the various problems of contract system in construction ... · the various problems of contract...

DOI : 10.23883/IJRTER.2017.3287.XR3BG 143

The Various Problems of Contract System in Construction Industry

R.Naveen1, S.Priya2 1The Kavery Engineering College,Dept of Civil Engineering

2M.E,The Kavery Engineering College,Dept of Civil Engineering

Abstract- In construction industry the process of making a contract normally have so many

controversies and conflicts. Other than the main contractor, subcontractors deals with the supply of

material, services and labours. Construction mismanagement may start up with a single

subcontractor and also leads to damage the achieving planned budget and schedule. This project

examines about the problems raised in different types of contract such as labour contract, material

contract and total contract. The top most factors influencing the problem are identified by Relative

Important Index method with the help of questionnaire survey and then rank factors are evaluated.

This project helps to find out the proper solutions for the problems that arises in these 3 types of

contract and these problems will be rectified through the proper recommendation and suggestion.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTRACT In law, a contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more

parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements

of a contract are "offer" and "acceptance" by "competent persons" having legal capacity who

exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality of obligation.

1.2 FOUR ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT

An agreement must contain four essential elements to be regarded as a contract. If any one of them is

missing, the agreement will not be legally binding.

Offer

Acceptance

Intention of Legal Consequences

Consideration

1.3 LABOUR CONTRACT

Labor contracts are an important aspect of the American work force, as many companies farm out

portions of their workload to contractors, who provide needed services. Labor contracts vary by

individual company and specific responsibilities, but all must consist of general guidelines. That

includes description of duties, the length of the agreement, what type of payment will be made and

risks of the contractor undertaking the project.

1.4 MATERIAL CONTRACT

The Material Contracts clause generally encompasses two distinct parts:

A definition of contracts to be disclosed.

Representations regarding those disclosed contracts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligation

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

@IJRTER-2017, All Rights Reserved 144

1.5 TOTAL CONTRACT (TURNKEY CONTRACT)

Turnkey refers to something that is ready for immediate use, generally used in the sale or supply of

goods or services. The word is a reference to the fact that the customer, upon receiving the product,

just needs to turn the ignition key to make it operational, or that the key just needs to be turned over

to the customer.It is often used to describe a home built on the developer's land with the developer's

financing ready for the customer to move in. "Turnkey" is commonly used in the construction

industry, for instance, in which it refers to the bundling of materials and labour by Home Builder or

General Contractor. Similarly, this term may be used to advertise the sale of an established business,

including all the equipment necessary to run it, or by a business-to-business supplier providing

complete packages for business start-up.

1.6 SEVEN THINGS SHOULD BE CONSIDER WHILE SELECTING SUBCONTRACTOR

1. Experience

2. Accountability 3. Business Management.

4. Litigation

5. Processes:

6. Safety 7. Reputation:.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL A systematic literature on factors influencing the different type of contract system in construction

industry was carried out. Many authors have expressed their concerns about existing contract system.

Literature survey is conducted so as to find the major issues in different type of contracts by different

authors in construction industry. The paper related to type of contract in construction project shown

below.

LITERATURE COLLECTION

1) Engr. Anwar Zeb and Engr. Sohail Malik (2015) Material procurement and limited site space

can lead to serious problems including shortage of materials, improper storage, unsafe and poor

marking and productivity losses.

2) N.A.Mirawati and S.N.Othman (2015) In this study, serious problems such as poor quality, low

productivity, poor image, economic volatility, bureaucratic delays, and cost overruns.. Poor

cooperation, lack of trust and ineffective communication may results in adversarial relationships

between contracting parties. Coordination between main contractor and subcontractor is the major

problem in construction industry.

3) Ojo Stephen Okunlola et al., (2015) The relationship between the main and sub-contractors

leading to delays and at times abandonment. The result of the survey revealed that, main contractors

viewed delay of work and neglecting main contractor’s instruction as the major causes of interface

problems caused by sub-contractors.

