the urinary system. the problem – nitrogenous waste as proteins and nucleic acids are...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE URINARY SYSTEM
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The Problem – Nitrogenous Waste
As proteins and nucleic acids are catabolized, nitrogenous wastes, including ammonia, are produced in all animals.
NH3 (ammonia) is water-soluble, a strong base, and can change the pH of blood.
It must be eliminated!
From Beatrice the Biologist’s blog
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How is Waste Eliminated?
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Organs
Kidneys – produce urine Ureters – transports urine
to bladder Urinary bladder – stores
urine Urethra – transports urine
to exterior
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Functions
Primary Functions: Eliminate metabolic wastes Regulate blood volume Regulate blood chemistry
Secondary Functions: Metabolism of Vitamin D Production of renin Production of erythropoietin
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Kidney Structure - External
Location: superior lumbar
Adrenal glands Renal artery Renal vein Renal hilus Renal capsule Adipose capsule
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Kidney Structure – Internal
Renal Cortex – superficial portion; urine formation
Renal Columns – extensions of cortex
Renal Medulla – deep to cortex Medullary pyramids –
stripes are due to collecting ducts
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Kidney Structure - Internal
Renal Pelvis – funnel shaped tube; continuous with ureter
Calyces – cup-shaped extensions of the pelvis that enclose the tips of the pyramids
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Formed in the renal cortex
Travels thru the collecting ducts in the renal medulla
Drips out of collecting ducts into the minor calcyes
Flows thru the major calyces
Flows thru the renal pelvis
Flows thru the ureterFlows thru and is stored in the
urinary bladder
Flows thru the urethra
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Internal Kidneys – The Nephron
Glomerulus – blood pressure forces smaller molecules into
Bowman’s Capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle – concentrates urine
Descending loop Ascending loop
Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct – transports urine to
calyces Capillaries – recapture needed molecules
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Bowman’s Capsule & Glomerulus
High blood pressure in glomerulus causes nonselective, passive filtration
Any product smaller than proteins are forced out of blood & into capsule: Water Glucose Salts Nitrogenous wastes
Check out the size difference
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Reabsorption – Mainly active transport is used to reabsorb some nutrients : salt, water, glucose, amino acids
Secretion – Mainly active transport moves some unwanted materials into PCT: some poisons, hydrogen ions
Has lots of mitochondria & microvilli. Why?
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Loop of Henle
Concentrates urine
Descending loop – permeable to water
Ascending loop – impermeable to water
Concentration gradient
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Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) & Collecting Duct DCT performs same role as
PCT Collecting duct receives urine
from several DCT’s Reabsorbs water, some urea
(passive transport) Reabsorbs salt (active
transport) Empties to calyx
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Ureters & Bladder
Urine flows through ureters due to: Gravity Smooth muscle
Bladder stores urine Allows urine release to be
discontinuous even though formation of urine is continuous.
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Urethra & Control of Bladder
Female urethra is ~3-4cm long Male urethra is ~20cm long Internal urethral sphincter – smooth
muscle, involuntary External urethral sphincter – skeletal
muscle, voluntary Disorder: urinary tract
infection (UTI) More common in women
than men
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Micturition
“Voiding,” or emptying the bladder Voluntary control of an involuntary reflex Steps
Bladder collects urine until reach ~200ml. Stretch receptors activate, triggering bladder
contraction reflexes Urine is forced past the internal urethral sphincter into
the upper part of the urethra, causing urge to void If postponed, the reflex will occur again after another 2-
300ml. are collected.
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Urine
Clear Pale to Deep yellow Slightly aromatic Can be affected by food Slightly more dense than
water Specific gravity – comparison
of weight to that of water pH is slightly acidic (~6)
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Abnormal Urine Components
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Homeostasis of Water & Electrolytes
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Prevents excessive water
loss in kidney Regulated by
hypothalamus & secreted by posterior pituitary
Functions by making collecting duct more permeable to water
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Homeostasis of Water & Electrolytes
Aldosterone Normally, about 80% of sodium
ions are reabsorbed in the PCT. When aldosterone is present, nearly all the rest is absorbed in the DCT & collecting duct.
Increases water reabsorption, because water follows salt.
Produced by adrenal cortex in response to renin-angiotensin mechanism triggered by low blood volume or pressure
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Diuretics
Interfere with normal reabsorption, causing increased urination Many drugs Alcohol
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Urinary Disorders – Kidney Stones