the un human rights committee

THE U N HUM A N R IGHTS COM MIT TEE

As a result of its origins in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the amount of work that it has done, the UN Human Rights Committee is considered the most important body in the UN human rights treaty system. Sensitive to the viewpoint of developing countries, and taking into account the interplay of law and politics, this comprehensive study of the Committee’s procedure and practice assesses its conceptual, institutional and functional frameworks and analyses a large number of cases with which the Committee has dealt. It is based on the drafting history of the Covenant and the Optional Protocols thereto, in-depth analysis of the relevant documents of the United Nations and other international bodies, observations on the functioning of the Committee and interviews with a number of activists, experts and offi-cials dealing with the work of the Committee.

yoge sh t yagi is Dean and Professor of International Law at the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and Professor of Law at the City University of Hong Kong.

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11593-3 - The UN Human Rights Committee: Practice and ProcedureYogesh TyagiFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521115933

http://www.cambridge.org


THE UN HUMAN RIGHT S

C OMMIT TEE

Practice and Procedure

YO GESH T YAGI






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,

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Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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© Yogesh Tyagi 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataTyagi, Yogesh.

The UN Human Rights Committee : practice and procedure / Yogesh Tyagi.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-11593-3 (hardback)

1. United Nations. Human Rights Committee. I. Title. II. Title: United Nations Human Rights Committee.

K3241.T93 2010341.4 8–dc222009050373

ISBN 978-0-521-11593-3 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in

this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






To my father






vii

C O N T E N T S

Foreword page ixAcknowledgements xiList of acronyms xiiiList of abbreviations xviiTable of cases xxiii

Introduction 1

part i Concept and institution 13

1 The conceptual framework 15 I Two sides of the concept 15 II Framework of enquiry 21 III Assessment 56

2 The institutional framework 59 I Establishment 59 II Structure 65 III Legal status 108 IV Meetings 127 V Decision-making process 136VI Assessment 146

part i i Jurisdiction and functions 149

3 The reporting procedure 151 I The foundation 153 II The mechanism 156 III Assessment 307






Contentsviii

4 The inter-State communication procedure 325 I The foundation 326 II The mechanism 344 III Assessment 381

5 The individual communication procedure 386 I The foundation 389 II The mechanism 397 III The Casework 606 IV Assessment 610

part i i i Limitations and evaluation 631

6 Limitations and effectiveness 633 I Limitations 636 II Effectiveness 774 III Assessment 789

7 Conclusions and recommendations 791

Appendices I International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights 827 II Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights 847 III Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty 852

IV Rules of Procedure of the Human Rights Committee 856 V States Parties to the International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights 881 VI States Parties to the Optional Protocol to the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 884 VII States Parties to the Second Optional Protocol to the

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 886 VIII Model Communication under the Optional Protocol 888 IX Members of the Human Rights Committee 891

Index 894






ix

F O R E W O R D

It is very pleasing that Professor Tyagi’s great knowledge of the Human Rights Committee is now publicly available in this book.

He has for many years followed the work of the Committee with excep-tional attentiveness. When I was a member of the Committee (1985–95) Professor Tyagi was known to the Committee members as one of only a handful of people who understood its work, having taken the pains to immerse himself in all the detail and to see how things really worked. It is clear from Professor Tyagi’s Acknowledgments that he communicated regularly both with Committee members and with the United Nations staff servicing the Committee. This intimate and personal knowledge has over the years been fortified by research carried out at libraries in many different countries.

Professor Tyagi is right when he says in his Introduction that, while a few books and many articles have contributed to the understanding of the Human Rights Committee, there does not exist a study of the sort attempted here. This volume is not a mere gathering together of the case law of the Committee, nor a mere description of its functions under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Of course, these elements are deployed. But the author presents his materials in a less ster-ile manner. The reader does not want for necessary information, but it is made more meaningful by being set against the realities of financial issues, controversies over proliferation, and discussion of the real qualifi-cations of members. Nor, so far as the reporting functions are concerned, are problems of defaulters swept aside. The now rich variations on report-ing possibilities are fully examined.

The Optional Protocol practice is critically assessed in all its phases and the author does not hesitate to offer his assessment of this procedure. Restrictions of various sorts made by States Parties to Covenant rights receive special attention.

