the value of fashion uk indutry

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BRITISH FASHION COUNCILSomerset House, South WingStrand, London, WC2R 1LA+44 (0) 20 7759 [email protected]

THE VALUE OF THE UK FASHION INDUSTRY

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Contents01. Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................... 9

02. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................172.1 Study scope and objectives ................................................................................................................182.2 Designer fashion ....................................................................................................................................192.3 The broader fashion industry ..............................................................................................................192.4 The channels of economic impact .....................................................................................................212.5 Report structure .....................................................................................................................................22

03. Direct impact employment and GDP ...................................................................................................233.1 The economic value of the designer fashion sector ...................................................................263.2 Historical overview of the broader fashion industry .......................................................................263.3 Direct contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ...............................................................293.3.1 Production ...............................................................................................................................................293.3.2 Education ................................................................................................................................................323.3.3 Creative....................................................................................................................................................323.3.4 Marketing .................................................................................................................................................333.3.5 Media ........................................................................................................................................................343.3.6 Total direct contribution to UK GDP of the fashion industry .......................................................343.4 Direct contribution to employment ....................................................................................................373.5 Direct contribution to Exchequer revenue .......................................................................................41

04. Multiplier effects indirect and induced impacts ..............................................................................444.1 Indirect and induced impact on Gross Value Added (GVA) .......................................................474.2 Indirect and induced impact on employment ..................................................................................474.3 Indirect and induced contribution to the exchequer ......................................................................48

05. Estimating the value of spillover effects .............................................................................................505.1 Brand equity ...........................................................................................................................................51

Domestic brand equity ..............................................................................................................52International brand equity .........................................................................................................52

5.2 Tourism .....................................................................................................................................................55

06. A regional analysis of the UK fashion industry ....................................................................................576.1 Retail spending ......................................................................................................................................596.2 Manufacturing employment .................................................................................................................62

07. The wider value of fashion ..........................................................................................................................677.1 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) ..............................................................................................687.2 Labour force diversity ...........................................................................................................................697.3 Innovation ................................................................................................................................................72

08. SWOT analysis .................................................................................................................................................738.1 Strengths .................................................................................................................................................768.2 Weaknesses ...........................................................................................................................................778.3 Opportunities ..........................................................................................................................................778.4 Threats .....................................................................................................................................................788.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................79


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the value of the uK fashion industryCore steering Committee:

Caroline Rush,Chief Executive Officer, British Fashion Council

Simon Ward,Chief Operating Officer, British Fashion Council

Alan Freeman,Principal Economist, Greater London Authority (GLA)

Judith Rosser-Davies,Senior Development Manager, London Development Agency (LDA)

Raul Kharbanda,Head of Research and Customer Insight, UK Trade & Investment (UKTI)

funders:

British Fashion Council

LDA

UK Fashion & Textile Association (UKFT)

Aurora Fashions

Debenhams

House of Fraser

Land Securities

Marks & Spencer

New Look

09. Conclusions & proposed interventions ..................................................................................................819.1 Tackling the business/management skills gap: ..............................................................................839.2 Support for high-skilled manufacturing: ...........................................................................................849.3 Investment in the promotion of UK fashion: ....................................................................................849.4 Policies to attract further Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): .........................................................859.5 Export Promotion: ..................................................................................................................................859.6 Encouraging the growth of fashion clusters across the UK: .....................................................859.7 Policies and campaigns aimed at increasing the sustainability of production and reducing the

UK fashion industrys carbon footprint: ............................................................................................869.8 Improving statistical reporting of the fashion industry and sharing the evidence base .........869.9 Taking the industry into the future a unified approach ..............................................................87

Appendix A: Interview participants ..........................................................................................................................90

Appendix B: Estimation of GVA ................................................................................................................................92

Appendix C: Estimation of employment ..................................................................................................................97

Appendix D: Estimation of contribution to the Exchequer ..................................................................................99

Appendix E: Estimation of multiplier effects ....................................................................................................... 100

Appendix F: Estimation of regional breakdown .................................................................................................. 102

Appendix G: Estimation of labour force diversity .............................................................................................. 103

Appendix H: List of publications used in GVA estimate of media ................................................................. 104

Appendix I: Comparison of GVA and employment estimates with other creative industries .................. 105


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forewordThe UK fashion industry is one of the most vibrant and creative business sectors in this country. It has universal appeal and a unique DNA that has visually defined periods in time across the centuries.

Our industry is revered as a world-leader in fash-ion education, and we consequently produce some of the worlds most innovative designers, from John Galliano to Vivienne Westwood, and every year our talent creation schemes launch new stars on their way to global recognition. The designs shown at London Fashion Week are a catalyst for trends that are then seen via the media and retailers and eventu-ally worn by the public. The innovation and inspiration showcased on the catwalks drive the wheels of our industry, and have been likened to Research & De-velopment in other great industries the absence of which would leave a stagnated sector.

The past two decades have seen considerable changes within this industry. Most notable are the closer links between designer fashion and retail which have seen many designers become high street names through their collaborations.

The UK fashion industry of today has not been adequately defined, however, or its contribution to the UK economy robustly valued. This lack of an evidence base has had real consequences, and has certainly limited the sectors impact. As part of the legacy from our 25th Anniversary in 2009, we decided to resolve this.

This seminal and historic report aims to redress the balance by scoping and valuing the true extent of the UK fashion industry for the first time. It spotlights the real mechanics behind the fashion industry today, from fashion design through to retail, manufacturing, publishing, marketing and a range of other creative activities.

The research has been undertaken by both statisticians and economists experienced in valuing the creative industries, and has enjoyed the support and involvement of a wide range of organisations across all sectors. Were hugely grateful to them for their contributions, insight and passion.

So, what are the headlines? Fashion directly contributes nearly 21 billion to the UK economy. It also has an indirect economic impact, in encouraging spending in other industries, of over 16 bil-lion. That equals a total impact of 37 billion. The industry employs nearly a million people, across a wide spectrum of roles, and provides diverse opportunities for young people a critical issue given the growing concern about employment opportunities for the next generation.

Of course, like most industries, we face short and long term challenges: including the need to fill the business skills gap, overcome the recession and address the issues of global competition and sustainability. The key to tackling many of these is transparency - working together in a united fash-ion across the whole industry, alongside Government and other stakeholders.

This is the start of an exciting era. We hope that this landmark report will provide great stimulus for discussion and result in the formation of an action plan for UK fashion - a detailed roadmap to help ensure the future growth and success of one of our countrys great creative industries.

HArOlD TIllMAn CBEChairman, British Fashion Council


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seCtion 01


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However, whilst it is clear that we employ a much broader definition of the fashion industry than the DCMS, we still feel that the industry should be considered part of the creative industries. Moreover, it is likely that some of the definitional issues also apply to other parts of the creative sector.

The broader definition of the UK fashion industry used in the study is illustrated in Figure 1.1, which has the design of fashion items at its core but also includes the UK economic impacts of the complete production process, from sourcing raw materials, through design and manufacture, to wholesale and retail.

figure 1.1: the uK fashion industry and its wider eConomiC impaCts

MANUFACTURING TEXTILES MED

IA CREATIVE MARKETING EDUCATION

SUP

PLIER

S

OTH

ER (i

ncl.

CH

ARI

TIES

)

FAS

HION

RETAI

L

CORE FASHION DESIGN

Womenswear / Menswear / Childrenswear /

Footwear / Lingerie / Bags & luggage / Jewellery & watches / Accessories /

Cosmetics & perfume / Hair products

WH

OLE

SALI

NG

The headline quantitative results of the study are summarised in Figure 1.2, which breaks down our estimation of GVA1 and employment by direct, indirect and induced impacts.

1 Gross Value Added is a measure of the value of goods and services produced within an economy. It is used in both the production and income approaches to estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GVA plus taxes on products minus subsidies on products is equal to GDP.

