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awi cl~iwla~cjlahh hi`c~cbcuin, ,,, Si~( wa~miw ~mal wihcl` jl a jli"ncbilscjlah ylniws~alncl` jf s~a~i {jpiw as niwcvinfwjb ìliwah jw ~walsc~jw iojljbco cbgahaloi( pmcom cl ~ywl nwcvis ~mi {jpiw aln iffio~cviliss jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~

~mwjy`m ~mi ysi jf al iojljbco salo~cjls ~jjh( ~mi salo~cjlcl` s~a~i bys~ ibgwaoi ~mi gwjaniw ojloi{~ jf sjocah

{somjhj`coah {iwsyascvi {jpiw cl jwniw ~j oaysi ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i ~j aooi{~ ~mi salo~cjl {wj`wabs ylniwhcl` {jhco

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{ywsyal~ ~j Aw~cohi 7> jf ~mi Ylc~in La~cjls Omaw~iw -YL Omaw~iw#, l7 ^mi YL_O cs ojb{wcsin jf fcf~iil bibgiws( fcvi

jf pmcom awi {iwbalil~ bibgiws pc~m a vi~j {jpiw -labih( ~mi Ylc~in _~a~is( Omcla( Fwaloi( Wyssca( aln ~mi Ylc~in

Dcl`njb#( aln ~il jf pmcom awi wj~a~cl` bibgiws ~ma~ siwvi ylniw ~pj"iaw ~iwbs, l? ^mi niocscjls jf ~mi YL_O awi

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~mi fyhh pic`m~ aln ay~mjwc~ jf cl~iwla~cjlah hap, l> Bjwi cb{jw~al~h( ~mi {jpiw jf ~mi YL_O ~j cb{jsi salo~cjls ~j

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bacl~acl cl~iwla~cjlah {iaoi cs wjj~in cl Aw~cohis ?3 ~mwjy`m >7 jf ~mi YL Omaw~iw, ^mi YL_O( g vcw~yi jf Aw~cohi ?3(

'smahh ni~iwbcli ~mi i}cs~iloi jf al ~mwia~ ~j ~mi {iaoi( gwiaom jf ~mi {iaoi( jw ao~ jf a``wisscjl' l9 aln ba ~adi

{wjvcscjlah biasywis ylniw Aw~cohi >; pmchi alahucl` a sc~ya~cjl ~j ni~iwbcli cf bjwi siviwi ao~cjls awi lioissc~a~in,

l6 _mjyhn fyw~miw biasywis gi wiqycwin( Aw~cohi >1 ahhjps ~mi YL_O ~j ilao~ salo~cjls ~ma~ clohyni ~mi 'cl~iwwy{~cjl jf

iojljbco wiha~cjls' aln j~miw scbchaw biasywis 'lj~ clvjhvcl` ~mi ysi jf awbin fjwoi , , , ,' l0 Cf s~i{s ~adil g ~mi

YL_O ylniw Aw~cohi >1 awi cliffio~cvi( Aw~cohi >7 ahhjps ~mi YL_O ~j cls~wyo~ bibgiw fjwois ~j '~adi syom ao~cjl g

acw( sia( jw haln , , , lioissaw ~j bacl~acl jw wis~jwi cl~iwla~cjlah {iaoi aln sioywc~,' l=

T%1;0R ^mi YL_O mas wisjw~in ~j salo~cjls as al ilfjwoibil~ biomalcsb pmil cl~iwla~cjlah {iaoi mas giil

~mwia~ilin aln nc{hjbao mas fachin, l3 As cs ivcnil~( YL_O ilao~in salo~cjls awi lic~miw ~wani {jhcocis ljw

~walsla~cjlah gyscliss {wao~cois( gy~ awi cls~ian cls~wybil~s jf cl~iwla~cjlah {jhc~cos, l1; Ylhcdi ~mi ìliwco ~iwb

'salo~cjl' a{{hcin ~j cl~iwla~cjlah ~wani( YL_O cb{jsin salo~cjls awi fjwoifyh ao~cjls ~ma~ awi cl~iwla~cjlahh

hi`c~cbcuin, l11 Pma~ cs bjwi( a YL_O niohawa~cjl jf a salo~cjls niocscjl hiàhh jghcà~is ahh bibgiw s~a~is jf ~mi

Ylc~in La~cjls -YL# '~j cb{jsi aln ilfjwoi ~mi s~c{yha~in wis~wco~cvi biasywis aàcls~ a ~awì~in s~a~i,' l17 _alo~cjls

awi cls~c~y~in as a wisyh~ jf a ~awì~in s~a~is fachywi ~j jgsiwvi cl~iwla~cjlah ljwbs jw hiàh jghcà~cjls( aln ~mi `jah jf

salo~cjls cs ~j fjwoi ~mi nivcal~ s~a~i ~j wi~ywl ~j aooi{~aghi gimavcjw aln bii~ YL_O balna~in jgeio~cvis pc~mjy~ ~mi

ysi jf fjwoi, l1? ^mi ~{is jf salo~cjls ~ma~ awi cb{jsin oal clohyni ojb{wimilscvi iojljbco aln ~wani salo~cjls( jw

bjwi s{iocfco aln ~awì~in biasywis syom as awbs ibgaw`jis( ~wavih gals( fclalocah wis~wco~cjls( aln nc{hjba~cohcbc~a~cjls, l1> ^j na~i( salo~cjls mavi giil ib{hjin fjw a ncviwsi walì jf {yw{jsis( clohyncl`5 wiviwscl` ~iwwc~jwcah

a``wisscjl4 wis~jwcl` nibjowa~coahh ihio~in hianiws4 {wjbj~cl` mybal wc`m~s4 ni~iwwcl` aln {ylcsmcl` ~iwwjwcsb4

{wjbj~cl` ncsawbabil~4 aln gwcl`cl` gihhcìwil~s ~j {iaoi li`j~ca~cjls, l19 Cniahh( pmil ~mi YL_O cls~c~y~is a

salo~cjls niocscjl( c~ smjyhn ilnjp ~mi salo~cjls wi`cbi pc~m a owincghi bjlc~jwcl` awb, Fyw~miwbjwi( ~mi _alo~cjls

_iowi~awca~ smjyhn gi iqyc{{in pc~m ~mi wiqycsc~i wisjywois aln s{iocahcuin i}{iw~csi ~j iffio~cvih anbclcs~iw ~mi

salo~cjls( aln ~mi _iowi~awca~ smjyhn ahsj gi {wi{awin ~j alahui aln assiss ~mi iffio~cviliss jf ~mi salo~cjls biasywis(

~micw {jsscghi mybalc~awcal cb{ao~s( aln al i}~iwlahc~cis cb{jsin y{jl ~mcwn {aw~cis, l16

^mi wisjw~ ~j salo~cjls as a {jhc~coah ilfjwoibil~ ~jjh cs a wa~miw ojbbjl( ahgic~ a wioil~( {miljbiljl fjw ~mi

YL_O, l10 Nywcl` ~mi fcws~ T%1;=R fjw~"fcvi iaws jf c~s i}cs~iloi( ~mi YL jlh cb{jsin salo~cjls jl ~pj jooascjls5

~mi iojljbco ghjodani jf _jy~miwl Wmjnisca -1366"1303# l1= aln ~mi awbs ibgaw`j jl _jy~m Afwcoa -1300"133>#, l13

Mjpiviw( ~mi iln jf ~mi Ojhn Paw faochc~a~in aoojwn abjl` ~mi YL_Os fcvi {iwbalil~ bibgiws -9[s#( a~ pmcom {jcl~

salo~cjls s~aw~in ~j gi cb{hibil~in aàcls~ a lybgiw jf ~awì~ s~a~is, l7; Cl fao~( fwjb 133; jlpawn""a {iwcjn Navcn

Oaw~pwc`m~ aln @ijwì A, Hj{iu oahh ~mi '_alo~cjls Nioani' l71""balna~jw salo~cjls piwi cls~c~y~in aàcls~5

Af`malcs~al -1333"#4 l77 Al`jha -133?"#4 l7? I~mcj{ca aln Iwc~wia -7;;;"7;;1#4 l7> Mac~c -133?"133>#4 l79 Cwaq

-133;"7;;?#4 l76 Hcgiwca -1337"#4 l70 Hcga -1337"7;;?#4 l7= Wpalna -133?"#4 l73 _ciwwa Hijli -1330"#4 l?; _jbahca

-1337"#4 l?1 _ynal -1336"7;;1#4 l?7 aln ~mi fjwbiw Sy`jshavca -1337"7;;7#, l?? Annc~cjlahh( nywcl` ~mcs sabi

{iwcjn YL bibgiw s~a~is cb{jsin ylcha~iwah( gcha~iwah( jw wi`cjlah iojljbco salo~cjls bjwi ~mal ~mwii njuil ~cbis, l?>

Ylsyw{wcscl`h( ~mi clowiasin fwiqyilo pc~m pmcom salo~cjls piwi cb{jsin vi}in cl~iwla~cjlah {jhco alahs~s( as ~mi

{jlniwin pmi~miw a lip ~wiln pas ibiw`cl`, l?9 Ojl~ib{jwalijysh( salo~cjlcl` biasywis ìliwa~in a sygs~al~cah

abjyl~ jf ncsoysscjl cl ~mi aoanibco aln {jhco s{miwis, l?6 Fjw cls~aloi( somjhaws aln {jhcobadiws piwi ojloiwlin

~ma~ salo~cjls wi`cbis ilìlniwin T%1;3R i}oisscvi mybalc~awcal cb{ao~s( as pihh as owia~in j~miw lià~cvi

i}~iwlahc~cis( syom as ncsojbbjncl` lic`mgjwcl` s~a~is, l?0

Aw`yagh( jli jf ~mi bjs~ mj~h niga~in as{io~s jf wioil~ YL_O salo~cjls {jhco ojloiwls pmi~miw jw lj~cls~c~y~in salo~cjls iffio~cvih aomcivi ~micw s~a~in balna~i, l?= Ivil ~mjy`m ~mcs sygeio~ cs {a~il~h pjw~m jf wc`jwjys

i}{hjwa~cjl( ~mi {yw{jsi jf ~mcs alahscs cs lj~ ~j i}{hjwi ~mi i}~al~ oasis jf cb{jsin salo~cjls( pmcom mavi ~j na~i giil

~mjwjy`mh sowy~clcuin g lybiwjys somjhaws( syom as Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu, l?3 Cls~ian( ~mcs Aw~cohi ilniavjws ~j

alahui a vc~ah ojb{jlil~ jf salo~cjls ~ma~ bys~ gi ojlscniwin cl assisscl` ~mi iffio~cviliss jf al salo~cjls wi`cbi(

gy~ mas ljli~mihiss giil hawìh li`hio~in cl ~mi aoanibco aln {jhcobadcl` hc~iwa~ywi5 ~mi '~mwia~' jf salo~cjls as a

{jpiwfyh cl~iwla~cjlah {jhco ilfjwoibil~ ~jjh, Cl jwniw ~j {wjvcni al a{{wj{wca~i fwabipjwd fjw ~mcs i}iwocsi( ~mi

Aw~cohi bi~mjncoahh {wj`wissis ~mwjy`m lcli sio~cjls,

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Fcws~( ~mi Aw~cohi i}{hjwis ~mi nifclc~cjl aln {yw{jsis jf salo~cjls cl jwniw ~j {wjvcni ~mi wianiw pc~m a gasco

jviwvcip jf salo~cjls y~chc~( as pihh as al ylniws~alncl` jf ~mi salo~cjls ~iwb as ib{hjin cl ~mcs alahscs, _iojln( ~mi

Aw~cohi ncsoyssis ~mi {wj{jsin biomalcos jf ~mi salo~cjls ~jjh( s{iocfcoahh lj~cl` ~mi avjpin fhaps cl ~mi cls~wybil~s

fylo~cjlcl`, ^mcwn( ~mi Aw~cohi ojviws ~mi i}~al~ hc~iwa~ywi jl salo~cjls iffio~cviliss aln annwissis ~mi {awanj}coah

wisiawom fclncl`s aln ~micw {wj{jsin i}{hala~cjls, Fjyw~m( ~mi Aw~cohi ncsoyssis ~mi cb{jw~aloi jf ~mwia~ ~mijw as al

cl~i`wah fao~jw cl ~mi syooiss jf salo~cjls( aln i}{hacls ~ma~ àbi ~mijwcs~s assiw~ ~ma~ ~mi wisiawom hc~iwa~ywi mas bcssin

salo~cjls ~mwia~ oasis( ~miwig wisyh~cl` cl sihio~cjl gcas, Aln fcf~m( ~mi Aw~cohi clvis~cà~is ~mi aoanibco hc~iwa~ywis

ncsoysscjl jf {jpiw aln c~s wjhi cl i}{hcoa~cl` ~mi iffio~cviliss jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~4 ~mcs clvis~cà~cjl ojlohynis ~ma~

somjhaws ojbbc~ a {iwscs~il~ iwwjw cl assybcl` ~ma~ {jpiw cs niwcvin ylc~awch fwjb al iojljbco gasi,

Y{jl ojb{hi~cl` ~mi fcws~ fcvi sio~cjls( ~mi Aw~cohi bjvis cl~j ~mi sc}~m sio~cjl( pmcom cl~wjnyois a sjocah clfhyiloi

ojloi{~ dljpl as sjocah {jpiw ~mijw, ^mcs sio~cjl {wjvcnis al jviwvcip jf sjocah {jpiw ~mijw( clohyncl` ~mi ~mijws

aoojyl~ jf {somjhj`coah omalì( sjocah clfhyiloi( sjocah {jpiw( aln clni{ilnil~ viwsys ni{ilnil~ omalì cl al

clfhyiloi ~awì~, ^mi sio~cjl ~mil i}{hcoa~is ~mi gasis jf sjocah {jpiw5 ojiwocvi {jpiw( wipawn {jpiw( hi`c~cba~i {jpiw(

wifiwil~ {jpiw( aln i}{iw~ {jpiw, l>; Fclahh( ~mi sio~cjl ojlohynis pc~m ~mi a{{hcoa~cjl jf sjocah {jpiw ~mijw cl a

mcs~jwcoah oasi jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~5 ^mi Hia`yi jf T%11;R La~cjls viwsys @wiioi -1379#, ^mcs ncsoysscjl nisowcgis ~mi

gjwniw sdcwbcsm gi~piil @wiioi aln Gyhàwca( ib{hjs sjocah {jpiw ~mijw ~j i}{hacl ~mi salo~cjls ~mwia~s syooiss(

aln ojlohynis pc~m a gwcif sybbaw jf ~mi oasi alahscs aln c~s wisyh~s,

_ivil~m( ~mi Aw~cohi cnil~cfcis sjocah {jpiw ~mijws {jhco cb{hcoa~cjls fjw ~mi YL pmiliviw ~mi YL_O niocnis ~j

cls~c~y~i a salo~cjls ~mwia~, Ic`m~m( ~mi Aw~cohi ~mil annwissis ~mi hcbc~a~cjls jf sjocah {jpiw ~mijw as {wjbyhà~in cl

~mcs alahscs aln ahsj oc~is annc~cjlah salo~cjls"wiha~in awias fjw sjocah {jpiw ~mijw a{{hcoa~cjl, Aln has~h( ~mi Aw~cohi

ojlohynis g ojlocsih sybbawcucl` c~s aw`ybil~s aln fclncl`s,

CC, _ALO^CJL_ NIFCLC^CJL ALN [YW[J_I_

Cl 13>9( Ahgiw~ Mcwsombal ay~mjwin a sibclah pjwd( La~cjlah [jpiw aln ~mi _~wyo~ywi jf Fjwic`l ^wani( cl pmcom

mi assiw~in ~ma~ `wia~ s~a~i {jpiws ojyhn ysi iojljbco ojiwocjl ~j i}~wao~ ojloisscjls fwjb piadiw s~a~is, l>1

Ah~mjy`m ~mcs ohacb pas lj~ ah~jì~miw ljvih( as iojljbco s~a~iowaf~ man hjl` giil al cb{jw~al~ fia~ywi jf cl~iwla~cjlah

wiha~cjls( l>7 Mcwsombals ~wia~csi pas lj~ipjw~m gioaysi c~ chhys~wa~in ~mi wiha~cjlsmc{ gi~piil fjwic`l ~wani aln

iojljbco {jpiw, l>? Fjw i}ab{hi( Lauc @iwbals {jhco ~jpawn ~mi Gahdals fjhhjpin ~mcs bjnih5 ~mi Laucs y~chcuin~wani {jhco ~j àcl gwjan {jhc~coah hiviwaì, l>> Liviw~mihiss( nis{c~i ~mi ojl~wcgy~cjl bani g Mcwsombal( ~mi

s~a~iowaf~ ~jjh jf iojljbco ojiwocjl wa{cnh fihh cl~j ncsfavjw, Gi`cllcl` pc~m ~mi Ojhn Paw( aln oawwcl` fjwpawn ~j ~mi

{wisil~ na( salo~cjls mavi giil miavch owc~cocuin as a {jhco ~jjh cl cl~iwla~cjlah wiha~cjls, l>9 Cl fao~( {jhco alahs~s

mavi lj~ jlh owc~cocuin byh~cha~iwah salo~cjls cb{jsin g ~mi YL( gy~ ahsj syom owc~cocsbs mavi giil hivcin a~

ylcha~iwahh aln gcha~iwahh cb{jsin salo~cjls( as pihh as salo~cjls cls~c~y~in ~mwjy`m wi`cjlah awwalìbil~s, l>6

Fjw ~mi {yw{jsis jf ~mcs alahscs( a gasco nifclc~cjl jf salo~cjls cs as fjhhjps5 salo~cjls awi a ~jjh fjw ojiwocl` a

~awì~ ~j omalì a ojywsi jf ao~cjl jw fjw`j sjbi fy~ywi ojywsi jf ao~cjl g ah~iwcl` ~mi ojs~"gilifc~ oahoyhys jf a

niocscjl"badiw ~j favjw ~mi {wifiwwin {jhco jf ~mi silniw, l>0 T%111R ^mcs nifclc~cjl fjhhjps ~mi ~wanc~cjlah

ylniws~alncl` jf salo~cjls( pmcom cs {wibcsin y{jl pma~ cs dljpl as 'cls~wybil~ah ~mijw,' l>= J~miw ojbbil~a~jws