Professor Tyagi has sought not only to examine the Committee and its work as such, but also its place in the international system directed at the






Forewordx

promotion of human rights. He identifies the major challenges, internal and external, that have occurred during the life of the Committee, and his assessment is set against these realities.

He has some important methodological points to make, points that are not always self-evident to the human rights lawyer. Thus he finds the pos-ition of sovereign States no less important than that of civil society. And he considers it important to be sensitive to the viewpoint of the develop-ing world, but also to eschew ideological bias. His identification of other methodological pitfalls is sophisticated and balanced.

Those wishing to understand the workings, achievements and prob-lems of the most successful bodies in the United Nations human rights system, will find this book an excellent companion in their endeavours.

Dame Rosalyn HigginsPresident of the International Court of Justice (2006–09)






xi

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

The idea of this book originated from my doctoral thesis, which I sub-mitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1981. In my work I have received help from a number of people. The first among them are my esteemed elders – Professors Rahmatullah Khan, R. P. Anand and V. S. Mani. Their affection, cooperation and inspiration have been a source of strength to me. My colleagues and friends at the City University of Hong Kong and Jawaharlal Nehru University have given me full support. Dr Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao, Judge Fausto Pocar, Judge Hugo Caminos, Justice Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati, and Professors George Abi-Saab and William Michael Reisman have always been of great help and encourage-ment to me. Ambassadors Andreas Mavrommatis and Omran El-Shafei, Judge Christine Chanet, Judge Jakob Möller, Justice Rajsoomer Lallah, Messrs Fracesco José Aguillar Urbina and S. Amos Wako, and Professors Bertil Wennergren, Helen Keller, Nisuke Ando, Rein Müllerson, Vojin Dimtrijević and Yuji Iwasawa have provided me with useful insights into the functioning of the UN Human Rights Committee. Dr Alfred de Zayas, Dr Markus Schmidt, Mr Eric Tistounet and Ms Helga Klein have shared their rich experience of working at the United Nations and given their best to facilitate my work. Professors Alan James, Kanti Bajpai, Lori Fisler Damrosch, R. Narayanana, R. P. Dhokalia, S. K. Agrawala, T. S. Rama Rao, Sarah Joseph and William Durch have offered invaluable comments on an earlier draft of this work. Dr Rebecca Everly has enriched this work with her brilliant suggestions. Dr R. K. Sharma and Messrs Alessio Bruni, Alexendre Tikhonev, D. K. Bose, Frederic Erdt, José Luis Gómez del Prado and Werner Simon have responded splendidly to my demands for doc-uments and information. So have Ms Alona Soucek, Ms Anne Burnett, Ms Carla Edelenbos, Ms Caroline Ravoud, Ms Kate Fox, Ms Lai Chu Lau, Ms Nathalie Prouvez, Ms Petra Weiler, Ms Sara Skerst, Ms Saskia Bal, Ms Yurika Yamauchi and several others.

Although the late Justice R. S. Pathak, Messrs A. S. Hebbar, János Fodor and K. J. S. Kapoor, Professors J. N. Saxena, K. P. Saksena, M. K. Nawaz,






Acknowledgementsxii

M. S. Rajan, Louis Henkin, Oscar Schachter and Gabriel Wilner, and Sir Vincent Evans are no longer in this world, they left their influence on the content of the present work.

