The U.S. in World War The U.S. in World War IIII

1941-19451941-1945

Declarations of WarDeclarations of War

U.S. declared war on Japan on U.S. declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941December 8, 1941

December 11, Germany and Italy December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.declared war on the U.S.• ““Germany first”Germany first”

Declaration of the United NationsDeclaration of the United Nations• January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 January 1, 1942, representatives of 26

nations met in D.C. and signed the nations met in D.C. and signed the Declaration of the United NationsDeclaration of the United Nations

• Pledged themselves to principles of Pledged themselves to principles of Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

• Promised not to make a separate peace Promised not to make a separate peace with their common enemies with their common enemies

Japanese EmpireJapanese Empire

Conquests in PacificConquests in Pacific• U.S. islands of Guam, Wake Island, & U.S. islands of Guam, Wake Island, &

Gilbert Islands fell by end of DecemberGilbert Islands fell by end of December• Philippines taken in March 1942 Philippines taken in March 1942

ResourcesResources• Controlled 95% of world's raw rubber; Controlled 95% of world's raw rubber;

70% of tin; 70% of rice70% of tin; 70% of rice• Oil from Dutch East IndiesOil from Dutch East Indies• Rice from IndochinaRice from Indochina

Dominated population of 450 millionDominated population of 450 million• Played on Asians’ bitterness of Played on Asians’ bitterness of

European colonial ruleEuropean colonial rule• "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere”Sphere” "Asia for the Asians”"Asia for the Asians”

The The Home FrontHome Front

Military mobilizationMilitary mobilization• Selective Service registration expanded Selective Service registration expanded

to men 18-65 after Pearl Harborto men 18-65 after Pearl Harbor• 258,000 women enlisted as 258,000 women enlisted as WAC's WAC's

((Women's Army Corp), Women's Army Corp), WAVESWAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAF's Emergency Service), and WAF's (Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron)(Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron)

By war's end, 16 million men and By war's end, 16 million men and women servedwomen served• only 72,000 claimed "conscientious only 72,000 claimed "conscientious

objection”objection”• only 5,500 refused to register; were only 5,500 refused to register; were

jailedjailed• Nearly a million African Americans Nearly a million African Americans

served in segregated units served in segregated units

Economic mobilizationEconomic mobilization• OWM (Office for War Mobilization) OWM (Office for War Mobilization)

established to supervise various established to supervise various agencies intended to increase war agencies intended to increase war productionproduction

• War Production BoardWar Production Board WPD est. in 1942 by FDR to regulate the WPD est. in 1942 by FDR to regulate the

use of raw materialsuse of raw materials

"Rosie the Riveter“"Rosie the Riveter“• Over 5 million women joined labor force Over 5 million women joined labor force

during the war, work in aircraft, during the war, work in aircraft, munitions, and automobile industriesmunitions, and automobile industries

• Propaganda:Propaganda: American heroine- movies, magazines, adsAmerican heroine- movies, magazines, ads

• Women’s increased wages increased Women’s increased wages increased family incomesfamily incomes

• Despite gains, women return to Despite gains, women return to homemakinghomemaking

Women played an important role in the war effort on the homefront

Controlling inflationControlling inflation• More people were working but less More people were working but less

consumer goods were availableconsumer goods were available• Too much $ = inflation; cost of living Too much $ = inflation; cost of living

increasedincreased• War Labor BoardWar Labor Board: sought to maintain : sought to maintain

workers' standard of living; wages kept workers' standard of living; wages kept pace with rise in cost of livingpace with rise in cost of living

• Office of Economic Stabilization -- Office of Economic Stabilization -- Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration (OPA) (OPA)

Froze prices and rents at March 1942 levelsFroze prices and rents at March 1942 levels RationingRationing

• Coupon Plan -- more widely usedCoupon Plan -- more widely used Families issued coupon books to buy of meat, Families issued coupon books to buy of meat,

coffee, sugar, gas, etc.coffee, sugar, gas, etc.

• Anti-inflation measures successfulAnti-inflation measures successful WWI cost of living up 170%WWI cost of living up 170% WWII -- less than 29% WWII -- less than 29%

RATIONING

SUGAR LINESUGAR LINE

GASOLINE LINE

TO LEARN HOW TO

USE RATIONING STAMPS,

THESE SCHOOL

CHILDREN SET UP A BOOTH WITH

CHARTS AND

PRODUCTS TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO BUY NEEDED GOODS DURING

THE WAR

Taxes were increased to finance the Taxes were increased to finance the warwar• Many who had never had to pay taxes Many who had never had to pay taxes

were now required towere now required to• 1939 -- 4 million filed tax returns; in 1939 -- 4 million filed tax returns; in

1945 --50 million!1945 --50 million! National DebtNational Debt

• 1941 = $49 billion; 1945 = $259 billion1941 = $49 billion; 1945 = $259 billion

FEDERAL SPENDING INCREASE IN BILLIONS OF DOLLARS,

1940-1945

Smith-Connolly Antistrike ActSmith-Connolly Antistrike Act (1943) -- expired in 1947(1943) -- expired in 1947• Authorized gov’t seizure of plant or mine Authorized gov’t seizure of plant or mine

idled by a strike if war effort affectedidled by a strike if war effort affected• Response to strikes especially by John L. Response to strikes especially by John L.

