The United States looks The United States looks OverseasOverseas

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific For 250 years, Japan was For 250 years, Japan was

closed to outside tradeclosed to outside trade In 1853, Commodore In 1853, Commodore

Matthew C. Perry, sailed Matthew C. Perry, sailed into Tokyo Bay and into Tokyo Bay and presented the Japanese presented the Japanese with a letter from the with a letter from the President for trading President for trading rights. rights.

This treaty was approvedThis treaty was approved The Japanese were in awe The Japanese were in awe

of the powerful ships and of the powerful ships and guns. guns.

This caused Japan to This caused Japan to change from a feudal change from a feudal society to an industrial society to an industrial nation. nation.

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific In 1867, Russia In 1867, Russia

sold Alaska to the sold Alaska to the United States. United States. • Twice the size of Twice the size of

TexasTexas• Purchased for Purchased for

$7.2 million, 2 $7.2 million, 2 cents an acrecents an acre

• Gold was found in Gold was found in later yearslater years

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific• The Expansionist MoodThe Expansionist Mood

The United States was The United States was generally Isolationist. generally Isolationist.

Many European Many European countries had become countries had become imperialists. imperialists.

Americans debated over Americans debated over manifest destiny that manifest destiny that expanded overseasexpanded overseas

The Turner Thesis-The Turner Thesis-Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the western claimed that the western frontier had defined frontier had defined American historyAmerican history• Overseas expansion Overseas expansion

was the new frontierwas the new frontier

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific The US had a The US had a

strong industrial strong industrial economy. economy. • It was argued It was argued

that for strong that for strong trade, they would trade, they would need a strong need a strong navynavy

Spreading Anglo-Spreading Anglo-Saxon race. Saxon race. Thought that they Thought that they were superior to were superior to other nationsother nations

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific• Gaining footholds in Gaining footholds in

the Pacificthe Pacific US were interested in US were interested in

Samoa in the South Samoa in the South Pacific. Pacific.

They wanted to set up They wanted to set up Coaling stationsCoaling stations

Britain and Germany Britain and Germany were also interested.were also interested.• Eventually the US Eventually the US

and Germany divided and Germany divided the islandsthe islands

..

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific Hawaii could serve Hawaii could serve

as a ‘military and as a ‘military and commercial outpost commercial outpost in the Pacific”in the Pacific”

• Queen Liliuokalani Queen Liliuokalani did not want did not want foreign influence in foreign influence in HawaiiHawaii

In 1898, William In 1898, William McKinley decided to McKinley decided to annex Hawaii. annex Hawaii.

• He supported a He supported a treatytreaty

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific

• Carving up ChinaCarving up China In the Late 1800’s In the Late 1800’s

china just finished an china just finished an unsuccessful war. unsuccessful war.

Europe and Japan Europe and Japan split China into split China into Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence

Open Door Policy- Open Door Policy- Wanted other Wanted other countries to countries to guarantee the rights guarantee the rights of all nations to of all nations to trade with china on trade with china on an Equal basis. an Equal basis. • Claimed this to be a Claimed this to be a

successsuccess

Eyes on the PacificEyes on the Pacific Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion

• Secret society-Righteous Secret society-Righteous and Harmonious Fists. and Harmonious Fists.

• Began a rebellion to Began a rebellion to expel the foreigners. expel the foreigners.

• Backed by the Chinese Backed by the Chinese Gov’t. Gov’t.

• Attacked and killed Attacked and killed westerners and Chinese westerners and Chinese ChristiansChristians

• Outside powers sent Outside powers sent troops with modern troops with modern weapons, freed the weapons, freed the trapped foreigners, trapped foreigners, crushed the rebellion, crushed the rebellion, looted the capital and looted the capital and killed thousands of killed thousands of Chinese. Chinese.

A second Open Door A second Open Door policy was issued. policy was issued. Repeated open tradeRepeated open trade

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War

• War Clouds LoomWar Clouds Loom Cuba had been under Cuba had been under

Spanish rule since Spanish rule since 1492. 1492.

