The U.S. The U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

Issues Facing the New Issues Facing the New GovernmentGovernment

Failure of the Articles of Failure of the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Did not provide federal government Did not provide federal government enough power to keep the country enough power to keep the country together.together.

Required the cooperation of the states in Required the cooperation of the states in order to function.order to function.

State interests often conflicted with State interests often conflicted with national interests, so it was difficult to get national interests, so it was difficult to get agreement.agreement.

Shays’ Rebellion illustrated the dangers Shays’ Rebellion illustrated the dangers under the Articles of Confederation.under the Articles of Confederation.

Structural Weaknesses of Structural Weaknesses of the Articlesthe Articles

No executive branchNo executive branch Could declare war, but could not demand Could declare war, but could not demand

troops from the statestroops from the states No say in interstate commerce No say in interstate commerce Could not levy taxesCould not levy taxes Each state had one vote, regardless of sizeEach state had one vote, regardless of size Laws required agreement from 2/3 of the Laws required agreement from 2/3 of the

states (9)states (9) Amendments required all 13 states to agreeAmendments required all 13 states to agree

Large states vs. Small Large states vs. Small StatesStates

Powers Granted and Powers Granted and DeniedDenied

Accomplishments of the Accomplishments of the ArticlesArticles

Established a government following the Established a government following the American Revolution that was based on American Revolution that was based on consent of the governed.consent of the governed.

Land Ordinance of 1785- created a system of Land Ordinance of 1785- created a system of surveying the land in the Northwest Territory surveying the land in the Northwest Territory and selling the land to settlers.and selling the land to settlers.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787- described how Northwest Ordinance of 1787- described how territories should be governed; determined territories should be governed; determined how territories could become states; banned how territories could become states; banned slavery in the territories; provided for public slavery in the territories; provided for public education.education.

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

The Northwest The Northwest Ordinance of 1787Ordinance of 1787

The Land Ordinance of 1787 established a way to govern the Northwest Territory.

This was the land from the Ohio River to the Great Lakes and Western Pennsylvania to

the Mississippi River.

It set the guidelines for settling new states.

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

1) federally appointed governor, secretary, and 3 judges

2) locally elected assembly, non-voting representative to Congress, and at least 5,000 male residents

3) 60,000 residents and a state constitutionOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin were

created from these lands.

The Northwest Territory banned slavery and guaranteed the rights of the individuals.

Shays’ RebellionShays’ Rebellion Led by Daniel ShaysLed by Daniel Shays Farmers who could not pay their debts were Farmers who could not pay their debts were

losing their property.losing their property. The group in Massachusetts stormed the courts The group in Massachusetts stormed the courts

in protest and rebellion against the government, in protest and rebellion against the government, effectively forcing the closing of the courts and effectively forcing the closing of the courts and blocking foreclosures.blocking foreclosures.

The rebellion was ultimately put down, but it The rebellion was ultimately put down, but it underlined the dangers the new country faced underlined the dangers the new country faced with a central government that was too weak to with a central government that was too weak to enforce its laws.enforce its laws.

A call was issued to “reform” the Articles.A call was issued to “reform” the Articles.

Constitutional Constitutional ConventionConvention

James Madison kept detailed notes of James Madison kept detailed notes of the secret proceedings. He is known the secret proceedings. He is known as the “father of the Constitution”.as the “father of the Constitution”.

New Jersey Plan called for a New Jersey Plan called for a unicameral legislature with each state unicameral legislature with each state having one vote; favored small states.having one vote; favored small states.

Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Virginia Plan called for a bicameral legislature with representation based legislature with representation based on population.on population.

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

Also called the Connecticut Also called the Connecticut Compromise, provided for a Compromise, provided for a bicameral legislature with bicameral legislature with representation in the upper house representation in the upper house (Senate) equal for each state and (Senate) equal for each state and representation in the lower house representation in the lower house (House of Representatives) based (House of Representatives) based on population.on population.

Three-fifths CompromiseThree-fifths Compromise

Another compromise was reached over Another compromise was reached over slavery.slavery.

Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people for purposes of representation and for purposes of representation and taxation.taxation.

This satisfied the North and the South.This satisfied the North and the South. There was a reluctance to go ahead and There was a reluctance to go ahead and

abolish slavery due to the economic abolish slavery due to the economic dependence on slavery by the south.dependence on slavery by the south.

