1

The Use of GIS and Remote Sensing to Support Strategic Scenarios for

Agricultural Drainage in El Nubaria Area, Egypt.

Nahla A. Morad*, Salah M. Abdel Mogheeth* and Mahmoud M. Shendi**

* Hydrology Dept., Desert Research Center, Cairo.

**Soils and Water Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt.

Corresponding Author: Mahmoud Mohamed Shendi

Tel: +20 2 38350837, Mobile: 0105350018, Fax: +20 84 6334964

E-mail: mmshendi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the present study is to support strategic scenarios

for agricultural drainage in the areas suffering from water logging problems in

the reclaimed soils located west of El Nubaria Canal. The slightly pervious

petrocalcic layers, the misuse of irrigation water, the seepage from canals, the

shallow effective soil depth and the absence of efficient drainage system in most

localities lead to a rising in groundwater levels to critical depths. Soil

degradation and decrease of soil productivity are common due to the resulted

water logging and salinization problems. In order to solve this complicated

problem, a new and untraditional drainage system must be proposed. To meet

the goal of the present study, Landsat TM images and ILWIS GIS were used.

GIS combined with remote sensing capabilities and the ground truth data,

proved to be efficient and effective means for the spatial inventory, analysis,

modeling, understanding environmental problems, planning and management of

the present drainage problem. Two scenarios were proposed to determine the

areas which seriously need a new drainage system. The scenarios were described

in details and supported with the resulted GIS maps. IT was concluded that the

depth to water layer and the hydraulic conductivity parameters are the most

effective parameters that govern the logging phenomena in the area followed by

the depth to impermeable layer and the water requirement. Drainage efficiency,

water salinity and soil salinity have the least impact on water logging in the

studied area, however decision makers should keep all the studied parameters in

consideration to propose alternative scenarios for improving drainage conditions

in the area.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Agricultural Drainage Planning,

Hydrological Studies, El Nubaria soils.

1-INTRODUCTION

The study area is characterized by intensive reclamation activities since

1968, where surface flood irrigation is practiced through El Nubaria canal and

El Nasr canal. The area is located to the west of El Nubaria canal, as many of

reclamation projects are taking place. The area extends to the north of El Nasr

canal and bounded from north by Alam El Markab- Alam Shaltut limestone

2

ridges. It lies between latitudes 30° 40’ to 30° 50’ and longitudes 29° 50’ to 30°

02’and occupies an area of about 19650 feddan, (one feddan = 4200m2), Fig. 1.

The water level in the area is less than 1.0 m in the majority of the irrigated

soils. The common rising groundwater table problem has serious impacts from

both environmental and engineering viewpoints. Deterioration in the cultivated

soils and the decrease of their productivity are common feature due to water

logging and consequently, soil salinization.

The study area is almost flat with a very low relief and slopes gently to

the northeast direction. The altitude varies between 24 and 32 m above sea level.

To the north, the study area is bounded by an elongated, hard compact pink

limestone formation, which constitutes the eastern limits of El Markab- Shaltut

ridges. This limestone rock unit acts as a barrier for the flow of both surface and

ground waters. The area is characterized by different hydrological environments,

where deltaic calcareous littoral and lagoonal deposits dominate, (El Ghazawi,

1982(. Climatically, the mean annual rainfall is 57.8 mm; the maximum mean

daily temperature (34.0°C) recorded during July, while the minimum

temperature was recorded in January (7.5°C).

The present work aimed to study the water logging phenomenon in the

reclaimed lands located in the area lying to the west of El Nubaria Canal and to

propose different scenarios that can help for getting a new strategy for managing

agricultural drainage in the area.

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area and the studied piezometers.

3

2-MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty piezometers were drilled throughout the study area to study the

following: type of aquifer layers, shallow layers permeability, shallow layers

salinity, depth to water and fluctuation. The piezometers depths ranged between

2.3 to 6.8 m .The piezometers were monthly monitored during the period from

July 2002 to July 2003 for water table level and its salinity changes.