01. exeCutive summarythe uK fashion industry: more than just designer fashion

This report seeks to provide a broad evaluation of the value of the UK fashion industry. Whilst the principal focus of the study is on generating a robust estimate of the economic value of the sec-tor, attention is also paid to the industrys wider social impacts. The results of the study indicate that the UK fashion industry makes a significant contribution to the UK economy, both in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA) and employment, whilst also providing considerable support to the UK Exchequer.

Designer fashion is an integral part of the fashion industry. The UK has a richly-deserved reputation as one of the global leaders in fashion design and trendsetting. That said, the UK fashion industry is also much more than designer fashion, encompassing, as it does, a complex web of materials, textile production, clothing design, manufacturing, wholesaling, marketing and retailing of a broad set of fashion products. The final definition of the UK fashion industry used in this report is based on research conducted by the British Fashion Council among industry and other stakeholders to determine what sectors they felt should be included.

This report therefore refers to:

the designer fashion industry relating to the sales of UK designer fashion companies such as those who would have shows at London Fashion Week or other comparable events;

the direct impact of the UK fashion industry relating to the manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing of a range of fashion goods (e.g. clothing and accessories) as well as pur-chasing from the textiles sector, advertising and PR spend and the economic contribution of the fashion education and fashion media sectors;

the indirect impact of the UK fashion industry relating to the supply chain impacts in non-fashion industries (e.g. the purchase of accountancy services by a fashion retailer);

the induced impact of the UK fashion industry relating to the impact from the spending of fashion industry employees and its supply chain.

The fashion industry also spills over into other fields and its influence is felt across the whole economy. The industry creates jobs for non-fashion suppliers and has wider im-pacts on, for example, the UK tourism industry and the UKs image abroad. It has also had to deal with a range of challenges, including the need to innovate, be sensitive to environmental concerns and deal with the global move towards online merchandising.

To date, the UK fashion industry has been defined by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and other bodies as purely designer fashion, but the sector has changed and evolved significantly in the past decade. For example, fashion retail plays an increasingly important role, with supply chain functions, such as design and sourcing, now being undertaken in-house by many retail businesses. For this reason, our definition of the UK fashion industry includes retail within its direct impacts as we believe this offers a more accurate assessment of the nature and mechan-ics of the current industry. We also offer figures without retail, to allow for comparison with those creative industries defined using the existing DCMS methodology. (See Appendix I for graphs.)


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The fashion industry is a significant employer and a leading sector, in terms of GDP con-tribution, within the creative industries. A number of tables demonstrate this in Appendix I.

whilst direCtly employing 816,000 people

Employment in the UK fashion industry in 2009, using the new definition, is estimated to be around 816,000 or 2.8% of total employment. The majority of jobs supported are in the retail sector.

Activities in areas such as fashion education, fashion journalism and creative services, such as photography, generate 3,700 jobs.

Therefore, the UK fashion industry (including retail) generates just over half as many jobs as travel and tourism (1.4 million), more than twice as many as real estate (419,000), and considerably more than telecommunications (215,000), car manufacturing (174,000) and publishing (172,000) put together.

however, the industrys eConomiC impaCt is far greater than these direCt impaCts alone

Fashion industry manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers will source some goods and services from their own UK-based suppliers, who, in turn, have their own suppliers (some of whom will also be in the UK) and so on. In addition, people employed by the fashion industry and its suppliers will spend their wages on other goods and services in the economy. Such effects are typically referred to as the indirect and induced impacts.

Including direct, indirect and induced impacts, the fashion industry is estimated, using the new definition, to have supported 1.31 million jobs in 2009, or 4.5% of total employment.

Including direct, indirect and induced impacts, the fashion industrys contribution to UK GDP is estimated to have amounted to 37.2 billion or 2.7% of total GDP in 2009.

Of this, around 20.9 billion (56%) is due to the direct activities of retailers, wholesalers and manufacturers; 7.7 billion (21%) is due to the indirect demand created by such activities via the supply chain; and the remaining 8.6 billion (23%) can be attributed to the induced impact due to the spending of those directly and indirectly employed in the fashion industry.

inCluding many other less tangible impaCts

The UK fashion industrys impacts also spill over in less tangible ways, significantly and positively promoting/influencing the image of the UK as a whole and/or feeding into in-dustries such as tourism at arms length from fashion itself.

The branding of fashion products has a value in itself (brand equity). Products with strong brands are more highly valued by consumers and investors. We estimate that the brand equity of the UK fashion industry is worth some 202 million per annum.

figure 1.2: summary of the eConomiC Contribution of the uK fashion industry

+ INDIRECT

+ RETAIL

NON -RETAILFASHION

6,628

14,300

7,681

154.5

8.597

+ INDUCED

GVA(MILLIONS)

EMPLOYMENT(000s)

661.0 216.9 276.9

Non-retail + Retail= Direct Impact

BRAND EQUITY

VALUE (DOMESTIC)202 MILLION

SPENDING98 MILLION

TOURISM

Direct Impact:

GVA 20.9 billion

Employment - 816,000 jobs

Total Impact:

GVA 37.2 billion

Employment - 1.31 million jobs

the uK fashion industry Contributes 20.92 billion to uK gdp

In 2009, the UK fashion industry is estimated to have directly contributed 20.9 billion to the UK economy, or 1.7% of total UK GDP. The majority of this is derived through retail distribution, with our estimates suggesting that almost 22.5% of all retails value added contribution to GDP in the UK can be attributed to the fashion industry.

Excluding the retail sector, i.e. using a definition more comparable to that currently used by the DCMS, we estimate that the fashion industry directly generated 6.6 billion of GVA or 0.5% of total UK GDP in 2009.

Significant contributions to this total were made by marketing (241 million), the fashion media (205 million) and fashion education (16 million).

Therefore, the UK fashion industrys direct contribution to UK GDP is around twice the size of the publishing (9.9 billion), car manufacturing (10.1 billion) and chemical man-ufacturing industries (10.6 billion), and only slightly smaller than both telecommunica-tions (28.7 billion) and real estate (26.4 billion)3.

Consumers purchasing fashion items (with some exceptions) pay Value Added Tax (VAT) while companies manufacturing and retailing fashion items pay company tax and all em-ployees pay income tax and VAT. In 2009, these direct contributions to the Exchequer amounted to 13.2 billion.

2 Where figures are presented to one decimal place, totals may not sum due to rounding.

3 Please note that these figures refer to 2008 ABI data, whereas our estimate for the GVA of the UK fashion industry is for 2009.


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table 1.1: summary of the eConomiC Contribution of the uK fashion industry

Contribution to UK employment(000 jobs)

Contribution to UK GVA (billions)

Contribution to Exchequer

(billions)

Non-retail direct impact

155 6.6 1.4

Retail direct impact 661 14.3 11.7

Indirect and Induced impact

494 16.3 4.4

Total: Direct, Indirect and Induced

1,309 37.2 17.5

Spillover effects

Impact

Domestic brand equity

Value of 202million

International brand equity

Intangible but fashion seen as key UK product/attribute

Tourism98 million in

spending

The UK fashion industry also projects an image of the country as a global centre for fashion, which enhances the international brand equity of the UK as a country. The UK is generally perceived abroad as a global fashion leader.

As a result, people may be inspired to come to the UK to shop for fashion or visit London Fashion Week and the countrys fashion exhibitions and museums, which benefits the UKs tourism industry. A minimum estimate of these tourism impacts is some 98 million in 2009, or some 0.5% of total tourism spending.

looKing ahead, the fashion industry has Clear strengths but must also rise to meet important Challenges

The UK is distinguished by the creativity of its designers, the diversity of its high street shopping opportunities - with the retail sector unique internationally in terms of its strong direct links with designers - and the strength of its fashion education system, which offers world-class support in nurturing the creativity of would-be designers.