LewisLewis 1943, 450,000 United Mine Workers 1943, 450,000 United Mine Workers

members went on strike who were denied a members went on strike who were denied a raise by the National War Labor Boardraise by the National War Labor Board

Science goes to war: Office of Science goes to war: Office of Scientific Research and Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)Development (OSRD)• Organized before Pearl Harbor, led to Organized before Pearl Harbor, led to

advances in technology (radar, advances in technology (radar, insecticides)insecticides)

• Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project—1942—1942 Established to research all aspects of Established to research all aspects of

building A-bombbuilding A-bomb Formed after Albert Einstein and Enrico Formed after Albert Einstein and Enrico

Fermi warned FDR in a letter in 1939 that Fermi warned FDR in a letter in 1939 that Germany was working on building a bomb Germany was working on building a bomb through nuclear fissionthrough nuclear fission

• Los Alamos, New Mexico -- group Los Alamos, New Mexico -- group charged with building the bomb itselfcharged with building the bomb itself

Headed byHeaded by Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer

• Trinity -- first test July 16, 1945 in Trinity -- first test July 16, 1945 in desert outside Alamogordo, New desert outside Alamogordo, New Mexico Mexico

Discrimination during the Discrimination during the warwar

African American civil rights issuesAfrican American civil rights issues• During war years, there was massive During war years, there was massive

migration of minorities to industrial migration of minorities to industrial centerscenters

Competition for scarce resources (e.g. Competition for scarce resources (e.g. housing) & tension in workplacehousing) & tension in workplace

• Violence plagued 47 cities, the worst Violence plagued 47 cities, the worst example occurring in Detroitexample occurring in Detroit

Detroit Race RiotDetroit Race Riot in June, 1943; 25 blacks in June, 1943; 25 blacks dead; 9 whitesdead; 9 whites

• 6,000 federal troops needed to restore order6,000 federal troops needed to restore order• $2 million in property damage $2 million in property damage

Despite improved economic

opportunities African

Americans still suffered

discrimination in housing and

other areas. In Detroit tensions erupted into full scale rioting in the summer of 1943, where 34 people lost their

lives.

• A. Philip RandolphA. Philip Randolph, president of the , president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Blacks were excluded from well-paying jobs Blacks were excluded from well-paying jobs in war-related industriesin war-related industries

Randolph made three demands of the Randolph made three demands of the presidentpresident

• Equal access to defense jobsEqual access to defense jobs• Desegregation of the armed forcesDesegregation of the armed forces• End to segregation in federal agenciesEnd to segregation in federal agencies

March on Washington MovementMarch on Washington Movement -- -- Randolph proposed a black March on Randolph proposed a black March on Washington in 1941 if his conditions were Washington in 1941 if his conditions were not metnot met

FDR issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941 FDR issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941 establishing establishing Fair EmploymentFair Employment Practices Practices Committee (FEPC)Committee (FEPC) to investigate to investigate violations in defense industriesviolations in defense industries

• FDR did not agree to other two demandsFDR did not agree to other two demands• Randolph canceled the marchRandolph canceled the march

Result:Result:• Gov’t agencies, job training programs, & defense Gov’t agencies, job training programs, & defense

contractors ended segregationcontractors ended segregation• Randolph dubbed "father of the Civil Rights Randolph dubbed "father of the Civil Rights

movement”movement” NAACP grew from 50,000 before the war, to NAACP grew from 50,000 before the war, to

500,000 members by war’s end 500,000 members by war’s end

Mexican AmericansMexican Americans• Bracero ProgramBracero Program

During the war, need for increased farm During the war, need for increased farm production led to a U.S. gov't policy for short-production led to a U.S. gov't policy for short-term work permits to be issued to Mexican term work permits to be issued to Mexican workersworkers

• Zoot Suit riotsZoot Suit riots in L.A. (1943) in L.A. (1943) Young Mexican-Americans became object of Young Mexican-Americans became object of

frequent violent attacks in LA.frequent violent attacks in LA. Sailors roamed streets beating "zooters," Sailors roamed streets beating "zooters,"

tearing their clothes, cutting their hairtearing their clothes, cutting their hair Radio reports blamed zooters but a city Radio reports blamed zooters but a city

committee under Earl Warren revealed the committee under Earl Warren revealed the truth and need for improved housing truth and need for improved housing