{wjffiw ncffiwcl` ~mijwi~coah wa~cjlahis fjw salo~cjl wi`cbis( syom as ~mi oj~iwci gimcln {yghco omjcoi ~mijw( pmcom

assiw~s ~ma~ salo~cjls siwvi ~mi cl~iwis~s jf {wissywi `wjy{s cl ~mi salo~cjlcl` ojyl~wcis,l>3

Nis{c~i ~misimi~iwjìlijys ~mijwi~coah vcips jl salo~cjl wa~cjlahis( ~mi s~a~in nifclc~cjl ~ma~ sy{{jw~s cls~wybil~ah ~mijw smahh gi

anj{~in fjw {yw{jsis jf ~mcs s~yn( gy~ ~mcs aooi{~a~cjl cl lj pa cb{hcis ~ma~ salo~cjls jlh siwvi cls~wybil~ah ilns,

Cls~ian( a nifclc~cjl alomjwin pc~mcl cls~wybil~ah ~mijw cs favjwin gioaysi c~ cs vahyaghi fjw i}{hjwcl` ~mi {jpiw jf

sjocah clfhyiloi cl ~mi ojl~i}~ jf ~mi salo~cjls ~mwia~, ^ma~ sacn( ~mi bjwi cb{jw~al~ hissjl fjw ~mi s~ynil~ jf salo~cjls cs

~j ~mjwjy`mh ojb{wimiln ~mi ncffiwiloi gi~piil ~mi 'bials' omjsil ~j ojiwoi ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i( pmcom awi ~mi salo~cjls(

aln ~mi 'ilns(' pmcom awi ~mi {jhco omalìs niscwin cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i, l9; Fjw cls~aloi( ~mi YL_O ojyhn niocni ~j

cb{jsi al iojljbco salo~cjl""syom as a siviwi ~wani ibgaw`j""aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i ~ma~ cs ilshavcl` aln ~jw~ywcl` c~s

jpl oc~cuilw, ^mi ~wani ibgaw`j cs a ~jjh -~mi 'bials'# fjw oayscl` iojljbco {acl cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i( cl mj{is jf

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ìliwa~cl` a {jhco omalì -~mi 'ilns'#, Cl ~mcs m{j~mi~coah( ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i cs vcjha~cl` a eys ojìls jghcà~cjl( aln ~mi

cl~iwla~cjlah ojbbylc~ niscwis ~ma~ ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i oiasi c~s mybal wc`m~s agysis, l91 ^mi iojljbco salo~cjl -~wani

ibgaw`j# cs eys~ jli jf siviwah ~jjhs ~ma~ bc`m~ gi ysin ~j iffio~ a {jhco omalì cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i, Fjw i}ab{hi( ~mi

YL_O bc`m~ cb{jsi ~wavih aln nc{hjba~co wis~wco~cjls jl di ~awì~ s~a~i jffcocahs wis{jlscghi fjw ~mi mybal wc`m~s

agysis, Miwi( ~mi {jhco `jah wibacls ~mi sabi( pmchi ~mi bials fjw ilìlniwcl` ~mi {jhco omalì mas giil ah~iwin

-c,i,( a ~wani ibgaw`j viwsys ~wavih aln nc{hjba~co wis~wco~cjls#,

^mi salo~cjls ~jjh cs cls~c~y~in aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i fjw a vawci~ jf wiasjls4 lj {jhco ncsoysscjl smjw~aì i}cs~s cl

~mi aoanibco hc~iwa~ywi, l97 _alo~cjls ba gi cb{jsin y{jl a ~awì~ s~a~i ~j oaysi i}~iwlah omalì( syom as ~mi

pc~mnwapah jf a ~awì~ s~a~i fwjb a ~iwwc~jw ~ma~ c~ mas sicuin chhiàhh jw cla{{wj{wca~ih jooy{cin -i,`,( _jy~m Afwcoas

i}~ilnin jooy{a~cjl T%117R jf Labcgca#( jw salo~cjls ba gi ncwio~in a~ fjs~iwcl` cl~iwlah omalì( syom as ilncl`

{a~~iwls jf i`wi`cjys mybal wc`m~s vcjha~cjls cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i -i,`,( ojlscniw ~mi i}ab{hi jf {wisil~"na Omcla#, l9?

_alo~cjls bc`m~ ivil siid ~j ilojywaì ~mi wi{haoibil~ jf ~mi ihc~i `jviwlbil~ah bibgiws jf a ~awì~ ojyl~w -i,`,(

ojlscniw ~mi wioil~ oasi jf _annab Myssicl cl Cwaq#, l9> Nis{c~i ~mi awwa jfsyc ìliwcs oasis ~ma~ ojyhn ~wc`ìw ~mi

cb{jsc~cjl jf a salo~cjls wi`cbi( Omis~iwbal aln [jyhc`l ibgwaoi {awscbjl aln {wjvcni aoanibcos aln

{jhcobadiws pc~m a ~wc{aw~c~i oa~i`jwcua~cjl somibi ~ma~ syffcocil~h omawao~iwcuis ~mi {jhco i}{hala~cjls fjw salo~cjls

cls~c~y~cjls, l99 Fcws~( salo~cjls ba gi cb{jsin ~j il~ach a ~awì~ s~a~i ~j ojb{h pc~m cl~iwla~cjlah hap, ^mcs `jah ba

gi gasin y{jl a niscwi ~j omalì {jhc~coah gimavcjw cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i( syom as oiascl` mjs~chi ao~cvc~cis( jw ~j ilojywaìa ojb{wjbcsi si~~hibil~ gi~piil {aw~cis mavcl` a ojlfhco~, Lj~i( c~ oal gi ysifyh ~j ncs~cl`ycsm gi~piil a salo~cjls

nibaln bani y{jl a fylo~cjlcl` s~a~is {jhc~coah il~c~( as j{{jsin ~j al clojmiwil~ {jhc~coah il~c~( syom as a

gihhcìwil~ `wjy{ jw fachin s~a~i, l96 _iojln( salo~cjls ba gi cls~c~y~in ~j ojl~acl a ojlfhco~ pc~mcl jw gi~piil s~a~is,

^mi bjs~ fwiqyil~ ~jjh cl ~mcs wiàwn cs ~mi awbs ibgaw`j( ~mjy`m jf ha~i ~mi YL_O mas a~~ib{~in ~j annwiss ~mi

iojljbco fao~jws ~ma~ oal i}aoiwga~i jw i}~iln ~mi ojlfhco~, l90 ^mcwn( salo~cjls ba T%11?R gi ilao~in ~j i}{wiss

jy~waì pc~m ~mi gimavcjw jf a ~awì~ s~a~i( pmchi ~mi salo~cjls wi`cbi ba lj~ mavi al i}{wiss balna~i, l9= Jli

i}ab{hi jf ~mcs oa~i`jw ba gi ~mi fcws~ wjyln jf salo~cjls cb{jsin jl Af`malcs~al cl 1333, l93

Nis{c~i ~mi y~chc~ jf ~mcs ~wc{aw~c~i salo~cjls oa~i`jwcua~cjl somibi( c~ pjyhn gimjjvi ~mi s~ynil~ jf salo~cjls ~j

wibibgiw a vc~ah {jcl~ pmil ohasscfcl` salo~cjls gasin y{jl a s~a~in salo~cjls wi`cbi balna~i5 nis{c~i ~mi js~ilscghi

a`wiibil~ cl YL_O fjw cb{hibil~cl` salo~cjls aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i( ~mi wiasjls ~ma~ ~mi clncvcnyah bibgiws mavi fjw

sy{{jw~cl` ~mi somibi ba gi {ha`yin g sygs~al~cah mi~iwjìlic~, l6; Cl fao~( Hcsa Baw~cl aw`yin cl miw 1337 s~yn

~ma~ ~mi ojj{iwa~cjl ~ma~ sys~acls salo~cjls ~ilns ~j omalì abjl` s~a~is as ~mi salo~cjl i{csjni {wj`wissis, l61

Bjwijviw( ~mi hawìw aln bjwi {jpiwfyh s~a~is( hcdi ~mi 9[s( mavi ~ilnin ~j oa{~ywi aln s~iiw ~mi salo~cjls il~iw{wcsi ~j

bii~ ~micw fjwic`l {jhco jgeio~cvis( pmcom ba jw ba lj~ ba~om ~mjsi jf ~mi YL ojbbylc~, l67 ^mcs aw`ybil~ pchh

gi i}{hjwin bjwi fyhh cl ncsoysscl` ~mi iffio~cviliss jf salo~cjls wi`cbis,

CCC, ^MI [WJ[J_IN BIOMALCO_ JF _ALO^CJL_

^mi ojwi il~iw{wcsi jf ojb{wimilscvi byh~cha~iwah iojljbco salo~cjls oal gi ylniws~jjn cl ~mi fabchcaw ~iwbs jf al

aìlo wiha~cjlsmc{ gioaysi ojhhio~cvih cb{jsin salo~cjls nihià~i ~mi ~asd jf ni~iwwcl` pwjl`njcl` ~j `wjy{s, l6?

^mi {wcloc{ah( pmj cs ~mi salo~cjliw( siids ~j bj~cva~i a `wjy{( as ~mi aìl~( ~j cb{hibil~ a wi`yha~jw wi`cbi ~ma~

ìliwa~is ni~iwwiloi jf pwjl`njcl` g clncvcnyah `wjy{ bibgiws, l6> ^mi iojljbco ni{wcva~cjl ~ma~ cs ~mwia~ilin jw

oaysin g ~mi {wcloc{ahs salo~cjls iffjw~s cs i}{io~in ~j oaysi ~mi aìl~ ~j s~j{ ~mi ylniscwaghi gimavcjw, l69 Cniahh(

~mi salo~cjliw oal wiahcui iffcocilo àcls pmiwi ~mi ojs~s jf bacl~aclcl` jw i}ioy~cl` ~mi salo~cjls aàcls~ ~mi `wjy{({hys ~mi ojs~s jf `wjy{"hivih ojl~wjh awi hiss ~mal ~mi ojs~s jf bacl~aclcl` jw i}ioy~cl` salo~cjls ncwio~h ~jpawns ~mi

clncvcnyah pwjl`njiw, l66 Jf ojywsi( pmi~miw jw lj~ ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls ao~yahh ni~iw pwjl`njcl` ni{ilns ~j

sjbi i}~il~ T%11>R jl ~mi sjhcnawc~ jf ~mi `wjy{, l60 Fjw cls~aloi( ojlscniw ~mi oasi pmiwi ~mi YL_O cb{jsis

salo~cjls aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i ~ma~ cs aooysin jf vcjha~cl` a eys ojìls ljwb, Aoojwncl` ~j ~mi '{wcloc{ah"aìl~

salo~cjls bjnih(' g clfhco~cl` a sc`lcfcoal~ abjyl~ jf iojljbco {acl jl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~is oc~cuilw ~mwjy`m

ojb{wimilscvi iojljbco salo~cjls( oc~cuils cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i pchh {ysm fjw {jhc~coah omalì g wincwio~cl` ~mi ~awì~

s~a~is la~cjlah {jhco jw wibjvcl` ~mi `jviwlbil~ah {aw~cis fwjb jffcoi pmj awi wis{jlscghi fjw ~mi salo~cjlin

ao~cvc~cis, l6= Ejmal @ah~yl` ~iwbin ~mcs {wj{jsin siqyiloi jf ivil~s ~mi 'lacvi ~mijw' jf salo~cjls gioaysi c~

[aì >73 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %111


5/52

assybis ~ma~ a sjocah biomalcsb i}cs~s cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i ~ma~ oal ~walsfjwb iojljbco nabaì cl~j {jhc~coah omalì, l63

Cl jwniw fjw ~mi lacvi ~mijw jf salo~cjls ~j mjhn( ~miwi bys~ gi syffcocil~ `wjy{ sjhcnawc~ pc~mcl ~mi ~awì~ ojyl~w ~j

ahhjp ~mi oc~cuilw ~j ojl~wjh ~mi pwjl`njiws""~mi `jviwlbil~ah hianiwsmc{ jw ihc~is ~ma~ is~aghcsm la~cjlah {jhco, l0;

^miwi cs lj assywaloi ~ma~ syffcocil~ `wjy{ sjhcnawc~ pchh i}cs~ ~j aoojb{hcsm ~mcs `jah( is{iocahh pmil ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i

j{iwa~is ylniw a nco~a~jwcah jw ay~mjwc~a~cvi wi`cbi, l01 Annc~cjlahh( ivil cl a oasi pmiwi `wjy{ sjhcnawc~ njis i}cs~ cl

~mi ~awì~ s~a~i( ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls ~ma~ cb{jsi gwjan iojljbco ojs~s jl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~is {j{yha~cjl oal {wjnyoi

a la~cjlahcs~ gaodhasm( owia~cl` pma~ cs dljpl as ~mi 'wahh awjyln ~mi fha`' iffio~, l07 Miwi( ~mi hianiwsmc{ jf ~mi

~awì~in s~a~i wincwio~s ~mi ncsojl~il~ aln fwys~wa~cjl owia~in g salo~cjls mawnsmc{s apa fwjb ~mi wi`cbi ~ma~

bacl~acls ~mi salo~cjlin {jhcocis ~jpawn ~mi i}~iwlah ao~jws ~ma~ mavi cls~c~y~in ~mi salo~cjls, l0? Cls~ian jf

ilìlniwcl` ~mi niscwin omalì( ~mi salo~cjls ba fyih la~cjlahcs~ sil~cbil~ aln ìliwa~i clowiasin ay~awd cl ~mi

~awì~ s~a~i( l0> ~mys giojbcl` 'ao~yahh ojyl~iw{wjnyo~cvi as a ~jjh jf fjwic`l {jhco,' l09 Al ay~jowa~co wi`cbi ba

ahsj wia{ fyw~miw gilifc~s fwjb ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls gioaysi c~ cs cl ~mi gis~ {jsc~cjl ~j ojl~wjh iojljbco ao~cvc~

aln ~mi ahhjoa~cjl jf soawoi wisjywois, l06 As a wisyh~( ~mi ihc~is ~ma~ smjyhn syffiw T%119R fwjb ~mi cb{jsin salo~cjls

ba cls~ian ilwcom ~mibsihvis g {wjfc~cl` fwjb ghaod bawdi~ sby``hcl` aln chhcoc~ ~wani ao~cvc~cis, l00

Pmil ~mi lybiwjys {c~fahhs assjoca~in pc~m ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls {wj`wabs awi ojlscniwin cl ojleylo~cjl pc~m

~mi ncwi mybalc~awcal ojlsiqyilois ~ma~ ~misi wi`cbis jf~ {wjnyoi( l0= syom as ~mi sc~ya~cjl ~ma~ i}cs~in cl Cwaq( l03 c~

giojbis clowiascl`h ivcnil~ pm ~mi YL mas s~aw~in ~j i}{hjwi j~miw {jhco j{~cjls, ^j na~i( jli jf ~mi bjs~ {j{yhawah~iwla~cvis mas giil dljpl as ~mi 'sbaw~ salo~cjl(' pmcom cs a {mwasi clncoa~cl` ~mi ysi jf ~awì~in jw sihio~cvi

salo~cjls as j{{jsin ~j ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls, l=; Fwjb a biomalcoah s~aln{jcl~( sbaw~ salo~cjls awi nisc`lin ~j

bclcbcui ~mi mybalc~awcal cb{ao~ ~ma~ oal jooyw cl a ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls wi`cbi g a{{hcl` biasywis nisc`lin

~j cb{ao~ ~mi `jviwlbil~ah jffcocahs( ihc~is( jw j~miw {aw~cis s{iocfcoahh wis{jlscghi fjw owia~cl` aln bacl~aclcl` ~mi

nivcal~ {jhcocis, I}ab{his jf sbaw~ salo~cjls clohyni fclalocah salo~cjls -i,`,( assi~ fwiiuis aln fclalocah wis~wco~cjls#(

~wavih salo~cjls -i,`,( vcsa gals aln acwhcli wis~wco~cjls#( ojbbjnc~ gjoj~~s -i,`,( ojbbjnc~cis syom as jch( ncabjlns(

aln hybgiw {wjnyo~s#( aln awbs ibgaw`jis, l=1 Ivil ~mjy`m ~miwi cs hc~~hi njyg~ ~ma~ sbaw~ salo~cjls bc~cà~i ~mi

mybalc~awcal cb{ao~ jf a salo~cjls wi`cbi( pmi~miw ~misi salo~cjls awi clniin 'sbaw~iw' fwjb a {jhc~coah iffio~cviliss

s~aln{jcl~ pmil ojb{awin ~j ojb{wimilscvi salo~cjls cs a qyis~cjl ~ma~ cs i~ ylsi~~hin, l=7 Liviw~mihiss( somjhaws cl

~mi aoanibco aln {jhcobadcl` ojbbylc~cis mavi {wjnyoin sygs~al~cah pjwd wiàwncl` mjp ~j cb{wjvi ~mi

iffio~cviliss jf sbaw~ salo~cjls, l=? Fjw ~mi {yw{jsis jf ~mcs alahscs( ~mi ncs~clo~cjl T%116R gi~piil ojb{wimilscvi

aln sbaw~ salo~cjls pchh lj~ gi ncsoyssin fyw~miw4 ~mi ba~~iw cs gijln ~mi soj{i jf ~mi s~yn,

CV, WI_IAWOM JL ^MI IFFIO^CVILI__ JF _ALO^CJL_

^mi {wj`wisscvih fwiqyil~ ib{hjbil~ jf salo~cjls g ~mi YL_O bc`m~ gis{iad ~j ~mi oasyah somjhaw ~ma~

salo~cjls awi a si~~hin ~jjh jf cl~iwla~cjlah ilfjwoibil~, [awanj}coahh( ~miwi cs a hjl` aln ncs~cl`ycsmin hcli jf

somjhawh pjwds ~ma~ a~~ib{~s ~j ivahya~i pmi~miw salo~cjls pjwd""cl ~mi silsi jf gwcl`cl` agjy~ a {jhco omalì cl ~mi