However, there are several ongoing challenges such as the high failure rate of designer businesses and the lack of business skills and entrepreneurial training. In textiles and manufacturing, there is lack of linkage with the UKs scientific and technical innovations, a slow pipeline of talent and the threat to ongoing support for apprentice schemes to transfer skills to younger generations.

Globalisation and the development of online selling present new opportunities for the in-dustry, with potential for export growth heightened by the recent depreciation of sterling.

Environmental concerns, the increase of skills in emerging markets, educational funding pressures and the rise of other cities vying with London as a leading fashion centre all constitute challenges that the industry must rise to meet.

with signifiCant sCope for poliCy support

The analysis within this report indicates a number of opportunities for policy, communica-tions and research initiatives that would enable the fashion industry to exploit its strengths more fully and cope with forthcoming challenges.

We are conscious that the UK economy currently faces a hugely challenging outlook. There-fore, we have attempted to frame potential interventions by government, in line with the broadly-stated goals of the current administration, such as upskilling the workforce and re-balancing production towards high value added manufacturing and exports.

Our main recommendations include: interventions to help tackle the business skills gap within the industry - including a fashion careers campaign to promote awareness of the diverse range of career opportunities available and increased business teaching on fash-ion courses; a long term strategy and plan to ensure the continued success of major showcasing events such as London Fashion Week in the light of significant international competition; support for high skilled manufacturing; policies to attract further foreign di-rect investment; and a commitment to build on this report to improve the evidence base and statistical reporting of the industry.


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seCtion 02


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It should be noted that, in using the industrys own definition of fashion, our analysis is not directly comparable with the majority of previous UK research studies including the Governments on-going statistical analysis of the fashion industry - many of which only cover the work and output of designer fashion5. However, as part of our research we have also replicated and updated previous work measuring the more narrowly defined designer and upmarket clothing industry (see Section 2.2).

2.2 designer fashion

For purposes of consistency, we have attempted to make our definition of the designer fashion sector as close as possible to those of previous studies. Newbery offers the following:

Individuals or teams that combine creativity and originality to produce a clothing collection with a specific or signature identity, exemplified by, but not restricted to, the type of company that par-ticipates at international trade shows such as London Fashion Week and its equivalents. Fashion designers may produce diffusion lines in addition to their flagship collections and range from established designers with an international reputation or brand to cutting edge newcomers.6

Newberys study set out to quantify total spend on designer fashion using a variety of methodolo-gies, with each acting as a cross-check on the other7. We have utilised data from Mintel, who es-timated the size of the designer/upmarket clothing retail market in terms of total consumer spend-ing. A number of methodological issues imply that it would be unwise to compare the two figures directly. However, based on discussion with Newbery we have attempted to adjust this figure to make it more consistent with his own definition.

2.3 the broader fashion industry

As discussed in Section 2.1, in order to define the broader UK fashion industry we used evidence from the British Fashion Council, who had conducted a survey with 29 key stakeholders across the industry. As part of the survey, participants were asked the question, what sectors should be included in the definition of the UK fashion industry?. For the purposes of the study, sectors that were identified by a majority of participants were included. In addition, the inclusion of several sec-tors with lower percentages was justified, based on their economic contribution to the UK fashion industry. The key advantage of using this definition is that it has attracted wide acceptance from stakeholders within the industry. Table 2.1 summarises those industries that have been included in this reports definition of the UK fashion industry. A number of items in the core fashion section e.g. sportswear, streetwear, workwear, denim, couture etc. were subsumed into broader catego-ries such as menswear and womenswear. Unfortunately, given data availability, it was impractical to generate estimates for these products individually. Products that have been included in the final estimation are highlighted in red. In addition, we aggregated the sub-components of the channels of production (retail, wholesale, manufacturing and textiles) along with the other impacts (media, education, creative and marketing) in order to simplify the presentation of the results.

5 Newbery (2002), Karra (2008), Skillset (2010), DCMS

6 Newbery (2002), p.5

7 Specifically, Newbery refers to them as the product/channels method, the teardrop price point method, the trade statistics method and the question-naire sample method.

02. introduCtionThis report, prepared by Oxford Economics, provides a comprehensive evaluation of the economic contribution of the UK fashion industry. A broad definition of the UK fashion industry was used, based on research compiled by the British Fashion Council4. Within this, estimates have also been prepared for the economic contribution of the more narrowly-defined designer fashion industry, using intelligence provided by Mintel (2010). This headline figure was then adjusted to make it more consistent with definitions used in previous studies (e.g. Newbery (2002)).

While the focus of the report is on producing quantitative estimates for the economic value of the UK fashion industry, the authors also recognise the myriad of ways in which the industry impacts on both the economy and society, as well as the fact that many of these channels of impact cannot easily be quantified. Bearing this in mind, the report also discusses some of these wider impacts, covering areas such as innovation, eco-business, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and at-tracting diverse talent. The research for this section of the project was based on the combination of a literature review and a series of interviews conducted with a variety of stakeholders (e.g. retailers, designers, publishers, academics, professional trade associations etc.) across the industry. We would like to thank all those who participated in the interviews for the valuable contribution they have made to this study (a full list of participating stakeholders can be found in Appendix A).

2.1 study sCope and objeCtives

One of the principal motivations for this study was to provide a quantitative estimate for the value of the UK fashion industry as defined by the industry. This definition is far wider than the designer fashion sector and includes the majority of UK-based fashion activity, including materials, textiles production, clothing manufacturing, wholesaling, marketing and the retailing of a broad set of fash-ion products. Our definition of the far narrower designer fashion industry is taken from previous studies (e.g. Newbery (2002)) which, in essence, captures sales by designers showing at London Fashion Week or similar international events.

Catwalk shows in centres such as New York, London, Milan and Paris have long been the major influence behind many high-street designs and, as such, designer fashion sits at the heart of the broader UK fashion industry that is the focus of this report. The relationship between catwalk de-signers and the high street has evolved, driven in part by the increasing ability of some high street stores to replicate the very latest trends. High street stores have offered leading talents contracts to design for them, lending fashion credibility to their product whilst providing a very welcome source of regular cash flow to designer businesses. This model has proved to be highly successful, with high-profile examples including Topshops partnerships over the last eight years with Londons New Generation designers such as Christopher Kane, Peter Pilotto and Mark Fast, New Looks more recent collaboration with Giles Deacon, and retailers such as River Island, Warehouse and Oasis working with colleges and fashion graduates. International high street retailers such as Gap and H&M are now replicating these kinds of initiatives. Moreover, there has also been a strong recent trend of top designers becoming increasingly involved in non-clothing products such as cosmetics and homewear (e.g. the Designers at Debenhams range).

4 For more information regarding the methodology see The Value of Fashion Report: Defining the UK Fashion Industry, British Fashion Council, 2009, located at www.britishfashioncouncil.com.


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2.4 the Channels of eConomiC impaCt

There are many channels through which the UK fashion industry makes a contribution to the UK economy. This contribution includes the following standard economic impacts:

Direct impacts employment and activity in the UK fashion industry itself. As will be dis-cussed in section 3.3, this covers all stages of fashion production/distribution (manufactur-ing, retail, wholesale) that physically take place in the UK, together with associated produc-tion of textiles, along with marketing services for the industry (table 2.1).

Indirect impacts employment and activity supported via the supply chain, as a result of UK fashion companies purchasing goods and services from UK suppliers. This includes, for example, jobs supported by the transportation of fashion industry products for wholesale/retail purposes and a wide variety of activity in the business services sector (legal, account-ancy, IT etc). To ensure that there is no double counting, where any supply chain economic activity is already covered in the direct impacts, it is not included here (e.g. clothing textiles will be part of the manufacturing of menswear supply chain but, as clothing textiles, as a category, is already captured in the direct part of the industry, it is not also counted here).

