
w to
mid h
igh w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
8042
E. d
ealba
ta, E
. albe
ns,
C. e
ndlic
heri,
E. c
rebr
a+/ -
B. p
opuln
eus,
E.fib
rosa
, E. c
anno
nii, E
.m
olucc
ana
Grad
es in
to 12
7155
9
Cape
rtee V
alley
Devo
nian
Stee
p and
expo
sed
(Dev
onian
?) si
de sl
opes
Low
to hig
h woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1181
42E.
albe
nsE.
dea
lbata
E. c
rebr
a /
fibro
sa, C
allitr
is, E
.m
olucc
ana
E. a
lbens
domi
nant.
Use
1271
for v
alley
ridge
s / s
ideslo
pes a
nd un
dulat
ing r
ises.
If E. p
uncta
ta lik
ely an
d les
sex
pose
d us
e 159
3
314
40
Cape
rtee V
alley
Devo
nian
Expo
sed (
Devo
nian?
) dr
yrid
ge to
ps an
d side
slop
esLo
w to
mid h
igh w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t11
8242
E. a
lbens
C. e
ndlic
heri,
E. d
ealba
ta+
/ -,
E.
creb
ra+
/ -
E. ca
nnon
ii, B.
popu
lneus
Use i
f Call
itris
abun
dant
and
E. d
ealba
ta pr
esen
t. If ta
ller
site h
eight
and E
. dea
lbata
not a
bund
ant c
onsid
er 12
71.
If E. p
uncta
ta lik
ely us
e15
92.
538
83
Devo
nian
Stee
p and
expo
sed
(Dev
onian
?) si
de sl
opes
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1183
42E.
dea
lbata
, E. c
rebr
aC.
end
liche
riLo
cally
obse
rved a
t'W
aterva
le'48
1190
MT W
ALKE
R SH
ELTE
RED
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th D
evon
ian m
etas
edim
ents
( E.
fast
igat
a / E
. vim
inali
s )Co
xs V
alley
(Mou
nt W
alker
)De
vonia
nSh
elter
ed as
pects
, gull
iesTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen f
ores
t11
9034
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.fa
stiga
ta, E
. dive
sE.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
pauc
iflora
11
1190
4Co
xs V
alley
(Mou
nt W
alker
)De
vonia
nSh
elter
ed as
pects
, gull
iesTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen f
ores
t11
9134
E. vi
mina
lis, E
. dive
sE.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
pauc
iflora
313
2
Coxs
Vall
ey(M
ount
Walk
er)
Devo
nian
Shelt
ered
aspe
cts, g
ullies
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1192
4E.
fasti
gata
,E.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
pauc
iflora
117
1200
MT V
INCE
NT T
ALL
OPEN
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th T
ertia
ry b
asalt
capp
ing
( E.
vim
inali
s )Ca
perte
e Vall
eyTe
rtiary
Basa
ltBa
salt c
apTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen f
ores
t12
009
E. vi
mina
lisE.
pau
ciflor
a30
2
1230
COX
VALL
EY D
RY E
UCAL
YPT
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
Per
mian
/ Dev
onian
ridg
es (
E. r
ossii
/ E. m
anni
fera
)
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns74Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Coxs
Vall
ey(L
idsda
le -
Moun
t Walk
er)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
y slop
es an
d ridg
e top
smi
d high
to ta
ll, wo
odlan
d to o
pen
fores
t12
3034
E. ro
ssii,
E. m
annif
era,
E. d
ives,
E. b
ridge
siana
,E.
sieb
eri (l
ocal)
E. m
elliod
ora,
E.
pauc
iflora
, E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E.
rubid
a, E
.m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
Gene
ral <
1000
. E. s
ieber
iloc
alise
d occ
urre
nces
)1
1273
Coxs
Vall
ey(L
idsda
le -
Moun
t Walk
er)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
y slop
es an
d ridg
e top
smi
d high
to ta
ll, wo
odlan
d to o
pen
fores
t12
3134
E. ro
ssii,
E. m
annif
era,
E. d
ives
E. b
ridge
siana
, E.
mell
iodor
aE.
brid
gesia
na m
ay be
locall
y cod
omina
nt in
less
expo
sed s
ites.
In mo
res
expo
sed s
ites E
. ros
siityp
ically
domi
nates
716
90
Coxs
Vall
eyMo
unt W
alker
Devo
nian
Expo
sed u
pper
slop
es an
drid
ge to
psTa
ll, op
en fo
rest
1236
34E.
sieb
eri
E. ro
ssii,
E. m
annif
era,
E. sp
arsif
olia
121
1240
COX
VALL
EY D
RY E
UCAL
YPT
FORE
ST as
socia
ted
with
par
tly sh
elter
ed sl
opes
and
min
or w
ater
cour
ses (
E. d
ives /
E. b
ridge
siana
)Co
xs va
lley
(Cox
Riv
/Fa
lnash
)
Perm
ianMi
nor w
aterco
urse
s, Dr
ypa
rtly sh
elter
ed sl
opes
and
gullie
s
Very
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fore
st12
4036
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.br
idges
iana,
E.
mell
iodor
a, E
. dive
s, E.
man
nifer
a. E
.da
lrym
plean
a
E. b
lakely
i23
8
Coxs
Vall
ey(L
idsda
le -
Moun
t Walk
er)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
y par
tly sh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
mid h
igh to
tall,
wood
land t
o ope
nfor
est
1241
36E.
dive
s, E.
brid
gesia
na,E
. ros
sii, E
. man
nifer
a2
79
Coxs
Vall
ey(L
idsda
le -
Moun
t Walk
er)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
y par
tly sh
elter
ed sl
opes
and g
ullies
mid h
igh to
tall,
wood
land t
o ope
nfor
est
1242
36E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.m
annif
era
E.br
idges
iana
E. ro
ssii,
E. d
ives
166
Coxs
Vall
eyPe
rmian
Dry p
artly
shelt
ered
slop
esan
d gull
iesTa
ll woo
dland
/ for
est
1243
35E.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
dives
E. m
annif
era,
E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E
. ros
sii, E
.pa
uciflo
ra
129
7
1250
COX
VALL
EY E
UCAL
YPT
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
hig
h ele
vatio
n rid
ges (
E. r
ubid
a / E
. dalr
ympl
eana
)Co
xs V
alley
Perm
ianVa
lley f
loor r
emna
nts on
gentl
y und
ulatin
g slop
esan
d rise
s. Hi
ghly
modif
iedlan
ds (c
leare
d / se
mi-
clear
ed fo
r gra
zing)
,
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1250
12E.
rubid
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
a E.
pauc
iflora
, E. v
imina
lis,
E. d
ives,
E. m
annif
era
E. ro
ssii,
E. b
ridge
siana
Mostl
y > 90
05
557.8
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns75
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
1250
33Co
xs V
alley
(Faln
ash )
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
y slop
es an
d ridg
e top
sMi
d high
to ta
ll, wo
odlan
d to o
pen
fores
t12
5133
E. d
ives,
E. m
annif
era
E. ro
ssii,
E. ru
bida,
E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.br
idges
iana,
E.
pauc
iflora
, E.
dalry
mple
ana
253
8
1270
CAPE
RTEE
GRA
SSY
EUCA
LYPT
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
low
eleva
tion
slope
s and
rise
s ( E
. alb
ens /
E. m
ellio
dora
/ E. m
oluc
cana
)Ca
perte
e Vall
eyPe
rmian
/ Dev
onian
Valle
y floo
r rem
nants
onge
ntly u
ndula
ting s
lopes
rises
and l
ow gr
adien
tdr
ainag
e line
s. Ty
picall
ylan
ds hi
ghly
modif
ied(cl
eare
d / se
mi-cl
eare
d for
graz
ing),
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1270
19E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.m
olucc
ana,
E. a
lbens
,E.
blak
elyi, A
.florib
unda
,E.
creb
ra
B. p
opuln
eus,
Callit
ris10
80
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianVa
lley f
loor r
emna
nts on
gentl
y und
ulatin
g slop
es /
rises
and r
esidu
al rid
ges.
