the value of education in the hdi and human development ... · progress in the hdi over the past 40...
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The value of education in the HDI and human development broadly
Eva Jespersen,Human Development Report Office, UNDP
Meeting of EFA working group, Paris 2‐3 Feb 2011
Education, knowledge, informed choices are central to Human Development
HDR1990: Human development is enlarging people’s choices,
emphasizing the freedom to be healthy, to be
educated and to
enjoy a decent standard of living. It extends to a broader range
of capabilities, including political freedoms, human rights, and
‘self confidence’
(empowerment, participation)
HDR2010: “Human development is the expansion of people’s
freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to advance
other goals they have reason to value and to engage actively in
shaping development equitably and sustainably on a shared
planet. People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers of
HD, as individuals and in groups.”
Measuring HD partially through HDI
“the freedom to be healthy, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living”
– 1990‐2009: HDI made of three dimensions and four indicators ‐
GDP ppp/per capita; life expectancy at
birth; adult literacy and combined gross enrolment
– internationally available data for a large number of countries
– a crude measure, but closer to people’s lives than GDP
– averages
40 years of
progress
Worldwide trends in the Human Development Index, 1970 ‐
2010
A new lens on development success
Growth, HDI and non‐income HDI
Advances in social development:• Health:
– Technology advances (cold chains, vaccines, ORS),
– Advanced practices (hygiene, wat/san, lower fertility), and
– Transfers
• (when developed countries when through the health transition it was more
closely linked to economic progress)
• Education:
– 1960s onward: nation building and nationalism
– 1990: Jomtien EFA ‐
increased international attention
– 1995: Beijing – gender and development ; girls in school
– 2000: Millennium Summit: MGS; World Education Forum –EFA goals
– Cumulative effects – more educated parents
Reality check: 40 years of progress but …
Education:
– Time to learn (drop‐out)
– Quality and relevanceWith same years of schooling children in developed
countries learn more than children in developing world,
as measured by PISA
Strengthening the relevance in measurement of HD
• Updated HDI• Three new complementary indices
–Inequality Adjusted HDI (IHDI)–Gender Inequality Index (GII) –Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
Strengthening the relevance
• Changes to capture differences rather than sameness (Indicators, Normalization procedure,
Aggregation procedure)– Less substitutability (geometric mean)– GNI instead of GDP; no cap
– Mean years of schooling & school life expectancy, replace literacy and school
enrolment
• Lower values for all
Top/bottom HDI and education
HDIMean years of
schoolingExpected years of
schooling HDIMean years of
schoolingExpected years of
schooling
Norway 0.938 12.6 17.3 Mali 0.309 1.4 8
Australia 0.937 12 20.5 Burkina Faso 0.305 1.3 5.8
New Zealand 0.907 12.5 19.7 Liberia 0.300 3.9 11
United States 0.902 12.4 15.7 Chad 0.295 1.5 6
Ireland 0.895 11.6 17.9 Guinea‐Bissau 0.289 2.3 9.1
Liechtenstain 0.891 10.3 14.8 Mozambique 0.284 1.2 8.2
Netherlands 0.890 11.2 16.7 Burundi 0.282 2.7 9.6
Canada 0.888 11.5 16 Niger 0.261 1.4 4.3
Sweden 0.885 11.6 15.6 Congo, DR 0.239 3.8 7.8
Germany 0.884 12.2 15.6 Zimbabwe 0.140 7.2 9.2
Top/bottom HDI and education
The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development, HDRO‐UNDP – November 2010
It is evident:
• Education is critical to strengthening people’s capabilities and freedoms (HD)
• Education has significantly contributed to progress in the HDI over the past 40 years
• Complex knowledge societies raise the bar for education – HDI seeks to stay abreast
• Inequality in access to and quality of education is a critical challenge to
advancing HD
Follow HD discussions at:www.hdr.undp.org
– let’s talk HD
HDRnet