Induced impacts employment and activity supported by the process of those people directly or indirectly employed in the UK fashion industry spending their incomes on goods and services in the wider UK economy. This helps to support jobs in the industries that sup-ply the purchased items, and includes jobs in retail outlets, companies producing consumer goods and a range of service industries.

But there are also a number of additional economic catalytic impacts (spillovers) that result from the wider role fashion has on:

Brand equity the UK fashion industry forms a part of, what has been identified in the lit-erature as, Brand Britain. In 2007, using a royalty relief approach, this was valued, in total, at $US 3.5 trillion (1.75 trillion).

Tourism the UK fashion industry indirectly enhances the UK tourism industry by encour-aging more international tourists to visit the UK, and their spending supports a number of jobs in the UK.

Culture The UK fashion industry contributes to what we might more widely consider to be the UKs cultural landscape e.g. art, design, music8.

labour force talent & skills the UK fashion industry helps to improve skill levels in the UK economy by providing jobs for highly skilled people who might otherwise go abroad, or by attracting well-trained people from other countries to work in the UK. It also increases the pool of talent and skilled labour for other design-related industries such as costume design, with anecdotal evidence suggesting significant levels of crossover between the two sectors.

The economic value of the direct, indirect and induced impacts is related to the total revenues of the UK fashion industry. Catalytic impacts are spillover benefits for other industries, consumers and the economy more generally (as shown in Figure 2.1 below).

8 Economic theory predicts that in the presence of external benefits a product will, ceteris paribus, be under-supplied in a free market. The market failure occurs because private sellers fail to take into account the positive spill over benefits to society when setting prices, leading to a price which is higher, and hence a level of output which is lower, than is socially optimal.

table 2.1: items in oxford eConomiCs definition of the uK fashion industry

PRODUCTS CHANNELS OF PRODUCTION OTHER NOT INCLUDED

Core Fashion Retail Creative Core Fashion

Designer Fashion

Womenswear

Menswear

Knitwear

Footwear

Bags & Luggage

Jewellery & Watches

Accessories

Sportswear

Lingerie

Childrenswear

Streetwear

Couture

Sports Kit

Uniforms

Workwear

Bespoke Tailoring

Eyewear

Denim

Millinery

Chain Stores

Independent Retailers

Department Stores

Designer Flagship Stores

Online Mail Ordering

Discount/Outlets

Supermarkets

Markets

Charity Shops

Vintage Shops

Photography

Creative Direction

Production

Stylists

Casting Directors

Fashion Consultants

Hair and Make-Up Artists

Bridal

Beauty

Beauty Products

Wholesale

Carrier Bags

Raw Material

Functional ClothingMedia

Magazines

Newspapers

Broadcast Textiles

On-line Designer Home

Marketing Trims

Wholesale PRModel Agencies

Events/Exhibition OrganisersAdvertising

Trend PredictionSales Agencies

Creative

All Core Fashion

Hangers

All BeautyOnline/Web Design

Creative Agencies

Textiles Education Graphic Designers

Clothing Design

Technical

Marketing/Production

Fashion Journalism

Buying & Merchandising

Architects and Interior Designers

Manufacturing Branding Consultants

All Core Fashion

Raw Materials

Beauty

Cosmetics/Perfume

Hair Products


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seCtion 03

figure 2.1: the uK fashion industry and its eConomiC impaCts

- Telecommunications- Accountancy- Legal services- Utilities- Logistics- Property

Purchases from UK - based suppliers

- Food & beverages- Recreation- Housing- Household goods

Brand Britain

Tourism

Cultural externalities

INDIRECT WIDER & CATALYTIC IMPACTS

INDUCED(spending of direct and

indirect employees)

Training of skilled workers and diversity

of talent

Products

- Core fashion- Cosmetics- Hair products- Perfume

DIRECT

Production

- Retail- Wholesale- Manufacturing- Textiles

Other

- Retail- Wholesale- Manufacturing- Textiles

2.5 report struCture

The rest of this report is structured as follows:

Chapter 3 focuses on the direct impact of the UK fashion industry in terms of employ-ment, GDP and revenues generated for the Exchequer. Separate spending estimates are also produced for the UK designer sector.

Chapter 4 discusses the multiplier impacts of the UK fashion industry the so-called indirect and induced impacts.

Chapter 5 assesses the economic value of spillover effects through tourism and brand equity.

Chapter 6 offers a regional breakdown, focusing on spending and employment patterns.

Chapter 7 involves a qualitative analysis of the wider value of the UK fashion industry, concentrating on issues such as innovation, sustainability and CSR.

Chapter 8 provides a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis of the current industry.

Chapter 9 concludes and offers a set of suggested interventions based on the research.


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03. direCt impaCt employment and gdpThis chapter details the trends in employment and GDP directly supported by the UK fashion industry, with a breakdown of impacts by channel of production/distribution e.g. manufacturing, wholesale and retail, as well as providing separate estimates for the more narrowly defined de-signer fashion sector. It also quantifies the direct contribution of companies and employees in the UK fashion industry to the Exchequer through income and other taxes.

KEY POInTS

Data from Mintel indicates that spending on designer clothing rose to 2.5 billion in 2009, or around 6.5% of total retail clothing spending. This compares to New-berys estimate of 700 million in 2001, although it is important to note that, for a variety of reasons, the two figures are not directly comparable. On a measure com-parable to Newbery, designer clothing sales reached 2.8 billion in 2009, implying compound growth of just over 19.1% per year.

There have been divergent trends in the UK fashion industry over the last couple of decades, with the retail side benefiting from robust spending growth at 6% p.a. in real terms over the past ten years, with little apparent effect in the wake of the global recession (in 2009 real spending on clothing and footwear actually rose by 6.2%). However, data since 1995 clearly demonstrates the structural decline of the UK fashion manufacturing sector, with GVA having shrunk by almost two thirds in the last 15 years and GVA in the textiles industry having halved over the same period.

In 2009, the UK fashion industry is estimated to have directly contributed 20.9 billion to the UK economy, or 1.7% of total UK GDP. The majority of this is derived through retail distribution, with our estimates suggesting that just over 22% of all retail GVA in the UK can be attributed to the UK fashion industry. When retail is excluded from the calculations, the industrys GVA contribution is estimated to be 6.6 billion or 0.5% of total UK GDP.

Employment in the UK fashion industry in 2009 is estimated to be around 816,000 or 2.7% of total UK employment. The majority of jobs created are in the retail sec-tor, with wholesale activities accounting for around 7% of total employment and manufacturing of fashion items a further 9%. When retail is excluded from the esti-mates, the headline figure stands at 155,000 jobs or 0.5% of total UK employment.

We estimate that the UK fashion industry directly contributed 13.2 billion to the Exchequer in 2009 or 2.6% of total government revenues, through the combina-tion of income tax paid on the wages and salaries of employees, VAT on fashion items purchased by consumers, and corporation tax paid on profits generated by businesses.


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Chart 3.1: spending on fashion items 1999-200910

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

20092008200720062005200420032002200120001999

Other Products

Clothing & Footwear

Total

Source: Oxford Economics/ONS

Index 1999 = 100

Chart 3.2: retail priCes for seleCted items 1995-2009

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80

100

120

200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995

Mens Outerwear

Womens Outerwear

Childrens Outerwear

Other Outerwear

Footwear

Source: ONS

Index 1995 = 100

10 An index is used to track the movement of a variable against some base year. In Chart 3.1 the level of spending in 1999 is made equal to 100 and lev-els of spending thereafter are tracked against spending in that base year i.e. a value of 110 would imply that spending was 10% higher than in 1999.