The staffs of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, the Library of Congress and the libraries at the City University of Hong Kong, Columbia Law School, Jawaharlal Nehru University, London School of Economics, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Palais des Nations and the University of Tokyo have facilitated my work. Dr Ashok Behuria, Dr Chandra Jeet, Dr Ravindra Prtap, Ms Catherine Krusberg, Ms Catherine Skulan, Ms Erica Nelson, Ms Kalpalata Iyer, Ms Latha Vardarajan, Ms Sneha Banerjee, Ms Sharron Fast, Ms Surabhi Ranganathan and Professors Alan Parra, Edward Gondolf, G. P. Prasad and Kapil Kapoor have eliminated numerous infelicities from an earl-ier draft of this work. Following the courtesy of Professor John Packer, Mr Justin Pettit has helped by checking references. Dr Udayakumara Ramakrishna, Ms Shannu Narayan, Messrs Vinai Kumar Singh, Bhandary Leeladhar Mangalpady and Deepak Yadav have also checked references. Professors Amitabh Mattoo, B. S. Chimni, C. S. R. Murthy, C. Raj Kumar, K. K. Bharadwaj, Edward McWhinney, Kazuhiro Nakatani, Onuma Yasuaki, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Vaughan Lowe, Yojo Yokota and Sir Nigel Rodley have been very helpful to me. Dr Harsh Vardhan Singh, Dr K. N. Chaturvedi, Dr B. H. Desai, Dr V. G. Hegde, Dr Najmul Arif, and Messrs B. G. Ramcharan, Brian Gorlick, Harsh Bardhan, Jamie Hood, Rob Wilkinson and Zbigniew Slupinski have also been very helpful to me. Anumber of my students have been very supportive.

The comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers, who recommended the publication of this work, proved to be very useful. The title of this book was suggested by Professor James Crawford and the Foreword to it is the generosity of Dame Rosalyn Higgins. These emi-nent jurists have always given me support of the highest quality. Finola O’Sullivan, Christina Sarigiannidou, Richard Woodham and their col-leagues at Cambridge University Press have shown remarkable skill and understanding in publishing this book with exemplary efficiency. Finally, my brothers and their families have kept my enthusiasm alive and my mother has prayed a lot to see this work in the public domain.

Although words are imperfect tools for the expression of emotion and gratitude, I must say that the present work is largely the result of the sup-port of this galaxy of people and several others. I request all of them to join me in my prayers for eternal peace to the soul of my father.

Yogesh Tyagi






xiii

ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions

ACHPR African Charter on Human and Peoples’ RightsACHPR Protocol Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’

Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights

ACHR American Convention on Human RightsACmHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ RightsACRC African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the ChildACRC Committee African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of

the ChildACtHPR African Court on Human and Peoples’ RightsArab Charter Arab Charter on Human RightsASIL American Society of International LawAU African UnionCAR Central African RepublicCAS Commission against Apartheid in SportsCAT Committee against TortureCAT Convention Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or

Degrading Treatment or PunishmentCAT Protocol Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

CBB Capacity Building and Field Operations Branch of the OHCHR

CCPR Covenant on Civil and Political RightsCED Committee on Enforced DisappearanceCEDAW Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against WomenCEDAW Convention Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women

A C R O N Y M S






Acronymsxiv

CEDAW Protocol Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial DiscriminationCESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsCHR Commission on Human RightsCICC NGO Coalition for an International Criminal CourtCMW Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant

Workers and Members of Their FamiliesCOBs Concluding ObservationsCoE Council of EuropeCORC Convention on the Rights of the ChildCPT European Committee for the Prevention of TortureCRC Committee on the Rights of the ChildCRPD Committee on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesCRPD Convention Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesCRPD Protocol Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons

with DisabilitiesCRTFs Country Report Task ForcesDPRK Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaDRC Democratic Republic of the CongoECHR European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental

FreedomsECmHR European Commission of Human RightsECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECPT European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or PunishmentECRI European Commission against Racism and IntoleranceECtHR European Court of Human RightsECSR European Committee of Social RightsEEC European Economic CommunityESCOR Economic and Social Council Official RecordsFirst ICCPR Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Protocol Political RightsFRG Federal Republic of GermanyFRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)GA General Assembly of the United NationsGAOR General Assembly Official RecordsGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCs General CommentsGDR German Democratic RepublicGMO Genetically modified organismHRC Human Rights Council






Acronyms xv

HRCttee Human Rights CommitteeIACmHR Inter-American Commission on Human RightsIACtHR Inter-American Court of Human RightsICAS International Convention against Apartheid in SportsICC International Criminal CourtICCttee International Coordinating Committee of National Human

Rights InstitutionsICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICCPR Second Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Protocol Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the

death penaltyICED International Convention for the Protection of All Persons

from Enforced DisappearanceICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Racial DiscriminationICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

RightsICESCR Protocol Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on

Economic, Social and Cultural RightsICJ International Court of JusticeICM Inter-committee meetingICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRMW International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of