RACIAL TENSIONS

IN LOS ANGELES

LED TO THE “ZOOT SUIT” RIOTS, 1943

Internment of Japanese Internment of Japanese AmericansAmericans -- Japanese relocation -- Japanese relocation• Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 19, 1942)(Feb. 19, 1942)

FDR authorized the War Dept. to declare FDR authorized the War Dept. to declare the West Coast a "war theater“the West Coast a "war theater“

110,000 people of Japanese ancestry 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry forcibly interned. Pearl Harbor left public forcibly interned. Pearl Harbor left public paranoid that people of Japanese ancestry paranoid that people of Japanese ancestry living in California might help Japanliving in California might help Japan

THESE POSTERS WERE PUT UP IN LOS ANGELES, INSTRUCTING

PEOPLE OF JAPANESE DESCENT,

CITIZENS AND NON-CITIZENS

ALIKE, TO REPORT TO THE CIVIL CONTROL STATION TO BE DEPORTED TO

THE CAMPS

JAPANESE AMERICAN GIRL WAITS WITH HER FAMILY’S

BELONGINGS TO BE

EVACUATED TO AN

INTERNMENT CAMP

• General John DeWitt organized the General John DeWitt organized the removal of people of Japanese ancestry removal of people of Japanese ancestry to 10 locations in 7 statesto 10 locations in 7 states

They were given 48 hours to dispose of They were given 48 hours to dispose of their belongingstheir belongings

Camps were in desolate areasCamps were in desolate areas Conditions harsh, yet many remained loyal Conditions harsh, yet many remained loyal

to US; after 1943, 17,600 fought in US to US; after 1943, 17,600 fought in US ArmyArmy

Although gov’t considered relocation of Although gov’t considered relocation of Germans and Italians, the Japanese were Germans and Italians, the Japanese were the only ethnic group singled out by gov’t the only ethnic group singled out by gov’t for action for action

JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

THE DOTS REPRESENT THE

LOCATION OF THE CAMPS

CANAL CAMP, AZCANAL CAMP, AZ MANZANAR, CAMANZANAR, CA

CRYSTAL CREEK, TXCRYSTAL CREEK, TX GILA, AZGILA, AZ

• Army considered Japanese potential Army considered Japanese potential spiesspies

Korematsu v. USKorematsu v. US – Supreme Court upholds – Supreme Court upholds internmentinternment

• Court could not second-guess military decisionsCourt could not second-guess military decisions Represented the greatest violation of civil Represented the greatest violation of civil

liberties during WWIIliberties during WWII• $105 million of farmland lost$105 million of farmland lost• $500 million in yearly income; unknown personal $500 million in yearly income; unknown personal

savingssavings No act of sabotage was ever proven against No act of sabotage was ever proven against

any Japanese-Americanany Japanese-American Camps closed in March, 1946 Camps closed in March, 1946

1988, President Reagan officially apologized 1988, President Reagan officially apologized for its actions and approved in principle the for its actions and approved in principle the payment of reparations to camp survivors payment of reparations to camp survivors totaling $1.25 billiontotaling $1.25 billion

In 1990 Congress appropriated funds to pay In 1990 Congress appropriated funds to pay $20,000 to each internee $20,000 to each internee

The Grand AllianceThe Grand Alliance

Coalition of the nations at war with the Coalition of the nations at war with the Axis Powers created with the signing of Axis Powers created with the signing of the "United Nations Declaration", Jan the "United Nations Declaration", Jan 1, 19421, 1942

ObjectivesObjectives• Hitler first: Churchill & FDR wanted to Hitler first: Churchill & FDR wanted to

concentrate on defeating Germany before concentrate on defeating Germany before giving Japan higher prioritygiving Japan higher priority

• Many who were outraged from Pearl Many who were outraged from Pearl Harbor complained Harbor complained

Military Plans:Military Plans:• Economic blockades on Germany & Economic blockades on Germany &

ItalyItaly• Air attacks on GermanyAir attacks on Germany• Peripheral strikes in the MediterraneanPeripheral strikes in the Mediterranean• Final direct assault on Germany Final direct assault on Germany

Allied DefeatsAllied Defeats

During first 6 months, it seemed During first 6 months, it seemed Allied Powers would lose the warAllied Powers would lose the war• Asia and the PacificAsia and the Pacific

Japanese took Guam, Wake Island, Hong Japanese took Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, Dutch East Indies Kong, Singapore, Burma, Dutch East Indies and the Philippines and the Philippines

U.S. loss of the PhilippinesU.S. loss of the Philippines• 20,000 U.S. troops led by General 20,000 U.S. troops led by General

Douglas MacArthur withdrew to Douglas MacArthur withdrew to BataanBataan, close to Manila, but eventually , close to Manila, but eventually surrenderedsurrendered