The location of the studied pizometers is given in Fig. 1. The absolute position

and elevation for all water points were determined using GPS (Leica GPS, SR

9500). Representative soil, rock and water samples were collected during

drilling of piezometers. The following analysis of the shallow aquifer layers;

- Infiltration rate was tested using double ring infiltrometer (Ponce, 1989).

- Permeability of saturated zone was determined using slug test method

(Watson and Burnett, 2000).

- Chemical analysis for more than 120 water samples from canals, drains and

deep wells were made to determine TDS, EC, pH, cations and anions.

- Chemical analysis of 30 soil past extracts to determine ECe, pH and soluble

cations, Richards, (1968).

- Calcium carbonate content, was determined volumetrically for the surface

layers of different Lithology using Scheibler’s calcimeter (Wright 1939).

- ILWIS 3.2 GIS was used to produce maps and models, ITC (2001).

- Three natural color composite of Landsat TM images, taken in June of the

years 1984, 1990 and 1999, were used to monitor the spatial distribution of

water logging problems. In addition, 6 bands of Landsat TM image of June

1997 is used to calculate the soil Wetness Index.

3-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Evolution of cultivated area from 1984 to 1999

Visual interpretation was done on the natural color composite of Landsat

TM images for years 1984, 1990 and 1999. The calculated cultivated areas

within the studied images showed increases of 34.8% and 64.3% in the years

1990 and 1999 respectively in comparison with the cultivated area of year 1984

(Fig. 2&3) .It could be observed from the studied images that the greatest

expand in cultivated lands occurred in the area south of EL Nasr canal and

around Cairo-Alexandria desert road in both sides. New waterways were

constructed during this period (1984-1999) like branch no.20 and El Bustan

Extension canal. The increase of cultivated lands has led to a great increase in

the amounts of irrigation water used which actually caused considerable

increases in the water logged areas.

3.1.1 Visual interpretation of satellite images

Visual interpretation was carried out also for the three Landsat images to

determine the water logged areas during 1986, 1990 and 1999. Final conditions

for the water logged area and the improved areas for drainage are calculated as

shown in table 1 and Fig. 4.

4

Fig. 2. Development of cultivated soils in the study area.

. TM image of 1984. TM image of 1990. TM image of 1999.

Cultivated area = 117219 feddan Cultivated area = 157996 feddan Cultivated area = 192534 feddan

5

Fig. 3. Evolution of cultivated areas from year 1984 to 1999.

Table 1. Evolution of reclaimed areas (feddan) for the years 1984, 1990 and

1999 as interpreted from the Landsat images

Field investigations done by the authors in the study area during the present

work (2000 to 2004), showed that the area still suffering from serious water

logging problem in many places. It was also observed that the use of surface

irrigation in the study area has led to more waste water and, consequently,

caused the water logging and salinization problems partically in areas with

shallow peterocalcic or gypsyferous clayey layers.

Years Cultivated

area

Water

logged

area

Percentage

of water

logged area

Improved

area

Percentage of

improved

area

1984 117218.57 46995.5 40.10% - -

1990 157995.97 47799.1 30.25% 17458.2 11.0%

1999 192533.96 85224.2 44.27% 50319.7 26.14%

6

Fig. 4. Visual classification of water logged areas from 1984 to1999.

3.1.2 Calculation of soil Wetness Index from Landsat image

The Wetness Index (WI), is calculated from TM97 using the following equation;

WI = 0.1509Xband1 + 0.1793Xband2 + 0.3299Xband3 + 0.3406Xband4 –

0.7112Xband5 – 0.4572Xband7

It was observed from the resulted image that the water logged areas scored

values that range between 0 to -40, while the cultivated areas which do not

suffer from water logging scored positive values that ranged between 0 to + 20.

The non cultivated areas scored a wetness index values that range between -40

to -100. The resulted layer is stored in digital format and not presented in this

paper due to size limitation.