~awì~ s~a~i""aln ~misi s~yncis ìliwahh ojlohyni ~ma~ salo~cjls awi cliffio~cvi cl ~mcs wiàwn, l=> Bawàwi~ Nj}i( pmj

cs hagihin '~mi nial jf salo~cjls somjhaws' g Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu( l=9 mas assiw~in ~ma~ a~ gis~ salo~cjls aomcivi jlh

bjnis~ àcls ~ma~ awi jg~aclaghi fwjb a 'sha{ jl ~mi pwcs~,' l=6 _alo~cjls owc~cos assiw~ ~ma~ salo~cjls wi`cbis awi

{ha`yin pc~m lybiwjys ~wjyghis( clohyncl` s~wil`~milcl` ~mi ~awì~ `jviwlbil~s jw ihc~is ~ma~ ~mi siid ~j ojiwoi4 gicl`

assc`lin ghabi fjw salo~cjls"clnyoin mybalc~awcal syffiwcl`4 fachcl` ~j a{{wj{wca~ih wioj`lcui aln( ojb{ilsa~i ~mcwn

{aw~ ojs~s( pmcom ilojywaìs omia~cl`4 aln ilojyl~iwcl` {iwscs~il~ cb{hibil~a~cjl( bjlc~jwcl`( aln ilfjwoibil~

{wjghibs, l=0 ^mi {yuuhi cs( mjpiviw( cf salo~cjls nj lj~ pjwd( ~mil pm awi salo~cjls ysin bjwi jf~il( aln fjw apcniw walì jf cssyis( cl wioil~ iaws: l==

T%110R As bc`m~ gi i}{io~in( ~mi ojlsilsys jl ~mi cliffio~cviliss jf salo~cjls cs lj~ ojb{hi~i, l=3 Cl pma~ cs

{iwma{s ~mi bjs~ ncsoyssin s~yn ~j na~i ojlnyo~in g ~mi Cl~iwla~cjlah Cls~c~y~i jf Iojljbcos -CCI _~yn#( @aw

Myfgayiw( Eiffwi _omj~~( aln Dcbgiwh Ihhcj~~ ojb{chin a na~agasi jf 116 salo~cjls oasis s{allcl` ~mi iaws 131> ~j

133;, l3; ^mi wisiawomiws owaf~in a salo~cjls wa~cl` ss~ib ~ma~ s~wjvi ~j ni~iwbcli pmi~miw ~mi ~awì~ ojb{hcin pc~m

~mi salo~cjliws `jahs( aln pmi~miw ~mi salo~cjls piwi ~mi {wcbaw oaysi jf ~mi ~awì~ s~a~is {jhco omalì, l31 ^mi

ojncl` ss~ib owia~in fjyw oa~i`jwcis( wal`cl` fwjb ojb{hi~i syooiss ~j ~j~ah fachywi, Cf ~mi bjs~ s~wclìl~ nifclc~cjl jf

[aì 973 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %11>


6/52

syooiss pas ysin( ?>) jf ~mi oasis qyahcfcin as a syooiss, l37 Cl ojl~was~( hiss ~mal ?;) jf ~mi oasis fihh cl~j ~mi

oa~i`jw jf ojb{hi~i fachywi, Ah~mjy`m a ?>) syooiss wa~i cs bjnis~ a~ gis~( c~ fachs ~j smjp ~ma~ salo~cjls awi ~j~ahh

cliffio~cvi as a ~jjh jf cl~iwla~cjlah {jhco ilfjwoibil~, l3? Liviw~mihiss( ~mi CCI _~yn pas a~~aodin g somjhaws syom

as Wjgiw~ [a{i( pmj aw`yin ~ma~ bal jf ~mi salo~cjls oasis cl ~mi s~yns na~agasi piwi bcsojnin, l3> Af~iw wiojncl`

~mi ahhiình T%11=R bcsojnin oasis( [a{i {iwfjwbin s~a~cs~coah alahscs ~ma~ ni~iwbclin salo~cjls syooiinin cl jlh

9) jf ~mi oasis, l39 Ivil ~mjy`m [a{is s~yn {wjnyoin a ojl~wanco~jw wisyh~ clncoa~cl` salo~cjls cliffio~cviliss(

wivcipiws a~~aodin mcs wisyh~s jl bi~mjnjhj`coah `wjylns, l36

âdcl` a gwjaniw {iws{io~cvi jl wisiawom bi~mjnjhj`( Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu aw`yi ~ma~ cl ìliwah ~mi ib{cwcoah

wisiawom""syom as ~mi CCI _~yn""syffiws fwjb ~pj di piadlissis, l30 ^mi fcws~ s~a~in piadliss cs ~ma~ ~miwi cs lj

ss~iba~co s~yn jf YL cb{jsin salo~cjls oasis, _~a~cs~coah ìliwahcua~cjls awi wiaomin g ojbgclcl` ylcha~iwah(

gcha~iwah( aln wi`cjlah salo~cjls oasis ahjl` pc~m byh~cha~iwah salo~cjls wi`cbis, l3= ^mcs owc~cqyi cs {haclh ojwwio~( gy~

c~s y~chc~ cs qyis~cjlaghi fjw ~mwii wiasjls, Fcws~( gioaysi ~mi YL mas jlh cb{jsin salo~cjls cl wjy`mh fjyw~iil jw sj

oasis( l33 wisiawomiws hcdih omjjsi ~j clohyni ylcha~iwah( gcha~iwah( aln wi`cjlah salo~cjls i{csjnis cl jwniw ~j jg~acl a

hawìw s~yn {j{yha~cjl fjw byh~cvawca~i s~a~cs~coah alahscs, l1;; _iojln( ~miwi cs as jf i~ soal~ ivcniloi ~j wiqycwi

ncs~cl`ycsmcl` YL cls~c~y~in salo~cjls fwjb j~miw salo~cjl wi`cbis, l1;1 Aln fclahh( Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu fcln al

iffio~cviliss wa~i jf ?6) cl qyahc~a~cvih ivahya~cl` ihivil oasis jf YL cb{jsin salo~cjls, l1;7 As a wisyh~( ~mi fcws~

s~a~in smjw~ojbcl` smjyhn {wjgagh lj~ oaysi ylnyi vi}a~cjl,

^mi siojln ohacbin piadliss jf ~mi ib{cwcoah wisiawom cs ~ma~ s~yncis biasywi ~mi syooiss jf salo~cjls g fjoyscl`

i}ohyscvih jl ~mi s~a~in {jhco balna~i jf ~mi salo~cjls wi`cbi( pmchi c`ljwcl` ~mi j~miw {yw{jsis ~ma~ salo~cjls ba

siwvi, l1;? As s~a~in g Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu5 '^mi T%113R oahoyha~cjl jf Tsalo~cjlsR iffio~cviliss cs a mc`mh ojb{hi}

aln lyaloin {wjoiss ~ma~ bys~ ~adi cl~j aoojyl~ ahh ~mi {yw{jsis ~ma~ salo~cjls ba siwvi( s~a~in aln yls~a~in(

cls~wybil~ah aln sbgjhco, _yom a {wjoiss njis lj~ hiln c~sihf ~j ojlvilcil~ qyal~cfcoa~cjl jw scb{hi ojlohyscjls jf

syooiss jw fachywi,' l1;> @wal~in( ~mi mc`mh cncjslowa~co {wjoiss wiqycwin ~j nifcli a wifhio~cvi biasywi jf salo~cjls

syooiss cs a vahcn aw`ybil~, Lybiwjys somjhaws mavi i}{ilnin wisiawom iffjw~s ~j i}{hacl ~mi js~ilscgh bjnis~ syooiss

wa~i jf ib{cwcoah s~yncis jl salo~cjls, Fjw cls~aloi( a sab{hcl` jf ~mi {wjffiwin aoojyl~s ~ma~ i}{hcoa~i ~mi ncffcoyh~ cl

nifclcl` salo~cjls syooiss vca ~mi s~a~in salo~cjls balna~i awi5 salo~cjls awi a{{hcin ~j a ~awì~ s~a~i jviw ~cbi( aln ~mi

clc~cah jgeio~cvis jf ~mi salo~cjls wi`cbi ba smcf~ jw omalì4 l1;9 biasywcl` salo~cjls syooiss jw fachywi ni{ilns

hawìh y{jl pma~ {jcl~ cl ~cbi ~mi salo~cjls {wj`wab cs alahuin aln pmcom jf ~mi ivjhvcl` salo~cjls jgeio~cvis awi

ysin as ~mi s~a~in biasywi jf iffio~cviliss4 l1;6 salo~cjls wi`cbis ba gi di{~ cl {haoi ~j sa~csf siojlnaw `jahs(

ah~mjy`m ~mi clc~cah {jhco balna~i pas bi~""jw ~mi clc~cah `jah ba lj~ gi bi~( pmchi ~mi ha~~iw `jah cs aomcivin4 l1;0

aln biasywcl` salo~cjls iffio~cviliss ni{ilns {wcbawch y{jl wioj`lcucl` ~ma~ ~mi clncvcnyah `jahs jf ~mi s~a~is

sy{{jw~cl` ~mi salo~cjls {wj`wab ba ncffiw fwjb ~mi salo~cjls wi`cbis s~a~in balna~i, l1;=

Ivil ~mjy`m iaom jf ~misi i}{hala~cjls a{{iaws ~j mavi sjbi i}{hala~jw {jpiw( c~ pjyhn siib ~ma~ ~mi fcws~ ~mwii

aoojyl~s ojyhn gi ss~iba~coahh annwissin ~mwjy`m qyal~c~a~cvi jw qyahc~a~cvi bi~mjnjhj`coah wisiawom nisc`l, Fjw

i}ab{hi( ~mi CCI _~yn ojnin salo~cjls {wj`wabs fjw j~miw ~mal fyhh syooissis( l1;3 aln ~mi ihivil YL salo~cjls oasis

alahuin g Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu piwi sowy~clcuin cl syffcocil~ ni~ach ~j ahhjp ~mi wisiawomiws ~j ncsoiwl ~ib{jwah

as{io~s ~j nifclcl` 'syooiss' as pihh as al ivjhvcl` T%17;R {wj`wab jgeio~cvis, l11; Aln fclahh( ivil a ni~ach as

siibcl`h lyaloin as ~mi yh~iwcjw bj~cvis jf {aw~coc{a~cl` salo~cjlcl` s~a~is cnil~cfcin cl ~mi has~ aoojyl~ mas giil

wioj`lcuin g somjhaws pmil i}{hjwcl` a salo~cjls {wj`wab i}"{js~, l111 Lj~pc~ms~alncl`( ~miwi cs jli wibaclcl`

i}{hala~cjl ~ma~ mas ~mi {j~il~cah ~j smin hc`m~ y{jl ~mi salo~cjls iffio~cviliss ojlylnwyb5 salo~cjls awi sjbi~cbiscb{jsin pc~m ~mi sbgjhco fylo~cjl jf ~mwia~ilcl` a ~awì~ s~a~i pc~m s~wjlìw( bjwi ojiwocvi biasywis cf ~mi ~awì~ njis

lj~ ah~iw c~s agiwwal~ {jhcocis, l117 Aàcl( ~mcs as{io~ jf salo~cjls wisiawom mas lj~ `jli ylwioj`lcuin( as ~mi CII _~yn

ojnin fcvi oasis pmiwi salo~cjls piwi ~mwia~ilin gy~ lj~ cb{jsin, l11? Mjpiviw( pmil jli ojlscniws ~ma~ ~mi CCI

_~yn ojnin jlh fcvi jy~ jf 116 oasis -wjy`mh >)# ~ma~ bi~ ~mi '~mwia~' omawao~iwcs~co( l11> ~mi qyis~cjl ~ma~ giodjls

al alspiw cs5 Mjp bal syooissfyh salo~cjls oasis i}cs~ pmiwi ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls ahjli aoojyl~s fjw ~mi wi`cbis

syooiss:

V, ^MWIA^ ^MIJWS

[aì 673 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %110


7/52

^mi ~iwb '~mwia~' mas a {iejwa~cvi ojllj~a~cjl cl ~iwbs jf jwnclaw hal`yaì ysaì( gy~ ~mwia~s( liviw~mihiss(

wibacl al clncs{ilsaghi {aw~ jf {jhc~coah baliyviwcl`, l119 ^mwia~s oal gi ylniws~jjn as 'al ao~jws owincghi

ojbbylcoa~cjl jf cl~iwis~( oa{aoc~( aln ojl~clìl~ cl~il~cjl4 ~mi awi nisc`lin ~j pawl alj~miw ao~jw ~ma~ cf c~ njis lj~

niscs~ fwjb jw aneys~ oiw~acl gimavcjyw( bjwi nis~wyo~cvi cls~wybil~s pchh gi a{{hcin,' l116 Cl issiloi( a salo~cjls

~mwia~ cs nisc`lin ~j omalì ~mi a~~c~yni jw gimavcjw jf a ~awì~( aln syom ~mwia~s iffio~cvih aoojb{hcsm ~micw jgeio~cvis

cl ~pj s~aìs, Clc~cahh( nywcl` ~mi 'ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì' ~mi salo~cjliw wihas ~mi owincghi ojbbylcoa~cjl jf ~mi

oa{aoc~ aln cl~il~cjl ~j oaww jy~ a {aw~coyhaw si~ jf ao~cjls cf ~mi ~awì~ njis lj~ ojb{h pc~m ~mi salo~cjl {wj`wabs

balna~i, l110 Li}~( nywcl` ~mi 'a{{hcoa~cjl s~aì' salo~cjls awi T%171R ao~yahh cls~c~y~in aàcls~ ~mi wioc{cil~ jf ~mi

~mwia~, l11= Aoojwncl` ~j Omis~iwbal aln [jyhc`l( ah~mjy`m ib{cwcoah wisiawom cs haodcl` jl ~mi ba~~iw( ~mi `wia~is~

{jcl~ jf hiviwaì ilejin g ~mi cl~iwla~cjlah ojbbylc~ cl salo~cjlcl` a ~awì~ s~a~i cs eys~ gifjwi salo~cjls awi

cb{jsin4 l113 cl j~miw pjwns( hiviwaì cs `wia~is~ nywcl` ~mi ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì, l17; ^mcs ahhià~cjl `cgis pc~m ~mi

vcip ~adil g [wjfissjw Ihcuagi~m W, Ni_jbgwi( pmj s~a~is5 'As al s~ynil~ jf ni~iwwiloi dljps( ~mi bjs~ syooissfyh

~mwia~ cs ~mi jli ~ma~ liviw mas ~j gi cb{jsin,' l171

Cf hiviwaì cs {wisybin ~j gi `wia~is~ nywcl` ~mi ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì( ~mil gifjwi salo~cjls awi ao~yahh cb{jsin

y{jl a ~awì~ s~a~i( c~ s~alns ~j wiasjl ~ma~ ~mcs ~ib{jwah {masi jffiws ~mi `wia~is~ {j~il~cah fjw salo~cjls syooiss, As a

wisyh~( c~ hj`coahh fjhhjps ~ma~ ~miwi awi hcdih bal salo~cjls ~mwia~s ~ma~ liviw wiaom ~mi a{{hcoa~cjl s~aì gioaysi ~mi

~mwia~ jf salo~cjls ahjli cs iljy`m ~j oaysi ~mi ~awì~ ~j bjncf c~s salo~cjlin gimavcjw, ^mcs ninyo~cjl cs ojìl~hi}{haclin aln a~~wcgy~in ~j ~mi bjnis~ syooiss wa~i jf salo~cjls wi`cbis cl ~mi i}~al~ ib{cwcoah wisiawom g àbi

~mijwcs~s, @abi ~mijwi~co a{{wjaomis ~j s~yncl` ~mi jy~ojbi jf iojljbco salo~cjls {wj`wabs aw`yi ~ma~ gioaysi jf ~mi

s~wa~i`co cl~iwao~cjl {wjoiss clvjhvin gi~piil ~mi silniw aln ~awì~( jli pchh jgsiwvi ~mi baejwc~ jf fachywis( gy~ bcss

~mi gyhd jf syooissis, l177 A gwcif lawwa~cvi jf ~mi àbi ~mijwi~co hj`co pchh sygs~al~ca~i ~mcs ohacb,

Aoojwncl` ~j [wjfissjw Nial Hao aln [wjfissjw Ibiwsjl B,_, Lcjy( cl a àbi clvjhvcl` ojb{hi~i clfjwba~cjl( a

salo~cjls wi`cbi smjyhn liviw gi cls~c~y~in, l17? Pmil a silniw niocnis ~j cb{jsi salo~cjls y{jl a ~awì~ s~a~i( ~mi

silniw pchh dljp pmi~miw ~mi salo~cjls pchh syooiin jw fach( as pchh ~mi ~awì~ ~ma~ cs gicl` salo~cjlin, Cl a s~a~i jf

iqychcgwcyb( a ~awì~ s~a~i ~ma~ cs iviw pchhcl` ~j omalì c~s chhcoc~ gimavcjw cl wis{jlsi ~j salo~cjls pchh nj sj a~ ~mi biwi

~mwia~ jf a salo~cjls cb{jsc~cjl, A ojiwoiw pchh ~mwia~il ~j salo~cjl a ~awì~ jlh pmil ~mi ~awì~ pchh cbbinca~ih

ojb{h( gy~ pchh lic~miw ~mwia~il ljw cb{jsi salo~cjls cl soilawcjs T%177R pmiwi ~mi ~awì~ pchh lj~ ojb{h, ^mys( cl a

pjwhn jf ojb{hi~i clfjwba~cjl( jli pjyhn liviw jgsiwvi ~mi cb{jsc~cjl jf salo~cjls, l17>

Pma~ ~mi àbi ~mijwi~co bjnih cb{hcis fjw s~ynil~s jf salo~cjls cs ~ma~ ~miwi cs {wjgagh a siwcjys {wjghib cl ~mi

oywwil~ ib{cwcoah hc~iwa~ywi jl salo~cjls iffio~cviliss wiàwncl` ~mi ba~~iw jf ~mwia~ jgsiwva~cjl, Gioaysi a salo~cjls