• Bataan death marchBataan death march – 85-mile forced – 85-mile forced march of U.S. GIs who were tortured march of U.S. GIs who were tortured and eventually burned aliveand eventually burned alive

• MacArthur ordered by Washington MacArthur ordered by Washington

to leave for Australia: "I shall to leave for Australia: "I shall

return”return” Assumed command of all Allied Assumed command of all Allied

Pacific forces Pacific forces

BATAAN DEATH MARCH AND THE HORROR OF JAPANESE CAPTIVITY

Doolittle Raid: militarily insignificant Doolittle Raid: militarily insignificant raid on Japan in April, 1942 in raid on Japan in April, 1942 in retaliation for Pearl Harborretaliation for Pearl Harbor• Helped American moral since U.S. had Helped American moral since U.S. had

not yet struck back after Pearl Harbor not yet struck back after Pearl Harbor

Early Defeats in EuropeEarly Defeats in Europe• German U-boats sunk 8 million tons of German U-boats sunk 8 million tons of

allied supplies -- 25% of the USSR'sallied supplies -- 25% of the USSR's• Germans pushed east to Stalingrad by Germans pushed east to Stalingrad by

fall 1942, and to El Alamein, Egypt fall 1942, and to El Alamein, Egypt

Allied Turning Points in the Allied Turning Points in the WarWar

Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad (Sept. 1942)(Sept. 1942)• First major German defeat on landFirst major German defeat on land

Henceforth, German army in retreat from Henceforth, German army in retreat from the east until Berlin occupied by the the east until Berlin occupied by the Russians in the spring of 1945Russians in the spring of 1945

• Stalin never forgave the Allies for not Stalin never forgave the Allies for not opening a 2nd front earlier; USSR had opening a 2nd front earlier; USSR had to bear the full brunt of German to bear the full brunt of German invasioninvasion

Churchill opted for North Africa instead Churchill opted for North Africa instead

North Africa – “Operation Torch" - led by North Africa – “Operation Torch" - led by Gen. EisenhowerGen. Eisenhower, Nov. 8, 1942, Nov. 8, 1942• British had been fighting German Panzer British had been fighting German Panzer

divisions in North Africa since 1941divisions in North Africa since 1941 Germans led by General Irwin Rommel (the "Desert Germans led by General Irwin Rommel (the "Desert

Fox")Fox")

• Battle of Battle of El Alamein El Alamein (Oct 23-Nov. 3)—signaled (Oct 23-Nov. 3)—signaled end of German presence in North Africaend of German presence in North Africa

British forces pushed Rommel out of Egypt and all the British forces pushed Rommel out of Egypt and all the way back to Tunisia; massive German casualtiesway back to Tunisia; massive German casualties

Considered one of the major turning points of the warConsidered one of the major turning points of the war

• In “Operation Torch” 100,000 Allied troops In “Operation Torch” 100,000 Allied troops invaded North Africa in Algeria & Moroccoinvaded North Africa in Algeria & Morocco

GERMAN GENERAL ROMMEL KNOWN AS THE “DESERT FOX” FOR HIS BRILLIANT LEADERSHIP IN NORTH AFRICA

BRITISH GENERAL BERNARD MONTGOMERY, VICTOR IN THE DESERT WAR IN NORTH AFRICA

THE END IN NORTH AFRICA: GERMAN TROOPS SURRENDERING TO ALLIED FORCES

EuropeEurope• Invasion of Italy (commanded by Invasion of Italy (commanded by

George C. Patton)George C. Patton) July 1943, British and U.S. forces land in July 1943, British and U.S. forces land in

Sicily; victorious within 1 monthSicily; victorious within 1 month Mussolini forced out of powerMussolini forced out of power June 4, 1944 -- Allies march into RomeJune 4, 1944 -- Allies march into Rome

• First capital city freed from Nazi controlFirst capital city freed from Nazi control U.S. military leaders frustrated with focus U.S. military leaders frustrated with focus

on Italy; want a second front in Western on Italy; want a second front in Western EuropeEurope

• Churchill wanted Italy so FDR acquiesced; Stalin Churchill wanted Italy so FDR acquiesced; Stalin extremely frustrated extremely frustrated

D-DayD-Day (June 6, 1944): (June 6, 1944): Invasion ofInvasion of NormandyNormandy -- -- "Operation "Operation Overlord”Overlord”• Perhaps war’s most important battlePerhaps war’s most important battle• Commanded by Commanded by General Dwight D. General Dwight D.