Faddan 3.68207

Faddan 736203

Faddan 263706

Faddan 77807

Faddan 6.35206

Faddan 625660.

Faddan 67.2807

7

3.2. Soil Chemical Analysis

Thirty soil samples were collected during drilling of the studied

piezometers to determine the basic soil characteristics as given in Table 2.

3.2.1. Soil salinity

As indicated in Table 2, the soil salinity values varied from non saline to

very strongly saline. The distribution of salinity values of the soil paste extract

shows a clear matching with the salinity pattern of shallow ground water, Fig. 5.

Table 2. Soil Analysis of saturated zone

Piezo_

meter

no.

Piezometer

Depth

(m)

ECe

(dS/m)

pH Soil

Paste

Soluble Cations

(meq/l) ESP

Top Layer

Na+ Mg

++ Ca

++ Lithology

CaCO3 %

P1 3.50 23 8.05 173.9 23.1 37.8 31.1 Petrocalcic crust

P2 5.70 9.9 8.07 56.5 7.4 34.7 14.5 Petrocalcic crust

P3 4.10 14.8 8.08 97.8 14.7 32.6 22.1 Petrocalcic crust 38.1

P4 3.00 17 8.23 132.6 9.5 27.3 30.7 Petrocalcic crust

P5 6.00 12.75 8.04 81.7 11.6 32.6 19.6 Petrocalcic crust 36.6

P6 3.85 7.8 7.67 22.6 8.4 46.2 4.87 Petrocalcic crust

P7 3.80 10.5 7.95 72.2 10.5 23.1 19.8 Calcareous Sand 21.3

P8 6.00 7.5 7.70 27.8 10.5 34.7 6.9 Sandy Clay 23.8

P9 3.60 40 8.12 304.4 34.7 52.5 40.0 Petrocalcic crust 32.1

P10 4.30 10 7.60 47.8 22.1 32.6 10.9 Calcareous Sand 19.3

P11 3.10 5.5 7.61 16.5 11.6 27.3 4.1 Loam 18.8

P12 3.70 4.18 7.76 10.9 6.3 23.1 2.8 Calcareous Sand 19.2

P13 4.60 3.2 7.97 10.0 7.4 13.7 3.2 Loam 20.6

P14 6.80 16.5 7.96 113.1 11.6 33.6 25.3 Loam 23.3

P15 3.50 30 8.06 239.1 23.1 41.0 37.9 Petrocalcic crust

P16 3.50 42 8.11 343.5 32.6 47.3 44.1 Petrocalcic crust 39.0

P17 4.50 8 7.78 35.7 10.5 34.7 8.9 Petrocalcic crust

P18 3.80 7 7.89 27.8 11.6 31.5 7.0 Calcareous Sand 18.8

P19 2.80 6 8.04 26.5 11.6 21.0 7.8 Petrocalcic crust 37.2

P20 2.30 5.3 7.65 17.83 7.4 27.3 4.8 Petrocalcic crust

P21 3.40 31.85 7.96 243.5 20.7 49.4 37.3 Loam 21.2

P22 4.35 9.5 7.98 47.8 45.2 35.7 8.9 Loam 23.0

P23 4.75 18.63 7.99 113.1 17.9 48.3 21.7 Sand 16.5

P24 6.10 3.5 8.52 7.0 3.2 25.2 1.4 Loam 20.0

P25 5.85 6 7.91 30.4 5.3 26.3 9.1 Petrocalcic crust 34.3

P26 4.78 8.05 7.95 42.6 7.4 31.5 11.5 Loam 23.8

P27 3.50 4.75 7.92 11.7 4.2 31.5 2.8 Sandy Loam 24.5

P28 6.00 2.6 7.94 13.5 5.3 7.6 6.2 Loam 17.8

P29 4.10 3.5 7.84 17.4 2.1 14.7 7.1 Loam 17.2

P30 5.15 1.75 8.16 7.0 4.2 5.3 3.3 Sandy Loam 17.5

8

3.2.2. Soil pH values

All the studied soil samples possess alkaline pH values that ranged

between 7.61 to 8.52. The calcareous nature of the study area may contribute in

such high pH values, whereas no clear relationship was recorded with the soil

salinity values R2 = 0.085.