All Migrant Workers and Members of Their FamiliesICTR International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former YugoslaviaIGOs Intergovernmental organizationsILC International Law CommissionILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundInterights International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human RightsITU International Telecommunication UnionJFBA Japan Federation of Bar AssociationsKFOR Kosovo ForceLDCs least developed countriesLOIPR List of Issues Prior to ReportingMC Meeting of persons chairing the UN human rights bodiesMOIs memorandums of intentionMOUs memorandums of understandingNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNGOs Non-governmental organizationsNHRC National Human Rights Commission of India






Acronymsxvi

NHRIs National human rights institutionsNSEs non-State entitiesOAS Organization of American StatesOAU Organization of African UnityOHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human

RightsOPTs Occupied Palestinian TerritoriesPatriot Act Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate

Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism ActPCIJ Permanent Court of International JusticePISG Provisional Institutions of Self-GovernmentPLO Palestine Liberation OrganizationPOTA Prevention of Terrorism ActSC Security Council of the United NationsSIDS Small Island Developing StatesSMRTP Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of PrisonersSSR Soviet Socialist RepublicUAR United Arab RepublicUDHR Universal Declaration of Human RightsUK United KingdomUN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCO Protocol UNESCO Protocol to the Convention against Discrimination

in EducationUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

OrganizationUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in KosovoUNVFTC United Nations Voluntary Fund for Technical CooperationUPR universal periodic reviewUPU Universal Postal UnionUSA United States of AmericaUSSR Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsVCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesWHO World Health Organization






xvii

AAA Yearbook Yearbook of the Association of Attenders and Alumni of The Hague Academy of International Law

AIR All India ReporterAJHR Australian Journal of Human RightsAJIL American Journal of International LawALJ Australian Law JournalAPT Journal Journal of the Association for the Prevention of TortureASIL Proceedings Proceedings of the American Society of International LawBHRLR Buffalo Human Rights Law ReviewBJIL Brooklyn Journal of International LawBYIL British Year Book of International LawCILJ Cornell International Law JournalCJTL Columbia Journal of Transnational LawCYIL Canadian Yearbook of International LawECHR Yearbook (1970) Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights,

1970 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1972)EHRLR European Human Rights Law ReviewEJIL European Journal of International LawGDR Bulletin Bulletin of the GDR Committee for Human RightsGJICL Georgia Journal of International and Comparative LawGYIL German Yearbook of International LawHHRJ Harvard Human Rights JournalHILJ Harvard International Law JournalHRLJ Human Rights Law JournalHRLR Human Rights Law ReviewHRQ Human Rights QuarterlyICJ Reports Reports of the International Court of JusticeICJ Review Review of the International Commission of JuristsICLQ International and Comparative Law QuarterlyIHT International Herald TribuneIJHR International Journal of Human RightsIJIL Indian Journal of International LawILM International Legal MaterialsIMADR Yearbook Yearbook of the International Movement against All

Forms of Discrimination and Racism

A B B R E V I A T I O N S






Abbreviationsxviii

JAIL Japanese Annual of International LawMJIL Michigan Journal of International LawMLR Modern Law Reviewmtg meetingNJIL Nordic Journal of International LawNQHR Netherlands Quarterly of Human RightsOMCT Bulletin Bulletin of the Organisation Mondiale Contre la TortureRes. ResolutionSR Summary recordsSuppl. SupplementTILJ Texas International Law JournalUS Senate Hearings (1979) International Human Rights Treaties: Hearings

before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session on November 14, 15, 16 and 19, 1979 (Washington, DC: US Government Press, 1980)

VJTL Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawWLR Weekly Law ReportsYJIL Yale Journal of International Law

UN documentsA/2929 Annotations on the Text of the Draft International

Covenants on Human Rights (Prepared by the Secretary-General), GAOR, tenth session (1955), Annexes, agenda item 28 (part II), A/2929 (1 July 1955)

A/6546 Report of the Third Committee, GAOR, twenty-first session (1966), Annexes, vol. II, agenda item 62,