RatificationRatification Federalists vs. AntifederalistsFederalists vs. Antifederalists Leading Federalists: James Madison, Leading Federalists: James Madison,

Alexander Hamilton, John Jay became the Alexander Hamilton, John Jay became the writers of the Federalist Papers explaining writers of the Federalist Papers explaining that the Constitution was vital to the success that the Constitution was vital to the success of the new nation.of the new nation.

Antifederalists were concerned about too Antifederalists were concerned about too much power being given to the central much power being given to the central government. They wanted a bill of rights government. They wanted a bill of rights guaranteeing individual freedoms.guaranteeing individual freedoms.

In 1789, Congress approved the ten In 1789, Congress approved the ten constitutional amendments that became the constitutional amendments that became the federal Bill of Rights. States ratified the federal Bill of Rights. States ratified the amendments in 1791. amendments in 1791.

Key Ideas Behind the Key Ideas Behind the ConstitutionConstitution

Popular sovereignty-people are the main source of Popular sovereignty-people are the main source of the government’s authority.the government’s authority.

Limited government-the government has only the Limited government-the government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it.powers that the Constitution gives it.

Federalism- the federal government and the state Federalism- the federal government and the state governments share power.governments share power.

Separation of power – power is divided among Separation of power – power is divided among three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

Checks and balances – each branch has the power Checks and balances – each branch has the power to limit the actions of the other two.to limit the actions of the other two.

Representative government – citizens elect Representative government – citizens elect representatives to government to make laws.representatives to government to make laws.

Individual rights- the Constitution protects Individual rights- the Constitution protects citizens’ individual rightscitizens’ individual rights. .

The Judiciary Act of 1789The Judiciary Act of 1789

Established both the U.S. federal Established both the U.S. federal court system and the authority of the court system and the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court.U.S. Supreme Court.

John Jay became the first chief John Jay became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.justice of the Supreme Court.

First Chief Justice of the First Chief Justice of the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Hamilton’s Economic Hamilton’s Economic PlanPlan

Wanted an excise tax (tax on whiskey) Wanted an excise tax (tax on whiskey) to raise money for the government.to raise money for the government.

Tariff – tax on imports- to protect Tariff – tax on imports- to protect domestic manufacturing and American domestic manufacturing and American business interests.business interests.

National Bank with the power to print National Bank with the power to print bank notes and take care of the nation’s bank notes and take care of the nation’s financial resources.financial resources.

Assume states debts.Assume states debts. Pay off national debt.Pay off national debt.

First Secretary of the First Secretary of the TreasuryTreasury

Opposition to Hamilton’s Opposition to Hamilton’s PlanPlan

Southerners felt that it was unfair because Southerners felt that it was unfair because they had already paid off their state debts, they had already paid off their state debts, and they also believed the tariff would hurt and they also believed the tariff would hurt international trade.international trade.

To win the south over, it was decided that the To win the south over, it was decided that the nation’s capitol would be placed in the south, nation’s capitol would be placed in the south, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.

The whiskey tax made farmers in western The whiskey tax made farmers in western Pennsylvania angry because they were Pennsylvania angry because they were dependent on their whiskey for trade and dependent on their whiskey for trade and bartering.bartering.

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion Western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax on Western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax on

whiskey.whiskey. They protested and resorted to violence.They protested and resorted to violence. President Washington, under the advice of Alexander President Washington, under the advice of Alexander

Hamilton, formed a military force and marched into Hamilton, formed a military force and marched into Pennsylvania to halt the resistance.Pennsylvania to halt the resistance.

Washington asked the farmers to vote to determine Washington asked the farmers to vote to determine whether or not they would comply with the law. He whether or not they would comply with the law. He offered them amnesty if they would stop the rebellion and offered them amnesty if they would stop the rebellion and pay the tax.pay the tax.

The conflict established the idea that the national The conflict established the idea that the national government could support itself, and national law was government could support itself, and national law was supreme.supreme.

This, however, did not end the debate between states’ This, however, did not end the debate between states’ rights and the national government.rights and the national government.