3.2.3. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage

ESP values were calculated from the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

values. Although the highly calcareous nature of all the studied soil samples,

approximately one third of the samples showed high calculated ESP values

which reflected the predominance of Na+ in soil paste extract. The ESP values

ranged between 3.3 and 44.1 with a clear positive correlation (R2 = 0.911) with

soil ECe values.

Fig. 5. Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) values of soil past extract.

9

3.3. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS)

3.3.1. Main hydrological characteristics maps

All piezometers locations were recorded using GPS, then imported to

ILWIS GIS as points map where all studied attributes were stored as a

geographic database. The main hydrological characteristics maps were produced

using the GIS interpolation capabilities, Figs 6, 7, 8& 9.

The results indicate that the infiltration rate is very low; it ranges between

0.22 m /day to 2.67 m/day, Fig 6. The dominance of petrocalcic layers is the

main reason for lowering permeability of the surface layers and hence,

minimizing the ability for surface drainage.

The permeability data indicate that values ranged between 0.023 and 2.52

m/day, Fig 7. It was noticed that the abundance of the clay deposits in the

eastern part of the study area minimized the value to a very low rate.

Depth to water periodical field measurements from September 2002 to

July 2003 indicated that the depth to water in summer season ranged between

0.41 m to 3.93 m from ground surface and between 0.36 m to 3.82 m in winter

season. In general, the recorded depth to water level for most of the studied

piezometers decreased in winter and increased in summer. The low rate of

evaporation in winter (3.52 mm/day in February) and high rate in summer (7.9

mm /day in July) may contribute in this phenomenon. As indicated in Fig 7,

water logging is common in the southern part (about 25 % of the study area) as

the recorded water level were less than 1.0 m. This could be due to the

application of flood irrigation system and the occurrence of impervious

gypsyferous clayey layer very close to the ground surface. In the northern part

(about 35% of the area) the recorded depth is also less than 1.0 m. The presence

of El Marqab- Shaltut ridges, as well as the applied flooding irrigation and the

low permeability of the deposits may contribute together in the logging

phenomena in this area. The middle parts of the study area, Fig 8, recorded

relatively deep water depth where drip and sprinkler irrigation systems are

common..

The concentration of TDS was measured in 30 groundwater samples that

collected from the shallow piezometers on monthly basis from July 2002 until

July 2003.The obtained salinity data of the shallow aquifer are presented in Fig

9, which indicated that the shallow aquifer was mostly saline to highly saline,

where the TDS ranged between 5000 and 43000 ppm.

3.3.2. Creation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

DEM layer is very important for studying drainage condition. Through

this layer one can simulates the 3D soil topography, soil slope and slope

direction which affect the flow direction in the surface layer. These maps are of

vital importance in modeling the water logging problem in the study area.

10

Fig. 6. Infiltration rate map of the study area

Fig.7. Hydraulic conductivity of saturated zone map.

0.023

0.08

5.72

0.895

0.485

0.812

4.14

1.98

2.52

152.5 Km

155 Km

160 Km

165 Km

170 Km

Cairo-A

lexandria Desert road

EL Nasr Canal

29°55'

29°55' 30° 00'

30° 00'

30°45'

30°45'

El M

arqa

b-Sh

altu

t rid

ges

30°50'

30°50'

SCALE

>2.5 m/day

2.0 - 2.5 m/day

1.5 - 2.0m/day

1.0 - 1.5 m/day

0.5 - 1.0 m/day

0 - 0.5 m/day

Legend

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

152.5 Km

155 Km

160 Km

165 Km

170 Km

Cairo-A

lexandria Desert road

EL Nasr Canal

29°55'

29°55' 30° 00'

30° 00'

30°45'

30°50'

30°50'

SCALE

30°45'

El M

arqab

-Shal

tut r

idge

s

>2.5 m/day

2 - 2.5 m/day

1.5 - 2 m/day

1 - 1.5 m/day

0.5 - 1 m/day

0 - 0.5 m/day

Legend

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

11

July 2003 February 2003 September 2002

Average 2002 - 2003

Fig.8. Depth to water in the shallow aquifer of the study area.