A/6564 (13 December 1966)A/44/668 Note by the UN Secretary-General, Effective

Implementation of International Instruments on Human Rights, Including Reporting Obligations under International Instruments on Human Rights, A/44/668 (8 November 1989)

A/47/628 Report of the Fourth Meeting of Persons Chairing the Human Rights Treaty Bodies, in Note by the UN Secretary-General, Human Rights Questions: Implementation of Human Rights Instruments, A/47/628 (10 November 1992)

A/63/280 Report of the Chairpersons of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies on Their Twentieth Meeting, A/63/280 (13 August 2008)






Abbreviations xix

CERD 1997 Report Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, GAOR, fifty-second session (1997),

suppl. 18, A/52/18Compilation of General Compilation of General Comments and GeneralComments (2008) Recommendations adopted by Human Rights Treaty

Bodies, 2 vols, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (vol. I) (27 May 2008)

First ICCPR Protocol United Nations Treaty Collection, Status of Treaties, Status Online Chapter IV.5. Online at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/

ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&id=323&chapter=4&lang=en

High Commissioner’s Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Report (1996) Human Rights: Making Human Rights a Reality,

E/CN.4/1996/103 (18 March 1996)HRCttee 1977 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

second session (1977), suppl. 44, A/32/44HRCttee 1978 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

third session (1978), suppl. 40, A/33/40HRCttee 1979 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

fourth session (1979), suppl. 40, A/34/40HRCttee 1980 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

fifth session (1980), suppl. 40, A/35/40HRCttee 1981 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

sixth session (1981), suppl. 40, A/36/40HRCttee 1982 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

seventh session (1982), suppl. 40, A/37/40HRCttee 1983 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

eighth session (1983), suppl. 40, A/38/40HRCttee 1984 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, thirty-

ninth session (1984), suppl. 40, A/39/40HRCttee 1985 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fortieth

session (1985), suppl. 40, A/40/40HRCttee 1986 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

first session (1986), suppl. 40, A/41/40HRCttee 1987 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

second session (1987), suppl. 40, A/42/40HRCttee 1988 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

third session (1988), suppl. 40, A/43/40HRCttee 1989 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

fourth session (1989), suppl. 40, A/44/40.HRCttee 1990 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

fifth session (1990), suppl. 40, A/45/40, vol. IHRCttee 1990 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-

fifth session (1990), suppl. 40, A/45/40, vol. II






Abbreviationsxx

HRCttee 1991 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-sixth session (1991), suppl. 40, A/46/40

HRCttee 1992 Report Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-seventh session (1992), suppl. 40, A/47/40

HRCttee 1993 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-eighth session (1993), suppl. 40, A/48/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1993 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-eighth session (1993), suppl. 40, A/48/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1994 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-ninth session (1994), suppl. 40, A/49/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1994 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, forty-ninth session (1994), suppl. 40, A/49/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1995 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fiftieth session (1995), suppl. 40, A/50/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1995 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fiftieth session (1995), suppl. 40, A/50/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1996 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-first session (1996), suppl. 40, A/51/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1996 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-first session (1996), suppl. 40, A/51/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1997 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-second session (1997), suppl. 40, A/52/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1997 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-second session (1997), suppl. 40, A/52/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1998 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-third session (1998), suppl. 40, A/53/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1998 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-third session (1998), suppl. 40, A/53/40, vol. II

HRCttee 1999 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-fourth session (1999), suppl. 40, A/54/40, vol. I

HRCttee 1999 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-fourth session (1999), suppl. 40, A/54/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2000 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-fifth session (2000), suppl. 40, A/55/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2000 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-fifth session (2000), suppl. 40, A/55/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2001 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-fifth session (2001), suppl. 40, A/55/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2001 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-sixth session (2001), suppl. 40, A/56/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2002 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-seventh session (2002), suppl. 40, A/57/40, vol. I