3.1 the eConomiC value of the designer fashion seCtor

Due to data restrictions, we are not able to define the value of the narrow designer fashion sector in terms of the standard metrics that are used in the remainder of this chapter (GDP, jobs and contribution to the Exchequer). Instead, we present estimates of total spending on designer/upmarket clothing provided by Mintel (2010), which used a combination of survey and other quali-tative techniques. Mintel relies upon consumers own definitions of where they shop in order to group spending into four broad categories (value, mid-market, high-end and designer). Together, total consumer spending on designer and high-end wear in 2009 is estimated to have been 2.5 billion at retail prices. In order to translate this into a figure that was more comparable to previous estimates of the designer industry (e.g. Newbery (2002)) several issues arose. First, we had to consider whether all designer and high-end clothing was consistent with Newberys definition of designer wear. Second, as Newberys estimate is aiming to capture the value of UK designer sales, adjustment needed to be made to reflect the value of export sales and the proportion of the UK retail designer market that is composed of foreign designers. Finally, Newberys estimate ag-gregates spending at both retail and wholesale levels, whereas the figure presented by Mintel is an estimate of solely retail spending. Adjusting for these factors9, we estimate that total spending on UK designer fashion was 2.8 billion in 2009, implying annual compound growth of over 19.1% since 2001.

3.2 historiCal overview of the uK fashion industry

The UK fashion industry has a long, proud and diverse history, encompassing distinct associations with historical eras the Swinging Sixties, the Punk and New Romantic movements of the 1970s and 1980s and the Cool Britannia image of the 1990s - in addition to the rise of designer labels and chains such as Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Stella McCartney, Burberry and Mulberry - and the unrivalled range and diversity of the British high street.

Most recently, from the 1990s onwards, the UK has, once again, become a leading international centre for the global fashion industry. London Fashion Week and UK fashion retail are magnets for both British and international audiences with an interest in fashion. The UKs fashion education system is widely recognised in the UK and internationally as the best in the world, while the creativ-ity of British graduates is highly valued by international designers (Goodrum (2005)). However, the industry has also had to face the challenges of under-investment and, arguably, an undervaluation of the economic contribution of the UK fashion industry, as defined in broader terms within this report.

As part of this study, we collected data on a group of core macroeconomic indicators (spending, trade, manufacturing output) for the past 10-15 years, in order to provide a broad quantitative his-torical overview of the performance of the sector. The dataset also offered the opportunity to make a preliminary assessment of the impact of the recent recession on the industry; a topic that was then explored more fully during the stakeholder interview process.

The UK fashion industry has enjoyed strong growth over the past decade. Total spending on cloth-ing and footwear has risen at an average annual rate of 3.3% since 1999. Moreover, given the sharp drop in average prices during this period, demonstrated in Chart 3.2, growth in real terms (stripping away the impact of price changes) was close to 6% per year. For reference, average an-nual growth of total real household consumer spending in real terms during this period was 2.1%.

9 Adjustment was based on consultation with Newbery.


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Chart 3.4: nominal gva (1995-2008)

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20

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140

20082007200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995

Fashion Manufacturing

Manufacturing


Index 1995 = 100

The mass movement towards outsourcing has meant that the UK fashion industry has run a persis-tent trade deficit over the past decade. This trend towards de-industrialisation has been prevalent in other major advanced economies. The result is that lower value-added activities are increasingly located in developing economies, where labour costs are lower, whilst advanced high-wage economies specialise in higher value-added, typically service sector, activities. Moreover, as will be demonstrated in the remainder of this study, the fact that the physical production of fashion products predominantly takes place abroad does not prevent the industry from making a significant contribution to UK GDP. This is chiefly related to the size of the UK retail market, which remains a major attraction for tourists, with the volume of trade on high streets across the UK directly sup-porting hundreds of thousands of jobs.

3.3 direCt Contribution to gdp

3.3.1 ProductionThe standard method for calculating the direct contribution of an industry to GDP is to measure its so-called value added that is, to calculate the difference between the industrys total pre-tax revenue and its total bought-in costs (i.e. costs excluding wages and salaries) adjusted for any changes in stocks.

The aim of the project was to estimate such a figure at each stage of the production process (e.g. manufacture, wholesale, retail etc) for each of the products identified through the British Fashion Council definition mapping exercise (e.g. the value added through the retail of menswear etc.). Such a disaggregated result required us to use a variety of data sources and different estimation techniques. The key steps were:

Demand for clothing and footwear appears to have remained relatively robust despite the reces-sion. According to Office for National Statistics (ONS), data spending on clothing and footwear rose by 1.7% in 2009, which actually represents an acceleration from the pace of 2008. Indeed, this statistic is even more impressive given that retail prices for clothing and footwear fell by 4.3% last year, linked to the temporary cut in VAT that was passed on fully by a majority of retailers. This implies that spending actually grew by over 6% in real terms, a spectacular performance given that overall real consumption fell by over 3% during the same period. Anecdotal evidence suggests this may be partly due to the impact of tourist shopping, with the weakness of sterling increasing the price competitiveness of UK products11. However, it is important to note that while volume growth may have been impressive, retailers typically reported depressed profits, suggesting that margins were squeezed significantly.

One of the most notable aspects of the historical data is the decline in UK manufacturing over the past 15 years. Retailers and wholesalers have increasingly sought to source goods from emerging markets, which enjoy a competitive advantage, due to relatively low labour costs. Our estimates suggest that (nominal) GVA of UK fashion manufacturing has shrunk by around two thirds since 1995 and that (nominal) GVA in the textiles industry has halved over the same period. Although, this has been part of a wider trend (GVA of the manufacturing sector grew by just 4% in real terms between 1995 and 2008), the impact on the fashion sector has been especially dramatic, as indi-cated by Chart 3.4.

Chart 3.3: gva of uK fashion manufaCturing

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Other

Clothing & Footwear

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mns

11 Several of the retailers we interviewed said that their flagship London stores had enjoyed strong sales growth in 2009, which they partly attributed to the impact of tourists.


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table 3.1: estimated gva of the uK fashion industry 2009

RETAIL WHOLESALE MANUFACTURING TEXTILES TOTAL

Footwear 1761 375 116 6 2259

Mens 2884 613 381 66 3945

Womens 4523 962 606 99 6189

Childrens 1831 339 194 34 2398

Cosmetics/Beauty 464 646 266 2 1377

Jewellery & Watches 1247 391 242 3 1884

Accessories 465 99 48 9 620

Luggage & Bags 241 57 125 2 424

Hair 262 62 228 1 552

Lingerie 623 132 50 7 813

Total 14300 3675 2257 229 20461

(mns)

When comparing these figures to sectoral totals, our estimates suggest that the UK fashion in-dustry accounts for 22.2% of all retail GVA in the UK, 5.4% of all UK wholesale, and 2.3% of all manufacturing (including the impact of textiles, which is classified as part of manufacturing by the ONS). As a further indication of the structural decline of the fashion manufacturing sector, we es-timate that this share has fallen from just over 6% in 1995.

Chart 3.5: proportion of fashion in total seCtor (2009)

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5

10

15

20

25

TextilesManufacturingWholesaleRetail

Source: Oxford Economics

% share

1. Analysis of the retail expenditure on fashion products in the UK (by both UK residents and tourists) using ONS national accounts data and the Household Expenditure Survey.

2. The retailing and wholesaling of these fashion items adds to UK GDP and supports UK jobs, irrespective of whether the product is made in the UK or abroad. This impact was estimated by combining the expenditure data from the previous step with Annual Busi-ness Inquiry (ABI) data showing the amount of GDP retailers and wholesalers of various types add to the UK economy per pound () spent at point of sale.

3. Subtracting these retailers and wholesalers contribution from the expenditure data gives an indication of the amount of spending on fashion products. Some of these will be made abroad (and equally the UK will directly export some products). Accounting for these trade flows using Her Majestys Revenue & Customs (HMRC) data gives an indication of the spend on UK manufactured fashion goods.

4. This figure could then be cross checked with ABI production data to provide a robust es-timate for the economic contribution from the UK based manufacture of fashion products.