4) Harry White and Ramesh Marasini (2014) The relationship between the main contractor and

subcontractor plays a significant role in successful delivery of projects. The lack of trust is a key

factor affecting the relationships between main contractor and sub contractor. Overall to improve the

MC/SC relationships, the interface requires more coordination with effective communication from

the MC management. Greater understanding will have a positive effect towards the performance in



the procurement and construction stages.

5) Jasper Mbachu and Samuel Taylor (2014) This study aimed to establish priority contractual

risks in the New Zealand construction industry and their mitigation measures. The research was

based on questionnaire survey and 21 risk factors have been identified. The 21 factors were

segregated into 6 board categories such as site condition, main contractor, pricing, subcontractor,

external and client related risks. The cost fluctuation resulting from instability in the foreign

exchange rates.

6) Nabil Dmaidi et al., (2013) The objectives of this paper are to study the construction contracting

sector in Palestine, highlighting this sector problems and obstacles from the perspective of local

contract parties. The problems faced by the construction sector are collected from the literature

review. These collected problems were sorted and classified into 11 major problems in order to

facilitate their study and collect the related information. Questionnaire responses were analyzed

using (SPSS) program, interviews with some experts and professionals of the local stakeholders were

held to enrich the research results.

7) Abdul Rahim Adbul Hamid et al., (2013) The purpose of this study are to estimate the current

shortage composition of construction labor, to evaluate the problem faced by contractor when hired

labor, and to investigate the strategies taken by contractor to overcome shortage of labor

8) Sigitas Mitkus and Tomas Mitkus (2013) The main cause of conflicts in the construction

industry is unsuccessful communication between the two parties. Unfair behavior of the parties to a

construction contract agreement and psychological defence are also identified as likely causes of

conflicts in the construction industry. The analysis is focused on conflicts between the parties

directly participating in the construction process.

9) S.Patil and P.R.Adavi et al., (2012) The investigation on this paper is supplier who is trusted and

who can be capable to maintain good quality and consistent supply of materials throughout the life of

the project and also the supplier should be open for long term relationship. Replenishment oflead

time, on time performance, supply flexibility/minimum lot size, supply quality, inbound

transportation cost, pricing terms, information coordination capability, design collaboration

capability,exchange rates, supplier viability are the important factor which affects the material

contract.

10)Nurul Azita Binti Salleh et al., (2012) This paper is to discuss the result of the interview with

the contractors regarding language problem issue that occur in the construction industry in Malaysia.

This language is often linked to communication and language is barrier to communication. Survey

showed that about 13.9% of the respondent said that language is the barrier to effective

implementation of work safety and health in the construction industry.

11)Ruth Mwikali and Stanley Kavale (2012) The main objective of this paper was to identify the

factors affecting selection of suppler selection. Analysis of factors affecting optimal supplier

selection includes trust, adequate finance, quality, reliable delivery time, adequate technical

capabilities. Production price, transportation cost also plays an important role during supplier

selection.

12) Lew Yoke-Lian and S. Hassim (2012) The ability of the general contractor and consultant to

deliver the project within time, quality and cost depends upon performance of subcontractor. The

conflicts between contractor, subcontractor and other project participants are occur due to cost



litigation and dissatisfied customer. 90% of total project value to a construction process contributes

more than 50% to the subcontractor.

13) N.Mohamad et al., (2010) This paper investigates the most significant causes contribute to the

variation orders in the construction of building projects. Data was collected from questionnaires

survey which is based on the literature reviews. The result from questionnaires survey revealed three

most significant causes variation orders such as Change of plan by owner, Substitution of materials

by owner.

14)Bill Davison and Richard J. Sebastian (2009) In this paper the major problematic

consequences examined were contract delays, contracts costs and contract termination. Successful

procurement of the right item, in the right quantity, for the right price, at the right time, with the right

quality leads to successful project completion. Every purchase should be evaluated for six types of

risks such as proposal risk, surety and liability risk, schedule risk, contractual risk, performance risk

and price risk. Change order, delays, cost, conflicts, definition of acceptance, poor performance, and

wrong product are the main contract administration problem in construction contract.