On hi
ghly
modif
ied la
nds
some
elem
ents
remo
ved
leavin
g box
/ iro
nbar
kwo
odlan
d / op
en w
oodla
nd.
Ironb
ark a
nd C
allitri
s mor
eab
und o
n rise
s. E
ast o
fMo
unt A
irly.
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1271
19E.
albe
ns,
E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.m
olucc
ana,
E. c
rebr
a+/ -
, C
allitr
is+ /
-
E. b
lakely
i,B.
popu
lneus
,A.
florib
unda
, E
.de
albat
a+ / -
Vario
us co
mbina
tions
due t
ocle
aring
/ fra
gmen
tation
. E.
alben
s typ
ically
domi
nant
orco
domi
nant,
partic
ularly
inpa
ddoc
k / pa
sture
impr
oved
area
s (eg
csr>
4 and
distur
b=29
). E
. cre
bra,
Callit
ris so
metim
es ab
sent
orv s
parse
in 'p
astur
eim
prov
ed la
nds'.
Com
mon
on re
sidua
l Per
mian
rises
/rid
ges i
n E pa
rt of
valle
y.Gr
ades
into
drier
1180
E.
dealb
ata g
rp. E
. mell
iodor
aloc
ally d
omina
nt or
codo
mina
nt. G
rade
s into
1180
grp a
nd 15
93.
343
22
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns76Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
valle
ys
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianVa
lley f
loor r
emna
ntsoc
cupy
ing lo
w gr
adien
tslo
pes a
nd dr
ainag
e line
s.Hi
ghly
modif
ied la
nds
(clea
red /
semi
-clea
red f
orgr
azing
),
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1275
19E.
molu
ccan
aE.
blak
elyi
215
7
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
valle
ys
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianGu
llies a
nd si
de sl
opes
adjac
ent w
aterco
urse
s12
7720
A.flo
ribun
daE.
albe
ns, E
.m
olucc
ana,
E. c
rebr
a,Ca
llitris
121
1274
CAPE
RTEE
GRA
SSY
EUCA
LYPT
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
low
grad
ient w
ater
cour
ses (
E. b
lakely
i / E.
mell
iodo
ra / A
.flor
ibun
da )
Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
valle
ys
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianVa
lley f
loor r
emna
ntstyp
ically
occu
pying
deep
ermo
re m
oist s
oils o
n low
grad
ient s
lopes
and
drain
age l
ines.
Also
occu
rson
stre
amsid
e slop
es.
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1274
20E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.bla
kelyi
, A.flo
ribun
da+
/-
E. a
lbens
, E.
molu
ccan
a, E
. vim
inalis
,E.
creb
ra, E
.br
idges
iana
E. m
elliod
ora s
ometi
mes
domi
nant
in hig
hly m
odifie
dlan
ds. E
. side
roxy
lonoc
casio
nally
pres
ent o
nad
jacen
t foot
slope
s.
336
91
1280
CAPE
RTEE
GRA
SSY
EUCA
LYPT
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
limes
tone
/ mar
l ( E
. mol
ucca
na / E
. alb
ens )
Cape
rtee V
alley
Limes
tone /
mar
lFo
ot slo
pes,
inter
mitte
ntlin
ear li
mesto
ne / m
arl
outcr
ops
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t12
8016
E. m
olucc
ana,
Xant
horrh
oea
E. cr
ebra
, B. p
opuln
eus,
Callit
risGr
assy
(Spin
ifex s
ometi
mes
pres
ent)
52
Cape
rtee V
alley
Limes
tone /
mar
lFo
ot slo
pes,
inter
mitte
ntlin
ear li
mesto
ne / m
arl
outcr
ops
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t12
8116
Xant
horrh
oea
E. m
olucc
ana,
B.
popu
lneus
Gras
sy (S
pinife
x som
etime
spr
esen
t)2
57
Cape
rtee V
alley
Limes
tone /
mar
lFo
ot slo
pes,
inter
mitte
ntlin
ear li
mesto
ne / m
arl
outcr
ops
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t12
8218
E. m
olucc
ana
Xant
horrh
oea,
E.
creb
ra, B
. pop
ulneu
s,Ca
llitris
Gras
sy (S
pinife
x som
etime
spr
esen
t)2
741
Cape
rtee V
alley
Limes
tone /
mar
lSE
part
of Ca
perte
e Vall
ey12
8318
E. m
olucc
ana,
E. c
rebr
aCa
llitris
, Strin
gyba
rk (E
.sp
arsif
olia?
),A.
florib
unda
Not s
ure i
f mar
l. Inte
rgra
dewi
th re
sidua
l Per
mian
ridge
s? P
erha
ps re
class
as15
99?
141
5.7
1300
TALL
RIP
ARIA
N FO
REST
( E.
vim
inali
s / C
asua
rina c
unni
ngha
mian
a )Co
xs / W
olgan
/Ca
perte
eva
lleys
Perm
ian? /
Dev
onian
Coxs
, Wolg
an, C
aper
teeRi
vers
and m
ajor t
ributa
ries
Very
tall c
losed
to op
en fo
rest
1300
54E.
vim
inalis
,A.
florib
unda
,C.
cunn
ingha
mian
a, E
.
E. te
retic
ornis
, E.
mell
iodor
a, S
tringy
bark
(E. e
ugen
ioide
s?)