EisenhowerEisenhower• 120,000 troops left England and 120,000 troops left England and

stormed 5 beachheads at Normandy stormed 5 beachheads at Normandy CoastCoast

800,000 more men within 3 weeks; 3 million 800,000 more men within 3 weeks; 3 million totaltotal

Demonstrated significance of Battle of Demonstrated significance of Battle of Britain four years earlier Britain four years earlier

German bunker at Utah Beach

THOUSANDS OF ALLIED SOLDIERS ENTERED BATTLE

FROM THE AIR

A HEAVY PRICE WAS PAID FOR THE SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF FRANCE

• Casualties during D-Day: 2,245 Allies Casualties during D-Day: 2,245 Allies killed; 1,670 woundedkilled; 1,670 wounded

• Significance of battle:Significance of battle: Second front established (to Russia’s joy)Second front established (to Russia’s joy)

• August 25, 1st Allied troops enter ParisAugust 25, 1st Allied troops enter Paris• By end of summer, Belgium, France and By end of summer, Belgium, France and

Luxembourg liberatedLuxembourg liberated Had Allies failed, Hitler could have focused Had Allies failed, Hitler could have focused

on Eastern Front and perhaps negotiated a on Eastern Front and perhaps negotiated a peace with Stalin leaving most of Europe peace with Stalin leaving most of Europe under Nazi control under Nazi control

Liberation of Paris

Invasion of GermanyInvasion of Germany• Pre-invasion bombingPre-invasion bombing

Hamburg all but wiped out in summer 1943Hamburg all but wiped out in summer 1943 Berlin and other major cities and targets hit Berlin and other major cities and targets hit

repeatedly especially factories and oil repeatedly especially factories and oil refineriesrefineries

• Allied invasion in Sept. 1944 repelled by Allied invasion in Sept. 1944 repelled by GermanyGermany

Germany held the Rhine by mid-September Germany held the Rhine by mid-September on the edge of Germanyon the edge of Germany

• Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge (December 16, (December 16, 1944)1944)

Germans launched last major offensive on Germans launched last major offensive on U.S. positions in Belgium and Luxembourg U.S. positions in Belgium and Luxembourg -- U.S. casualties: nearly 80,000-- U.S. casualties: nearly 80,000

General George PattonGeneral George Patton and his 101st and his 101st Airborne Division stopped Hitler’s last Airborne Division stopped Hitler’s last counter-offensivecounter-offensive

By January, the Allies were once more By January, the Allies were once more advancing toward Germanyadvancing toward Germany

• Britain & US attacked Dresden with fire Britain & US attacked Dresden with fire bombs killing 100,000 & destroying bombs killing 100,000 & destroying factories and rail lines factories and rail lines

Soldiers in the Ardennes at the Battle of the Bulge

April 1945April 1945• U.S. approached Berlin from west while U.S. approached Berlin from west while

Soviets came from eastSoviets came from east German resistance in Italy collapsingGerman resistance in Italy collapsing Mussolini caught by Italian resistance and Mussolini caught by Italian resistance and

killerkiller

• Hitler went into bunker under Hitler went into bunker under Chancellery in April and committed Chancellery in April and committed suicide on April 30suicide on April 30

• Germany surrendered unconditionally on Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945May 7, 1945

Allies celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Allies celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) Day)

THE END APPROACHES

FOR NAZI GERMANY

AND HITLER AS THE U.S., BRITAIN AND

CANADA ATTACK

FROM THE WEST WHILE

THE RUSSIANS MASSIVELY

ATTACK FROM THE

EAST

U.S. AND SOVIET SOLDIERS GREET EACH OTHER AT TORGAU, GERMANY

IN APRIL OF 1945.

Japan pushed back to its Japan pushed back to its mainlandmainland

Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942)– Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942)– entire battle fought with aircraftentire battle fought with aircraft• Japan prevented from successfully Japan prevented from successfully

invading New Guinea and Australiainvading New Guinea and Australia Battle of Midway Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942) – (June 4-7, 1942) –

turning point in the Pacificturning point in the Pacific• Allies broke the Japanese codeAllies broke the Japanese code• Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers (of 10)--7 Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers (of 10)--7

of 11 other ships destroyed; 250 planesof 11 other ships destroyed; 250 planes• Significance: Japan no longer had any Significance: Japan no longer had any

hopes of attacking US mainland hopes of attacking US mainland

Island HoppingIsland Hopping campaign began in campaign began in 1943, eventually pushed Japanese 1943, eventually pushed Japanese forces all the way back to Japanforces all the way back to Japan• Sought to neutralize Japanese island Sought to neutralize Japanese island

strongholds with air and sea power and strongholds with air and sea power and then move onthen move on

• Battle of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands Battle of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands -- August 1942-February 1943)-- August 1942-February 1943)

First Japanese land defeat after 6 months of First Japanese land defeat after 6 months of bitter jungle fighting bitter jungle fighting

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS

OKINAWA

Iwo JimaIwo Jima (February, 1945) (February, 1945)• Fighter planes now close enough to bomb JapanFighter planes now close enough to bomb Japan