12

Fig.9. Salinity Map in the shallow aquifer of the study area.

Elevation

(m)

Fig.10. DEM map of the studied area.

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11P12

P13

P14

P15

P16

P17

P18

P19

P20

P21

P22

P23

P24

P25

P26

P27

P28 P29

P30

P31

152.5 Km

155 Km

160 Km

165 Km

170 Km

Cairo-A

lexandria Desert road

EL Nasr Canal

29° 55'

29° 55' 30° 00'

30° 00'

30°45'

30°45'

E

leva

ted

Lan

d

(El M

arqa

b-Sh

altu

t rid

ges)

30°50'

30°50'

SCALE

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

< 5000 ppm

5000 - 1000 ppm

1000 - 15000 ppm

15000 - 20000 ppm

20000 - 25000 ppm

25000 -30000 ppm

30000 - 35000 ppm

>35000 ppm

Legend

13

Using ILWIS GIS software, all contour line and spot heights from four

topographic maps scale 1: 50000 (printed at 1994) named: Jabal Khasm El

Kaoud, El Nubaria, king Maryout and Abu El Matameir were digitized and the

DEM layer is created by interpolation capabilities, Fig. 10. This was followed

by producing digital forms of slope map and slope direction map. It is clear from

the DEM layer that the general surrounding elevation ranges between +130 m

above sea level in the south west to zero level in the north east, this will affect

the hydraulic gradient water flow direction to southwest-northeast direction.

Concerning the study area, the elevation ranges between +33.0 m and +25.0 m,

except Alam El Marqab-Shaltut ridges, where the elevation reaches +48.0 m,

Fig 10.

3.3.3. The use of GIS to construct decision maps for agricultural drainage

According to the field investigations done during the period (2000 –

2004) and from the data collected during the present work, it is clear that the

area is suffering from a severe drainage problem. In the present work, GIS was

used to determine the boundaries of the most deteriorated areas and to construct

a decision map showing priorities for improving the drainage condition.

Seven layers were used in the GIS analysis as follows: -

i) Depth to water level measured monthly in the field during one year (2002 –

2003) (Fig. 8). The depth to water ranges between 0.5 to 2.65 m .

ii) Infiltration rate map (Fig. 6). The infiltration ranged between 0.08 to 2.67

m/day .

iii) Depth to impermeable layer, calculated from the lithology of the drilled

piezometers (Fig. 11). The values were between 3.0 to 6.0 m.

iv) Drainage efficiency for the drains located in the study area. The range of the

drainage efficiency varied between 0.0% (stagnant water or dry drain) to 28.5%

(Fig. 12). The drainage efficiency was calculated as a ratio between the

measured discharge of the drain in the field (Qm) to the designed discharge of

the same drain (Qd).

Drainage efficiency (%) = (Qm / Qd) x100

v) Average water requirement for irrigation (Fig. 13). The values were estimated

according to the type of irrigation used, i.e. for surface irrigation, the average

water requirement ranges from 5000 to 6000 m3/fed/year, while for modern

irrigation, the values ranges between 4000 to 5000 m3/fed/year.

14

vi) TDS for the water samples collected during the field trips for one year (2002

-2003). The TDS values ranged between less than 5000 ppm to more than 25000

ppm.

vii) TDS of soil paste extract for the samples collected during the drilling of

piezometers . The range varied between less than 5000 ppm to more than 25000

ppm.