Abbreviations xxi

HRCttee 2002 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-seventh session (2002), suppl. 40, A/57/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2003 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-eighth session (2003), suppl. 40, A/58/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2003 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-eighth session (2003), suppl. 40, A/58/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2004 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-ninth session (2004), suppl. 40, A/59/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2004 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, fifty-ninth session (2004), suppl. 40, A/59/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2005 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixtieth session (2005), suppl. 40, A/60/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2005 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixtieth session (2005), suppl. 40, A/60/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2006 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-first session (2006), suppl. 40, A/61/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2006 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-first session (2006), suppl. 40, A/61/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2007 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-second session (2007), suppl. 40, A/62/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2007 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-second session (2007), suppl. 40, A/62/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2008 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-third session (2008), suppl. 40, A/63/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2008 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-third session (2008), suppl. 40, A/63/40, vol. II

HRCttee 2009 Report I Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty-fourth session (2009), suppl. 40, A/64/40, vol. I

HRCttee 2009 Report II Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, sixty- fourth session (2009), suppl. 40, A/64/40, vol. II

HRCttee Rules of Rules of Procedure of the Human Rights Committee, Procedure CCPR/C/3/Rev.8 (22 September 2005), reprinted in

Appendix IV, pp. 856–80HRCttee Selected Human Rights Committee: Selected Decisions under the Decisions I Optional Protocol (Second to Sixteenth Sessions) (New

York: United Nations, 1985), CCPR/C/OP/1HRCttee Selected Selected Decisions of the Human Rights Committee under Decisions II the Optional Protocol (Seventeenth to Thirty-second

Sessions) (New York: United Nations, 1990), vol. II, CCPR/C/OP/2

HRCttee Selected Human Rights Committee: Selected Decisions under theDecisions VIII Optional Protocol (Seventy-fifth to Eighty-fourth

sessions: July 2002–July 2005) (New York: United Nations, 2007), vol. VIII, CCPR/C/OP/8






Abbreviationsxxii

HRCttee Yearbook Yearbook of the Human Rights Committee, 1979–1980,2 (1979–80) vols. (New York: United Nations, 1988), CCPR/2, vol. IHRCttee Yearbook (1981–2)

Yearbook of the Human Rights Committee, 1981–1982, 2 vols. (New York: United Nations, 1989), CCPR/3, vol. I

Manual on Human Rights Reporting (1997)

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights/ United Nations Institute for Training and Research,

Manual on Human Rights Reporting under Six Major International Human Rights Instruments (Geneva: United Nations, 1997), HR/PUB/91/1 (Rev.1)

ICCPR Status Online United Nations Treaty Collection, Status of Treaties, Chapter IV.4. Online at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/

ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en

ICCPR Second United Nations Treaty Collection, Status of Treaties, Protocol Status Chapter IV.12. Online at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ Online ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12

&chapter=4&lang=en

Report of the Fifth Commission on Human Rights: Report of the Fifth SessionSession of the (9 May to 20 June 1949), ESCOR, ninth session, Commission (1949) suppl. 10, E/1371

Report of the Eighth Commission on Human Rights: Report of the Eighth Session of the (14 April to 14 June 1952), ESCOR, fourteenth session,

Commission (1952) suppl. 4, UN Doc. E/2256Report of the Ninth Report of the Ninth Session of the Commission on Human

Session of the Rights (7 April to 30 May 1953), ESCOR, sixteenth session,Commission (1953) suppl. 8, E/2447

Report of the Tenth Commission on Human Rights: Report of the Tenth Session of the Session (23 February to 16 April 1954), ESCOR, Commission (1954) eighteenth session,suppl. 7, E/2573Report of the Working Group on

Harmonization (2007)

Report of the Working Group on the Harmonization of Working Methods of Treaty Bodies, HRI/MC/2007/2(9

January 2007)Report of the Working Group on Reservations (2006)

Report of the Meeting of the Working Group on Reservations, HRI/MC/2006/5 (4 July 2006)

Report of the Working Group on Reservations

(2007)

Report of the Meeting of the Working Group on Reservations, HRI/MC/2007/5 (9 February 2007)