Okinawa (Okinawa (April 1, 1945 -- ends in June)April 1, 1945 -- ends in June)• 50,000 American casualties resulted from fierce 50,000 American casualties resulted from fierce

fighting which virtually destroyed Japan’s fighting which virtually destroyed Japan’s remaining defensesremaining defenses

• Bloodshed influenced the eventual use of the Bloodshed influenced the eventual use of the atomic bomb to prevent further U.S. casualties atomic bomb to prevent further U.S. casualties from ground assaultsfrom ground assaults

Bombing of Japan resulted in destruction of Bombing of Japan resulted in destruction of most major citiesmost major cities• March 1945, 100,000 die in a single Tokyo raid; March 1945, 100,000 die in a single Tokyo raid;

60% of buildings destroyed 60% of buildings destroyed

MAP SHOWING INVASIONS OF IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA

OKINAWA

IWO JIMA

American casualties on Okinawa would exceed 68,000. Of the nearly 16,000 servicemen killed the burden fell

to the naval forces: 8,343 dead sailors, coast guardsmen and marines, the highest toll in naval

history. Much of the naval loss was due to the Japanese use of kamikaze suicide plane attacks.

KAMIKAZE

Kamikazes were the suicide attacks the

Japanese began late in the war when they

realized they could not defeat conventional US

forces. While the attacks were made mainly in

aircrafts against US ships there were other types of kamikaze vehicles as

well. These included small boats, flying human missiles or

ohkas, human torpedoes and even the great battleship Yamato.

U.S. SHIPS HIT BY

KAMIKAZES

All combined kamikaze

operations combined sunk 34

ships, and damaged 288 ships.

The most damage done by kamikaze’s

was at Okinawa where 1465 suicide

planes sank 30 ships and damages

130 more.

The horrendous losses the U.S. suffered at Iwo Jima and Okinawa combined with the devastating kamikaze attacks was only a prelude to the

slaughter which happened when the U.S. invaded the Japanese home islands

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

IWO JIMA OKINAWA

KILLED

WOUNDED

TOTAL

US losses at both battles

Election of 1944 and death Election of 1944 and death of FDRof FDR

FDR, with running-mate Harry S. FDR, with running-mate Harry S. Truman, defeated Republican Truman, defeated Republican Thomas DeweyThomas Dewey• FDR elected to an unprecedented FDR elected to an unprecedented

fourth term in officefourth term in office April 12, 1945 -- FDR died at Warm April 12, 1945 -- FDR died at Warm

Springs, GASprings, GA Vice President Vice President Harry Truman Harry Truman

become presidentbecome president

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO

ROOSEVELT DIED ON APRIL 12,

1945.

The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference (Mid-July - August) (Mid-July - August)• Three allied leaders (Truman, Stalin, and Three allied leaders (Truman, Stalin, and

Clement Atlee) warned Japan without specifics Clement Atlee) warned Japan without specifics to surrender or suffer "complete and utter to surrender or suffer "complete and utter destruction”destruction”

• Japan refused removal of emperor but showed Japan refused removal of emperor but showed signs in secret dispatches it might be willing signs in secret dispatches it might be willing to surrender if emperor remains on throneto surrender if emperor remains on throne

• Military advisors warn of casualties as high as Military advisors warn of casualties as high as 46,000 if U.S. invades Japan 46,000 if U.S. invades Japan

August 6, 1945 -- First atomic bomb August 6, 1945 -- First atomic bomb ("Little Boy") dropped on ("Little Boy") dropped on HiroshimaHiroshima• 80,000 killed immediately; 100,000 80,000 killed immediately; 100,000

injuredinjured Countless die later of radiation sickness or Countless die later of radiation sickness or

cancercancer

• Bomb dropped by the Bomb dropped by the Enola GayEnola Gay• Japanese gov’t still did not surrenderJapanese gov’t still did not surrender

August 8, Soviet Union entered the August 8, Soviet Union entered the war against Japan as promised war against Japan as promised

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS

DROPPED ON THE CITY OF HIROSHIMA

AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE

WOUNDED

August 9, 2nd bomb ("Fat Man") August 9, 2nd bomb ("Fat Man") dropped on Nagasaki; 60,000 dead dropped on Nagasaki; 60,000 dead

August 14, Japan surrenderedAugust 14, Japan surrendered• World War II is overWorld War II is over• Sept 2, Japanese formally surrendered Sept 2, Japanese formally surrendered

aboard U.S.S. aboard U.S.S. MissouriMissouri in Tokyo Bay in Tokyo Bay

A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

and the Japanese surrendered

AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED

FOREIGN MINISTER SHIGEMITSU SIGNS JAPANESE SURRENDER DOCUMENT

VJ DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS

The decision to drop the atomic The decision to drop the atomic bomb became controversial in later bomb became controversial in later few decadesfew decades• Most compelling reason for dropping Most compelling reason for dropping

the bomb was that it saved countless the bomb was that it saved countless U.S. lives who would have had to invade U.S. lives who would have had to invade JapanJapan