From the above mentioned layers, two scenarios were applied to determine the

area which seriously needs a new drainage system as follows: -

- First scenario is to determine the most deteriorated area in the area by logic

overlaying of all the layers without applying any relative weights.

- The second scenario is to get a specific weight for each class in the layer

according to its importance.

Description for each scenario and the results obtained are given as follows: -

I) First Scenario (Overlay Operation): -

Logic overlay operation is used to determine the most deteriorated areas in the

study area. Seven bit maps were used in the logic overlay, each of them was

created using logic IF statement with the following parameters: -

- Depth to water less than 1.0 m

- The infiltration rate less than 0.5 m/day

- Depth to impermeable layer ranges between less than 4.0 m

- Drainage efficiency less than 20%

- The irrigation requirement from 5000 to 6000 m3/feddan/year

- The TDS of water samples is more than 15000ppm

- The TDS of soil paste extract is more than 15000 ppm

The result of the first scenario is given in Fig. (14) which indicate the following;

i) The most deteriorated area lies in the north west of the study area, very close

to the elevated ridges (Alam El Marqab- Alam Shaltut ridges), where the

impervious littoral (marine) and lagoonal deposits are dominated.

ii) The resulted area equals 1460 feddans which is very small compared with the

actual water logged area noticed during the field studies. In other words, this

area doesn't represent the whole actual logging condition in the area, but only

the most deteriorated part.

15

Fig. 11. Depth of impermeable layer map.

Fig. 12. Drainage efficiency (%) .

16

Fig. 13. Average water requirements (m

3/feddan/year).

Fig. 14. Extremely deteriorated area (Scenario 1).

17

II) Second Scenario (Overlay By Relative Weights): - The second scenario is to make additive arithmetic overlay for all the layers

after using a certain weight for each class in the layer. The weight factor used is

shown in Table (3). The resulted map has a maximum value of (7) which

correspond to the most deteriorated area and a minimum value of (1.4) which

correspond to the most well drained areas.

The resulted map of this scenario is classified into three classes as shown in Fig.

(15). The characteristics of the areas covering each priority are summarized in

Table 4, which indicate that the area of high priority needs an immediately new

and untraditional drainage system in order to reduce the deterioration caused by

water logging such as soil salinity and the low productivity. By overlaying the

drains network over the most deteriorated area, one can detect the ineffective

drains as described in Table 4.

Table 3. Weight factor of deterioration for relevant layers

Deterioration

Weight

Layer

1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20

Water table depth

(m) < 1.0 1.0 –1.5 1.5 -2.0 2.0 –2.5 > 2.5

Hydraulic

Conductivity (Ks)

(m/day)

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 1.0 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 >2.0

Depth of impermeable

layer (m) < 2.0 2.0 – 4.0 4.0 – 5.0 5.0 – 6.0 >6.0

Drainage efficiency

(%) 0.0 –10 10 - 20 20 – 30 30 - 40 40 - 50

Irrigation requirement

(m3/ fed /year) 5000 - 6000 4000 - 5000 <4000

TDS in water samples

(ppm) > 25000

15000 -

25000

5000 -

15000 2000 -5000 <2000

TDS in soil paste

extract (ppm) > 25000

15000 -

25000

5000 -

15000 2000 -5000 <2000

18

Table 4. Characteristics of the area covering priority classes for drainage management (Scenario 2).

Priority Class

Layer

Weight Drainage

conditions Location

Area

(feddan)

Area

% Type of irrigation

Type of

surface

deposits

Existing

drains

High Priority 0.90 - 1 Worst North-west

part 7940 40 Surface irrigation

Impervious to

slightly

pervious

Drains 1, 2, 3,

4 and 7

Moderate

Priority 0.70 - 0.90 Bad

Middle and

south east

part

11200 56.7

Modern irrigation in

the middle (7170 fed)

and Surface irrigation

in the south east

(4030 fed)

slightly

pervious to

moderately

permeable

Drains 5, 6, 8,

9, 10, 11,12,

13 and 14

Less Priority 0.50 - 0.70 Slightly

good

South-east

part 600 3.3

Modern irrigation

(drip and sprinkler)

moderately

permeable Drain 11

19

Fig. 15. Priority classes for drainage management (Scenario 2).