They were becoming They were becoming more discontent with more discontent with Spain’s harsh rule. Spain’s harsh rule.

In 1868, the Cubans In 1868, the Cubans began an uprising. began an uprising.

When the Cubans When the Cubans rose up, the Spanish rose up, the Spanish had begun had begun reconcentration. reconcentration. • Jose Marti urged the Jose Marti urged the

US to help the US to help the

rebels.rebels.

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War Americans were Americans were

sympathetic to the sympathetic to the Cuban RebelsCuban Rebels• Many wanted the US Many wanted the US

government to government to intervene to oust the intervene to oust the SpanishSpanish

• Many wanted to Many wanted to intervene for intervene for economic reasonseconomic reasons

President William President William McKinley tried to McKinley tried to maintain neutrality. maintain neutrality.

New York World & New New York World & New York JournalYork Journal used yellow used yellow journalism for stories journalism for stories and headlines. and headlines.

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War ““Remember the Remember the

Maine”Maine”• When fighting When fighting

broke out in broke out in Havana, Cuba, Havana, Cuba, President McKinley President McKinley ordered the ordered the Battleship Battleship MaineMaine to to protect American protect American lives and property. lives and property.

• On February 15, On February 15, 1898 a great 1898 a great explosion sank this explosion sank this ship and killed 260 ship and killed 260 men. men.

• The press and The press and public blamed the public blamed the SpanishSpanish

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War• The United States Goes to The United States Goes to

WarWar President McKinley gave President McKinley gave

into public pressure and into public pressure and asked Congress to declare asked Congress to declare war on Spain, they war on Spain, they approvedapproved

The first battle was fought The first battle was fought in Manila Bay in the in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Philippines. • Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt,

Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Navy, wanted to expand the wanted to expand the US Navy. US Navy.

• Ordered Commodore Ordered Commodore George Dewey moved George Dewey moved his ships and sank the his ships and sank the entire Spanish entire Spanish squadron squadron

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War Dewey enlisted Emilio Dewey enlisted Emilio

Aguinaldo to help him Aguinaldo to help him seize Manila from the seize Manila from the Spanish. Spanish. • The United States had The United States had

gained control of the gained control of the Philippine IslandsPhilippine Islands

The fighting in Cuba The fighting in Cuba took place around took place around Santiago and at sea. Santiago and at sea. • The Rough Riders, led The Rough Riders, led

by Theodore Roosevelt, by Theodore Roosevelt, helped to lead his men helped to lead his men to successto success

The Spanish The Spanish surrendered Cuba, and surrendered Cuba, and then the US invaded then the US invaded Puerto Rico, another Puerto Rico, another Spanish possession Spanish possession and took controland took control

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War

• An American EmpireAn American Empire Dec of 1898, Spain and Dec of 1898, Spain and

US signed a peace US signed a peace treaty. treaty. • Gave the US Puerto Gave the US Puerto

Rico, the Philippines, Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Wake, US Guam and Wake, US paid $20 million to paid $20 million to Spain Spain

• Many people Many people disagreed with the disagreed with the coloniescolonies

• Expansionists Expansionists welcomed the treaty. welcomed the treaty. The Senate The Senate

ratified the treaty ratified the treaty in 1899.in 1899.

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War The US forced Cuba to limit The US forced Cuba to limit

their power to make their power to make treaties or borrow money, treaties or borrow money, US could intervene in US could intervene in Cuban affairs, allow the US Cuban affairs, allow the US to keep a naval baseto keep a naval base• Not truly free. Not truly free. • Cuba was a protectorateCuba was a protectorate

The Foraker Act set up The Foraker Act set up government in Puerto Rico. government in Puerto Rico. • Gave them LIMITED self Gave them LIMITED self

rulerule The Philippines wanted to The Philippines wanted to

become independent from become independent from the US. the US. • They fought a 3 year war. They fought a 3 year war.

When Aguinaldo was When Aguinaldo was captured, fighting endedcaptured, fighting ended Would not get Would not get

independence until independence until 1946.1946.