15) Wai Fan Wong et al., (2004) This paper reviews and address the common problems faced by

project parties, contractual issues in sub-contracting and the acute payment issues relating sub-

contractor. Any cost that may be incurred by the main contractor in re-fixing the defective materials

supplied, should be reimbursed by the nominated supplier and this may include loss and expense

caused by delay.

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL The methodology was framed through the initial literature study. The data collection and subsequent

processing would be done in the following two phases as follows. The main reason of the study is to

fulfill earlier stated objectives though the collection of data using questionnaire survey. The

methodology is set in order to gather the data to achieve the outlined of objectives.

3.1.1 Phase I Methodology The methodology adopted for phase I is given as flow chart in Figure 3.1



3.1.2 Phase I Methodology

The methodology adopted for phase II is given as flow chart in Figure 3.2

Figure3.2 PhaseII Methodology

3.2 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

3.2.1 Questionnaire Design The collected factors were used in developing a postal questionnaire with the objective of

investigating the important construction contracting problems. The designed questionnaire was

reviewed and pilot survey was conducted for that questionnaire.

Three types of questionnaire has been framed,

Questionnaire for labour contract.

Questionnaire for material contract.

Questionnaire for total contract.

The main objective of this questionnaire survey is to find out the major factors which affect the

different type of contract (labour contract, material contract and total contract) in the construction

industry. The framed questionnaire was attached in the APPENDIX of this report.

3.2.2 Data Analysis Data analysis is done by Relative Important Index method.The questions consist of recording the

number of response. The returned questionnaire was numerically coded to enter the data

systematically and efficiently. The ranking of factors was calculated based on Relative Importance

Index. The four-point scale ranged from 1 (always) to 4 (not consider) will be adopted and will be

transformed to Relative Importance Index



The formula used to calculate the reliability coefficient is shown in equation is as follows:

RII = Σ W / A * N

factor by the respondents (ranging from 1 to 4),

Where, W is the weighting given to each

A is the highest weight (i.e. 4 in this case) and

N is the total number of respondents.

The RII was used to rank (R) the different causes. These importance of the factors as perceived for

the groups of respondents. Each individual cause’s RII perceived by all respondents were used to

assess the general and overall rankings in order to give an overall picture of the various problems in

contract system. The same procedure was adopted for ranking the effects.The indices (RII) were then

used to determine the rank of each item (effect). The RII value had a range from 1 to 4, higher the

value of RII, always was the causes of contract system.

S.NO FACTORS

RII

RANK

VALUE

1 Mode of payment 0.50 0 35

2 Interpersonal behaviour of labour 0.57 1 17

3 Lack of communication between contractors 0.53 6 25

4 Wrong or miss communication between contractors 0.51 8 31

5 Low labour performance 0.53 6 25

6 Lethargical behaviour of labour 0.62 5 6

7 Imperfection of the labour 0.50 0 35

8 Difficult to adopt work place 0.55 4 22

9 Issues occur due to transportation cost 0.53 6 25

10 Conflicts occur due to fixed duration 0.57 1 17

11 Labour quotation 0.60 7 11

12 Inadequate wages for the labour 0.62 5 6

13 Attitude of labour in workplace 0.58 9 13

14 Working hours/day 0.51 8 31



IV. LABOUR LAWS

4.1 LABOUR LAW

The term ‘labour’ means productive work especially physical work done for wages. Labour law also

known as employment law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address

the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. There are two broad

categories of labour law. First, collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between

employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work

and through the contract for work.

Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced by the State Governments. Labour laws

enacted and enforced by the various State Governments which apply to respective States.

4.2 Classification of Labour Laws

Labour Laws may be classified under the following heads:

I. Laws related to Industrial Relations 1. Trade Unions Act, 1926

2. Industrial Employment Standing Order Act, 1946.

3. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

II. Laws related to Wages 1. Payment of Wages Act, 1936

2. Minimum Wages Act, 1948

3. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.

4. Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates) of Wages Act, 1958

III. Laws related to Working Hours, Conditions of Service and Employment 1. Factories Act, 1948.

2. Plantation Labour Act, 1951.

3. Mines Act, 1952.

4. Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.

5. Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961.

6. Beedi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966.

7. Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970.