~mwia~ ~ma~ cs syooissfyh liviw wiaomis ~mi a{{hcoa~cjl s~aì( ~miwi cs a sc`lcfcoal~ {jsscgchc~ ~ma~ sihio~cjl gcas mas

sc`lcfcoal~h cb{ao~in ~mi i}cs~cl` wisiawom jl ~mi iffio~cviliss jf salo~cjls, l179 Fjw i}ab{hi( cl ~mi CCI _~yn jlh

fcvi jf ~mi 116 oasis ilnin a~ ~mi ~mwia~ ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì( gy~ fjyw jf ~misi fcvi oasis piwi ojlscniwin syooissis4

~mcs wisyh~ ~walsha~is cl~j al =;) syooiss wa~i fjw salo~cjls ~ma~ ilnin a~ ~mi ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì, l176 Jgvcjysh( ~mcs

sbahh lybgiw jf ljl"walnjbh sihio~in oasis oal mawnh gi ojlscniwin clncs{y~aghi ivcniloi jf {iwvascvi ib{cwcoah

sihio~cjl gcas affio~cl` ~mi jy~ojbi jf salo~cjls s~yncis( gy~ pmil ojlscniwin cl ojbgcla~cjl pc~m a bjwi wioil~ s~yn

g [wjfissjw Nalcih P, Nwiuliw( ~mcs ojleio~ywis {hayscgchc~ giojbis byom bjwi ojb{ihhcl`,

Cl jwniw ~j sygs~al~ca~i ~mi ohacb jf ~mi sihio~cjl gcas {wjghib( Nwiuliw alahuin a ~j~ah jf 139 oasis jf salo~cjls

aowjss ~mwii oa~i`jwcis jf Y,_, iojljbco ojiwocjl"~wani ojloisscjls( hagjw s~alnawns( aln ilvcwjlbil~ah{wj~io~cjl"pmiwi gj~m ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls aln salo~cjls cb{jsc~cjl piwi jgsiwvaghi, l170 Mcs s~yn ojlohynin ~ma~

~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls T%17?R {wjnyoin a byom mc`miw syooiss wa~i ~mal pmil salo~cjls piwi ao~yahh cb{jsin, l17=

Jviwahh( salo~cjls piwi lj~ cb{jsin cl 63) jf ~mi 139 oasis( aln ~mi syooiss wa~i cl ~misi oasis pas 66,0)( as j{{jsin

~j a syooiss wa~i jf >1,0) pmil salo~cjls piwi cls~c~y~in, l173 ^mi bjs~ s~wcdcl` wisyh~s jooywwin cl ~mi oa~i`jw jf

ilvcwjlbil~ah {wj~io~cjl( pmiwi ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls {wjnyoin a 37) syooiss wa~i( ojb{awin ~j 97) syooiss wa~i

pmil salo~cjls piwi ao~yahh cb{jsin, l1?; ^mi fclncl`s fwjb Nwiuliws s~yn awi lj~ ojlohyscvi wiàwncl` ~mi {jpiw

jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~( gy~ ~mi wisyh~s nj aniqya~ih sy{{jw~ ~mi ohacb ~ma~ sihio~cjl gcas hcdih i}cs~s cl ~mi i}~al~

ib{cwcoah salo~cjls hc~iwa~ywi, Bjwi cb{jw~al~h( mjpiviw( ~mi ib{cwcoah omahhilì cs lj~ jlh ~j cnil~cf ~misi oasis"as

[aì 073 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %17;


8/52

~miwi cs sjbi ncffcoyh~ cl cnil~cfcl` ivil~s ~ma~ iln a~ ~mi ~mwia~ s~aì"gy~ ahsj ~j gi~~iw ojb{wimiln ~mi biomalcsb

~ma~ badis ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls a {j~il~ ~jjh jf cl~iwla~cjlah {jhco ilfjwoibil~,

VC, YLNIW_ÂLNCL@ ^MI WJHI JF [JPIW

[wjfissjw Nisjbgwi lj~is ~ma~ s~ynil~s jf salo~cjls oallj~ jviwhjjd ~mi wjhi ~ma~ {jpiw {has cl cl~iwla~cjlahwi`yha~cjl( as bal somjhaws sii {jpiw as ~mi bacl ni~iwbclal~ jf ao~cjl, l1?1 Cl fao~( sjbi ojbbil~a~jws assiw~ ~ma~

pmil c~ ojbis ~j ~mi ~j{co jf salo~cjls aln ~micw agchc~ ~j aomcivi ojb{hcaloi( ~mi cssyi gjchs njpl ~j jli jf

miìbjl4 ~mi s~wjl` pchh cb{jsi c~s pchh y{jl ~mi piad, l1?7 ^mcs lj~cjl jf {jpiw niwcvis fwjb a vawci~ jf silniw

s~a~i omawao~iwcs~cos( clohyncl` bchc~aw s~wil`~m( {j{yha~cjl scui( ~iwwc~jwcah bass( la~ywah wisjywoi ilnjpbil~( iojljb

scui aln `wjp~m ~wilns( {jhc~coah s~agchc~( aln ivil oyh~ywi aln cnijhj`, l1?? Si~( Wicsbal aln _~ivcod jgsiwvi ~ma~

~mi ~iwbs 's~wjl`' aln 'piad' T%17>R bcsojls~wyi ~mi fhycn la~ywi jf {jpiw( pmcom g nifclc~cjl oal gi fjylnin y{jl

a ìliwah jw ~walsc~jw {jpiw"sy{iwcjwc~, l1?> As ~misi somjhaws lj~i( al ncs{awc~ cl {jpiw oal {wjvcni ~mi gascs fjw

~mi nisc`l aln a{{hcoa~cjl jf al iojljbco salo~cjls {wj`wab( pmcom cb{hcis ~ma~ ivil ~mjy`m iojljbco salo~cjls awi

lj~ iqyah j{{jw~ylc~ ~jjhs jf ilfjwoibil~( ~mi awi lj~ hcbc~in ~j ysi g ~mi `wia~is~ s~a~is aàcls~ ~mi sbahhis~ s~a~is,

Js~ilscgh( ~micw alahscs a{{iaws bjwi ojìl~ gioaysi c~ njis lj~ vcip ~mi ncs~wcgy~cjl jf {jpiw cl s~a~co ~iwbs -c,i,(

s~wjl` s~a~is viwsys piad s~a~is#( gy~ cl wiahc~( ~mi aw`ybil~ scb{h s~a~is ~ma~ ivil a s~wjl` s~a~i oal gi bjbil~awch

piad( pmchi a piad s~a~i oal gi bjbil~awch s~wjl`( badcl` a s~wjlìw s~a~i vyhliwaghi ~j a piadiw s~a~is nibalns,l1?9

Wi`wi~~agh( ~misi aw`ybil~s fach ~j {wjvcni a fyhh aoojyl~cl` fjw ~mi ysi jf {jpiw cl ~mi oasi jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~

gioaysi ~mi ib{hj a fylo~cjlah alahscs jf ~mi {jpiw ojloi{~( pmcom `wjylns salo~cjls {winco~cjls cl iojljbco hclis

jf aw`ybil~a~cjl, ^mi alah~co fjoys cs jl iojljbco ojs~s cloywwin g gj~m ~mi silncl` aln ~awì~ s~a~is( pc~m a

{winco~cjl ~ma~ 'vyhliwagchc~ ~j iojljbco salo~cjls cs a fylo~cjl jf ni{ilniloi jl i}~iwlah sy{{hcis jf `jjns jw oa{c~ah

aln jl i}~iwlah bawdi~s fjw njbis~co {wjnyo~s,' l1?6 ^mys( ~mi {jpiw jf a ~mwia~ cs vcipin as a fylo~cjl jf ~mi

salo~cjlcl` s~a~is bawdi~ {jpiw jviw ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i as pihh as ~mi owincgchc~ jf ~mi silniw cl ao~yahh cb{hibil~cl`

~mi ~mwia~ilin salo~cjls {wj`wab, l1?0 Aln ~mjy`m ~miwi cs a wiasjlaghi gascs fjw {jhcobadiws ~j i}{io~ ~ma~ ~mi

silniws bawdi~ {jpiw aln wisjhvi oal cb{ao~ ~mi iffio~cviliss jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~( ~misi fao~jws ahjli nj lj~

aniqya~ih {winco~ ~mi syooiss jw fachywi jf a salo~cjls wi`cbi, _omjhaws aln {jhcobadiws bys~ wioahh ~mi gasco

ylniws~alncl` jf {jpiw as nifclin cl ~mi cl~iwla~cjlah wiha~cjls hc~iwa~ywi5 [jpiw cs ~mi agchc~ jf sjbi ao~jw A ~j ì~

sjbi j~miw ao~jw G ~j nj sjbi~mcl` ~ma~ G pjyhn lj~ j~miwpcsi nj, l1?= As ~mcs nifclc~cjl mcl~s( '{jpiw cs a ojb{hi}

aln byh~c"faoi~in ojloi{~( aln c~ cs cb{jw~al~ ~j gi s{iocfco agjy~ ~mi ncffiwil~ fao~jws ~ma~ bc`m~ gi wihival~ cl

ojlscniwcl` {jpiw as al i}{hala~cjl fjw al~mcl`,' l1?3

^mi ahhiìn fhap cl ~mi iojljbco salo~cjls hc~iwa~ywi cs ~ma~ c~s fjoys jl iojljbco cb{wisscjls jf {jpiw cl al

a~~ib{~ ~j i}{hcoa~i ~mi syooiss jw fachywi jf a salo~cjls {wj`wab wcsds ojlfjylncl` ~mi {jhco jgeio~cvis jf ~mi

salo~cjls wi`cbi -~mi 'ilns'# pc~m ~mi salo~cjls ~jjh -~mi T%179R 'bials'#, l1>; Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu s~a~i( 'Cf ~mi

fjylna~cjls jf a `cvil {jhco awi fhapin( ~mi salo~cjls ysin ~j oaww jy~ ~ma~ {jhco pchh fach,' l1>1 Pma~ ~mcs s~a~ibil~

cb{hcis cs ~ma~ a sjyln {jhco oal gi aoojb{hcsmin ivil cf ~mi iojljbco salo~cjls ~jjh cs cliffio~cvi, Fjw i}ab{hi( jli

fao~jw ~ma~ oal {ha a wjhi cl a ~mwia~ilin salo~cjls {wj`wabs jy~ojbi cs ~awì~ s~a~i sihf"cl~iwis~, l1>7 A ~awì~ s~a~i

oal asd c~sihf pma~ gilifc~s c~ pchh jg~acl g ojb{hcl` pc~m a ~mwia~ilin salo~cjls {wj`wab, Cf ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i

ni~iwbclis ~ma~ ~mi ylniwhcl` {jhco jgeio~cvis awi anval~aìjys( ~mil c~ ba ojb{h pc~m ~mi salo~cjls ~mwia~( lj~

gioaysi c~ fiaws ~mi cb{ao~ jf ~mi iojljbco salo~cjls ~jjh( gy~ gioaysi c~ mas aooi{~in ~mi salo~cjliws {jhco balna~i,Ojlsiqyil~h( al alah~co fjoys sjhih jl ~mi {jpiw jf ~mi iojljbco salo~cjls cls~wybil~ pchh lj~ i}{hacl pm ~mi

salo~cjls {wj`wab syooiinin,

G wioj`lcucl` ~mcs clsc`m~( c~ giojbis ivcnil~ ~ma~ ~mi salo~cjls hc~iwa~ywi cs jl ~mi wc`m~ {a~m cl ~mijwcucl` ~ma~

{jpiw {has a wjhi cl ~mi ivil~yah syooiss jw fachywi jf a salo~cjls {wj`wab, Si~( wa~miw ~mal wihcl` jl a

jli"ncbilscjlah ylniws~alncl` jf s~a~i {jpiw as niwcvin fwjb ìliwah jw ~walsc~jw iojljbco cbgahaloi( pmcom cl ~ywl

nwcvis ~mi {jpiw aln iffio~cviliss jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~ ~mwjy`m ~mi ysi jf al iojljbco salo~cjls ~jjh( ~mi salo~cjlcl`

s~a~i bys~ ibgwaoi ~mi gwjaniw ojloi{~ jf sjocah {somjhj`coah {iwsyascvi {jpiw cl jwniw ~j oaysi ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i ~j

[aì =73 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %17?


9/52

aooi{~ ~mi salo~cjl {wj`wabs ylniwhcl` {jhco balna~i a~ ~mi ~mwia~ ojbbylcoa~cjl s~aì, l1>? Cl smjw~( ~j ~wyh

ylniws~aln mjp {jpiw affio~s a salo~cjls {wj`wab( alahs~s bys~ lj~ jlh ylniws~aln ~mi wiha~cjlah as{io~s jf {jpiw(

l1>> gy~ ahsj ojb{wimiln ~mi {somjhj`coah ncbilscjls jf ~mi salo~cjls ~jjh, l1>9

VCC, _JOCAH [JPIW ^MIJWS

Cl 1393( sjocah clfhyiloi aln c~s fjylna~cjls piwi i}{hjwin ~j awwcvi a~ a fwabipjwd fjw {jpiw alahscs cl ~mi

sibclah {a{iw jf Ejml Fwilom aln T%176R Giw~wab Wavil""^mi Gasis jf _jocah [jpiw, l1>6 Ah~mjy`m a lybgiw jf

annc~cjlah {jpiw ~{jhj`cis aln bjnihs mavi sywfaoin nywcl` ~mi has~ siviwah nioanis( aw`yagh ~mi bjs~ clfhyil~cah

wibacls ~ma~ jf ~misi somjhaws, l1>0 ^mi Fwilom aln Wavil {jpiw fwabipjwd fjoysis jl ~mi fcvi gasis jf sjocah

{jpiw""ojiwocvi {jpiw( wipawn {jpiw( hi`c~cba~i {jpiw( wifiwil~ {jpiw( aln i}{iw~ {jpiw"" l1>= aln cs ~mi bjs~

fwiqyil~ ~{jhj` ysin cl bjniwl {jpiw wisiawom4 c~ pjyhn gi wawi lj~ ~j fcln ~mcs fwabipjwd cl a {jpiw"wiha~in

~i}~gjjd, l1>3 As a wisyh~( ~mcs {a{iw aviws ~ma~ sjocah {jpiw ~mijw jffiws sygs~al~cvi y~chc~ as a {jhcobadcl` ~jjh

pmil s~a~is ~mwia~il ~mi cb{jsc~cjl jf al iojljbco salo~cjls wi`cbi,

Cl jwniw ~j fyhh sy{{jw~ ~mcs assiw~cjl( ~mi sio~cjl fcws~ {wjvcnis al aggwivca~in ~mijwi~coah gaod`wjyln jl sjocah

{jpiw ~mijw g ncsoysscl` fjyw ojloi{~s5 {somjhj`coah omalì4 sjocah clfhyiloi4 sjocah {jpiw4 aln clni{ilnil~ viwsys

ni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì, ^mcs clc~cah `wjylnpjwd cs ojb{hi}( gy~ cs wiqycwin cl jwniw ~j fyhh ojloi{~yahcui ~mij{iwa~cjl jf ~mi sjocah {jpiw gasis, Liviw~mihiss( ~mi wianiw smjyhn lic~miw giojbi jviwh cbbiwsin cl ~mi ni~achs

assjoca~in pc~m iaom ojloi{~( ljw hagjw jviw bcljw ojlfyscjls, Li}~( ~mi sio~cjl nisowcgis iaom jf ~mi fcvi gasis jf

sjocah {jpiw""ojiwocvi {jpiw( wipawn {jpiw( hi`c~cba~i {jpiw( wifiwil~ {jpiw( aln i}{iw~ {jpiw""ahjl` pc~m i}ab{his

aln ni~achs wiàwncl` ~micw a{{hcoa~cjl, Fclahh( ~mi sio~cjl ojlohynis g a{{hcl` sjocah {jpiw ~mijw ~j ~mi 1379

gjwniw sdcwbcsm gi~piil @wiioi aln Gyhàwca( pmcom pas wiojlochin fjhhjpcl` ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls g ~mi Hia`yi jf

La~cjls,

T%170R A, ^mijwi~coah Gaod`wjyln

1, [somjhj`coah Omalì

Fwilom aln Wavil i}{hacl ~ma~ {jpiw cs nifclin cl ~iwbs jf clfhyiloi( aln clfhyiloi cs nifclin cl ~iwbs jf

{somjhj`coah omalì( sj a ncsoysscjl jf ~micw {wj{jsin fwabipjwd gi`cls pc~m a nisowc{~cjl jf omalì, l19; Omalì csnifclin a~ a gwjan hivih jf ìliwahc~ ~j ilojb{ass omalìs cl gimavcjw( a~~c~ynis( `jahs( vahyis( liins( aln j~miw

{somjhj`coah as{io~s, l191 ^mi wisiawomiws ahsj ib{hj ~mi ~iwb 'ss~ib' ~j wifiw ~j al {aw~ jf ~mi hcfi s{aoi -c,i,(

sjocah ilvcwjlbil~# l197 jf a {aw~, l19? @cvil ~misi gasco ylniw{cllcl`s( {somjhj`coah omalì cs nifclin as al

ah~iwa~cjl ~j ~mi s~a~i jf sjbi ss~ib( pmcom smahh gi wifiwwin ~j as ss~ib a( jviw ~cbi, l19> Pmil ~miwi cs al ah~iwa~cjl

bani ~j ~mi s~a~i jf ss~ib a -nilj~in as s-a##( ~mi omalì cl ss~ib a -nilj~in as om-a## cs biasywin as ~mi ncffiwiloi

gi~piil ss~ib a's s~a~i a~ ~cbi 1 aln a~ ~cbi 75 om-a# 2 s7-a# " s1-a#, l199

Gioaysi omalì cl sjbi ss~ib oal wisyh~ fwjb lybiwjys fjwois j{iwa~cl` ojl~ib{jwalijysh( pmil sjocah fjwoi

cs a{{hcin ~j {wjnyoi a ss~ib omalì( ~mi niscwin jy~ojbi ba jw ba lj~ jooyw, Fjw i}ab{hi( sy{{jsi ~mi YL_O

cls~c~y~is a ojb{wimilscvi iojljbco salo~cjls wi`cbi aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i cl al iffjw~ ~j ncssyani ~mi oc~cuilw fwjb

sy{{jw~cl` ~mi oywwil~ `jviwlbil~4 ~mi YL_O mj{is ~j ilìlniw {jhc~coah omalì, l196 Assybi ~ma~ a~ ~mi sabi ~cbi as