5. The economic contribution of the fashion textiles sector can then be assessed by analys-ing data that details how much the retailers, wholesalers and manufacturers of fashion goods buy from UK based textiles companies.

6. In a final adjustment exercise, the figures were scaled to reflect changes in the UK econo-my during 2009 (the analysis was based on 2008 ABI data the latest publicly-available edition). We therefore scaled our employment and GVA estimates based on March 2009 employment by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) data provided to us by the Lon-don Development Agency (LDA).

More information on data sources and the overall methodology can be found in Appendix B.

Our final estimates for GVA at each stage of production/distribution are presented in Table 3.1 below. In terms of products, the sale/production of womenswear is estimated to provide the largest source of GVA, at just under 6.2 billion. Together, clothing and footwear are estimated to account for almost 80% of total fashion GVA. Unsurprisingly, given the previously-noted trend towards out-sourcing of production and, to a lesser extent, wholesale activities, retail is estimated to account for the majority (just over two thirds) of the GVA impact from these fashion products.


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The ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) indicates that the average gross salary for all photographers and audio-visual equipment operators in 2009 was 26,30113.

This suggests that the value added of the UK fashion photographers may have been over 5 million in 2009, across 207 jobs.

While no disaggregation is currently available for the activities of creative and casting directors, fashion consultants, hair and make-up artists and stylists, it is likely that the value of their contribu-tion to economic activity is of a similar order of magnitude, given the highly specialised nature of these fields and the relatively small number of personnel involved. Therefore, our GVA estimate should be viewed as conservative.

3.3.4 MarketingGiven the importance of brand in the fashion industry, it is important to consider the promotional activities that retailers, in particular, undertake in order to boost sales. Spending on marketing con-tributes to GVA through the creation of jobs and potential to boost profits. Included in our definition of marketing were advertising, PR, event organisation and the work of modelling agencies.

In order to estimate the contribution of marketing, PR and associated activities, it was possible to use a similar approach to that used for textiles. That is, we are able to approximate the amount that fashion retailers, fashion wholesalers and fashion manufacturers spend on advertising and PR (for more detailed information regarding the methodology and data sources see Appendix B). Overall, we estimate that fashion advertising and related activities create an extra 241 million of GVA. Of this, 184 million is related to the promotion of clothing and footwear, with the remaining 57 million linked to other products. Chart 3.6 summarises the breakdown of the results by product.

Chart 3.6: advertising/pr gva by produCt

Source: Oxford Economics

Lingerie

Hair

Luggage & Bags

Accessories

Jewellery & Watches

Cosmetics/Beauty

Childrens

Womens

Mens

Footwear

13 Anecdotal evidence suggests photographers in the fashion industry are typically more highly renumerated, implying that our estimation of GVA is likely to be conservative.

Thus far, we have presented data showing the economic contribution of the UK fashion industry in terms of products and production. However, this analysis excludes many other sectors that are part of the UK fashion industry but cannot be captured using the same data sources identified. These sectors are: creative, media, education and marketing. In the following section we discuss our results and methodology for estimating the value of the fashion element of each of these sec-tors. Section 3.3.6 then presents our final results for the direct economic contribution of the UK fashion industry in total.

3.3.2 EducationThe quality and performance of the UKs fashion education sector is regularly cited as one of the most important factors in maintaining the UKs status as an international centre for fashion excel-lence. Fashion educations contribution to GVA can be measured by the wage and salary contribu-tion of the staff involved in teaching fashion subjects in UK based colleges.

Data provided by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) indicates that some 60,285 students (on a Full Person Equivalent or FPE basis) undertook design studies (Joint Academic Coding or JACS code W2) in 2008-09, supported by 2,565 (FPE) teaching staff.

Not all design studies relate to fashion, however, as this subject grouping includes those studying areas such as furniture, ceramics and multimedia design. A closer examination of disaggregated HESA data indicates that at least 9,275 students were studying clothing/fashion design (JACS code 230) in 2008/09 (although some studying fashion design may also have been classified un-der a broader other design studies category (JACS code 200). Unfortunately we were unable to locate sufficiently diaggregated data to create similar estimates for fashion journalism and buying and also merchandising courses.

While there is no disaggregated JACS data available for the number of academic staff teaching fashion and clothing design, the figures above allow for the estimation of an overall design stud-ies teacher-to-student ratio which can be used to estimate the number of clothing/fashion design teachers12. Further, Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) data (2010) indicates that the median salary for creative/design academic staff was 40,927 in 2008-09.

Combining this data suggests that academic wages i.e. the value added of the UK fashion edu-cation sector amounted to at least 16 million in 2008-09, creating 395 jobs.

This is likely to be a conservative estimate, as the data excludes any allowance for teaching ser-vices to fashion students in the other design studies category and also excludes the value of fashion teaching in further education courses.

3.3.3 CreativeCreative activities associated with the UK fashion industry (but not included in the estimates of value added above) include the activities of fashion photographers, creative directors and stylists. Unfor-tunately the value of these activities is difficult to quantify due to the fact that the data is insufficiently disaggregated to accurately identify the volume of work undertaken by fashion photographers.

However, some indication of the value of this work is provided by the number of Association of Photographers (AOP) members with portfolios recorded under the title Fashion and Beauty; 207 photographers are currently recorded under this category by the AOP (out of a total of 758 port-folios across all fields of photography).

12 In 2008/9 the student/teacher ratio was 0.042 which, when applied to the 9,275 fashion students, implies a total of 395 teachers.


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figure 3.1: breaKdown of uK fashion industry gva by Channel of produCtion

Creative5 million

(N/A)Retail

14,300 million(66.3%)

Wholesale3,675 million

(17.6%)

Media205 million

(1.0%)

Marketing / PR241 million

(1.1%)

Other Effects467 million

(2.2%)Production

20,461 million(97.8%)

Education16 million

(0.1%) Textiles229 million

(1.1%)

Manufacturing2,257 million

(10.8%)

UK Fashion IndustryGVA

20,928 million

3.3.5 MediaFashion magazines constitute a major consumer product in their own right and contribute to the image and value of the UK fashion industry.

Although the definition of what constitutes a fashion magazine is inevitably somewhat subjective, a list of fashion journalists working for major hard copy and online fashion magazines was obtained from Gorkana, a media database company. This list was then further refined by only including those magazines for which the term fashion was included as a database descriptor of magazine type. It is worth noting that, in some cases, the Gorkana database does not include magazine type descriptors, whereas in other cases it limits its description to related terms e.g. mens interest womens interest. This means that the refined list of fashion magazines may under-represent the true range of fashion magazines. Accordingly, several further titles were included following a select Gorkana review of womens interest titles and national supplements, on the basis that the content and advertising was primarily fashion-driven.

Fashion magazines earn most of their revenues from advertising and circulation. Circulation details for many (though not all) magazines were provided by Gorkana. However, advertising revenues are generally not publically available on a comprehensive per magazine basis. Assessment of the total revenues was therefore based on:

an estimate of the circulation split between newsstand purchases, subscription purchas-es and other sales (e.g. bulk sales and free distribution);

analysis of the cover price per issue and subscriber price per issue; and

a (conservative) assumption of a 50/50 advertising/circulation revenue split

In many cases circulation details were not available from Gorkana and so it was not possible to estimate the magazines revenue figure. In other cases, insufficient details on magazine pricing did not allow for such estimates. In a few cases, where magazines within major newspapers were included, estimates of fashions share of revenues were derived by applying the ratio of fashion journalists to total journalists to total revenues. Likewise, no assessment was made for revenues earned by online magazines, as they generally derive these from advertising and no comprehen-sive, publicly available source exists for such online advertising revenues. A full list of the publica-tions was provided by Gorkana, along with details of their circulation and estimated revenue (see Appendix H).

Overall, we estimate total annual revenue of the UKs fashion magazine industry in 2009 at some 401 million. This equates to 205 million in value added terms, across a further 3,101 jobs. While many of these publications also have a remit beyond fashion, it is likely that these estimates are conservative, given the limits on revenue data availablity described above.