140
6
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns77
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
blake
lyi, E
. brid
gesia
na
Coxs
/ Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
valle
ys
Perm
ian? /
Dev
onian
Coxs
, Wolg
an, C
aper
teeRi
vers
and m
ajor t
ributa
ries
Very
tall c
losed
to op
en fo
rest
1301
54E.
vim
inalis
+ / -
,A.
florib
unda
, E
.bla
kelyi
, E. b
ridge
siana
C.cu
nning
ham
iana,
E.
mell
iodor
a1
296
1301
54Co
xs / W
olgan
/Ca
perte
eva
lleys
Perm
ian? /
Dev
onian
Major
tribu
taries
Very
tall c
losed
to op
en fo
rest
1302
56E.
vim
inalis
+ / -
A.flo
ribun
da, C
.cu
nning
ham
iana
E. b
lakely
iSi
milar
to 12
74 bu
t stre
ammo
re de
velop
ed an
d car
ries
E. vi
mina
lis
558
8
1302
54W
olgan
Rive
r13
0356
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.eu
genio
ides
E. b
lakely
i, E.
mell
iodor
a27
1304
55E.
vim
inalis
, E.
bridg
esian
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, C
.cu
nning
ham
iana
E. p
aucif
lora,
E.
stellu
lata
Cox V
alley
SW
of M
ount
Walk
er1
54
1320
MONT
ANE
MALL
EE C
OMPL
EX as
socia
ted
with
Tria
ssic
sand
ston
eNe
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
Sve
ry ex
pose
d bro
ad fla
tcre
sts sh
allow
soil,
abov
e11
00. G
rade
s into
tree
malle
e in p
laces
Tall t
o ver
y tall
mall
ee w
oodla
ndto
open
mall
ee w
oodla
nd13
2045
E. st
ricta
, E. m
ultica
ulis,
E. a
picula
ta,
B.sp
inulos
a
E. p
aucif
lora.
E.
dalry
mple
ana,
A.n
ana
Open
sedg
y und
etore
y, dr
yhe
ath2
98
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
very
expo
sed b
road
flat
crests
shall
ow so
il, ab
ove
1100
. Gra
des i
nto tr
eema
llee i
n plac
es
Tall t
o ver
y tall
mall
ee w
oodla
ndto
open
mall
ee w
oodla
nd13
2145
E. st
ricta
, E. m
ultica
ulis,
E. m
annif
era
145
1330
MONT
ANE
HEAT
HLAN
D CO
MPLE
X as
socia
ted
with
Tria
ssic
sand
ston
eNe
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SEx
tensiv
e hea
th. E
xpos
edsk
eletal
soils
Mid h
igh to
tall h
eathl
and t
o ope
nhe
athlan
d13
3046
B.er
icifo
lia, A
. nan
a,Ha
kea
tere
tifolia
, E.
apicu
lata
Malle
es, E
. man
nifer
a,E.
scler
ophy
lla1
495
1330
44Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SSk
eletal
soils
on ex
pose
das
pects
. Exte
nsive
A.na
nahe
ath ty
picall
y dom
inates
orco
domi
nant.
Mid h
igh to
tall h
eathl
and t
o ope
nhe
athlan
d13
3144
A. n
ana
Malle
es, E
. man
nifer
a,E.
scler
ophy
llaSo
ils sk
eletal
. Exp
osed
rock
not e
xtens
ive,
192
1331
47
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns78Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Expo
sed r
ock t
erra
ces.
Comm
only
asso
ciated
with
1340
and 1
350
Mid h
igh to
tall h
eathl
and t
o ope
nhe
athlan
d13
3244
A. n
ana,
Hak
eate
retifo
lia, B
anks
iaer
icifo
lia
E. a
picula
taEx
pose
d roc
k ter
race
s4
910.6
1340
MONT
ANE
ROCK
COM
PLEX
asso
ciate
d wi
th T
riass
ic sa
ndst
one
Newn
es P
latea
uTr
iassic
SS
Rock
comp
lex th
at inc
ludes
vario
us gr
owth
forms
(not
feasib
le to
map a
s disc
rete
units
).
Rock
comp
lex13
4044
Callit
ris rh
ombo
idea,
Alloc
asua
rina s
pp.,
Lept
ospe
rmum
spp.,
Hake
a te
retifo
lia, e
tc
E. sc
lerop
hylla
Rock
outcr
ops n
ear p
agod
as2
787
1340
2913
50RO
CKLA
NDRo
cklan
d (>7
5% ro
ck)
1350
43Ro
ckTy
picall
y <10
veg c
over
.10
5Ne
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SEs
senti
ally s
ands
tone
pago
da ro
ck fo
rmati
on13
5143
Rock
417
97
1360
NEW
NES
PLAT
EAU
MONT
ANE
GULL
Y SW
AMP-
HEAT
H CO
MPLE
X as
socia
ted
with
Tria
ssic
sand
ston
eNe
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SDr
ainag
e line
habit
at. Lo
wgr
adien
t, imp
eded
drain
age
Tall t
o ver
y tall
shru
bland
1360
50L.
obo
vatu
m, B
.sp
inulos
aSw
amps
and S
edge
lands
739
4
1370
NEW
NES
PLAT
EAU
MONT
ANE
HANG
ING
SWAM
P CO
MPLE
X as
socia
ted
with
Tria
ssic
sand
ston
eNe
wnes
Plat
eau
Trias
sic S
SAs
socia
ted w
ith se
epag
ear
eas o
n sha
llow
soils
over
rock
, typic
ally o
n mod
erate
to ste
ep gr
adien
ts.Co
mmon
ly oc
cupy
ingse
epag
e ove
r roc
k sca
rps
and a
bove
cliff
lines
.
Mid h
igh to
tall s
hrub
land
1370
51Le
pidos
perm
a lim
icola,
L. ju
niper
inum
,Gl
eiche
nia et
c
E. g
regs
onian
a
Newn
es P
latea
u13
7151
Lepid
ospe
rma
limico
la,L.
junip
erinu
m,
E. g
regs
onian
a2
270
Newn
es P
latea
u13
7251
Gleic
henia
etc.
313
90MO
NTAN
E GR
AMMI
NOID
SW
AMP
x13
9053
Gram
mino
id sw
amp
Poa
labilla
rdier
i, Car
exetc
Poa
lab, C
arex
etc.
297
1400
MT W
ALKE
R SU
BALP
INE
EUCA
LYPT
WOO
DLAN
D as
socia
ted w
ith hi
gh el
evati
on D
evon
ian rid
ges (
E. v
imina
lis / E
. pau
ciflor
a )Co
xs V
alley
(Mou
nt W
alker
)De
vonia
nUp
per s
lopes
, ridg
e top
sMi
d high
to ta
ll, op
en fo
rest
1400
14E.
vim
inalis
, E.
pauc
iflora
E. d
alrym
plean
a,A.
falci
form
is, E
. dive
s
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns79
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Coxs
Vall
ey(M
ount
Walk
er)
Devo
nian
Uppe
r slop
es, r
idge t
ops
Low
to Mi
d high
, ope
n for
est
1401
14E.
pau
ciflor
aE.
vim
inalis
, E. s
ieber
i,E.
dive
s, E
.da
lrym
plean
a
14
1402
14E.
vim
inalis
, E.
pauc
iflora
17
1410
COX
VALL
EY M
ONTA
NE / S
UBAL
PINE
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
/ WOO
DLAN
D as
socia
ted
with
cold
air d
rain
age f
lats a
nd w
ater
cour
ses (
E. p
aucif
lora
/ E. d
alrym
plea
na / E
. vim
inali
s, E.
aggr
egat
a )Co
xs V
alley
(Lids
dale
-Fa
lnash
)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianDr
ainag
e line
s and
flats
with
cold
air dr
ainag
e and
sink
sTa
ll to v
ery t
all, w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t14
1011
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.da
lrym
plean
a E.
bridg
esian
a, E
.pa
uciflo
ra, E
. ste
llulat
a,E.