~mi salo~cjls wi`cbi cs cls~c~y~in ~miwi cs a basscvi {jhc~coah bjvibil~ pc~mcl ~mi s~a~i ilnjwscl` ~mi ~awì~in

`jviwlbil~ gioaysi c~ sy{{jw~s ~iaomcl` wihc`cjys njo~wcli cl somjjhs( al cssyi vc~ahh cb{jw~al~ ~j ~mi s~a~is oc~cuilw,

Oi~iwcs {awcgys( ~mi ss~ib omalì -om-a## gi~piil ~cbi 1 aln ~cbi 7 bc`m~ gi li`hc`cghi as a wisyh~ jf ~misi ncabi~wco

fjwois,

T%17=R 7, _jocah Clfhyiloi

G ojb{wimilncl` mjp omalì cl sjbi ss~ib a cs biasywin jviw ~cbi( jli oal ojlscniw ~mi cb{ao~ jf sjocah

clfhyiloi jl a {aw~( wifiwwin ~j as [( {wjnyoin g a sjocah aìl~( wifiwwin ~j as J, l190 _jocah clfhyiloi cs ~mi iffjw~

[aì 373 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %179


10/52

i}iw~in g sjocah aìl~ J ~j omalì {aw~ [s a~~c~ynis( gihcifs( {iwoi{~cjls( jw gimavcjw, l19= Miloi( ~mi sjocah

clfhyiloi jf J jl sjbi ss~ib a cl ~mi hcfi s{aoi jf [ cs nifclin as ~mi wisyh~al~ fjwoi jl ss~ib a ~ma~ jwc`cla~is fwjb

al ao~ jf J, l193 ^mi fjwoi ~ma~ cs clnyoin g J ~j ah~iw ~mi ss~ib a ojlscs~s jf ~pj ojb{jlil~s5 -1# a fjwoi ~j ah~iw

ss~ib a cl ~mi ncwio~cjl ~ma~ J niscwis4 aln -7# al j{{jscl` wiscs~aloi ~ma~ wisyh~s fwjb Js ao~, l16;

^mi sjocah clfhyiloi ~ma~ J i}iw~s y{jl [ oal jooyw ~mwjy`m a ojlsocjys jw ylojlsocjys ao~ jf J, Fjw cls~aloi(

sy{{jsi ~ma~ ~mi YL_O {assis a wisjhy~cjl ojlniblcl` ~awì~ s~a~i A fjw mawgjwcl` dljpl ~iwwjwcs~s( aln ~mwia~ils ~mi

cb{jsc~cjl jf ojb{wimilscvi iojljbco salo~cjls, Miwi( ~mi YL_O cl~ilns sjocah clfhyiloi5 c~s `jah cs ~j {wjnyoi a

ncwio~ iffio~ cl a ss~ib jf ~awì~ s~a~i A, Mjpiviw( ~mcs wisjhy~cjl bc`m~ ahsj ylojlsocjysh cb{ao~ a ss~ib jf s~a~i G

gioaysi ~mcs s~a~i ahsj mawgjws ~iwwjwcs~s( ylgidljpls~ ~j ~mi YL_O, ^mi iffio~ cl a ss~ib jf s~a~i G pas lj~ cl~ilnin

g ~mi YL_O( gy~ c~ liviw~mihiss jooywwin, As a wisyh~( gj~m s~a~is A aln G bc`m~ i}{ylì ~iwwjwcs~s fwjb ~micw

~iwwc~jwcah eywcsnco~cjls,

Ylfjw~yla~ih( sjocah clfhyiloi njis lj~ ahpas {wjnyoi ~mi niscwin iffio~ cl a {aw~, Cl fao~( Fwilom aln Wavil

i}{hacl ~ma~ sjocah clfhyiloi oal {wjnyoi al j{{jsc~i iffio~ fwjb pma~ pas cl~ilnin, l161 ^mi ivil~yah jy~ojbi jf Js

a~~ib{~ ~j sjocahh clfhyiloi [ pchh ni{iln jl ~mi ba`lc~yni jf ~mi fjwoi ilsycl` fwjb Js ao~cjl pmil ojlscniwin

aàcls~ ~mi wiscs~cl` fjwoi ~ma~ cs owia~in g Js sabi ao~, Cl a oasi pmiwi J cl~ilns ~j sjocahh clfhyiloi [ cl a `cvil

ncwio~cjl( a wisyh~al~ fjwoi owia~in cl ~ma~ T%173R sabi ncwio~cjl cs ojlscniwin {jsc~cvi clfhyiloi( pmiwias a wisyh~al~fjwoi owia~in cl ~mi j{{jsc~i ncwio~cjl cs ojlscniwin lià~cvi clfhyiloi, l167

?, _jocah [jpiw

Pc~m ~mi wianiw mavcl` aoqycwin a gasco ylniws~alncl` jf {somjhj`coah omalì aln sjocah clfhyiloi( {jpiw oal gi

nifclin, Cl gwcif( Fwilom aln Wavil s~a~i ~ma~ '~mi s~wil`~m jf {jpiw jf J*[ cl sjbi ss~ib a cs nifclin as ~mi

ba}cbyb {j~il~cah agchc~ jf J ~j clfhyiloi [ cl a,' l16? Js {jpiw cs biasywin g ~mi ba}cbyb {jsscghi clfhyiloi

~ma~ mi ba i}iw~ cl sjbi ss~ib a jf [( ~mjy`m J ba omjjsi ~j i}iwocsi sjbi hivih jf {jpiw ~ma~ cs hiss ~mal ~mi fyhh

abjyl~ ~ma~ J mas avachaghi, l16> Ah~iwla~cvih( {jpiw oal ahsj gi nifclin g wioahhcl` ~ma~ pmil J a~~ib{~s ~j i}iw~

sjocah clfhyiloi jl [( ~miwi pchh gi a fjwoi owia~in cl ~mi ncwio~cjl jf Js clfhyiloi a~~ib{~( aln alj~miw wiscs~cl` fjwoi

owia~in a~ ~mi sabi ~cbi cl ~mi j{{jsc~i ncwio~cjl, [jpiw cs ~mil iqyah ~j ~mi ba}cbyb wisyh~ jf ~misi ~pj ncabi~wco

fjwois5

T_II FJWBYHA CL JWC@CLAHR l169

Pmiliviw ~mi fcws~ ojb{jlil~ cs `wia~iw ~mal ~mi siojln ojb{jlil~( J mas {jsc~cvi {jpiwjviw [, Cl ojl~was~(

pmiliviw ~mi fcws~ ojb{jlil~ cs hiss ~mal ~mi siojln( J mas lià~cvi {jpiwjviw [, Fwilom aln Wavil i}{hacl ~ma~ ~mi

wiasjl fjw nifclcl` ~mi {jpiw jf J jviw [ pc~m wis{io~ ~j a s{iocfcin ss~ib jf [ cs ~ma~ Js {jpiw ba vaw fwjb jli

ss~ib ~j alj~miw, l166 Fjw i}ab{hi( ~mi YL_O ba mavi ~mi {jpiw ~j clfhyiloi a ~awì~ s~a~i pc~m wis{io~ ~j c~s

j{clcjls agjy~ la~cjlah {jhcocis( gy~ ~mi YL_O ba mavi hc~~hi {jpiw ~j clfhyiloi ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i wiàwncl` c~s

ylniwhcl` vahyis,

>, Clni{ilnil~ viwsys Ni{ilnil~ _s~ib Omalì

Fclahh( ljp ~ma~ {somjhj`coah omalì( sjocah clfhyiloi( aln {jpiw awi nifclin( ~mi has~ cssyi ~j annwiss ojloiwls

~mi s~agchc~ jf sjbi ss~ib a jf [ af~iw al clfhyiloi a~~ib{~ g J, Cl j~miw pjwns( jloi Js clfhyiloi owia~is a omalì

cl ss~ib a jf [( mjp ni{ilnil~ cs ~mi s~a~i jf ss~ib a jf [ y{jl J: ^j alspiw ~mcs qyis~cjl( Fwilom aln Wavil aw`yi

~ma~ cl bal oasis ~mi clc~cah s~a~i jf ~mi ss~ib cs omawao~iwcuin g a qyasc"s~a~cjlaw T%1?;R iqychcgwcyb ~ma~ oal gi

hagihin s1-a#, l160 Cf pi assybi ~ma~ J i}iw~s fjwoi jl [ ~j bjncf ~mi s~a~i jf ~mi ss~ib ~j s7-a#( ~mi qyis~cjl cs

pmi~miw ~mi s~a~i jf ~mi ss~ib a~ s7-a# cs ni{ilnil~ jl ~mi ojl~clyin {wisiloi jf J, Cl smjw~( ~mi ni`wii jf ni{ilniloi

jfs7-a# jl J af~iw Js clfhyiloi oal gi ylniws~jjn as ~mi abjyl~ jf wi~wj`wisscjl fjhhjpcl` ~mi wibjvah jf J fwjb ~mi

hcfi s{aoi jf [5

[aì 1;73 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %17=


11/52

Ni`wii jf Ni{ilniloi jfs7-a# jl J 2 s7-a# " s?-a#(

pmiwi s?-a# cs ~mi s~a~i jf ~mi ss~ib af~iw Js wibjvah, l16= Cl jwniw ~j ~adi j{iwa~cjlah biasywis fjw ~mi ni`wii jf

ss~ib ni{ilniloi jl J( ahh j~miw fao~jws bys~ gi mihn ojls~al~,

^j ylniws~aln ~mi fjwbyha( ojlscniw a scb{hcs~co i}ab{hi pmiwi ~mi YL_O {assis a wisjhy~cjl balna~cl`gcjhj`coah pia{jls cls{io~cjls cl ~awì~ s~a~is A aln G cl jwniw ~j s~j{ ~misi s~a~is fwjb {wjnyocl` nalìwjys awbs,

^mi YL pia{jls cls{io~cjls gi`cl aln ojl~clyi fjw a {iwcjn jf 7> bjl~ms( a~ pmcom {jcl~ ~mi pia{jls cls{io~cjls

oiasi gioaysi ~miwi awi lj hjlìw gcjhj`coah pia{jls balyfao~ywin cl ~awì~ s~a~is A jw G, Cbbinca~ih af~iw ~mi

pia{jls cls{io~cjls s~j{( s~a~i A gi`cls {wjnyocl` gcjhj`coah pia{jls alip( pmchi s~a~i G njis lj~, Miwi( ~mi ~awì~in

ss~ib jf s~a~i A pas ojb{hi~ih ni{ilnil~ jl ~mi YLs {wisiloi( pmchi ~mi ~awì~in ss~ib jf s~a~i G pas lj~, Jli

{j~il~cah i}{hala~cjl fjw ~mi jy~ojbi cs ~ma~ ~awì~ s~a~i Gs ss~ib cl~iwlahcuin a sjocah ljwb aàcls~ gcjhj`coah

pia{jls( pmchi ~awì~ s~a~i As ss~ib ncn lj~ cl~iwlahcui a ljwba~cvi omalì( gy~ cls~ian pas ojb{hi~ih ni{ilnil~

y{jl ~mi i}~iwlah {wisiloi jf YL pia{jls cls{io~jws,

G, Gasis jf _jocah [jpiw

^mi sjywoi jf {jpiw cl a wiha~cjlsmc{ gi~piil J aln [ cs ojlscniwin a gasi jf {jpiw( aln cl a ~{coah wiha~cjlsmc{

~miwi pchh gi siviwah {jpiw gasis, l163 Ah~mjy`m ~miwi awi {wjgagh lybiwjys {jpiw sjywois ~ma~ ojyhn gi nifclin cl a

{jpiw fwabipjwd( Fwilom aln Wavil cnil~cf fcvi cb{jw~al~ sjywois jf Js {jpiw jviw [5 -1# ojiwocvi {jpiw( gasin jl

[s {iwoi{~cjl ~ma~ J mjp mas ~mi agchc~ ~j binca~i {ylcsmbil~s4 -7# wipawn {jpiw( gasin jl [s ylniws~alncl` ~ma~ J

mas ~mi agchc~ ~j binca~i wipawns4 T%1?1R -?# hi`c~cba~i {jpiw( gasin jl [s {iwoi{~cjl ~ma~ J mas a hi`c~cba~i wc`m~ ~j

{wisowcgi gimavcjw4 -># wifiwil~ {jpiw( gasin jl [s cnil~cfcoa~cjl pc~m J4 aln -9# i}{iw~ {jpiw( gasin jl [s gihcif ~ma~

J mas s{iocahcuin dljphinì jw i}{iw~csi, l10;

Cl ~mi fjhhjpcl` sio~cjl( iaom {jpiw gasi cs nifclin ahjl` pc~m c~s wiha~in omawao~iwcs~cos( clohyncl` ~mi {jpiws

s~wil`~m( walì jf ysi( aln ~{i jf omalì {wjnyoin cl a ~awì~in ss~ib -c,i,( clni{ilnil~ viwsys ni{ilnil~ omalì#, A~

a{{wj{wca~i eylo~ywis( ~mi si`bil~ ahsj ncsoyssis mjp a {jpiws i}iwocsi pchh affio~ ~mi wiha~cjlsmc{ gi~piil J aln [,

Has~h( ~mi sio~cjl {iwcjncoahh mc`mhc`m~s sjbi jf ~mi ojb{hi} cl~iwwiha~cjlsmc{s abjl` ~mi fcvi {jpiw gasis,

1, Ojiwocvi [jpiw

^mi ojiwocvi {jpiw jf J*[ -c,i,( J jviw [# s~ibs fwjb [s i}{io~a~cjl ~ma~ c~ pchh gi {ylcsmin g J cf [ fachs ~j

ojlfjwb ~j Js clfhyiloi a~~ib{~, l101 ^mi s~wil`~m jf ~mi ojiwocvi {jpiw pchh ni{iln jl ~mi ba`lc~yni jf ~mi

~mwia~ilin {ylcsmbil~ as {iwoicvin g [ byh~c{hcin g ~mi {wjgagchc~ ~ma~ [ oal avjcn ~mi {ylcsmbil~ g ojlfjwbcl`

-c,i,( ~mi {wjgagchc~ jf {ylcsmbil~ fjw lj~ ojlfjwbcl` bclys ~mi {wjgagchc~ jf {ylcsmbil~ fjw ojlfjwbcl`#, l107 Cl

hiss fjwbah ~iwbs( ~mi bjwi ~ma~ [ fiaws {ylcsmbil~ fjw ljlojb{hcaloi( ~mi `wia~iw ~mi ojiwocvi {jpiw jf J, As bc`m~

gi al~coc{a~in( jli jf ~mi di cssyis pc~m ojiwocvi {jpiw cs ~ma~ c~ fwiqyil~h hians ~j ni{ilnil~ omalì cl a ss~ib(

pmiwi ~mi ni`wii jf ni{ilniloi vawcis pc~m Js agchc~ ~j jgsiwvi [s ojlfjwbc~, l10? Cl smjw~( jloi J oal lj hjlìw

{ylcsm [( [ pchh mavi lj cloil~cvi ~j ojb{h4 [ pchh ahsj mavi lj cloil~cvi ~j ojb{h cf J oallj~ ni~io~ [s

ljlojb{hcaloi, ^mcs nifclc~cjl jf ojiwocvi {jpiw sy{{jw~s ~mi ohacb bani g Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu ~ma~ ilfjwocl`

salo~cjls aln ilsywcl` ojb{hcaloi awi ~mi dis ~j salo~cjls iffio~cviliss( lj~ pmi~miw ~mi cb{jsin salo~cjls awi

ojb{wimilscvi jw ~awì~in, l10>

Fwilom aln Wavil lj~i ~ma~ jli bys~ gi oawifyh ~j ncs~cl`ycsm gi~piil ojiwocvi {jpiw aln wipawn {jpiw gioaysi

~micw nlabcos awi byom ncffiwil~, T%1?7R l109 ^misi nlabcos awi ivcnil~ cl ~mi iffio~s {wjnyoin cl ~mi ~awì~in

ss~ib jf [ g ~mi i}iw~cjl jf ojiwocvi clfhyiloi4 ojiwocvi {jpiw pchh ahpas wisyh~ cl ni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì( ylhcdi

wipawn {jpiw( pmcom ba ivil~yahh owia~i al clni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì -~mcs omalì jooyws ~mwjy`m wifiwil~ {jpiw#,

l106 ^mi ~mwia~ jf ojiwocvi {jpiw pchh ahsj niowiasi ~mi a~~wao~cjl jf [ ~j J( ylhcdi wipawn {jpiw( pmcom pchh clowiasi

~mi a~~wao~cjl, l100 Bjwijviw( a ~mwia~ilin {ylcsmbil~ g J jl [ oal owia~i a wisyh~al~ fjwoi jl [ ~j hiavi ~mi walì

pc~mcl pmcom ~mi ~mwia~ilin {ylcsmbil~ cb{ao~s, Cl j~miw pjwns( ojiwocvi {jpiw owia~is al cloil~cvi fjw [ ~j mcni

[aì 1173 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1?;


12/52

ljlojb{hcaloi cl jwniw ~j avjcn ~mi ~mwia~ilin {ylcsmbil~, l10= Cl ~mi ojl~i}~ jf a ojiwocvi salo~cjls wi`cbi( ~mi

~awì~ s~a~i cs hcdih ~j owia~i ocwoybvil~cjl s~wa~i`cis ~j avjcn ~mi salo~cjl wi`cbis gc~i, l103 As a wisyh~( ~mi

salo~cjliw bys~ owia~i j~miw wis~waclcl` fjwois cl jwniw ~j dii{ ~mi ~awì~ fwjb pc~mnwapcl` ojb{hi~ih fwjb ~mi

salo~cjliws walì jf ojiwocvi {jpiw, J~miwpcsi( ~mi {wjgagchc~ jf ~mi ~awì~ wioicvcl` {ylcsmbil~ fjw ljlojlfjwbc~

pchh gi ~jj hjp ~j badi ~mi ojiwocvi clfhyiloi a~~ib{~ iffio~cvi, l1=;