3.3.6 Total direct contribution to UK GDP of the UK fashion industryAdding together all the direct impacts of the UK fashion industry through production, distribu-tion and other channels, we estimate that the industry contributes 20.9 billion of GVA to the UK economy or 1.7% of total UK GDP. Figure 3.1 summarises the breakdown of this total by channel of production, whilst Figure 3.2 offers a graphical illustration of the breakdown by type of product.


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Chart 3.7: share of uK gva by seCtor

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Source: Oxford Economics/ABI

% share

3.4 direCt Contribution to employment

In order to translate our GVA figures into employment estimates, we made use of sector-specific labour productivity data from the latest ABI survey. For example, in 2008 the retail of jewellery and watches generated 1,383 million of GVA and the sector employed an average of 38,000 workers. Therefore, every 1 million of GVA, on average, created an extra 27.5 jobs. For a full explanation of the methodology used to estimate levels of employment, see Appendix C. Table 3.3 summarises our employment estimates by product and stage of production/distribution14.

14 As the ABI data is not sufficiently detailed/disaggregated to provide an implied productivity figure for each product at each stage of production, certain assumptions had to be made. For example, if a figure was only available for the wholesale of clothing and footwear, it was then applied to menswear etc.

figure 3.2: breaKdown of uK fashion industry gva by type of produCt

Lingerie813 million

(3.9%)

Menswear3,945 million

(18.8%)

Clothing & Footwear

16,215 million(73.7%)

Other Products5,378 million

(20.2%)


(2.2%)Footwear

2,258 million (10.8%)

Womenswear6,189 million

(29.6%)

Childrenswear2,398 million

(11.5%)

Accessories620 million

(3.0%)

Hair Products552 million

(2.6%)

Cosmetics1,377 million

(6.6%)

Jewellery & Watches1,884 million

(9.0%)

Luggage & Bags424 million

(2.0%)

UK Fashion Industry GVA

20,928 million

In order to provide context for this final figure of 20.9 billion, it is useful to compare it to other sectors of the UK economy. In terms of its direct share of UK GDP, fashion (1.7%) is more than twice the size of chemical manufacturing (0.8%), publishing (0.8%) and automotive manufacturing (0.8%), slightly smaller than real estate (2.1%) and telecommunications (2.3%), and just under half the size of travel and tourism (3.9%).


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figure 3.3: direCt employment split by Channel of produCtion

Marketing/PR7,000 jobs

(0.9%)

Other Effects10,700 jobs

(1.3%)

Production804,800 jobs

(98.7%)

Creative200 Jobs

(N/A)

Media3,100 jobs

(0.4%)

Education400 jobs

(N/A)

Textiles9,600 jobs

(1.2%)

Wholesale60,200 jobs

(7.4%)

Retail661,000 jobs

(81.1%)

Manufacturing73,900 jobs

(9.1%)

UK Fashion Industry

Employment815,500 jobs

table 3.3: employment by produCt and Channel of produCtion/distribution

(000s jobs) RETAIL WHOLESALE MANUFACTURING TEXTILES TOTAL

Footwear 99.2 6 3 0.2 108.7

Mens 130.5 10 12.7 2.7 156

Womens 204.6 16 20.1 4.3 245

Childrens 82.8 5.6 6.4 1.4 96.3

Cosmetics/Beauty 31.1 9.8 8.8 0.1 49.8

Jewellery & Watches 35.2 6.7 8.6 0.1 50.6

Accessories 21 1.6 1.6 0.3 24.6

Luggage & Bags 10.9 1 2.5 0.1 14.5

Hair 17.6 0.9 7.6 0.03 26

Lingerie 28.2 2.2 2.6 0.3 33.3

Total 661 60.2 74 9.6 804.8

Unsurprisingly, given that it accounts for the majority of total fashion GVA, fashion retail is also the most important source of jobs in the sector. The effect is even more pronounced, however, because the retail sector requires more workers to create an extra pound of GVA, in comparison to the wholesale/manufacture of fashion items. Therefore, although retail only accounts for around two thirds of total GVA, it accounts for almost 80% of jobs in the direct fashion industry. When retail is excluded from the definition, estimated employment is 155,000, a figure more consistent with the DCMS and other studies projections 15 16 17.

Looking at employment levels in terms of product rather than channel of production, menswear and womenswear are again the largest sources of employment, together accounting for over 400,000 jobs, or just under half of all the jobs directly created by the fashion industry.

In addition to the jobs created by the production and distribution of fashion products are the jobs associated with other parts of the direct fashion industry (media, education, creative and market-ing). The results are illustrated graphically in Figures 3.3 and 3.4.

15 DCMS estimates that the UK designer fashion industry employed 107,200 people in the summer of 2008.

16 This compares to the Skillset (2010) estimate of total employment of 340,000 people. This smaller figure is a reflection of Skillsets exclusion of retail jobs and a narrower product list that excludes cosmetics, hair products and jewellery. This is offset, to some extent, by their much wider definition of textiles (incorporating carpets & rugs for example) and manufacturing and the fact that micro-businesses and the self-employed, not picked up by the ABI data, were included.

17 The UK Fashion & Textile Association (UKFT), on the other hand, estimate that 141,000 people are directly employed in the fashion and textiles indus-tries. Their estimate includes all of UK manufacturing of textiles and apparel (around 100,000 jobs in 2008 according to the ABI).


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Chart 3.8: share of uK employment by seCtor

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% share

3.5 direCt Contribution to exChequer revenue

A further benefit from such activities is that they contribute towards the tax revenue, required by the Government to fund essential public services. There are three main channels through which the UK fashion industry contributes to the Exchequer. First, the UK fashion industry makes a considerable contribution to Value Added Tax (VAT) revenues, both through the purchase of fashion products by consumers, and via the spending of workers directly employed in the industry; second, employees in the fashion industry have to pay income tax on the wages that they earn; and finally, firms are required to give up a proportion of their operating profits in corporation tax.

Using our own in-house model, we quantified these three effects based on our estimation of fash-ion-industry employment and GVA (for further detail on the methodology see Appendix D). This suggested that the UK fashion industry directly contributed almost 13.2 billion in tax revenues in 2009 or 2.6% of total government revenues. Of this, 2.7 billion was generated through income tax on employee salaries; 6.4 billion was due to the purchase of fashion products by consum-ers; a further 2.9 billion was collected in VAT and other indirect taxes due to the spending of employees directly employed in the fashion industry; the remaining 1.2 billion was paid by firms in corporation tax, based on their operating profits. See Chart 3.9 for a graphical illustration of this breakdown.

figure 3.4: direCt employment split by type of produCt

Lingerie33,300 jobs

(4.1%)

Footwear108,700 jobs

(13.3%)

Jewellery & Watches50,500 jobs

(6.2%)

Cosmetics49,800 jobs

(6.1%)

Childrenswear96,300 jobs

(11.8%)

Womenswear244,900 jobs

(30.0%)

Menswear155,900 jobs

(19.2%)

Clothing & Footwear

663, 900 jobs(81.4%)

Other Products140,900 jobs

(17.3%)


(1.3%)

Accessories24,600 jobs

(3.0%)

Luggage & Bags14,500 jobs

(1.8%)

Hair Products26,100 jobs

(3.2%)

UK Fashion IndustryEmployment815,500 jobs

In comparison to other sectors, fashions share of total employment is significantly higher than real estate (1.4%), telecommunications (0.7%), publishing (0.6%), car manufacturing (0.6%) and chemical manufacturing (0.4%), and is around two-thirds the size of travel and tourism (4.6%).