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

• Linking the OceansLinking the Oceans The trip around the tip The trip around the tip

of South America took of South America took more then 2 monthsmore then 2 months

A shorter route to link A shorter route to link the Atlantic and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was Pacific oceans was neededneeded

The Isthmus of The Isthmus of Panama is 50 miles Panama is 50 miles wide. wide. • President Theodore President Theodore

Roosevelt offered Roosevelt offered Colombia $10 million Colombia $10 million in cash and $250,000 in cash and $250,000 yearly rent to build a yearly rent to build a canal through canal through PanamaPanama

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

Columbians thought Columbians thought they deserved more they deserved more money, they held money, they held out for more moneyout for more money• The Panamanians The Panamanians

charged a revolt charged a revolt against the against the ColombiansColombians

• Gunboat DiplomacyGunboat Diplomacy• US signed a treaty US signed a treaty

with the with the independent independent Republic of Panama Republic of Panama for the permanent for the permanent use the canal.use the canal.

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

• The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal The greatest obstacle of The greatest obstacle of

building the canal was building the canal was Malaria and Yellow Malaria and Yellow FeverFever• People thought that People thought that

these diseases came these diseases came from damp night airfrom damp night air

• Two doctors discovered Two doctors discovered that Yellow Fever and that Yellow Fever and Malaria were Malaria were transmitted from transmitted from certain kinds of certain kinds of mosquitoes. mosquitoes. The solution was to The solution was to

clear the brush and clear the brush and drain the swamps, drain the swamps, nearly wiped out nearly wiped out

the diseases.the diseases.

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

There were 3 tasks to There were 3 tasks to build the dambuild the dam• Cut through a Cut through a

mountain mountain • Dam a river Dam a river • Install the canal’s Install the canal’s

giant locksgiant locks The hardest part was The hardest part was

digging the Gaillard digging the Gaillard Cut, a 9 mile ditch Cut, a 9 mile ditch through the through the mountains. mountains. • They worked trough They worked trough

the tropical sun and the tropical sun and heat or in drenching heat or in drenching rainstormsrainstorms

• There were There were mudslidesmudslides

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

• Wielding a “Big Stick” Wielding a “Big Stick” in Latin Americain Latin America

““Speak softly and Speak softly and carry a big stick, you carry a big stick, you will go far.”will go far.”

The United States The United States wanted to be the wanted to be the leader of the leader of the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt wrote the Roosevelt wrote the Roosevelt Corollary to the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe Doctrine. • The right to use The right to use

force to prevent force to prevent intervention in Latin intervention in Latin AmericaAmerica

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

William Howard Taft William Howard Taft favored “Dollar favored “Dollar Diplomacy” Diplomacy” • Led to as many Led to as many

military military interventions as interventions as “Big Stick”“Big Stick”

• U.S. sent Marines U.S. sent Marines into countries to into countries to protect investmentsprotect investments Latin American Latin American

countries countries resented the resented the interferenceinterference

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

• Relations with MexicoRelations with Mexico Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson

believed foreign believed foreign policy should aim to policy should aim to support and nurture support and nurture democracy democracy throughout the world. throughout the world.

Used “Watchful Used “Watchful Waiting”Waiting”• U.S. soldiers were U.S. soldiers were

arrested, set free and arrested, set free and apologized to. apologized to.

• U.S. sent the Navy to U.S. sent the Navy to the portthe port

• 100+ Mexicans died, 100+ Mexicans died, U.S. and Mexico were U.S. and Mexico were close to warclose to war

The United States and Latin The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

Pancho Villa and Pancho Villa and his rebels crossed his rebels crossed into New Mexico into New Mexico and killed 18 and killed 18 AmericansAmericans• Mexico Mexico

reluctantly reluctantly worked with the worked with the U.S. to pursue U.S. to pursue Pancho VillaPancho Villa

• The U.S. The U.S. withdrew without withdrew without Villa after 11 Villa after 11 monthsmonths