agg
rega
ta
E. m
elliod
ora
E. d
ives,
E. m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. ru
bida
423
5
Coxs
Vall
eyPe
rmian
Valle
y floo
r rem
nants
occu
pying
low
grad
ient
drain
age l
ines a
nd fla
ts.Hi
ghly
modif
ied la
nds
(clea
red /
semi
-clea
red f
orgr
azing
),
Tall t
o ver
y tall
ope
n for
est
1411
15E.
agg
rega
ta, E
.da
lrym
plean
aE.
rubid
a, E
. pau
ciflor
a,E.
stell
ulata
, E. d
ives,
E.vim
inalis
800-
900
116
1
Coxs
Vall
eyPe
rmian
Valle
y floo
r rem
nants
occu
pying
low
grad
ient
drain
age l
ines a
nd fla
ts.Hi
ghly
modif
ied la
nds
(clea
red /
semi
-clea
red f
orgr
azing
),
Tall t
o ver
y tall
ope
n for
est
1412
11 E
. dalr
ymple
ana
E. ru
bida,
E. p
aucif
lora,
E. d
ives,
E. a
ggre
gata
800-
900
237
1
Coxs
Vall
eyPe
rmian
Valle
y floo
r rem
nants
occu
pying
low
grad
ient
drain
age l
ines a
nd fla
ts.Hi
ghly
modif
ied la
nds
(clea
red /
semi
-clea
red f
orgr
azing
),
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1413
15E.
agg
rega
taE.
rubid
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.pa
uciflo
ra, E
. ste
llulat
a,E.
vim
inalis
800-
900
124
Coxs
Vall
ey(L
idsda
le -
Falna
sh)
Perm
ian / D
evon
ianMa
in wa
terco
urse
s with
cold
air dr
ainag
e and
sink
sVe
ry tal
l, woo
dland
to op
en fo
rest
1414
11E.
vim
inalis
, E.
dalry
mple
ana
E.br
idges
iana,
E.
pauc
iflora
E. m
elliod
ora
E. d
ives,
E. st
ellula
ta, E
.m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii
>800
673
9
1414
35
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns80Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Coxs
valle
yW
aterco
urse
s with
cold
airdr
ainag
e and
sink
sMi
d high
to ta
ll ope
n for
est
1416
15E.
pau
ciflor
a, E
.ste
llulat
aE.
brid
gesia
na1
10
1420
COXS
VAL
LEY
DRY
OPEN
EUC
ALYP
T W
OODL
ANDS
asso
ciate
d wi
th P
erm
ian es
carp
men
t slo
pes a
nd ri
dges
( E
. ros
sii / E
. dive
s / E
. can
noni
i )Co
x Vall
eyPe
rmian
Dry e
scar
pmen
t slop
es on
Perm
ian se
dimen
ts .
Easte
rn pa
rt of
valle
yoc
curs
below
Tria
ssic
sand
stone
, Lim
ited
pres
ence
of re
sidua
lTr
iassic
sand
stone
atW
ester
n side
of va
lley (
E. g.
Ben B
ullen
)
Mid h
igh to
tall o
pen f
ores
t14
2037
E. m
acro
rhyn
cha
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. ro
ssii,
E.div
es
E. m
annif
era,
E. r
ubida
,E.
spar
sifoli
a4
1378
Coxs
Vall
ey(B
en B
ullen
SF
Sth)
Perm
ian14
2137
E. ro
ssii,
E. d
ives,
E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii+ / -
E.m
annif
era+
/ -
E. sp
arsif
olia
1510
67
Coxs
Vall
ey(B
en B
ullen
SF
Sth)
Perm
ianDr
y exp
osed
slop
es an
drid
ge to
ps. L
ittle o
r no S
Sab
ove
Low
to tal
l, woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1423
37E.
ross
iiE.
dive
s, E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E.
man
nifer
a,E.
rubid
a
E. d
ives o
cc. c
odom
inant
with
E. ro
ssii
219
9
Coxs
Vall
ey(B
en B
ullen
SF
Sth)
Perm
ianSe
mi sh
elter
ed as
pects
1424
33E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E.
dive
s, E.
man
nifer
a
E. ro
ssii
167
1427
32E.
spar
sifoli
aE.
man
nifer
a, E
. ros
siiLid
sdale
slop
es an
d ridg
es14
1430
MONT
ANE
/ SUB
ALPI
NE E
UCAL
YPT
FORE
ST / W
OODL
AND
asso
ciate
d wi
th h
igh
eleva
tion
ridge
tops
and
sem
i-she
ltere
d slo
pes (
E. p
aucif
lora
/ E. d
alrym
plea
na / E
. rad
iata )
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d to s
emi-s
helte
red
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
306
E. p
aucif
lora,
E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E.
radia
ta
E. ru
bida,
E. v
imina
lis,
E. d
ives,
E.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.fa
stiga
ta
286
0
1430
14Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Expo
sed t
o sem
i-she
ltere
drid
ge to
ps an
d slo
pes
1431
14E.
pau
ciflor
a,E.
rubid
a, E
. vim
inalis
,E.
dive
s, E.
dalry
mple
ana
219
5
Gurn
ang -
Expo
sed t
o sem
i-she
ltere
d14
386
E. d
alrym
plean
a, E
.E.
pau
ciflor
a, E
. dive
s,6
735
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns81
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Jeno
lanrid
ge to
ps an
d slo
pes
radia
taE.
fasti
gata
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
vimina
lis14
40MO
NTAN
E / S
UBAL
PINE
DRY
GRA
SSY
WOO
DLAN
DS as
socia
ted
with
exp
osed
hig
h ele
vatio
n rid
ges (
E. d
ives /
E. r
ubid
a / E
. vim
inali
s )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Expo
sed d
ry rid
ge to
ps an
dslo
pes
1440
14E.
dive
s, E
. rub
ida, E
.pa
uciflo
ra, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.vim
inalis
E. ra
diata
133
2
1440
31Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Expo
sed d
ry rid
ge to
ps an
dslo
pes
1443
31E.
dive
sE.
pau
ciflor
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.ra
diata
, E. v
imina
lis
129
8
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
4431
E. d
ives,
E.da
lrym
plean
aE.
radia
ta, E
. vim
inalis
417
4.8
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
4514
E. p
aucif
lora,
E. r
ubida
213
2
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
4614
E. ru
bida
E. p
aucif
lora
32
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
4731
E. d
ives,
E. ru
bida
E. vi
mina
lis2
259
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s14
4831
E. vi
mina
lisE.
rubid
a, E
. dive
s1
282
1450
MONT
ANE
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
/ WOO
DLAN
D as
socia
ted
with
expo
sed
high
elev
atio
n ri
dge t
ops (
E. s
ieber
i / E.
radi
ata )
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanNo
t san
dston
e. On
gran
ite?,
Silur
ian m
etase
dimen
ts?Ri
dge t
ops,
spur
s and
uppe
r slop
es14
5025
E. si
eber
i, E. r
adiat
aE.
dive
s, E.
cype
lloca
rpa,
E.
blaxla
ndii
212
0
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanNo
t san
dston
e. On
gran
ite?,
Silur
ian m
etase
dimen
ts?Ri
dge t
ops,
spur
s and
uppe
r slop
es14
5125
E. si
eber
iE.