Third Committee Summary Records of Meetings of the Third Committee, GAOR, Records (1966) twenty-first session (1966), A/C.3/SR.1375–1464






xxiii

I Cases decided by the Human Rights CommitteeA et al. v. S (First Public Interest case), 26 January 1978, p. 417A v. Australia (Cambodian Boat People case), 3 April 1997, p. 418A v. New Zealand (Kiwi Psychiatric Patient case), 15 July 1999 p. 548nA. and S. N. v. Norway (Norwegian Atheists case), 11 July 1988, p. 483nA. D. v. Canada (Mikmaq Tribal Society case), 29 July 1984, p. 442nA. H. v. Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidadian Death Penalty case), 31 October 1990, p. 517nA. I. E. v. Libya, 7 November 1991, p. 440nA. M. v. Denmark (Danish Pakistani Prisoner case), 23 July 1982, p. 140nA. P. v. Italy (Italian Double Jeopardy case), 2 November 1987, p. 445nA. R. J. v. Australia (Iranian Australian Deportation case), 28 July 1997, p. 419A. W. v. Jamaica, 8 November 1989, p. 461nAalbersberg v. Netherlands (NATO Nuclear Weapons case), 12 July 2006, p. 421Äärelä and Näkkäläjärvi v. Finland, 24 October 2001, p. 508Adam v. Czech Republic (Czech Rehabilitation Law case), 23 July 1996, p. 412Adams v. Jamaica, 30 October 1996, p. 532Aduayom et al. v. Togo, 12 July 1996, p. 455nAgabekova v. Uzbekistan, 16 March 2007, p. 530nAhani v. Canada (Iranian Canadian Refugee case), 29 March 2004, p. 446nAhmad and Abdol-Hamid v. Denmark, 1 April 2008, p. 498nAlba Cabriada v. Spain (Spanish Drug Trafficking case), 1 November 2004, p. 430Aliboev v. Tajikistan, 18 October 2005, p. 595Almeida de Quinteros v. Uruguay, 21 July 1983, p. 406Almirati Nieto v. Uruguay, 25 July 1983, p. 592Altesor v. Uruguay, 29 March 1982, p. 470nAlzery v. Sweden (Egyptian Terrorist Suspect case), 25 October 2006, p. 426Amisi v. Zaire, 19 July 1994, p. 533nAnderson v. Australia (Australian Ananda Margi case), 31 October 2006, p. 725Arenz v. Germany (German Political Party Membership case), 24 March 2004, p. 414Arhuacos v. Colombia, 29 July 1997, p. 484Ashby v. Trinidad and Tobago, 21 March 2002, p. 583Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al. v. Mauritius (Mauritian Women case), 9 April 1981, p. 439

T A B L E O F C A S E S

(This table primarily consists of the cases that appear in the main text of the present study. The date of the decision, opinion, order, or views follows the title of the case.

‘n’ indicates the first appearance of the case in a footnote.)






Table of casesxxiv

B. d. B. et al. v. Netherlands (Dutch Physiotherapists case), 30 March 1989, p. 399nBaboeram et al. v. Suriname (Suriname Killings cases), 4 April 1985, p. 267nBadu v. Canada, 18 July 1997, p. 491nBahamonde v. Equatorial Guinea, 20 October 1993, p. 496nBailey v. Jamaica, 21 July 1999, p. 435nBalaguer Santacana v. Spain (Spanish Child Custody case), 15 July 1994, p. 400Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada (Quebec Language Law cases), 31

March 1993, p. 412Bandajevsky v. Belarus, 28 March 2006, p. 467nBarrett and Sutcliffe v. Jamaica, 30 March 1992, p. 494nBarzhig v. France, 11 April 1991, p. 487nBaulin v. Russian Federation, 31 October 2002, p. 620nBaumgarten v. Germany, 31 July 2003, p. 450Belyatsky et al. v. Belarus (Belarusian NGO Dissolution case), 24 July 2007, p. 666Berry v. Jamaica, 7 April 1994, p. 446nBethel v. Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidadian Optional Protocol Denunciation case), 31

March 1999, p. 447nBeydon et al. v. France (French Accession to the Rome Statute case), 31 October 2005,

p. 402Bhinder v. Canada (Canadian Sikh Turban case), 9 November 1989, p. 650Birindwa and Tshisekedi v. Zaire (Zairian Opposition Leaders cases), 2 November