V. LABOUR CONTRACT

The data were collected from 14 respondents, that collected data are to be analysed using Microsoft

excel and RII method for labour contract.

The following Table 5.1 shows the RII value and rank of the particular factor which affects the

labour contract.

Table 5.1 Rank table (RII method) for Labour Contract



Table 5.1 (Continued) Rank table (RII method) for Labour Contract

15 Often absenteeism of labour 0.589 17

`16 Strike by the labour in work place 0.607 13

17 Compensation incase of any accident or disease 0.607 13

18 Quality of workmanship 0.607 13

19 Migrant of labours 0.589 17

20 Job involvement of labour 0.679 7

21

Communication medium between contractor and

labour 0.786 1

22 Coordination between contractors 0.714 4

23 Lack of safety knowledge for labours 0.661 9

24 Unequal treatment of labours 0.536 24

25 Without wages when dismissed 0.571 20

26 Conflicts between labours 0.714 4

27 Unsatisfication of bonus 0.732 3

From the data analysis following results was obtained that shown in Table 5.2

Table 5.2 The top 5 factors for Labour Contract

S.NO FACTORS RANK

1 Communication medium between contractor 1

2 Lethargical behaviour of labour 2

3 Unsatisfication of bonus 3

4 Coordination between contractors 4

5 Conflicts between labours 4



5.2 MATERIAL CONTRACT The data were collected from 11 respondents that collected data are to be analysed using Microsoft

excel and RII method for material contract.

The following Table 5.3 shows the RII value and rank of the particular factor which affects the

material contract.

Table 5.3 Rank table (RII method) for Material Contract

S.NO FACTORS RII VALUE RANK

1 Delays in material delivery 0.591 14

2 Wrong material supply 0.595 24

3 Change in original order 0.545 24

4 Escalation of material 0.614 12

5 Delivery of damaged material 0.632 10

6 Unavailability material 0.591 14

7 Unavailability quantity 0.562 16

8 Lack of communication b/n labour &contactor 0.636 10

9 Payment delay 0.501 26

10 Unreliable supply 0.591 14

11 Third party certificate 0.500 20

12 Quality standard 0.568 12

13 Poor response from supplier 0.864 1

14 Procurement of material 0.591 14

15 Mode of transport 0.682 7

16 0.568 20

17 Gurantee for items 0.705 14

18 Size of storage yard 0.477 27

19 Improper handling 0.591 14

20 Coordination between supplier and contractor 0.727 3

21 Probability of material storage 0.614 12

22 Inability implementation 0.705 5

23 Conflicts occurs 0.568 20

24 Improper submission 0.682 7

25 Transportation cost 0.750 2

26 Delay in sample 0.569 9

27 Service capability 0.727 3




Table 5.4 The top 5 factors for Material Contract

5.3 TOTAL CONTRACT

Table 4.5 Rank table (RII method) Total Contract


S.NO FACTORS RANK

1 Quality standard of the material 1

2 Issues occur due to transportation cost 2

3 Coordination between supplier and contractor 3

4 Service capability of material contractor 3

5 Inability in implementing contract condition 5

6

Lack of proper inspection by the supplier

5

before delivery

S.NO FACTORS

RII

RANK

VALUE

1 Mode of payment 0.50 0 35

2 Interpersonal behaviour of labour 0.57 1 17

3 Lack of communication between contractors 0.53 6 25

4 Wrong or miss communication between contractors 0.51 8 31

5 Low labour performance 0.53 6 25

6 Lethargical behaviour of labour 0.62 5 6

7 Imperfection of the labour 0.50 0 35

8 Difficult to adopt work place 0.55 4 22

9 Issues occur due to transportation cost 0.53 6 25

10 Conflicts occur due to fixed duration 0.57 1 17



Table 5.6 The top 5 factors for Total Contract

S.NO FACTORS RANK

1 Quality of workmanship 1

2 Delay of payment 2

3 Coordination between subcontractor 3

4 Conflicts between labours 4

Contract Condition

4

5

VI. TEST FOR MATERIALS

6.1 TESTS TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR BRICKS

6.1.1 Compressive strength test

Ten bricks are used to perform this test and these are first measured individually at the mid-points of

the brick to determine their width and length. The measurements are recorded to the nearest

millimetre and the plan area calculated for the smaller of the two faces by multiplying the length and

width dimension. Bricks with single frog: The bricks are immersed in the cube tank for not less than