radia
ta, E
. dive
s2
31
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanNo
t san
dston
e. On
gran
ite?,
Silur
ian m
etase
dimen
ts?Ri
dge t
ops,
spur
s and
uppe
r slop
es14
5225
E. ra
diata
E. si
eber
i, E. d
ives
255
1460
TABL
ELAN
DS T
ALL
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
ESTS
asso
ciate
d wi
th se
mi s
helte
red
aspe
cts a
nd g
ullie
s ( E
. dalr
ympl
eana
/ E. r
adiat
a )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Semi
-shelt
ered
to sh
elter
edas
pects
and g
ullies
1460
6E.
dalr
ymple
ana,
E.
vimina
lisE.
fasti
gata
, E. r
adiat
a,E.
dive
s, E.
pau
ciflor
a2
804
Gurn
ang -
Semi
-shelt
ered
to sh
elter
ed14
626
E. d
alrym
plean
aE.
pau
ciflor
a, E
. dive
s,2
45
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns82Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Jeno
lanas
pects
and g
ullies
E. ra
diata
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
aspe
cts an
d gull
ies14
6511
E. vi
mina
lisE.
dive
s, E.
dalry
mple
ana
329
3
1470
MONT
ANE
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
- as
socia
ted
with
shelt
ered
aspe
cts a
nd g
ullie
s ( E
. fas
tigat
a )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Shelt
ered
aspe
cts an
dgu
llies
1470
5E.
fasti
gata
, E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E.
vimina
lis, E
. rad
iata
E. p
aucif
lora
487
8
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSh
elter
ed as
pects
and
gullie
s14
715
E. fa
stiga
taE.
dalr
ymple
ana
219
0.8
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSh
elter
ed as
pects
and
gullie
s14
725
E. fa
stiga
ta, E
.da
lrym
plean
aE.
radia
ta, E
. pau
ciflor
a12
1203
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSh
elter
ed as
pects
, gull
iesan
d cre
eks
1474
5E.
fasti
gata
, E. v
imina
lisE.
pau
ciflor
a1
63
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d to s
emi-s
helte
red
ridge
s14
755
E. fa
stiga
ta, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.ra
diata
E. p
aucif
lora
Sligh
tly dr
ier va
r tha
n 147
24
319.2
1490
MONT
ANE
/ SUB
ALPI
NE E
UCAL
YPT
FORE
STS
/ WOO
DLAN
D as
socia
ted
with
gul
lies a
nd m
ajor w
ater
cour
ses (
E. p
aucif
lora
/ E. d
alrym
plea
na / E
. vim
inali
s )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Gullie
s and
majo
rwa
terco
urse
s14
9011
E. p
aucif
lora,
E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E.
vimina
lis
E. st
ellula
ta E
. rub
ida10
0
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanGu
llies
1491
11E.
pau
ciflor
a, E
.da
lrym
plean
aE.
stell
ulata
, E.
fasti
gata
, E.
vim
inalis
211
6
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanLo
w gr
adien
t stre
ams /
river
s14
9311
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.da
lrym
plean
aE.
stell
ulata
, E.
pauc
iflora
, E. r
adiat
a22
8
1500
SUBA
LPIN
E EU
CALY
PT F
ORES
T / W
OODL
AND
asso
ciate
d wi
th co
ld ai
r dra
inag
e flat
s and
wat
erco
urse
s ( E
. ste
llulat
a )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Cold
air dr
ainag
e sink
s and
water
cour
ses
1500
15E.
stell
ulata
, E.
pauc
iflora
E. ra
diata
, E.
dalry
mple
ana
133
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanCo
ld air
drain
age s
inks a
ndwa
terco
urse
s15
0115
E. st
ellula
taE.
pau
ciflor
a, E
. rad
iata,
E. d
alrym
plean
a2
54
1510
ACAC
IA C
OMPL
EX as
socia
ted
with
pre
vious
dist
urba
nce (
vario
us sp
p. )
x15
1058
Vario
us sp
p.19
7Ob
eron
1511
58A.
dea
lbata
20Je
nolan
1512
58A.
falci
form
is13
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns83
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee
Dry r
idge t
ops (
Box-
Ironb
ark-P
ine)
Tree
grow
th for
m re
gera
ted fr
ompa
st cle
aring
1513
58A.
chee
lii2
67
1514
58A.
ixiod
esTy
picall
y low
and d
ense
,as
soc w
ith se
vere
distur
banc
e. O
ccur
s as
dens
e us a
s well
asdo
mina
nt co
mmun
ity.
Grad
es in
to ma
rl as w
ell as
E. d
awso
nii15
20W
OLGA
N-CA
PERT
EE T
ALL
FORE
ST as
socia
ted
with
stre
amsid
e flat
s and
esca
rpm
ent f
oot s
lope
s ( E
. pun
ctat
a / A
.flor
ibun
da )
Cape
rtee a
ndW
olgan
Vall
eys
Perm
ianlow
er fo
ot slo
pes a
djace
ntrip
arian
comm
unitie
s alon
gCa
perte
e and
Wolg
anRi
vers
Tall t
o ver
y tall
open
fore
st15
2054
E. p
uncta
ta,
A.flo
ribun
da, E
. blak
elyii
410
9
1540
MT A
IRLY
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th T
riass
ic sa
ndst
one (
E. p
iper
ita / E
. spa
rsifo
lia )
Cape
rtee V
alley
(Mou
nt Ai
rly)
Trias
sic S
SSh
elter
ed to
semi
-shelt
ered
sites
comm
only
occu
rring
betw
een s
ands
tone
outcr
ops
1540
27E.
pipe
rita,
E.
spar
sifoli
a, E
. can
nonii
,E.
man
nifer
a
118
Cape
rtee V
alley
(Mou
nt Ai
rly)
1541
29E.
pipe
rita
212
9
1541
27Ca
perte
e Vall
ey(M
ount
Airly
)15
4227
E. p
iperit
a, E
.sp
arsif
olia,
E. m
annif
era
Domi
nant
comp
ositio
nva
ries,
one m
ay be
loca
llyab
sent.