In order to determine the most effective parameters in water logging of

the area, the seven layers mentioned in the above mentioned scenarios were

plotted in a two dimensions table in such a way one of the parameters assigned

0.4 weight factor while the six remaining factors assigned each 0.1 as a weight

factor. This was followed by additive overlay for the seven resulted layers, then

classified to three priority classes and compared with the priority map indicated

in Fig 15. The calculated matched areas with the high priority class are arranged

in descending order.

By applying the aforementioned scenarios and comparing the field realty,

it can be concluded that the depth to water layer and soil permeability

parameters are the most effective parameters that govern the logging phenomena

in the area followed by the depth to impermeable layer and the water

requirement. Drainage efficiency, water salinity and soil salinity have the least

effects on the water logged in the area, however decision makers are

recommended to keep all the studied parameters in consideration for alternative

scenarios. The second proposed scenario (based on relative weight overlay)

could help in planning periodic improvement priorities among water logged

areas.

The applied GIS modeling was very helpful to propose different scenarios

for drainage improvement priorities in the study area. The methodology is

recommended to be applied in similar environmental studies.

20

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ستراتيجية للصرف الزراعي في المنا الإات سيناريوهالعم هو دالهدف الرئيسي للدراسة الحالية ترعة غر الواقعة فى من ة الأراضى المستصلحة في الغداقة وسوء الصرف مشكلة منعاني التى ت

يتم مزاولة ، حيث 8691عام من الاستص كثيف لعمليات من ة الدراسة بنشا . وتتميز النوبارية، كفاءا استخدامسوء النوبارية وترعة النصر. ون را ل ترعةخ ل منس حي الر بالغمر ال ، ماء الر

عم التربة الفعال وغيا ن ام ن ص ، الر من قنوات وجود ب ات كلسية ملتحمة قليلة النفا ية ، الرشح الأعما في مستويات المياه الجوفية إلى زيادا إلى من المنا ذدى ل ريفي كث الكفءالتصريف . التملح للتربةومشاكل غداقة التربةبسب يتها إنتاج ت تربة ون صان معدلامما ذدى إلى تدهور الالحرجة.

هدف الدراسة ن ام صرف جديد غير ت ليدى . ولتح ي إنشاء ولحل ه ه المشكلة المع دا فحن ي تر وقد ذوضحت . ILWIS GISوبرنام و Landsat الأقمار الصناعية صورف د تم استخدام الحالية

فعالة الوسائل الدراسة ذن إدمار قدرات ذن مة المعلومات الجغرافية والاستشعار عن البعد يعتبر من الدارا مشكلة الصرف بالمن ة بيئية المشاكل الفهم ت، تحليل، عر ، للمشكلة المكاني للحصر وتخ ي وادفعال يتناس ن ام صرف جديد إلى شده التي تحتار باالمنلتحديد ان هيو سينار وقد تم اقترا الحالية.

بأن مة المعلومات عمت بالخرائ الناتجة بدق ودالسيناريوهات وقد تم وصف . مر روف المن ةرا على وقد بينت نتائ ه ه الدراسة ذن عم الماء الأرضى ونفا ية التربة هى ذكثر العوامل تأثي .الجغرافية

اهرا الغداقة بالمن ة ، ويتلو ل فى الترتي عم ال ب ات الغير منف ه وكمية ماء الر ، بينما كانت على غداقة المن ة ، وبالرغم تأثيراكفاءا المصارف وملحية كل من التربة والماء الأرضي ذقل العوامل تى تم دراستها فى الإعتبار من ذجل من ل فحن يوصى لمتخ ى ال رار ذن يضعوا جمير المعايير ال

وضر جمير البدائل لتحسين الصرف وت ليل الغداقة فى من ة الدراسة.

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