• Scholarship suggests Truman sought to Scholarship suggests Truman sought to intimidate Soviet Union in the post-war intimidate Soviet Union in the post-war world by using the bombworld by using the bomb

Allied Diplomacy during the Allied Diplomacy during the warwar

Casablanca ConferenceCasablanca Conference (January 14-25, (January 14-25, 1943)1943)• FDR and Churchill declare policy of FDR and Churchill declare policy of

unconditional surrender for "all enemies" unconditional surrender for "all enemies" • Agreed that Italy would be invaded first before Agreed that Italy would be invaded first before

opening 2nd Front in Franceopening 2nd Front in France Moscow Conference (October 1943)Moscow Conference (October 1943)

• Secretary of State Cordell Hull obtained Secretary of State Cordell Hull obtained Soviet agreement to enter the war against Soviet agreement to enter the war against Japan after Germany was defeated and to Japan after Germany was defeated and to participate in a world organization (UN) after participate in a world organization (UN) after the war was over the war was over

Declaration of Cairo (issued Declaration of Cairo (issued December 1, 1943)December 1, 1943)• FDR met with FDR met with Chang Kai-shekChang Kai-shek in in

November, demanding Japan’s November, demanding Japan’s unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender

• All Chinese territories occupied by All Chinese territories occupied by Japan would be returned to China; Japan would be returned to China; Korea would be free and independent Korea would be free and independent

Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference (Nov-Dec, (Nov-Dec, 1943)1943)• First meeting of the "Big Three" -- FDR, First meeting of the "Big Three" -- FDR,

Stalin, and ChurchillStalin, and Churchill• Allies agree to an invasion of the Allies agree to an invasion of the

Western Europe in 1944Western Europe in 1944• Stalin reaffirmed the Soviet Stalin reaffirmed the Soviet

commitment to enter war against Japan commitment to enter war against Japan and Allies discussed coordination of and Allies discussed coordination of Soviet offensive with Allied invasion of Soviet offensive with Allied invasion of FranceFrance

• Disputes over post-war worldDisputes over post-war world Stalin insisted on Soviet control of Eastern Stalin insisted on Soviet control of Eastern

Europe and division of GermanyEurope and division of Germany Churchill demanded free governments in Churchill demanded free governments in

Eastern Europe and a strong Germany after Eastern Europe and a strong Germany after the war to preserve a balance of power in the war to preserve a balance of power in EuropeEurope

Roosevelt acted as a mediator and believed Roosevelt acted as a mediator and believed he could work with Stalin to achieve a post-he could work with Stalin to achieve a post-world peace within the construct of the world peace within the construct of the United NationsUnited Nations

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference (Feb, 1945) (Feb, 1945)• "Big Three" met to discuss post-war "Big Three" met to discuss post-war

EuropeEurope• Stalin agreed to enter Pacific war within 3 Stalin agreed to enter Pacific war within 3

months after Germany surrenderedmonths after Germany surrendered• Stalin agreed to "Declaration of Liberated Stalin agreed to "Declaration of Liberated

Europe" which called for free electionsEurope" which called for free elections• Called for a world organization to meet in Called for a world organization to meet in

the U.S. beginning on April 25, 1945 and the U.S. beginning on April 25, 1945 and agreed Soviets would have 3 votes in the agreed Soviets would have 3 votes in the General Assembly and that the U.S., Great General Assembly and that the U.S., Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France and Britain, the Soviet Union, France and China would be permanent members of the China would be permanent members of the Security Council Security Council

YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF

EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.

Germany divided into occupied Germany divided into occupied zones and a coalition government of zones and a coalition government of communists and non-communists communists and non-communists was agreed to for Polandwas agreed to for Poland• U.S.S.R. allowed to keep its pre-1939 U.S.S.R. allowed to keep its pre-1939

territoryterritory

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference (July-Aug, (July-Aug, 1945)1945)• Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee

(Britain) met at Potsdam, eastern (Britain) met at Potsdam, eastern GermanyGermany

• Conference disagreed on most issues; Conference disagreed on most issues; war alliance beginning to break downwar alliance beginning to break down

• During conference, Truman ordered During conference, Truman ordered dropping of the atomic bomb on Japandropping of the atomic bomb on Japan

• Approvals given to concept of war-Approvals given to concept of war-crimes trials and the demilitarization crimes trials and the demilitarization and denazification of Germany and denazification of Germany

Aftermath of WWIIAftermath of WWII

Massive casualtiesMassive casualties• 46-55 million dead; 35 million wounded; 46-55 million dead; 35 million wounded;