^mi y~chcua~cjl jf ojiwocvi {jpiw oal ahsj oaysi al cl~iwao~cjl iffio~ pc~m hi`c~cba~i {jpiw, Cf J ~mwia~ils

{ylcsmbil~ aàcls~ [ fjw ljlojlfjwbc~ pc~m c~s clfhyiloi a~~ib{~( aln [ {iwoicvis ~ma~ J njis lj~ mavi hi`c~cba~i

{jpiw ~j ~mwia~il ojiwocjl( jw cf [ gihcivis ~ma~ J mas hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j ojiwoi gy~ cs ao~cl` cl al chhi`c~cba~i balliw(

[ pchh ic~miw wifysi ~j ojlfjwb( jw ojlfjwb a~ a hjpiw hivih( aln ~mi hivih jf a~~wao~cjl ~ma~ [ mas fjw J pchh gi bjwi

ncbclcsmin ~mal cs i}{io~in pmil ojiwocvi {jpiw cs i}iwocsin hi`c~cba~ih, l1=1

7, Wipawn [jpiw

Wipawn {jpiw cs {jpiw gasin y{jl ~mi agchc~ jf J ~j wipawn [ fjw ojlfjwbcl` ~j Js clfhyiloi, l1=7 ^mi s~wil`~m

jf wipawn {jpiw jf J*[ clowiasis pc~m ~mi ba`lc~yni jf ~mi wipawns ~ma~ [ gihcivis ~ma~ J oal binca~i( as pihh as pc~m

~mi {wjgagchc~ ~ma~ J oal binca~i wipawns( as T%1??R {iwoicvin g [, l1=? ^mi lip s~a~i jf a ss~ib jf [ ~ma~ cs

clnyoin g ~mi {wjbcsi jf wipawn pchh gi mc`mh ni{ilnil~ jl J( as J ojl~wjhs ~mi {wjgagchc~ ~ma~ [ pchh wioicvi ~miwipawn( gy~ ~mi s~a~i jf ~mi ss~ib jviw ~cbi ba giojbi clni{ilnil~ -~mcs omalì jooyws ~mwjy`m wifiwil~ {jpiw#,

l1=> ^mys( ~mi hivih jf [s ojb{hcaloi ìliwa~in g ~mi {wjbcsi jf wipawn pchh ni{iln jl [s sygeio~cvi {wjgagchc~ ~ma~

J pchh wipawn [ fjw ojlfjwbc~ bclys [s sygeio~cvi {wjgagchc~ ~ma~ J pchh wipawn mcb ivil pc~mjy~ ojlfjwbc~, As

jli bc`m~ i}{io~( ~misi {wjgagchc~cis pchh gi mc`mh ni{ilnil~ jl Js agchc~ ~j jgsiwvi [s gimavcjw( l1=9 pmcom pchh

bj~cva~i [ ~j badi J apawi jf c~s ojb{hcaloi, l1=6 Fwilom aln Wavils nifclc~cjl jf wipawn {jpiw ojloyws pc~m

Pchhcab E, Hjl`s vcip ~ma~ cl ~mi wiahb jf cl~iwla~cjlah s~a~iowaf~( wipawns owia~i s~adimjhniws cl ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i pc~m

al cloil~cvi ~j ojl~clyi ilàìbil~4 l1=0 ~mi ~awì~ ba pcsm ~j mavi c~s ao~cvc~cis bjlc~jwin cf ~mi sygeio~cvi

{wjgagchc~ jf àwliwcl` wipawns pc~mjy~ jgsiwvin ojlfjwbc~ cs hjp( aln ~mi ~awì~ ba ahsj mj{i ~j owia~i ~mi

j{{jw~ylc~ ~j jg~acl fyw~miw wipawns fjw nyh ojb{hcl`,

G y~chcucl` ao~yah wipawns( as ojb{awin ~j {wjbcsis( J oal ìliwa~i ~mi a~~wao~cjl jf [ ~j J jviw ~cbi( aln ~miwig

ìliwa~i ~mi wifiwil~ {jpiw jf J jviw [, l1== Mjpiviw( ~mi walì jf wipawn {jpiw cs wis~wco~in ~j ~mjsi wi`cjls pc~mcl

pmcom J oal wipawn [ fjw ojlfjwbc~, G wipawncl` [ pc~mcl ~mcs walì J oal clowiasi ~mi {wjgagchc~ [ a~~aomis ~j

fy~ywi {wjbcsis( gy~ fachcl` ~j wipawn [( jw a~~ib{~cl` ~j i}iw~ wipawn {jpiw jy~scni c~s walì( pchh ~iln ~j niowiasi Js

wipawn {jpiw jviw [, l1=3

Fclahh( lic~miw wipawns ljw {wjbcsis smjyhn owia~i al wiscs~aloi cl [( {wjvcnin ~ma~ [ {iwoicvis J ~j mavi ~mi

hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j jffiw wipawns, Miwi( as pc~m ojiwocvi {jpiw( ~miwi oal gi al cl~iwao~cjl iffio~ pc~m hi`c~cba~i

{jpiw, Cl syb( Js a~~ib{~ ~j i}iwocsi wipawn {jpiw jviw [ oal ìliwa~i s~wjl` wiscs~aloi cf [ gihcivis ~ma~ J njis lj~

mavi ~mi hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j i}iwocsi wipawn {jpiw( jw cf [ {iwoicvis ~ma~ J cs ao~cl` cl a balliw ~ma~ ojllj~is

chhi`c~cbao, l13; Cl syom a oasi( a wipawn bc`m~ gi vcipin as a gwcgi jw {ajff a~~ib{~,

T%1?>R ?, Hi`c~cba~i [jpiw

Fwilom aln Wavil lj~i ~ma~ hi`c~cba~i {jpiw cs ~mi bjs~ ojb{hcoa~in gasi jf sjocah {jpiw,l131

^mi nifcli ~mihi`c~cba~i {jpiw jf J*[ 'as ~ma~ {jpiw pmcom s~ibs fwjb cl~iwlahcuin vahyis cl [ pmcom nco~a~i ~ma~ J mas a hi`c~cba~i

wc`m~ ~j clfhyiloi [ aln ~ma~ [ mas al jghcà~cjl ~j aooi{~ ~mcs clfhyiloi, l137 Hi`c~cbao mas hjl` giil s~yncin g

sjocjhj`cs~s( syom as Ba} Pigiw( aln ~mi nifclc~cjl {wj{jsin miwi cs qyc~i scbchaw, l13? Mjpiviw( ylhcdi Pigiws

nifclc~cjl jf ay~mjwc~a~cvi hi`c~cbao( ~mi hi`c~cba~i gasi jf {jpiw njis lj~ ahpas mavi c~s sjywoi cl a wjhi wiha~cjlsmc{,

l13> Cls~ian( a gasi jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw oal wisyh~ fwjb a {wjbcsi ~ma~ [ mas bani ~j J4 gioaysi [ vahyis mcs {wjbcsi(

mi pchh lj~ vcjha~i c~,

Cl gwcif( ~mi lj~cjl jf hi`c~cbao clvjhvis sjbi ~{i jf ojni jw s~alnawn( aooi{~in g [( ~mwjy`m pmcom J oal i}iw~

[aì 1773 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1?7


13/52

{jpiw, ^mi sjywoi jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw oal gi oyh~ywah vahyis( sjocah s~wyo~ywi aln mciwawom( jw ivil nisc`la~cjl g a

hi`c~cbcucl` aìl~, l139 Fjw al i}ab{hi jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw g nisc`la~cjl( ojlscniw ~mi oasi jf ~mi YL aln Ias~

^cbjw, Af~iw Ias~ ^cbjw vj~in jviwpmihbcl`h fjw clni{ilniloi fwjb Clnjlisca( vcjhiloi spi{~ ~mi cshaln cl

_i{~ibgiw jf 1333, l136 ^mi YL_O ay~mjwcuin al Ays~wahcal"hin byh~cla~cjlah fjwoi ~j wis~jwi {iaoi cl Ias~ ^cbjw(

aln ~mi {hal pas a{{wjvin g Clnjlisca, l130 _mjw~h af~iw jl Jo~jgiw 19( ~mi YL_O is~aghcsmin ~mi Ylc~in La~cjls

^walsc~cjlah Anbclcs~wa~cjl cl Ias~ ^cbjw -YLÂI^# ~j asscs~ Ias~ ^cbjw pc~m s~agchcua~cjl( as pihh as cl nivihj{cl`

~mi nibjowa~co {wjoiss, l13= Cl ~mcs oasi( ~mi YL man ~mi hi`c~cba~i ay~mjwc~ ~j cl~iwvili( aln YLÂI^ man hi`c~cba~i

{jpiw g nisc`la~cjl,

Fwilom aln Wavils nifclc~cjl jf hi`c~cbao sy{{jw~s [wjfissjw Ni_jbgwis aw`ybil~ ~ma~ hi`c~cbao {has al

cb{jw~al~ wjhi cl {iwsyancl` s~a~is ~j anj{~ {jhcocis, l133 _mi fyw~miw assiw~s ~ma~ hi`c~cbao cl ~mi cl~iwla~cjlah {jhco

wiahb clvjhvis lj~ jlh ~mi hi`c~cbao jf a wiqyis~ T%1?9R bani y{jl a ~awì~ s~a~i( gy~ ahsj ~mi hi`c~cbao jf ~mi

bi~mjn g pmcom a sjocah aìl~ ~wcis ~j {iwsyani ~mi ~awì~, l7;; ^misi ohacbs ojloyw pc~m Fwilom aln Wavil( pmj s~a~i

~ma~ ~mi walì jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw jf J*[ cs ìliwahh s{iocfcin ahjl` pc~m ~mi nisc`la~cjl jf ~ma~ {jpiw, l7;1 Ah~mjy`m

a walì jf {jpiw oal gi qyc~i gwjan cl ~mi oyh~ywah ojl~i}~( ~mi ~{coah walì jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw cs s{iocfcoahh aln

lawwjph {wisowcgin, Cl annc~cjl( al a~~ib{~ ~j i}iw~ {jpiw jy~scni jf ~mi hi`c~cba~i walì pchh niowiasi ~mi hi`c~cba~i

{jpiw jf J( aln pchh ahsj niowiasi Js a~~wao~cviliss ~j [, l7;7 Fjw i}ab{hi( ~mi YL Omaw~iw lawwjph {wisowcgis ~mi

hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~ma~ ~mi YL_O ba i}iwocsi( l7;? aln a~~ib{~s ~j i}iwocsi {jpiw gijln ~mcs walì pjyhn gi vcipinas sys{io~ g YL bibgiw s~a~is, Cf ~mi YL_O piwi ~j {ass a wisjhy~cjl ojlniblcl` oiw~acl wihc`cjys vcips( c~ pjyhn gi

i}iwocscl` {jpiw jy~scni jf c~s hi`c~cba~i walì( aln ~mi baejwc~ jf YL bibgiw s~a~is pjyhn hcdih giojbi

ncsilomal~in pc~m ~mi YL_O,

^mi lip s~a~i jf sjbi ss~ib a jf [ ~ma~ wisyh~s fwjb hi`c~cba~i {jpiw pchh {wjgagh mavi a mc`m ni{ilniloi jl J(

ah~mjy`m c~ ba giojbi clni{ilnil~ cf [s ss~ib ojbis ~j wih bjwi jl [s cl~iwlah vahyis as j{{jsin ~j ~mjsi clnyoin

g J, l7;> Js jgsiwva~cjl jf [s ao~cvc~cis njis lj~ {ha a wjhi cl ni{ilnil~ aln clni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì, ^miwi awi

{j~il~cah cl~iwao~cjl iffio~s gi~piil hi`c~cbao aln ojiwocvi {jpiw jw wipawn {jpiw( pmcom piwi {wivcjysh

bil~cjlin, Lj~i mjpiviw( cl oasis pmiwi hi`c~cbao cs haodcl`( i}iwocscl` ojiwocvi {jpiw jw wipawn {jpiw pchh lj~

jlh niowiasi ~mi a~~wao~cviliss jf J ~j [( gy~ ahsj clowiasi ~mi abjyl~ jf wiscs~aloi g [ fwjb Js clfhyiloi a~~ib{~,

l7;9 _alo~cjls ojbbil~a~jws mavi ahhynin ~j syom {jsscghi cl~iwao~cjl iffio~s( as pmil Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu aviwwin ~ma~

salo~cjls iffio~cviliss cs ilmaloin pmil owincghi ocvch sjoci~ `wjy{s aln mybal wc`m~s jwàlcua~cjls cl a ~awì~

ojyl~w hi`c~cba~i ~mi cb{jsc~cjl jf salo~cjls, l7;6 ^mi ylniwhcl` bissaì cl syom ohacbs cs ~ma~ iojljbco salo~cjls

syooiss cs ni~iwbclin g bjwi ~mal ojiwocjl4 syooiss cs ahsj ni~iwbclin g ~mi hi`c~cbao jf ~mi ojiwocvi ao~s,

>, Wifiwil~ [jpiw

Fwilom aln Wavil i}{hacl ~ma~ '~mi wifiwil~ {jpiw jf J*[ mas c~s gascs cl ~mi cnil~cfcoa~cjl jf [ pc~m J,' l7;0 ^mi

ysi jf ~mi ~iwb cnil~cfcoa~cjl T%1?6R cb{hcis a fiihcl` jf jliliss jf [ pc~m J4 c~ cs [s niscwi ~j jg~acl syom al cnil~c~,

Cl smjw~( wifiwil~ {jpiw niwcvis fwjb [s sa~csfao~cjl cl gihcivcl` jw gimavcl` cl pas ojlscs~il~ pc~m ~mi gihcifs jw

gimavcjws jf J( pmcom cs ~{coahh a wifiwiloi `wjy{, l7;= Fjw cls~aloi( cf J cs al a~~wao~cvi jw {wis~c`cjys `wjy{( [ pchh

mavi a fiihcl` jf bibgiwsmc{ jw a niscwi ~j ejcl ~mi `wjy{, l7;3 Aln jloi [ giojbis assjoca~in pc~m J( [ pchh pal~ ~j

bacl~acl ~mcs wiha~cjlsmc{, [s cnil~cfcoa~cjl pc~m J cs is~aghcsmin jw bacl~aclin cf [ ao~s( gihcivis( aln {iwoicvis cl a

balliw scbchaw ~j J( pmcom cb{hcis ~ma~ J mas ~mi agchc~ ~j clfhyiloi [ ivil ~mjy`m J cs lj~ oj`lcual~ jf ~mcs wifiwil~

{jpiw, l71; Fjw cls~aloi( a s~a~i ba fcln YL bibgiwsmc{ niscwaghi( sj c~ pchh s~wcvi ~j giojbi aooi{~in as a YLbibgiw, l711 ^j giojbi aooi{~in( ~mi s~a~i pchh ibyha~i ~mi gimavcjw aln {jhcocis ~ma~ awi pcnih ilnjwsin g ~mi YL

aln c~s oywwil~ bibgiws( aln cf aooi{~in fjw bibgiwsmc{( ~mi s~a~i pchh ojl~clyi ~j i}ib{hcf ~misi omawao~iwcs~cos, As a

wisyh~( gihcifs jw ao~cjls jf ~mi YL @iliwah Assibgh oal cb{ao~ ~mi {jhcocis jf ~mcs s~a~i( ivil ~mjy`m ~mi YL ba lj~

gi ojlsocjys jf c~s clfhyiloi,

Wifiwil~ {jpiw cs {wjgagh ~mi gwjanis~ {jpiw gasi( gy~ c~ cs ahsj ias ~j ojlfysi pc~m j~miw ~{is jf {jpiw ~ma~

bc`m~ j{iwa~i ojloywwil~h, l717 ^mi gasco pa ~j ncs~cl`ycsm wifiwil~ {jpiw fwjb ojiwocvi {jpiw aln wipawn {jpiw cs

~j ni~iwbcli pmi~miw J binca~is ojl~wjh jviw [4 cf sj( J mas ojiwocvi jw wipawn {jpiw, l71? Fjw cls~aloi( cf [ cs

[aì 1?73 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1?>


14/52

a~~wao~in ~j J aln ojlfjwbs pc~m J gioaysi [ fiaws {ylcsmbil~ jw mj{is ~j jg~acl a wipawn( ~mcs pjyhn gi a oasi jf

ojiwocvi {jpiw jw wipawn {jpiw( wis{io~cvih, Cl ojl~was~( cf [ avjcns ncsojbfjw~ jw àcls sa~csfao~cjl sjhih gasin y{jl

cnil~cfcoa~cjl pc~m J( wiàwnhiss jf Js ao~cjls( ~mil ~mcs soilawcj pjyhn gi a oasi jf wifiwil~ {jpiw, Lj~i ~jj( wifiwil~

{jpiw oal ahsj gi ojlfysin pc~m i}{iw~ {jpiw, l71> Cf [ fjhhjps ~mi j{clcjl jf J gioaysi J cs a `wjy{ ojb{wcsin jf

bibgiws pc~m di dljphinì jl a oiw~acl ba~~iw( J pjyhn mavi i}{iw~ {jpiw, Cl ojl~was~( cf ojlfjwbc~ pc~m Js

j{clcjl cs gasin jl [s cnil~cfcoa~cjl pc~m J( J mas wifiwil~ {jpiw,

^mi hivih jf a~~wao~cjl aln hivih jf wifiwil~ {jpiw awi ncwio~h wiha~in( ~mjy`m cf ~mcs a~~wao~cjl mas a s{iocfco aln

lawwjp gascs( ~mi walì jf ~mi T%1?0R wifiwil~ {jpiw pchh gi bjwi hcbc~in, l719 Fjw i}ab{hi( cf a s~a~i cnil~cfcis pc~m