322
1
1550
TALL
OPE
N EU
CALY
PT F
ORES
T AN
D W
OODL
AND
asso
ciate
d wi
th sm
all re
sidua
l Ter
tiary
bas
alt ca
ppin
g ( E
. can
noni
i / E.
vim
inali
s )Ca
perte
e Vall
eyTe
rtiary
basa
ltBa
salt c
apTa
ll to v
ery t
all, o
pen f
ores
t15
5010
E. vi
mina
lis, E
.ca
nnon
ii, E
. man
nifer
aE.
poly
anth
emos
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
87
Cape
rtee V
alley
Tertia
ry ba
salt
Basa
lt cap
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1552
10E.
vim
inalis
E. ca
nnon
ii, E.
polya
nthe
mos
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
328
Cape
rtee V
alley
Tertia
ry ba
salt
Basa
lt cap
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1553
10E.
cann
onii,
E.m
annif
era
121
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns84Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Tertia
ry ba
salt
Basa
lt cap
Tall t
o ver
y tall
, ope
n for
est
1554
10E.
poly
anth
emos
E. vi
mina
lis, E
. can
nonii
4
1560
CAPE
RTEE
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th re
sidua
l san
dsto
ne ca
ppin
g ( E
. pun
ctat
a / E
. spa
rsifo
lia )
Cape
rtee V
alley
Trias
sic S
SUp
per s
lopes
and b
road
ridge
tops
Low
to tal
l, woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1560
21E.
pun
ctata
, E.
spar
sifoli
aE.
pipe
rita,
E. c
anno
nii2
463
Cape
rtee V
alley
Trias
sic S
SSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
gullie
sLo
w to
tall, w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t15
6121
E. p
uncta
taE.
spa
rsifo
lia, E
.pip
erita
, E. c
anno
niiFin
e spli
t, per
haps
merg
e156
1 and
1560
126
1590
CAPE
RTEE
TRA
NSIT
IONA
L DR
Y EU
CALY
PT F
ORES
T / W
OODL
AND
asso
ciate
d wi
th lo
wer P
erm
ian se
dim
ents
gra
ding
to D
evon
ian si
de sl
opes
and
ridge
s ( E
. pun
ctat
a / E
. alb
ens i
nter
grad
e )Ca
perte
e Vall
eyPe
rmian
grad
ing to
Dev
onian
Perm
ian / D
evon
ian si
deslo
pes a
nd re
sidua
l ridg
es.
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1590
38E.
pun
ctata
, E
.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. c
anno
nii,
E. cr
ebra
/ fib
rosa
+ / -
,Ca
llitris
,
E.
alben
s, E.
ross
ii
E. m
olucc
ana,
E.
polya
nthe
mos
Gene
rally
larg
er cr
owns
than
1160
grp.
E pu
ncta
tatyp
ically
pres
ent.
210
59
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianPe
rmian
/ Dev
onian
side
slope
s and
resid
ual ri
dges
.Lo
w to
mid h
igh w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t15
9121
E. p
uncta
ta,
E.
spar
sifoli
a, E
. cre
bra
/fib
rosa
+ / -
E. a
lbens
, Call
itris,
E.
polya
nthe
mos
E. p
uncta
ta us
ually
domi
nant.
Also
comm
on in
shelt
ered
gullie
s with
in fin
ecro
wn rid
ge sy
stem.
216
60
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianPe
rmian
/ Dev
onian
ridge
san
d side
slop
es. A
lt > 50
0mat
mid v
alley
(e.g.
'Wate
rvale'
)
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1592
38Ca
llitris
, E. p
uncta
ta,
E. sp
arsif
olia
/ E.
cann
onii,
E. cr
ebra
/fib
rosa
+ / -
E. a
lbens
, E.
molu
ccan
aCa
llitris
co-d
omina
nt or
locall
y dom
inant.
Use
1180
grp f
or st
eepe
r drie
r site
slik
ely to
have
E. d
ealba
ta
290
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ian.
Mostl
y Per
mian
.Lo
w to
mid h
igh w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t15
9317
E. a
lbens
, E
.pu
ncta
ta+
/ -
E. c
rebr
a/ fi
bros
a+ / -
E. b
akely
i, A.flo
ribun
da,
E. sp
arsif
olia
/ E.
cann
onii,
Callit
ris,
E.
mell
iodor
a, E
. dea
lbata
(loca
l), E
. side
roxy
lon
Tran
sition
al wb
x typ
e.Si
milar
to 11
68 bu
t occ
urrin
gon
Per
mian
geol
only
(116
8gr
ades
to D
evon
ianme
tased
s) Oc
curri
ng m
id to
lower
Per
mian
slop
es, o
cc.
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne ab
ove.
Tran
sition
al wi
th 12
71 bu
t E.
punc
tata
pres
ent. A
lsooc
curs
SE C
aper
teePe
rmian
talus
lowe
r / m
idslo
pes.
314
89
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns85
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianOc
casio
nally
sand
stone
abov
e. O
ccur
ring a
t the
chan
ge in
grad
e fro
mPe
rmian
shale
slop
es to
resid
ual lo
wer P
ermi
anva
lley r
idges
(cong
lomer
ate?)
. Slig
htly
deep
er so
ils. G
rade
s to
1160
grp a
nd 12
71 gr
p in
place
s.
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1594
38E.
pun
ctata
, E.
cann
onii,
E. cr
ebra
/fib
rosa
+ / -
, E.
ross
ii
E. a
lbens
, E. b
lakely
ii,E.
poly
anth
emos
, E.
mell
iodor
a
Tran
sition
al Pe
rmian
shale
slope
s to P
ermi
anco
nglom
erate
(116
0 grp
) etc.
Less
stee
p tha
n159
5.Gr
ades
up to
1595
and
down
(alon
g) to
1160
.Pe
rhap
s mer
ge.
368
4
Cape
rtee a
ndW
olgan
Vall
eys
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianRe
sidua
l Per
mian
slop
es,
sand
stone
abov
e sca
nt or
abse
nt (n
ot ma
ssive
).Ty
picall
y situ
ated a
bove
1593
and 1
594.
On W
side
occu
rs ge
nera
lly ab
ove
650m
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1595
32E.
creb
ra /
fibro
sa+
/ -,
E. p
uncta
ta+
/ -,
E.sp
arsif
olia
/ E. c
anno
nii,
E. p
olyan
them
os, E
.m
elliod
ora,
E. r
ossii
E. m
annif
era,
E. d
ives,
E. a
lbens
Vario
us co
mbina
tions
.St
ringy
bark
and S
cribb
lyGu
m pr
obab
ly mo
reco
mmon
as a
sub t
ype.
Strin
gyba
rk alw
ays p
rese
nt.Oc
c. E.
man
nifer
a and
E.
dives
> 80
0m. O
cc. E
.alb
ens <
700m
. Com
mon o
nwe
stern
rim re
sidua
lPe
rmian
slop
es e.
g.Ca
perte
e are
a. Iro
nbar
kten
ds to
occu
r in lo
calis
edpa
tches
in m
ore e
xpos
edsp
urs a
nd as
pects
as an
open
fore
st wo
odlan
d.Sc
ribbly
Gum
- St
ringy
bark
comm
only
domi
nant
onre
sidua
l Per
mian
plate
au(sa
ndsto
ne?)
sites
e.g.
south
from
Cap
ertee
.Gr
ades
into
1594
and 1
160.
1021
06
1595
21
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns86Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ianSt
eep e
xpos
ed si
de sl
opes
asso
ciated
with
lowe
rPe
rmian
(con
glome
rate?
)va
lley r
idges
typic
ally
capp
ed by
1160
grp.
W si
deof
valle
y. Si
milar
to 15
93bu
t just
abov
e wbx
line.
Prob
ably
still o
n Per
mian
sedim
ents.
Low
to mi
d high
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1596
38E.
fibro
sa, E
. ros
sii, E
.pu
ncta
ta+
/ -E.
albe
ns, E
. can
nonii
95
Wolg
an V
alley
Perm
ian gr
ading
to D
evon
ian15
9821
E. m
elliod
ora
E. p
olyan
them
os1
61Ca
perte
e Vall
eyPe
rmian
grad
ing to
Dev
onian
Stee
p low
er P
ermi
an si
deslo
pes g
radin
g into
Devo
nian m
etase
ds.