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Chart 3.9: direCt Contribution to the exChequer broKen down by type of tax

0

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2

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6

7

8

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13

14

TotalCorporateIndirect by employeesVAT on productsIncome


bns

London Fashion Week Exhibition


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04. multiplier effeCts indireCt and induCed impaCts

KEY POInTS

Including direct, indirect and induced impacts, the value added contribution to GDP of the UK fashion industry is estimated to have amounted to 37.2 billion or 2.7% of total UK GDP in 2009.

Of this, around 20.9 billion (56%) is due to the direct activities of retailers, whole-salers and manufacturers etc; 7.7 billion (21%) is due to the indirect demand cre-ated by such activities via the supply chain; and the remaining 8.6 billion (23%) can be attributed to the induced impact of the spending by those directly and indirectly employed in the UK fashion industry.

Including direct, indirect and induced impacts, the UK fashion industry is estimated to have helped support 1.31 million jobs in 2009, or 4.5% of total employment.

Of this, 816,000 (62%) were employed directly by retailers, wholesalers, manu-facturers, designer businesses etc; 217,000 (17%) jobs were created indirectly via the supply chain; and the remaining 277,000 (21%) were due to the induced impact of the spending by those employed directly and indirectly in the UK fashion industry.

Together, the direct, indirect and induced impacts are estimated to have gener-ated 17.5 billion in government revenues last year, or 3.5% of total government revenues.

In addition to the direct contribution made by the UK fashion industry to the UK economy, there are indirect impacts on employment and output made through the supply chain of the UK fashion industry, as well as induced impacts caused by those directly and indirectly employed in the core UK fashion industry using their earnings to buy other goods and services. When estimating the size of the indirect and induced impacts, it was important to avoid double-counting effects that had already been included in the direct estimate. Therefore, adjustments were made to reflect the fact that some of the induced income created by the UK fashion industry would be spent on fashion products, and that some of the supply chain demand had already been captured in our estimate of, for example, direct GVA of marketing/PR. Further details are provided in Appendix E.

It should be noted that the inclusion of multiplier effects is debated in some circumstances; how-ever, when one is defining the activity supported by an industry, omitting such effects would cause the impact of that industry to be underestimated. For example, if a company changed its procure-ment practices and decided to outsource some of its activities to another UK-based supplier (per-haps IT support), this does not mean the companys overall impact on the UK economy has shrunk. It now simply employs fewer workers directly and instead its expenditure supports jobs in another UK-based company (so its indirect impact has increased).

It is our belief that the use of multipliers alone is harder to justify when attempting to quantify the impact of government intervention, e.g. building a bridge when the economy is at full capacity. In

seCtion 04


46


47

figure 4.1: direCt, indireCt and induCed impaCts on gva

Clothes & Footwear

16,224 million (43.6%)

Indirect7,681 million

(20.6%)

Induced8,597 million

(23.1%)

Direct20,928 million

(56.2%)

UK Fashion Industry GVA

37,206 million


(0.9%)

Clothes & Footwear

5,591 million (15.0%)

Other products1,773 million

(4.8%)


(0.8%)

Clothes & Footwear

6,414 million (17.2%)

Other products1,883 million

(5.1%)

Other Products4,237 million

(11.4%)


(1.3%)

Our estimates show that, taken together, the retail, wholesale and manufacture of fashion products indirectly generate around 7.7 billion of GVA for the UK economy. Clothing and footwear together account for 5.6 billion or over 70% of the total indirect effect. We estimate that the induced ef-fect is slightly larger, generating approximately 8.6 billion of additional GVA. Therefore, the total (direct, indirect and induced) economic impact of the UK fashion industry is estimated to be 37.2 billion in 2009 or 2.7% of UK GDP.

4.2 indireCt and induCed impaCt on employment

Having calculated these estimates for GVA, it is possible to translate them into estimates for em-ployment, using average sectoral productivity figures from the ONS. Overall, the extra demand created indirectly via the supply chain is estimated to have supported a further 224,900 jobs, whilst the 8.9 billion of extra GVA created via the induced spending of employees of the UK fashion industry is estimated to have supported an extra 286,200 jobs. Therefore, in total (direct, indirect and induced) the number of jobs supported by the UK fashion industry in 2009 is estimated to be 1.3 million or 4.7% of UK employment. The results are illustrated graphically in Figure 4.2; for a more detailed breakdown see Appendix E.

this instance, multiplier analysis would only give you part of the story as not only does it fail to take into account the opportunity cost of the extra government spending (i.e. what else could the money have been spent on), but when an economy is operating at full capacity, the so-called multiplied benefits effectively imply crowding out of other sectors. However, these arguments clearly do not apply to the type of analysis conducted in this report, as the aim of the quantitative part of this research is simply to estimate the size of the UK fashion industry, with no reference to the efficiency of such an allocation of resources. Moreover, the economy was clearly not operating at full capacity in 2009 (Oxford Economics estimates suggest an output gap of 4.2% of GDP). Finally, we present the various impacts in separate sections, so that the reader can focus on the direct impact only if they so choose.

4.1 Indirect and induced impact on GVAIn order to quantify the indirect impact i.e. via the supply chain of the direct activities of the UK fashion industry, we have used what is known as an Input-Output model. In essence, this type of model details who buys what, and from whom, in the UK economy (see Appendix E for details). Using the model, we were able to estimate how much business the activities associated with the retail of, for example, footwear created, in terms of demand for all other goods and services in the UK economy. This would include demand for the goods themselves (for which the UK impact is already captured in the manufacturing of footwear data presented in the direct economic contribu-tion chapter) but also services such as legal and accountancy work, which has not been captured as part of the direct industry as they are not part of fashion directly but they nevertheless rely on sales to fashion companies in order to pay wages and make profits and are, therefore, considered part of the indirect industry. These models also allow us to estimate the induced impact of activ-ity in an industry i.e. the effect of the spending of those employed directly and indirectly in the UK fashion industry.

Indirect and induced impacts of industries such as education and media are also included in these estimates, along with those impacts associated with the direct production of fashion items.

The estimates of GVA, by type of product and type of impact, are summarised in Figure 4.1. For a more detailed breakdown (by all products) see Appendix E.


48


49

figure 4.2: direCt, indireCt and induCed impaCt on employment

Indirect216,900 jobs

(16.6%) Direct815,500 jobs

(62.3%)

UK Fashion IndustryEmployment

1,309,300 jobs

Induced276,900 jobs

(21.1%)


(0.9%)


(3.8%)

Clothes & Footwear155,300 jobs

(11.9%) Clothes & Footwear663,900 jobs

(50.7%)

Clothes & Footwear205,000 jobs

(15.7%)


(0.8%)


(0.9%)


(10.8%)


(4.6%)

4.3 indireCt and induCed Contribution to the exChequer

A further benefit of these indirect and induced impacts is that they generate additional revenues for the Government, with which to fund essential public services. Using a similar methodology to that employed for the direct impacts, we were able to quantify the level of income, corporation and Value Added Tax (VAT) generated by the indirect additional demand created by the fashion industry via the supply chain and the induced extra spending by those employed directly and indirectly by the fashion industry. Our estimates suggest that indirect activity generates a further 1.9 billion for the Exchequer, while the additional induced demand creates a further 2.4 billion in tax revenues. Overall, this implies that the fashion industry, including direct, indirect and induced effects, con-tributed 17.5 billion to the Exchequer in 2009 or 3.5% of total government revenues. Table 4.1 summarises the results.

table 4.1: summary of tax revenues generated by the fashion industry

(mns) DIRECT INDIRECT INDUCED TOTAL

Income 2741 729 931 4401

Corporation 1217 447 500 2163

VAT on fashion products 6367 N/A N/A 6367

Indirect via employee spending 2871 764 975 4609

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05. estimating the value of spill over effeCtsThe economic and social value of the fashion industry is far greater than the 37.2 billion in GVA and 1.31 million jobs identified in Chapter 4. This chapter considers the value of these wider or spill over benefits that result from the value that the governme

the value of fashion uk indutry

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