3 million missing3 million missing• About 30 million soldiers died About 30 million soldiers died

(including about 405,000 Americans)(including about 405,000 Americans)• 25 million civilians25 million civilians

15 million in USSR alone15 million in USSR alone

Massive destruction of citiesMassive destruction of cities• 4 million homes in Britain4 million homes in Britain• 7 million buildings in Germany7 million buildings in Germany• 1,700 towns destroyed in USSR)1,700 towns destroyed in USSR)

HolocaustHolocaust• Six million Jews were liquidated as part of Six million Jews were liquidated as part of

Hitler's Hitler's "Final Solution”"Final Solution”• Six million others also killed including Six million others also killed including

Gypsies, Homosexuals, physically Gypsies, Homosexuals, physically handicapped, Jehova's Witnesses and political handicapped, Jehova's Witnesses and political opponentsopponents

• U.S. response to Europe’s Jews before and U.S. response to Europe’s Jews before and during the war was biasedduring the war was biased

"Americanism" of 1920s continued into 1940s with "Americanism" of 1920s continued into 1940s with strong anti-Semitismstrong anti-Semitism

40% of German immigration quota between 1933 & 40% of German immigration quota between 1933 & 1945 was unfilled while German Jews tried to get 1945 was unfilled while German Jews tried to get into the U.S.into the U.S.

At one point, U.S. forced a ship full of German Jews At one point, U.S. forced a ship full of German Jews that had made it to U.S. shores to turn around and that had made it to U.S. shores to turn around and go back to Germanygo back to Germany

HITLER’S NEXT STEP WAS TO ISSUE

IDENTIFICATION CARDS TO ALL

PEOPLE LIVING IN GERMAN

TERRITORIES. JEWISH CARDS HAD A YELLOW STAR TO

EASILY IDENTIFY THEM.

HITLER THEN MADE JEWS WEAR THE

YELLOW STAR ANY TIME THEY LEFT THEIR

HOMES

JEWS REBEL IN THE WARSAW JEWS REBEL IN THE WARSAW GHETTO IN POLANDGHETTO IN POLAND

WARSAW GHETTO

JEWS ARE ROUNDED UP AND DEPORTED TO EXTERMINATION CAMPS

MAP FROM UNITED STATES

HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

Warning: images on next slides are Warning: images on next slides are graphicgraphic• You are not required to look at themYou are not required to look at them

DEATH CAME

IN MANY FORMS

EINSATZGRUPPEN STARVATION

ZYKLON B POISON GAS

GAS CHAMBER

Post-war Political issuesPost-war Political issues

WWII made allies of ideological enemiesWWII made allies of ideological enemies• Prior to WWII, Stalin's communist Prior to WWII, Stalin's communist

dictatorship was condemned by the Westdictatorship was condemned by the West• Soviets conversely denounced "Western Soviets conversely denounced "Western

Imperialism" Imperialism" • Once the war was over, the rivalry between Once the war was over, the rivalry between

East & West quickly reemerged: The Cold East & West quickly reemerged: The Cold WarWar

The U.S. and USSR emerged as the world’s two The U.S. and USSR emerged as the world’s two superpowerssuperpowers

Fate of Eastern EuropeFate of Eastern Europe• By war's end, the Soviets controlled most of By war's end, the Soviets controlled most of

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary surrendered to Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary surrendered to

SovietsSoviets Soviets drive Nazis from Poland and CzechSoviets drive Nazis from Poland and Czech

• Stalin promised free elections; West was wary Stalin promised free elections; West was wary that Eastern Europe would have communist that Eastern Europe would have communist governments imposedgovernments imposed

Germany was divided into four zones Germany was divided into four zones among the Alliesamong the Allies• Soviets wished for a weak GermanySoviets wished for a weak Germany• Britain & US wanted a strong economic Britain & US wanted a strong economic

Germany and a healthy democracy Germany and a healthy democracy

As Europe declined, their colonies demanded As Europe declined, their colonies demanded their independencetheir independence• India had been promised greater freedom as a India had been promised greater freedom as a

reward for fighting in the warreward for fighting in the war• French Indochina determined to resist European French Indochina determined to resist European

rule; nationalists had fought against Japanese; rule; nationalists had fought against Japanese; later fought France and U.S. in Vietnam Warlater fought France and U.S. in Vietnam War

TechnologyTechnology• Synthetic materials such as plastics were Synthetic materials such as plastics were

developed to replace natural ones in short supplydeveloped to replace natural ones in short supply• Improvement in airplanes and radar changed warImprovement in airplanes and radar changed war• A-bomb changed course of human history; years A-bomb changed course of human history; years

after 1945 called "Atomic Age" after 1945 called "Atomic Age"