Usua
lly be
low 11
60 gr
p. A
lt>
500m
at W
side
of va
lley
1599
38E.
creb
ra /
fibro
sa, E
.m
olucc
ana,
Call
itris
E. a
lbens
, E. s
pars
ifolia
184.8
1600
JENO
LAN
/ TUG
LOW
LIM
ESTO
NE R
OCK
SCRU
B - E
UCAL
YPT
WOO
DLAN
D CO
MPLE
X ( B
ursa
ria / D
odon
aea )
Rock
comp
lex th
at inc
ludes
vario
us gr
owth
forms
(not
feasib
leto
map d
iscre
te gr
owth
forms
).
1600
E. d
alrym
plean
a, E
.bic
osta
ta, B
ursa
riaDo
done
aeGu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Jeno
lan lim
eston
eRo
ck/sh
rub c
omple
x16
0123
Burs
aria,
Dod
onae
aB.
pop
ulneu
s3
29
1601
48Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Jeno
lan lim
eston
eRo
ck/w
oodla
nd co
mplex
1602
23E.
dalr
ymple
ana,
Burs
aria,
Dod
onae
aB.
pop
ulneu
s56
1602
48Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Jeno
lan lim
eston
eRo
ck/w
oodla
nd co
mplex
1603
23E.
bico
stata
, Bur
saria
,Do
dona
ea2
1603
48Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Limes
tone o
utcro
pping
Rock
comp
lex16
0448
Unide
ntifie
d roc
k, sh
rub,
gras
s etc.
27
1610
JENO
LAN
MONT
ANE
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
asso
ciate
d wi
th ex
pose
d rid
ge to
ps an
d slo
pes (
E. b
laxlan
dii )
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s16
1024
E. b
laxlan
dii, E
. rad
iata,
E. cy
pello
carp
aE.
sieb
eri, E
. pun
ctata
,E.
vim
inalis
19
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns87
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s16
1124
E. b
laxlan
diiE.
radia
ta, E
. pun
ctata
133
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s16
1224
E. b
laxlan
dii, E
. rad
iata
E. si
eber
i, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
325
2
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d dry
ridge
tops
and
slope
s16
1324
E. b
laxlan
dii, E
.cy
pello
carp
aE.
radia
ta, E
. vim
inalis
392
1620
JENO
LAN
GORG
E DR
Y EU
CALY
PT F
ORES
T ( E
. pun
ctat
a / E
. eug
einoi
des )
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
slope
s16
2022
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
punc
tata
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
E. m
elliod
ora
117
.9
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
slope
s16
2122
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
punc
tata
E. m
elliod
ora
293
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
slope
s16
2222
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
113
3
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSe
mi-sh
elter
ed to
shelt
ered
slope
s16
2322
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
punc
tata
, E.
cype
lloca
rpa
E. m
elliod
ora
165
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanEx
pose
d slop
es16
2422
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
punc
tata
, E. m
elliod
ora
Expo
sed,
more
open
varia
ntof
1620
27
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lan16
2522
E. cy
pello
carp
aE.
eug
enioi
des,
E.pu
ncta
ta3
1640
JENO
LAN
DRY
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
asso
ciate
d wi
th p
roxim
ity to
Jeno
lan lim
esto
ne (
E. b
icost
ata )
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSi
lurian
meta
sedim
ents
and
limes
tone,
ripar
ianSh
elter
ed sl
opes
1640
24E.
bico
stata
, E.
blaxla
ndii
Prox
imity
to lim
eston
e22
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSi
lurian
limes
tone
Shelt
ered
slop
es16
4124
E. b
icosta
ta1
6
1650
JENO
LAN
RIPA
RIAN
TAL
L EU
CALY
PT A
ND R
IVER
OAK
FOR
EST
Gurn
ang -
Jeno
lanSi
lurian
meta
sedim
ents
and
limes
tone,
ripar
ianRi
paria
nVe
ry tal
l ope
n for
est
1650
55E.
bico
stata
+ /
-, E.
dalry
mple
ana,
C.
cunn
ingha
mian
a
Prox
imity
to lim
eston
e (in
alluv
ium?)
16
1660
JENO
LAN
TALL
EUC
ALYP
T FO
REST
asso
ciate
d wi
th al
luvia
l rive
r flat
s ( E
. fas
tigat
a )Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Silur
ian m
etase
dimen
ts an
dlim
eston
e, rip
arian
Ripa
rian o
n rive
r flat
s.Je
nolan
Rive
r ups
tream
from
cave
s.
Very
tall o
pen f
ores
t16
605
E. fa
stiga
ta, E
.da
lrym
plean
a, E
.vim
inalis
Occu
rring
on al
luvium
.Pr
oxim
ity to
limes
tone
234
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns88Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
1670
JENO
LAN
GORG
E RO
UGHB
ARKE
D AP
PLE
FORE
ST (
A. fl
orib
unda
)Gu
rnan
g -Je
nolan
Semi
shelt
ered
to sh
elter
edslo
pes
1670
6A.
florib
unda
, E.
dalry
mple
ana
E. e
ugen
ioide
s, E.
fasti
gata
Adjac
ent to
majo
r stre
ams
(Jeno
lan R
iver)
13
1680
CAPE
RTEE
DRY
EUC
ALYP
T W
OODL
AND
asso
ciate
d wi
th ex
pose
d es
carp
men
t talu
s slo
pes (
E. m
ellio
dora
)Ca
perte
e Vall
eyPe
rmian
Dry e
scar
pmen
t slop
es on
Perm
ian se
dimen
ts be
lowTr
iassic
sand
stone
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t16
80E.
mell
iodor
a, E
.m
olucc
ana,
B.
popu
lneus
, Ficu
s spp
.
E. b
lakely
i, A.
florib
unda
, E. p
uncta
ta,
E. a
lbens
Unus
ual ty
pe, e
ast s
ectio
nCa
perte
e Vall
ey
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianDr
y esc
arpm
ent s
lopes
onPe
rmian
sedim
ents
below
Trias
sic sa
ndsto
ne
Mid h
igh to
tall w
oodla
nd to
open
fores
t16
8217
E. m
elliod
ora,
E.
molu
ccan
aE.
blak
elyi, E
. albe
nsEa
st se
ction
Cap
ertee
Vall
ey1
45
1690
CAPE
RTEE
DRY
EUC
ALYP
T W
OODL
AND
/ FOR
EST
asso
ciate
d wi
th es
carp
men
t talu
s foo
t slo
pes (
E. d
awso
nii )
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianMi
d to l
ower
slop
es on
Perm
ian se
dimen
tsex
tendin
g to v
alley
floor
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1690
41E.
daw
sonii
, E. a
lbens
,C.
endli
cher
i, E.
mell
iodor
a, E
. cre
bra
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.sid
erox
ylon,
E. b
lakely
i,A.
florib
unda
Tran
sition
al be
twee
n stee
per
talus
slop
e and
valle
y low
ergr
adien
t vall
ey flo
or bo
x grp
.Co
mpos
ition w
ithin
this
grou
p var
ies du
e to
distur
banc
e ass
ociat
ed w
ithac
cess
ibility
.