24 hours to achieve saturation. They are then removed from the tank and allowed to drain for not less

than 5 minutes and dried off to achieve a saturated surface dried condition. A mortar is prepared by

mixing rapid hardening cement in the proportion 1:3 (cement: sand) adding sufficient water to

produce a creamy workable consistency. The mortar is applied to the frogs in the bricks with a

spatula ensuring all the void is filled and the final surface is flush with the rim of the brick.

6.1.2 Water absorption test

The specimen is dried in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 1150C; till it attains

substantially constant mass. The specimen is cooled to room temperature and its weight is recorded

(M1) The dried specimen is immersed completely in clean water at a room temperature of 27±20C for

24 hours. The specimen is then removed and any traces of water are wiped out with a damp cloth and

the specimen is weighed. The weighing is completed 3min after the specimen has removed from

water(M2) Water absorption, percent by mass after 24 hours immersion in cold water is given by the

following formula

Water absorption = 𝑚2−𝑚1

𝑚1×100

6.2 TESTS TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR CEMENT

Initial & Final setting times

Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature of 27 + 20C and 65 + 5% of

relative humidity of the Laboratory. Prepare a paste of 300 grams of cement with 0.85 times the

water required to a give a paste of standard consistency. The time of gauging in any case shall not be

less than 3 minutes not more than 5 minutes and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of

setting occurs. Count the time of gauging from the time of adding water to the dry cement until



commencing to fill the mould. Fill the vicat mould with this paste making it level with the top of the

mould. Slightly shake the mould to expel the air. In filling the mould the operator hands and the

blade the gauging trowel shall only be used.

Initial Setting Time Immediately place the test block with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod bearing the initial

setting needle. Lower the needle and quickly release allowing it to penetrate in to the mould. In the

beginning the needle will completely pierce the mould . Repeat this procedure until the needle fails

to pierce the mould for 5 + 0.5mm. Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to

the cement to the time when needle fails to pierce the mould by 5 + 0.5mm as the initial setting time.

Final Setting Time Replace the needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular ring. Lower the needle and

quickly release. Repeat the process until the annular ring makes an impression on the mould. Record

the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to the time when the annular ring

fails to make the impression on the mould as the final setting time.

6.2.2 Consistency test Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature 27 + 20C and the relative

humidity of laboratory should be 65 + 5%. Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300gms)

with weighed quantity of potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less

than 3minutes nor more than 5minutes and the gauging is completed before any sign of setting

occurs. The gauging is counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to

fill the mould.

The formula for standard consistency of cement is given below

Standard consistency (%) =𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡×100

6.3 TESTS TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR AGGREGATE

6.3.1 Crushing test The test consists of subjecting the specimen of aggregate in standard mould to a compression test

under standard load conditions. Dry aggregates passing through 12.5 mm sieves and retained 10 mm

sieves are filled in a cylindrical measure of 11.5 mm diameter and 18 cm height in three layers. Each

layer is tamped 25 times with at standard tamping rod. The test sample is weighed and placed in the

test cylinder in three layers each layer being tamped again. The specimen is subjected to a

compressive load of 40 tonnes gradually applied at the rate of 4 tonnes per minute. Then crushed

aggregates are then sieved through 2.36 mm sieve and weight of passing material (W2) is expressed

as percentage of the weight of the total sample (W1) which is the aggregate crushing value.

Aggregate crushing value = (W1/W2)*100

6.3.2 Abrasion test The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to find the percentage wear due to relative rubbing

action between the aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charge.Los Angeles machine consists

of circular drum of internal diameter 700 mm and length 520 mm mounted on horizontal axis

enabling it to be rotated. An abrasive charge consisting of cast iron spherical balls of 48 mm

diameters and weight 340 -445 g is placed in the cylinder along with the aggregates. The number of



the abrasive spheres varies according to the grading of the sample. The quantity of aggregates to be

used depends upon the gradation and usually ranges from 5 -10 kg. The cylinder is then locked and

rotated at the speed of 30-33 rpm for a total of 500 -1000 revolutions depending upon the gradation

of aggregates.