First Political PartiesFirst Political Parties Political parties began to form even though Political parties began to form even though

they were seen as factions.they were seen as factions. Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton

and John Adams.and John Adams. Democratic Republicans were led by Democratic Republicans were led by

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Northerners favored the Federalist Party, Northerners favored the Federalist Party,

especially merchants. The southerners, especially merchants. The southerners, especially farmers, supported the especially farmers, supported the Democratic Republicans.Democratic Republicans.

Still, you could find supporters for both Still, you could find supporters for both parties in every social class, every region, parties in every social class, every region, and every state.and every state.

The First Political The First Political PartiesParties

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Warned against political parties Warned against political parties (factions)(factions)

Warned against entangling alliances Warned against entangling alliances with other countries (neutrality)with other countries (neutrality)

Promoted the idea that good Promoted the idea that good government is based on religion and government is based on religion and morality.morality.

Washington’s Washington’s AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Becomes the first president, Becomes the first president, reluctantlyreluctantly

““Mr. President”Mr. President” CabinetCabinet Two-term traditionTwo-term tradition Judiciary Act, 1789Judiciary Act, 1789

Federalist PartyFederalist Party

Led by HamiltonLed by Hamilton Favored strong centralized governmentFavored strong centralized government Wanted an economy based on industry Wanted an economy based on industry

and tradeand trade Pro-BritishPro-British Loose constructionistsLoose constructionists Wanted wealthy, educated elite to run Wanted wealthy, educated elite to run

the governmentthe government

Democratic RepublicansDemocratic Republicans

Led by JeffersonLed by Jefferson States’ rightsStates’ rights Wanted to base the economy on Wanted to base the economy on

farmingfarming Pro-FrenchPro-French Strict constructionistsStrict constructionists Had a belief in the value of the Had a belief in the value of the

common mancommon man

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Native AmericansNative Americans BritishBritish FrenchFrench SpainSpain

Native AmericansNative Americans Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Valley Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Valley

area displacing many Native Americans.area displacing many Native Americans. Chief Little Turtle, the leader of the Miami Chief Little Turtle, the leader of the Miami

Confederacy, fought an d defeated a group of Confederacy, fought an d defeated a group of soldiers sent by President Washington to secure soldiers sent by President Washington to secure the Ohio Valley area.the Ohio Valley area.

In 1794, American troops under the leadership of In 1794, American troops under the leadership of General Anthony Wayne fought and defeated the General Anthony Wayne fought and defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

The Treaty of Greenville was signed promising The Treaty of Greenville was signed promising an annual payment to the Native Americans in an annual payment to the Native Americans in the amount of $10,000. The agreement was not the amount of $10,000. The agreement was not kept, but the loss effectively secured the defeat kept, but the loss effectively secured the defeat of the Native Americans and opened the of the Native Americans and opened the Northwest Territory to settlement.Northwest Territory to settlement.

FranceFrance France wanted American support in the France wanted American support in the

French Revolution and in the war with Britain. French Revolution and in the war with Britain.

Felt owed that since they had helped America.Felt owed that since they had helped America. Americans were divided over the issue.Americans were divided over the issue. America issued a proclamation of neutrality America issued a proclamation of neutrality

because they feared they were too weak to get because they feared they were too weak to get involved in the conflict. They feared that they involved in the conflict. They feared that they would lose the ability to trade with Britain.would lose the ability to trade with Britain.

1793, Washington issued the Proclamation of 1793, Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality.Neutrality.

BritainBritain

John Jay was sent to London to negotiate a John Jay was sent to London to negotiate a treaty to stop British impressment of American treaty to stop British impressment of American ships.ships.

Instead of agreeing to stop impressment, the Instead of agreeing to stop impressment, the treaty secured the evacuation of the forts in treaty secured the evacuation of the forts in the Great Lakes area of the United States.the Great Lakes area of the United States.

America also agreed to repay war debts to America also agreed to repay war debts to Britain.Britain.

The treaty was not seen favorably in the The treaty was not seen favorably in the United States.United States.

It was called Jay’s Treaty.It was called Jay’s Treaty.

SpainSpain

Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain to negotiate a treaty that would to negotiate a treaty that would allow right of navigation of the allow right of navigation of the Mississippi River and right of Mississippi River and right of deposit at New Orleans.deposit at New Orleans.

This was secured. The treaty was This was secured. The treaty was called Pinckney’s Treaty.called Pinckney’s Treaty.

The United States viewed the treat The United States viewed the treat favorably.favorably.