~mi YL gioaysi c~ cs a {wis~c`cjys cl~iwla~cjlah ao~jw cl `hjgah affacws( aln ~mi s~a~i àwliws sjbi clla~i sa~csfao~cjl

fwjb al assjoca~cjl pc~m ~mi YL( ~mi YL pchh {wjgagh mavi wifiwil~ {jpiw jviw ~mi s~a~i jl `hjgah affacws ba~~iws( gy~

ojlscniwagh hiss wifiwil~ {jpiw jl j~miw cssyis( syom as wihc`cjys vcips, Wifiwil~ {jpiw oal {wjnyoi ic~miw a

ni{ilnil~ jw clni{ilnil~ omalì cl sjbi ss~ib a jf [( gy~ ~mcs omalì njis lj~ ni{iln jl Js jgsiwva~cjl jf [s

ao~cvc~cis, l716 Gioaysi [ cs lj~ ljwbahh apawi jf ~mi wifiwil~ {jpiw ~ma~ J cs aghi ~j i}iwocsi( ~mi ~ilnilo cs

{wjgagh fjw ss~ib omalì ~j giojbi clni{ilnil~, l710

Fwjb al cl~iwao~cjl iffio~s {iws{io~cvi( a~~wao~cjl cs ~mi di ojb{jlil~ jf wifiwil~ {jpiw, Fwilom aln Wavil aviw

~ma~ `wia~iw a~~wao~cjl {wjnyois `wia~iw cnil~cfcoa~cjl( pmcom bials ~ma~ Js i}iwocsi jf ojiwocvi {jpiw jviw [ ~ilns ~jniowiasi a~~wao~cjl aln ~miwig wifiwil~ {jpiw( aln Js i}iw~cjl jf wipawn {jpiw jviw [ ~ilns ~j clowiasi a~~wao~cjl aln

~miwig wifiwil~ {jpiw, l71= ^misi wiha~cjlsmc{s awi cb{jw~al~ gioaysi wifiwil~ {jpiw cs jf~il ylojlsocjysh i}iwocsin

g J jviw [( aln ~j ~mi i}~il~ ~ma~ ~mi i}oisscvi ysi jf ojiwocvi {jpiw owia~is cl [ a ncsnacl fjw J( J ba

ylojlsocjysh i}iw~ lià~cvi wifiwil~ {jpiw jviw [, l713 Fjw i}ab{hi( cf ~mi YL_O ojl~clyjysh ~mwia~ils ojiwocjl

aàcls~ a ~awì~ s~a~i( ~mi ~awì~ s~a~i ba `wjp ~j ni~is~ ~mi YL( aln ~mys gi`cl ~j ao~ cl a pa ~ma~ ncwio~h ojl~wanco~s

~mi balliw cl pmcom ~mi s~a~i pjyhn ao~ cf ~mi YL man {jsc~cvi wifiwil~ {jpiw jviw ~mi s~a~i,

9, I}{iw~ [jpiw

^mi s~wil`~m jf ~mi i}{iw~ {jpiw jf J*[ vawcis pc~m ~mi hivih jf ~mi dljphinì ~ma~ [ a~~wcgy~is ~j J cl a `cvil

wiahb, l77; Cl gwcif( i}{iw~ {jpiw jwc`cla~is fwjb [ a~~wcgy~cl` sy{iwcjw dljphinì( sdchhs( jw agchc~cis ~j J, l771

[wjfissjw Njlihsjl W, Fjws~m i}{hacls ~ma~ cl ìliwah( ~mi hawìw ~mi à{ gi~piil ~mi i}{iw~csi jf ~mi sjocah aìl~ aln

~mi ~awì~ {aw~( ~mi `wia~iw ~mi i}{iw~ {jpiw jf ~mi sjocah aìl~ jviw ~mi ~awì~, l777 I}{iw~ {jpiw mas giil s~yncin aln

nibjls~wa~in i}{iwcil~cahh, l77? Fjw cls~aloi( i}{iw~ {jpiw cs ojloi{~yahh hcldin ~j fclncl`s cl ~mi awia jf {iwsyascvi

ojbbylcoa~cjl( pmcom ojlohyni ~ma~ ~mi {iwsyascviliss jf a ojbbylcoa~cjl T%1?=R ni{ilns y{jl ~mi i}{iw~csi aln

~wys~pjw~mcliss jf ~mi ojbbylcoa~jw, l77> ^mys( i}{iw~ {jpiw ni{ilns lj~ jlh jl [ gihcivcl` ~ma~ J mas i}{iw~

dljphinì( gy~ ahsj jl [s gihcif ~ma~ J cs ~wy~mfyh, l779 As al i}ab{hi( ~mi YL_O bc`m~ pal~ ~j asscs~ a liph

clni{ilnil~ s~a~i"syom as cl ~mi Ias~ ^cbjw oasi"pc~m a ~walsc~cjlah anbclcs~wa~cjl, Gy~ cf ~mcs lip s~a~i aln c~s

{winioissjw gj~m mavi siviwih s~waclin wiha~cjls pc~m ~mi Y_( ivil ~mjy`m ~mi lip s~a~i ba gihcivi ~ma~ ~mi YL mas

i}{iw~ dljphinì cl s~a~i"gychncl`( ~mi YL ba lj~ mavi i}{iw~ {jpiw jviw ~mi lip s~a~i gioaysi ~mi s~a~i njis lj~

~wys~ ~mi Y_( pmcom cs a {iwbalil~ bibgiw jf ~mi YL_O,

I}{iw~ {jpiw oal gi sygncvcnin gi~piil i}{iw~ {jpiw aln clfjwba~cjl {jpiw( pc~m i}{iw~ {jpiw gicl` mihn g J

gioaysi jf s{iocfco dljphinì [ a~~wcgy~is ~j J( aln clfjwba~cjlah {jpiw gicl` ~mi ao~yah {iwsyascvi ojl~il~ jf ~mi

ojbbylcoa~cjl fwjb J ~j [, l776 ^mcs ncs~clo~cjl cs lj~ nwapl cl ~mi jwc`clah pjwd jf Fwilom aln Wavil( gy~ aoanibcosaln {jhcobadiws smjyhn gi oj`lcual~ jf ~mi ncffiwiloi gi~piil ~misi ~pj {jpiws, l770 I}{iw~ {jpiw ìliwahh wisyh~s

cl ni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì gioaysi [ ni{ilns jl a ojl~clyin wiha~cjlsmc{ pc~m J( pmchi clfjwba~cjl {jpiw ~{coahh

{wjnyois clni{ilnil~ ss~ib omalì gioaysi a omalì cl sjbi ss~ib a jf [ cs {wjnyoin ~mwjy`m oj`lc~cvi {wjoissis

~wc`ìwin g clfjwba~cjl clfhyiloi, l77= Cl annc~cjl( lic~miw i}{iw~ {jpiw ljw clfjwba~cjl {jpiw wiqycwis ~ma~ J

jgsiwvi [s gimavcjw, l773 Aln has~h( ~mi walì jf gj~m i}{iw~ {jpiw aln clfjwba~cjl {jpiw cs ìliwahh lawwjph

nihcbc~in( ~mjy`m a~ ~cbis i}{iw~ {jpiw oal {wjnyoi a 'mahj iffio~' jl J( {wjvcncl` J pc~m i}{iw~ {jpiw cl j~miw

wiahbs, @iliwahh( mjpiviw( ~mi a~~ib{~in ysi jf i}{iw~ {jpiw jy~scni jf c~s walì pchh {wjnyoi a niowiasi cl ~mi i}{iw~

{jpiw jf J*[, l7?;

[aì 1>73 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1?6


15/52

O, _alo~cjls ^mwia~ Oasi "" Hia`yi jf La~cjls v, @wiioi

^mi fjhhjpcl`( sio~cjl wi{wisil~s a ojlocsi alahscs jf sjocah {jpiw ~mijw aln ~mi fcvi gasis jf sjocah

{jpiw"ojiwocvi {jpiw( wipawn {jpiw( hi`c~cba~i {jpiw( wifiwil~ {jpiw( aln i}{iw~ {jpiw"cl ~mi ojl~i}~ jf a T%1?3R

syooissfyh ~mwia~ g ~mi Hia`yi jf La~cjls -HJL# aàcls~ @wiioi fjhhjpcl` a gjwniw sdcwbcsm gi~piil Gyhàwca aln

@wiioi cl 1379, A ojb{wimilscvi aln ni~achin a{{hcoa~cjl jf ~mi bjnih cs gijln ~mi soj{i jf ~mcs {a{iw, Cls~ian( ~mi

{yw{jsi miwi cs ~j chhys~wa~i mjp a{{hcoa~cjl jf ~mi sjocah gasis jf {jpiw gijln ojiwocjl oal siwvi ~j i}{hcoa~i ~mi

syooiss jw fachywi jf a ~mwia~ilin salo~cjls cb{jsc~cjl, ^mi sio~cjl gi`cls pc~m a gwcif nisowc{~cjl jf ~mi ncs{y~i

gi~piil Gyhàwca aln @wiioi, Li}~( ~mi gasis jf sjocah {jpiw awi a{{hcin ~j ~mi ncs{y~i cl jwniw ~j i}{hacl ~mi syooiss

jf ~mi HJL salo~cjls ~mwia~, Fclahh( ~mi sio~cjl ojlohynis pc~m a gwcif sybbaw jf ~mi fclncl`s,

1, ^mi Gjwniw _dcwbcsm

Jl Bjlna( Jo~jgiw 13( 1379( fc`m~cl` gwjdi jy~ jl ~mi fwjl~ciw gi~piil @wiioi aln Gyhàwca, l7?1 ^mi

cbbinca~i aoojyl~ jf pma~ {aw~jjd pas ojlfysin aln ojl~wanco~jw, Aoojwncl` ~j ~mi Gyhàwcals( ~mi ~wjyghi

ojbbiloin cl a bjyl~acljys awia liaw Nibcwda{y( pmil a @wiid sjhnciw anvaloin cl~j Gyhàwcal ~iwwc~jw aln fcwin

smj~s a~ a Gyhàwcal jy~{js~ sjhnciw( pmj fcwin gaod cl sihf"nifilsi aln dchhin ~mi @wiid sjhnciw, l7?7 ^mcs dchhcl`

{wjvjdin a ìliwah i}omalì jf fcwi gi~piil ~mi ~pj scnis aln fc`m~cl` ilsyin fjw siviwah mjyws, Cl ojl~was~( aoojwncl`~j ~mi @wiids( c~ pas ~mi Gyhàwcals pmj man a~~aodin @wiid jy~{js~s( dchhcl` a @wiid sjhnciw( as pihh as a @wiid jffcoiw

pmj man anvaloin ylniw a pmc~i fha` cl al a~~ib{~ ~j li`j~ca~i, l7?? As a wisyh~ jf ~mcs fwjl~ciw sdcwbcsm( @wiid ~wjj{s

bjvin cl~j Gyhàwcal ~iwwc~jw( sy{{jw~in g acw aw~chhiw aln acw oab{ac`l gjbgcl`, l7?> ^mi @wiid anvaloi

~mwia~ilin ~mi ~jpl jf [i~wco( pmcom pas {wj~io~in jlh g ~mi ~jpls{ij{hi aln a fip mylnwin sjhnciws, l7?9

Jl ~mi bjwlcl` jf Jo~jgiw 7? ~mi Gyhàwcal `jviwlbil~ a{{iahin g ~ihi`wab ~j ~mi HJL _iowi~aw"@iliwah( l7?6

s{iocfcoahh clvjdcl` Aw~cohis 1; l7?0 aln 11 l7?= jf ~mi Ojvilal~ jf ~mi HJL, l7?3 ^mi _iowi~aw"@iliwah T%1>;R

ojlvjdin al ibiwìlo bii~cl` jf ~mi HJL Ojyloch( aln pc~mcl a fip smjw~ mjyws ~mi Ojyloch [wiscnil~ sil~ a

~ihi`wab wis{jlsi ~j _jfca -Gyhàwca# aln A~mils -@wiioi#( oahhcl` y{jl gj~m ojyl~wcis ~j oiasi fc`m~cl` cbbinca~ih

aln pc~mnwap ~micw ~wjj{s gimcln ~micw wis{io~cvi fwjl~ciws, l7>; ^mcs ~ihi`wab bissaì ojlfclin c~sihf jlh ~j ~mi

oissa~cjl jf mjs~chc~cis( aln ncn lj~ annwiss ~mi wc`m~s jw pwjl`s jf ~mi {aw~cis, l7>1 Ylgidljpls~ ~j ~mi HJL Ojyloch(

~mi ~ihi`wab awwcvin cl A~mils a~ al j{{jw~yli ~cbi( as ~mi @wiid ojbbalniw pas {wi{awcl` ~j haylom a baejw jffilscvi

aàcls~ [i~wco, l7>7 Gj~m scnis piwi al`w aln wian ~j fc`m~( aln {wivil~cl` alj~miw @wioj"Gyhàwcal paw pjyhn mavi

giil i}~wibih ncffcoyh~ cf ~mi ~jpl man giil a~~aodin, l7>? Fjw~yla~ih( ~mi ~ihi`wab {wjb{~in ~mi @wiid `jviwlbil~

~j mah~ ~mi clvascjl, l7>>

^mi HJL Ojyloch bi~ cl [awcs ~pj nas ha~iw aln a{{wjvin ~mi ao~cjl ~adil g ~mi [wiscnil~, l7>9 ^mi owcscs pas

ljp {as~ c~s {iad( gy~ ~mi sc~ya~cjl wibaclin vjha~chi aln nalìwjys, l7>6 Gioaysi mjs~chi fjwois piwi s~chh cl ojl~ao~

pc~m iaom j~miw( aln sdcwbcsmcl` ojl~clyin( ~mi Ojylochs fcws~ nibaln pas ~ma~ ~misi ojlfwjl~a~cjls oiasi, l7>0

^miwifjwi( ~mi Ojyloch asdin gj~m `jviwlbil~s ~j clfjwb c~ pc~mcl 7> mjyws ~ma~ ylojlnc~cjlah jwniws man giil cssyin

~j ahh ~wjj{s ~j pc~mnwap( aln pc~mcl 6; mjyws( ~ma~ ~wjj{s man ao~yahh pc~mnwapl( ahh mjs~chc~cis man oiasin( aln iaom

`jviwlbil~ man pawlin ahh ~wjj{s ~ma~ wisybin fc`m~cl` pjyhn gi siviwih {ylcsmin, l7>= Cl jwniw ~j asscs~ ~mi Ojyloch

pc~m ~mcs wiqyis~( ~mi `jviwlbil~s jf Fwaloi( Gwc~acl( aln C~ah piwi ~j siln bchc~aw jffcoiws ~j clfjwb ~mi Ojyloch

pmil ~mi ~iwbs jf ~mi wiqyis~ piwi fyhfchhin, l7>3 Yl~ch c~ man wioicvin assywalois jl ~misi {jcl~s( ~mi Ojyloch wifysin

~j hcs~il ~j hiàh aln bjwah eys~cfcoa~cjls fwjb ic~miw scni, l79;

T%1>1R Ays~il Omabgiwhacl( jf Gwc~acl( niohawin ~ma~ c~ pjyhn gi al affwjl~ ~j ocvchcua~cjl cf ~mi ~pj s~a~is( pc~m

~mi baomcliw jf ~mi HJL a~ ~micw ncs{jsah( ahhjpin ~mi clocnil~ ~j hian ~j pawhcdi j{iwa~cjls wa~miw ~mal sygbc~~cl` ~mi

ba~~iw ~j ~mi Ojyloch, l791 Miloi( ~mi Ojyloch hacn {hals fjw ~mi ilfjwoibil~ jf c~s wisjhy~cjl, ^miwi pas ~ahd jf a lavah

nibjls~wa~cjl( as pihh as ~mi cb{jsc~cjl jf salo~cjls aàcls~ @wiioi ylniw Aw~cohi 16 l797 jf ~mi Ojvilal~, l79? As

hyod pjyhn mavi c~( ~misi ~mwia~s ncn lj~ mavi ~j gi oawwcin jy~4 pmil ~mi HJL"a{{jcl~in bchc~aw jffcoiws wiaomin ~mi

{jcl~ jf ojlfhco~( ~mi pc~mnwapah man ahwian ojbbiloin( aln c~ pas ojb{hi~in pihh pc~mcl ~mi Ojylochs ahhj~~in ~cbi

hcbc~, l79>

[aì 1973 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1?=


16/52

As pas ysyah fjw ~mcs ~{i jf ojlfhco~( ~mi Ojyloch niocnin ~j siln a Ojbbcsscjl jf Clqycw ~j ~mi s{j~ jf ~mi

ojlfhco~( pc~m cls~wyo~cjls ~j wi{jw~ jl ~mi wc`m~s aln pwjl`s cl ~mi oasi( as pihh as ~j badi sy`ìs~cjls jl mjp ~j

{wivil~ fyw~miw ojlfhco~s, l799 Fyw~miwbjwi( gioaysi @wiioi aln Gyhàwca gj~m nibalnin wi{awa~cjls fwjb jli alj~miw(

~mi Ojbbcsscjl pas ib{jpiwin ~j ojlscniw ahh syom ohacbs aln {wj{jsi a fclah si~~hibil~, l796 ^mi Ojyloch jg~aclin

assywaloi fwjb gj~m {aw~cis ~ma~ c~ pjyhn aooi{~ aln oaww jy~ c~s niocscjl( pma~iviw ~mi jy~ojbi, l790

Pmil ~mi Ojyloch wiojlvilin cl Nioibgiw( c~ wivcipin ~mi Ojbbcsscjls wi{jw~( pmcom fjyln ~miwi pas ghabi jl

gj~m scnis fjw ~mi jwc`clah clocnil~, l79= Mjpiviw( af~iw ~mi @wiid jffcoiw pc~m ~mi pmc~i fha` pas T%1>7R dchhin(

@wiioi man cla{{wj{wca~ih ~adil ~mi hap cl~j c~s jpl malns, As a wisyh~( @wiioi pas jwniwin ~j {a al clniblc~ ~j

Gyhàwca jf >9(;;; gioaysi c~s clvascjl man dchhin lybiwjys Gyhàwcal sjhnciws aln ocvchcals( aln nis~wjin bal

mjbis aln owj{s, l793 Liviw~mihiss( cl badcl` ~mi clniblc~ oahoyha~cjl( ~mi Ojyloch man ahhjpin fjw al clniblc~ ~j