After specified revolutions, the material is sieved through 1.7 mm sieve and passed fraction is

expressed as percentage total weight of the sample. This value is called Los Angeles abrasion value.

6.3.3 Impact test The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to impact of

aggregates. Aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is filled in a cylindrical

steel cup of internal dia 10.2 mm and depth 5 cm which is attached to a metal base of impact testing

machine. The material is filled in 3 layers where each layer is tamped for 25 numbers of blows.

Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 Kg is arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0 cm by vertical

guides and the test specimen is subjected to 15 numbers of blows. The crushed aggregate is allowed

to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve. And the impact value is measured as percentage of aggregates

passing sieve (W2) to the total weight of the sample (W1).

Aggregate impact value = (W1/W2)*100

VII. CONCLUSION

The major factors which affect the different type of contracts such as labour contract, material

contract and total contract are identified based on the literature review. This report includes problem

identification, methodology to achieve the objective, questionnaire survey and ranking of the top 5

factors for each contract.

With the predefined study methodology the top 5 factors are identified. From these top most factors,

the problem creating areas in these three types of contracts are identified. The proper format of

labour contract, material contract and total contract has been prepared and the suggested points by

reputed firm personnel are included in these contracts as a recommendation.

REFERENCES 1. Wai fan Wong and Charles Y.J. Cheah (2004), ‘Issues of contractual chain and sub contracting in the construction

industry’, Journals of Economics, Business and Management, Vol. 3.

2. Engr. Anwar Zeb (2015), ‘ Factors affecting material procurement, supply and management in building project of

pakistan: a contractor’s perspective International’, Journals of Business and Social Science, pp.170-175.

3. Lew Yoke Lian (2012), ‘Review of Subcontracting practice in construction Industry’, International Journals of

Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4.

4. Bill Davison and Richard J. Sebastian (2009), ‘Analysis of the Consequences of Contract Administration Problems

for Contract Types’, Journals of Management Research, Vol. 1.

5. Sigitas Mitkus and Tomas (2013), ‘Causes of conflicts in a construction industry: a communicational approach’,

ELSEVIER.

6. Nabil Dmaidi and Monther Dwaikat (2013), ‘Construction Contracting Management Obstacles in Palestine’,

International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.

7. Nurul Azita Binti Salleh (2012), ‘The Language Problem Issue among Foreign Workers in the Malaysian

Construction Industry’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 3.

8. Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid (2013), ‘The Construction Labour shortage in Johor Bahru, Malaysia’, International

Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 02.

9. N. Mohammad (2010), ‘Investigation on the causes of variation orders in the construction of building project – a

study in the state of Selangor, Malaysia’, Vol. 1.

10. Harry White and Ramesh Marasini (2014), ‘Management of Interface between Main Contractor and Subcontractors

for Successful Project Outcomes’, Journals of Engineering, Project and Production Management.

11. Ojo Stephen Okunlola (2015), ‘The effect of contractor-subcontractor relationship on construction duration in

Nigeria’, International Journals of civil Engineering and Contruction Science.

12. S.Patil, Prof. Mrs. P. R. Adavi (2012), ‘A Survey Study Of Supplier Selection Issues In Construction Supply



Chain’, International Journals of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 2.

13. N. A. Mirawati, S. N. Othman, and M. I. Risyawati (2015), ‘Supplier-Contractor Partnering Impact on Construction

Performance: A Study on Malaysian Construction Industry’, Journal of Economics, Business and Management,

Vol. 3.

14. Ruth Mwikali and Stanley Kavale (2012), ‘Factors Affecting the Selection of Optimal Suppliers in Procurement

Management’, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2.

15. Jasper Mbachu and Samuel Taylor (2014), ‘Contractual risks in the New Zealand construction Industry: Analysis

and mitigation measures’, International Journal of Construction supply chain Management’, Vol. 4.

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