161
7
Cape
rtee V
alley
Perm
ianMi
d to l
ower
slop
es on
Perm
ian se
dimen
tsex
tendin
g to v
alley
floor
Tall t
o ver
y tall
woo
dland
to op
enfor
est
1691
41E.
daw
sonii
, C.
endli
cher
i, E. a
lbens
E. p
uncta
ta, E
.m
olucc
ana,
E.
sider
oxylo
n, E
.m
elliod
ora,
E. c
rebr
a
Expe
ct E.
daw
sonii
was
utilis
ed in
past
and i
n man
yar
eas w
as p
revio
usly
more
abun
dant.
220
1
1700
COX
VALL
EY T
ALL
EUCA
LYPT
FOR
EST
asso
ciate
d wi
th s
helte
red
Perm
ian sl
opes
and
gullie
s ( E
. dalr
ympl
eana
/ E. f
astig
ata )
Cox V
alley
Perm
ianSh
elter
ed es
carp
ment
slope
s on P
ermi
anse
dimen
ts.
Mid h
igh to
tall o
pen f
ores
t17
008
E. d
alrym
plean
a, E
.bla
xland
ii, E.
fasti
gata
,E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E.
spar
sifoli
a,E.
eug
enioi
des
E. vi
mina
lisUs
e 170
3 for
defin
ed gu
llies
and 1
700 f
or si
de sl
opes
164
5
1700
37Co
x Vall
ey(B
en B
ullen
SF
Sth)
1701
8E.
dalr
ymple
ana
E. b
laxlan
dii, E
.fa
stiga
ta40
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns89
Loca
lity
Geol
ogy
Topo
grap
hic P
ositi
on an
dHa
bita
tSt
ruct
ural
Form
atio
nAP
I Cod
eMa
p Un
itAl
loca
tion
CANO
PY 1
Com
mon
Dom
inan
t /
Codo
min
ants
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Coxs
Vall
ey(B
en B
ullen
SF
Sth)
Perm
ianRe
sidua
l Tria
ssic
sand
stone
in pr
oxim
ity? S
emi-
shelt
ered
sites
1702
37E.
blax
landii
, E.
mac
rorh
ynch
a / E
.ca
nnon
ii, E.
spar
sifoli
a,E.
eug
enioi
des
E. ro
ssii,
E. d
ives,
E.
bridg
esian
a1
217
1703
8E.
fasti
gata
, E.
dalry
mple
ana,
E.
cype
lloca
rpa
E. b
laxlan
dii63
9
2030
EXOT
ICS
x20
30Ex
otics
2031
60Ex
otic t
rees
(non
pine
,va
rious
spec
ies., W
illow
etc)
53
2032
60Ex
otic t
rees
(Syc
amor
e)10
x20
3359
Exoti
c tre
es (E
ucaly
pt /
Pine
mix,
Pine
> 30
%)
Exoti
c spe
cies i
ndica
ted by
distur
b fea
ture (
e.g. 3
4 for
pine)
280
x20
3459
Exoti
c tre
es (P
inepla
ntatio
n / w
oodlo
t /sh
elter
belt)
Includ
es in
frastr
uctur
esas
soc w
ith re
planti
ng /
harve
sted a
reas
etc
8611
2035
60Ex
otic s
hrub
/ scru
b(B
lackb
erry
etc)
Blac
kber
ry etc
.11
2060
RIPA
RIAN
COM
PLEX
Coxs
/ Wolg
an /
Cape
rtee
valle
ys
Perm
ian? /
Dev
onian
Coxs
, Wolg
an, C
aper
teeRi
vers
and m
ajor t
ributa
ries
Vario
us gr
owth
forms
inter
mixe
dwi
th ro
ck, w
ater a
nd gr
avel
beds
2060
5548
.5
Cape
rtee v
alley
Perm
ian? /
Dev
onian
Cape
rtee R
ivers
and m
ajor
tributa
ries
Ripa
rian s
crub
2061
57M
.linar
iifolia
etc.
31
2080
ROCK
COM
PLEX
- ge
neric
/ uni
dent
ified
Rock
comp
lex th
at inc
ludes
vario
us gr
owth
forms
(not
feasib
leto
map d
iscre
te gr
owth
forms
).
2080
4912
3000
INFR
ASTR
UCTU
RE -
vario
usx
3000
62Va
rious
20x
3010
62Tr
ansm
ission
Line
84
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns90Lo
calit
yGe
olog
yTo
pogr
aphi
c Pos
ition
and
Habi
tat
Stru
ctur
al Fo
rmat
ion
API C
ode
Map
Unit
Allo
catio
nCA
NOPY
1 C
omm
onDo
min
ant
/Co
dom
inan
ts
CANO
PY 2
Asso
ciate
s(S
ubsid
iary a
ndMi
nor)
Com
men
tsSi
tes
Area
Ease
ment
x30
2062
Road
and R
ailInf
rastr
uctur
es / V
erge
sInc
ludes
fire-
brea
ks13
7
x30
4062
Minin
g / Q
uarry
(and
Asso
ciated
Infra
struc
tures
)
220
x30
5062
Open
Wate
r (Da
msetc
.)51
.1
4000
CLEA
RED
/ SEV
EREL
Y DI
STUR
BED
LAN
DSx
4000
62Cl
eare
d lan
ds (t
ree
cove
r >5 C
SR)
Includ
es ve
ry sp
arse
lysc
atter
ed / i
solat
ed pa
ddoc
ktre
es i.E
. CSR
>5
949
099
4001
62Pi
onee
ring s
hrub
s /sa
pling
s pre
sent
94
4002
62Pl
anted
nativ
e spe
cies.
Eros
ion m
itigati
on et
c.16
Trias
sic S
SSa
ndsto
ne cl
iff, ro
ck fa
ll40
0362
Rock
550
00NO
T CL
ASSI
FIED
x50
0061
Not c
lassif
ied. R
efer t
oco
mmen
ts fie
ld7
112
5001
61No
t clas
sified
. Veg
remn
ants
< 1 h
a66
0
The
Veg
etat
ion
of th
e W
este
rn B
lue
Mou
ntai
ns91
APP
END
IX B
:PL
AN
T SP
ECIE
S LI
ST
Follo
win
g is
a li
st o
f the
nat
ive
and
exot
ic s
peci
es r
ecor
ded
from
sys
tem
atic
flor
a si
tes
from
the
stud
y ar
ea a
nd th
e ad
join
ing
envi
rons
with
in a
20
kilo
met
rera
dius
. Th
e lis
t is
sorte
d by
Div
isio
n, F
amily
and
then
by
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
of th
e sp
ecie
s.
A c
omm
on n
ame
is p
rovi
ded
whe
re o
ne h
as b
een
reco
gnis
ed in
exis
ting
liter
atur
e.
PTER
IDO
PHYT
AA
DIA
NTA
CEA
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Department ofEnvironment andConservation (NSW)