@wiioi fjw c~s jffcoiws nia~m, ^mi Ojbbcsscjl ahsj sy`ìs~in ~ma~ ~pj liy~wah jffcoiws gi a{{jcl~in ~j siwvi jl ic~miw

scni jf ~mi fwjl~ciw( cl jwniw ~j si~~hi al fy~ywi qyawwihs, l76; As bc`m~ mavi giil i}{io~in( lic~miw ojyl~w pas

ojb{hi~ih sa~csfcin pc~m ~mi aneyncoa~cjl( gy~ ~mi iaom aooi{~in c~, l761

7, I}{haclcl` ~mi ^mwia~'s _yooiss

^mi CCI _~yn ojnis ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls cl ~mi HJL viwsys @wiioi as a sc`lcfcoal~ syooiss""~mi mc`mis~ {jsscghisojwi, l767 Af~iw wivcipcl` ~mi gwcif mcs~jwcoah jviwvcip( ~mi wianiw cs {wjgagh cl a`wiibil~ pc~m ~mi CCI _~yns

ojlohyscjl, Mjpiviw( cl ~mi oasi jf ~mi HJL salo~cjls ~mwia~ aàcls~ @wiioi( c~ siibs ylhcdih ~ma~ ~mi ~mwia~ jf

ojiwocjl pas ~mi sjhi oaysi jf ~mi ~mwia~s iffio~cviliss, Cl fao~( ~mi bjwi hcdih soilawcj cs ~ma~ iaom gasi jf sjocah

{jpiw man a wjhi cl sioywcl` ojb{hcaloi fwjb @wiioi, l76? ^mys( al alahscs jf iaom jf ~mi fcvi gasis jf sjocah {jpiw

cl ~mi ojl~i}~ jf ~mi ncs{y~i cs wiqycwin,

Fcws~( ~miwi cs lj qyis~cjl ~ma~ pmil ~mi HJL ~mwia~ilin a lavah nibjls~wa~cjl aln iojljbco salo~cjls aàcls~

@wiioi cf c~ ncn lj~ agcni g ~mi HJL wisjhy~cjl( ~mcs ~mwia~ wi{wisil~in al i}iwocsi jf ojiwocvi {jpiw g ~mi HJL

aàcls~ @wiioi, A~ ~mi ~cbi( @wiioi pas cl a fwa`chi iojljbco s~a~i( l76> aln c~ hcdih fiawin ~mi cb{ao~ jf al iojljbco

salo~cjls wi`cbi, Ah~mjy`m ojiwocvi {jpiw hians ~j ni{ilnil~ omalì cl ~mi ~awì~( cl ~mcs oasi ojiwocjl pjyhn mavi

giil iffio~cvi gioaysi @wiioi pas a bibgiw jf ~mi HJL( aln c~ pjyhn gi ncffcoyh~ fjw @wiioi ~j wiclvani Gyhàwca(

alj~miw HJL bibgiw( pc~mjy~ a~~wao~cl` ~mi a~~il~cjl jf ~mi HJL, l769 Jf ojywsi( @wiioi ojyhn mavi a~~ib{~in ~j

pc~mnwap c~s bibgiwsmc{ fwjb ~mi HJL cl al iffjw~ ~j avjcn salo~cjls cf c~ niocnin lj~ ~j ojb{h pc~m ~mi HJL

wisjhy~cjl, Aln al ylalspiwin qyis~cjl cs pmi~miw ~mi HJLs i}iwocsi jf ojiwocvi {jpiw winyoin ~mi hivih jf a~~wao~cjl

~ma~ @wiioi fih~ fjw T%1>?R ~mi HJL4 bjwi ni~achin wisiawom pjyhn gi wiqycwin ~j badi ~mcs ni~iwbcla~cjl,

_iojln( ~mi HJL {wjgagh man hi`c~cba~i {jpiw cl ~mcs ba~~iw, Gioaysi ~miwi oal gi al cl~iwao~cjl iffio~ gi~piil

ojiwocvi {jpiw aln hi`c~cba~i {jpiw( ojiwocvi {jpiw ojyhn mavi fachin cl ~mcs oasi cf @wiioi ncn lj~ gihcivi ~ma~ ~mi

HJL man ~mi hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j ~mwia~il ojiwocjl, Si~( gioaysi ~mi HJL pas i}iwocscl` ~mi ay~mjwc~ vis~in cl c~ g

~mi Ojvilal~( aln @wiioi pas al jwc`clah {aw~ ~j ~mi Ojvilal~( l766 ~mi HJL man hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j ao~ cl ~mcs

ba~~iw( aln ncn lj~ i}oiin c~s walì jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw, Cl annc~cjl( gioaysi ~mi HJL a{{jcl~in ~mi Ojbbcsscjl ~ma~

clvis~cà~in ~mi ncs{y~i gi~piil Gyhàwca aln @wiioi af~iw ~mi oissa~cjl jf mjs~chc~cis( l760 ~mi Ojbbcsscjl ahsj

{jssissin hi`c~cba~i {jpiw g nisc`la~cjl fwjb ~mi HJL, Pma~ cs bjwi( gioaysi @wiioi pas al jwc`clah bibgiw jf ~mi

HJL( c~s cl~iwlah vahyis piwi hcdih scbchaw ~j ~mi HJL( pmcom bial~ ~ma~ @wiioi pas {wjgagh lj~ ni{ilnil~ jl ~mi

HJLs jl`jcl` clfhyiloi ~j bacl~acl c~s gimavcjw, l76= Has~h( gioaysi @wiioi pas a oywwil~ bibgiw jf ~mi HJL( c~shi`c~cba~cl` clfhyiloi pjyhn mavi wibaclin i}~al~,

^mcwn( ~mi HJL hcdih man sjbi hivih jf wifiwil~ {jpiw( ah~mjy`m ~mi HJL ba jw ba lj~ mavi giil apawi jf ~mcs

sjocah {jpiw gasi, @wiioi pas al jwc`clah bibgiw jf ~mi HJL( aln as syom( {wjgagh pal~in ~j bacl~acl c~s

bibgiwsmc{ cl ~mi gjn nywcl` ~mcs ~cbi {iwcjn, ^mcs niscwi pjyhn wiqycwi @wiioi ~j ao~( gihcivi( aln {iwoicvi cl a

balliw scbchaw ~j ~mi HJL, l763 Cl ~mcs oasi( ojl~clycl` ~j bawom aowjss Gyhàwca cl ncwio~ vcjha~cjl jf ~mi Ojvilal~

pjyhn lj~ mavi giil wiasjlaghi gimavcjw fjw a HJL bibgiw, Si~( wifiwil~ {jpiw cs a bywd cssyi cl ~mcs ba~~iw( as

@wiioi ba mavi sjy`m~ ~j cnil~cf pc~m ~mi HJL gioaysi @wiioi wioicvin a oiw~acl hivih jf ojbfjw~ fwjb

[aì 1673 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1>1


17/52

cnil~cfcoa~cjl pc~m ~mi HJL -wifiwil~ {jpiw#( gy~ ahsj ba mavi ojb{hcin pc~m ~mi HJLs balna~i gioaysi ~mi HJL

ojyhn binca~i a wipawn jw {ylcsmbil~ -wipawn {jpiw jw ojiwocvi {jpiw( wis{io~cvih# jw {wjvcni i}{iw~ asscs~aloi

-i}{iw~ {jpiw#, l70; C~ siibs hcdih ~ma~ wifiwil~ {jpiw man sjbi wjhi cl ~mi ivil~4 as cs ~mi oasi pc~m bal YL

bibgiws ~jna( ~miwi cs a oiw~acl hivih jf ojbfjw~ cl gihjl`cl` aln cnil~cfcl` pc~m ~mcs ~{i jf `hjgah jwàlcua~cjl,

Lj~pc~ms~alncl`( ivil cf ~mi HJL ncn {jssiss a gasi jf wifiwil~ {jpiw( g ~mwia~ilcl` salo~cjls aàcls~ @wiioi( ~mi

HJL ba mavi niowiasin c~s a~~wao~cviliss ~j @wiioi( aln ~miwig c~s jl`jcl` wifiwil~ {jpiw,

T%1>>R Fjyw~m( ~mi HJL {wjgagh man gj~m i}{iw~ {jpiw aln clfjwba~cjl {jpiw cl ~mcs ncs{y~i, ^mi HJL

{jssissin i}{iw~ {jpiw aln ao~in pc~mcl c~s i}{iw~ {jpiw walì4 ~mi HJL Ojyloch pas s{iocfcoahh omawìn pc~m

si~~hcl` ncs{y~is gi~piil s~a~is {ywsyal~ ~j Aw~cohi 17 jf ~mi Ojvilal~, l701 ^mys( as al jwc`clah bibgiw jf ~mi HJL(

@wiioi hcdih gihcivin ~mi HJL {jssissin ~mi i}{iw~csi ~j si~~hi s~a~i ncs{y~is gioaysi c~ man a`wiin ~j ~mi ~iwbs jf ~mi

Ojvilal~, Cl ~mcs ba~~iw( a{{iawalois sy`ìs~ ~ma~ @wiioi gihcivin ~mi Ojyloch pas gj~m owincghi aln ~wys~pjw~m ~j

wisjhvi ~mi ojlfhco~, Fyw~miwbjwi( as a ojl~clycl` bibgiw jf ~mi HJL( ~mi fao~ ~ma~ i}{iw~ {jpiw pjyhn mavi {wjnyoin

ni{ilnil~ omalì cl @wiiois gimavcjw njis lj~ a{{iaw ~j gi a ojloiwl4 as al clfhyilocl` aìl~( ~mi HJL pjyhn mavi a

ojl~clyin {wisiloi, Pma~ cs bjwi( ~mcs pjww cs hcdih bc~cà~in g ~mi clfjwba~cjlah {jpiw ojl~aclin cl ~mi wi{jw~ jf

~mi Ojbbcsscjl ~ma~ man giil a{{jcl~in ~j clvis~cà~i ~mi ojlfhco~, Cl smjw~( cf jli assybis ~ma~ @wiioi pas clfhyiloin

g ~mi {iwsyascvi ojl~il~ jf ~mi wi{jw~( ~mil @wiiois gimavcjwah omalì pjyhn lj~ mavi giil pmjhh ni{ilnil~ jl ~mi

HJLs i}{iw~ {jpiw, l707 As pc~m bal jf ~mi j~miw bjwi vi}cl` cssyis sywwjylncl` ~mi owcscs( pmi~miw jw lj~ ~mcsassyb{~cjl mjhns pjyhn wiqycwi a bjwi sowy~clcucl` alahscs,

?, _ybbaw

^mi 1379 ncs{y~i gi~piil @wiioi aln Gyhàwca pas aniqya~ih balaìn g ~mi HJLs ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls aàcls~

~mi a``wissjw {aw~"@wiioi, Mjpiviw( as j{{jsin ~j ~mi ~{coah i}{hala~cjl {wjffiwin g salo~cjls ojbbil~a~jws(

pmcom cs ~ma~ ojiwocvi iojljbco salo~cjls {wjnyoin a favjwaghi jy~ojbi( ~mi wisyh~s jf ~mcs ojlocsi alahscs sy`ìs~

~ma~ j~miw sjocah gasis jf {jpiw piwi y~chcuin ~j si~~hi ~mi ncs{y~i vca ~mi ~mwia~ jf salo~cjls, Cl annc~cjl ~j ~mi HJLs

i}iwocsi jf ojiwocvi {jpiw( ~miwi cs jgsiwvaghi ivcniloi jf hi`c~cba~i {jpiw aln i}{iw~ {jpiw( aln a {hayscghi ohacb fjw

~mi i}cs~iloi jf wifiwil~ {jpiw,

T%1>9R ^mi jlh sjocah {jpiw gasi ~mi HJL ncn lj~ y~chcui cl ~mi ojl~i}~ jf ~mi @wioj"Gyhàwcal ncs{y~i pas

wipawn {jpiw, l70? Ah~mjy`m c~ cs {jsscghi @wiioi gihcivin ~ma~ g oiascl` mjs~chc~cis pc~m Gyhàwca ~mi HJL pjyhn

wipawn c~ g fjwocl` Gyhàwca ~j bii~ c~s 'sa~csfao~cjl nibalns(' l70> ~mcs assyb{~cjl a{{iaws nygcjys, ^miwi cs lj

~al`cghi ivcniloi ~ma~ ~mi HJL àvi @wiioi syom al cb{wisscjl a~ al {jcl~ nywcl` ~mi ncs{y~i,

Cl sybbaw( ~mcs gwcif oasi s~yn chhys~wa~is ~ma~ ~mi fcvi sjocah gasis jf {jpiw jffiw sygs~al~cvi y~chc~ aln

{awscbjl cl ylniws~alncl` pm a salo~cjls ~mwia~ cs iffio~cvi cl aomcivcl` a niscwin iln, ^mi wisyh~s jf ~mi alahscs

{wjvcni a ohiaw aln ojìl~ i}{hala~cjl fjw ~mi salo~cjls ~mwia~s wisyh~s, Liviw~mihiss( ~mi wisyh~s nj lj~ cb{h ~ma~ ~miwi

piwi lj~ j~miw fao~jws ~ma~ ba mavi ojl~wcgy~in ~j ~mi iffio~cviliss jf ~mi HJL salo~cjls ~mwia~, l709

VCCC, [JHCOS CB[HCOA^CJL_

Fwjb c~s gi`cllcl`( ~mcs {a{iw mas {wj`wissin pc~m a scl`hi {yw{jsi5 ~j {wj{jsi a bi~mjnjhj` ~ma~ pchh ahhjp YL

{jhcobadiws ~j bjwi iffio~cvih aomcivi ~micw `jahs pmil c~ giojbis lioissaw ~j ~mwia~il salo~cjls aàcls~ a ~awì~

s~a~i, ^mwjy`m gj~m a ~mijwi~coah ncsoysscjl aln qyahc~a~cvi oasi alahscs( ~mcs aw~cohi mas nibjls~wa~in ~ma~ sjocah {jpiw

~mijw {wjvcnis syom a ~jjh dc~ fjw aoanibcos aln {jhcobadiws ahcdi, A~ ~mcs eylo~ywi( ~mi di cs ~j badi ysifyh

{jhcobadcl` sy`ìs~cjls ~ma~ oal cb{wjvi ~mi iffio~cviliss jf fy~ywi byh~cha~iwah salo~cjls ~mwia~s, Fwjb ~mi jy~si~(

~mi YL bys~ wioj`lcui ~ma~ iaom gasi jf sjocah {jpiw oal clfhyiloi ~mi jy~ojbi jf a salo~cjls ~mwia~, ^miwifjwi( ~mi

YL bys~ gi oay~cjys pmil i}iwocscl` ojiwocvi {jpiw gioaysi jf c~s cl~i`wah smjw~ojbcl`s( aln smjyhn ojlscniw

y~chcucl` a bc}in clfhyiloi s~wa~i` clvjhvcl` ojiwocvi {jpiw aln wipawn {jpiw cl a{{wj{wca~i ocwoybs~alois -c,i,(

s~cods aln oawwj~s#, Ah~iwla~cvih( ~miwi ba gi ojl~i}~s pmiwi ib{hjcl` ojiwocvi {jpiw cs chh"anvcsin( aln a sygs~c~y~i

gasi jf sjocah {jpiw cs {wifiwwin( syom as wipawn {jpiw ahjli, Fclahh( ~mi YL bys~ aodljphinì ~mi {iwch cl omal`cl`

[aì 1073 Hap & [somjh, Wiv, 1;9( %1>?


18/52

~mi ~iwbs jf ojb{hcaloi fjw a ~awì~ s~a~i af~iw a salo~cjls ~mwia~ cs ojbbylcoa~in4 syom omalìs lj~ jlh ncbclcsmis ~mi

omaloi jf ~mi salo~cjls ~mwia~ syooiincl`( gy~ oal ahsj cb{ini ~mi YLs sjocah gasis jf {jpiw cl ~mi fy~ywi, Ah~mjy`m

~mcs ncsoysscjl cs ncwio~in a~ YL cb{jsin byh~cha~iwah salo~cjls( ~misi wiojbbilna~cjls smjyhn a{{h( a fjw~cjwc( ~j

j~miw salo~cjls wi`cbis,

T%1>6R ^j gi`cl( ~mi ivcniloi sy`ìs~s ~ma~ Ojw~wc`m~ aln Hj{iu awi jl ~mi wc`m~ ~waod cl aw`ycl` ~ma~ salo~cjls

smjyhn gi vcipin as ~jjhs jf {iwsyascjl( pmcom awi bjs~ iffio~cvi pmil a{{hcin cl a {jhco ojl~i}~ pmiwi s~cods

-{ylcsmbil~s# aln oawwj~s -wipawns# awi y~chcuin ejcl~h ~j gwcl` agjy~ a {wjghib wisjhy~cjl, l706 ^misi wisiawomiws

s~a~i ~ma~ 'a salo~cjls {jhco oal giojbi ojyl~iw{wjnyo~cvi pmil c~ hials ~jj miavch jl {ylc~cvi {wissywis( pc~m hc~~hi

jw lj {wjs{io~ fjw {jsc~cvi cloil~cvis,' l700 ^micw aw`ybil~ cs sy{{jw~in g ~mi lià~cvi iffio~s assjoca~in pc~m

clfhyiloi vca ~mi ojiwocvi gasi jf sjocah {jpiw( pmcom clohyni5 ni{ilnil~ omalì cl ~mi ~awì~ ~ma~ wiqycwis jl`jcl`

jgsiwva~cjl g ~mi salo~cjliw4 cloil~cvi owia~cjl cl ~mi ~awì~ ~j ocwoybvil~ ~mi clfhyiloi a~~ib{~ as pihh as ~j mcni

ljlojb{hcaloi4 niowiasin ~awì~ a~~wao~cjl fjw ~mi salo~cjliw4 aln al clowiasin wcsd jf fachywi cf ~mi ~awì~ {iwoicvis ~ma~

~mi salo~cjliw njis lj~ mavi ~mi hi`c~cba~i {jpiw ~j salo~cjl( jw cs gimavcl` cl al chhi`c~cba~i balliw, l70= @cvil ~misi

{j~il~cah smjw~ojbcl`s( c~ ba gi

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