1989, p. 505Blaga v. Romania, 30 March 2006, p. 488Bleier v. Uruguay, 29 March 1982, p. 542Blom v. Sweden (Swedish School Subsidy case), 4 April 1988, p. 649Bodrožić v. Serbia and Montenegro, 31 October 2005, p. 559nBolaños v. Ecuador, 26 July 1989, p. 626Bordes and Temeharo v. France, 22 July 1996, p. 514nBoucherf v. Algeria (Algerian Amnesty Law case), 30 March 2006, p. 450Bousroual v. Algeria (Algerian Enforced Disappearance case), 30 March 2006, p. 450Bradshaw v. Barbados, 19 July 1994, p. 582Brinkhof v. Netherlands, 27 July 1993, p. 303nBroeks v. Netherlands (Dutch Social Security case), 9 April 1987, p. 10nBrough v. Australia (Australian Aboriginal Emotional Distress case), 17 March 2006,

p. 482nBrun v. France (French GMO Protester case), 18 October 2006, p. 421Buffo Carballal v. Uruguay, 27 March 1981, p. 532nByahuranga v. Denmark, 1 November 2004, p. 558nC v. Australia (Iranian Australian Refugee case), 28 October 2002, p. 420C. E. v. Canada (Canadian Workman’s Compensation case), 25 August 1977, p. 501C. F. et al. v. Canada (Quebec Elections case), 12 April 1985, p. 503C. F. v. Jamaica, 28 July 1992, p. 491n






Table of cases xxv

C. L. D. v. France (French Postal Administration case), 18 July 1988, p. 55nC. W. v. Finland (Finnish Tampere case), 30 March 1990, p. 492nCabal and Pasini v. Australia (Australian Private Prison case), 7 August 2003, p. 414nCadoret and Le Bihan v. France, 11 April 1991, p. 491nCampbell v. Jamaica, 30 March 1992, p. 488Canepa v. Canada, 3 April 1997, p. 422nCãnón García v. Ecuador, 5 November 1991, p. 501nCariboni v. Uruguay, 27 October 1987, p. 499nCarmen Améndola and Graciela Baritussio v. Uruguay, 26 July 1982, p. 406nCarranza Alegre v. Peru (Peruvian Antiterrorism Legislation case), 28 October 2005,

p. 486Carrión Barcaiztegui v. Spain, 30 March 2004, p. 477nCasanovas v. France (French Civil Servant case), 28 October 2008, p. 472Celal v. Greece, 2 November 2004, p. 491nCelepli v. Sweden (Kurdish Terrorist Suspect case), 18 July 1994, p. 658Celiberti de Casariego v. Uruguay, 29 July 1981, p. 399nChampagnie et al. v. Jamaica, 18 July 1994, p. 517Chisanga v. Zambia, 18 October 2005, p. 482nChytil v. Czech Republic, 24 July 2007, p. 431Coeriel and Aurik v. Netherlands (Dutch Hindu Priests case), 31 October 1994, p. 666Coleman v. Australia, 17 July 2006, p. 558nCollins v. Jamaica, 1 November 1991, p. 496Coordinamento v. Italy (Italian Disabled Persons case), 10 April 1984, p. 401nCorreia de Matos v. Portugal, 28 March 2006, p. 559nCox v. Canada (Canadian Extradition case), 31 October 1994, p. 143Croes v. Netherlands (Dutch Aruba Politician case), 7 November 1988, p. 503nCzernin v. Czech Republic, 29 March 2005, p. 557nCziklin v. Canada (Canadian Trainman case), 27 July 1999, p. 413nD. S. v. Jamaica (Jamaican ‘Mango Feast’ Manslaughter case), 8 April 1991, p. 492nDahanayake et al. v. Sri Lanka, 25 July 2006, p. 467nDanning v. Netherlands (Dutch Social Security case), 9 April 1987, p. 10nDarwish v. Austria (Austrian Murder case), 28 July 1997, p. 719nDelgado Páez v. Colombia, 12 July 1990, p. 535nDouglas et al. v. Jamaica, 19 October 1993, p. 533nDrake et al. v. New Zealand (New Zealand Veterans case), 3 April 1997, p. 445nE. B. v. New Zealand (New Zealand Parental Rights case), 16 March 2007, p. 488nE. H. P. v. Canada (Canadian Nuclear Waste case), 27 October 1982, p. 403E. M. E. H. v. France (French Moroccan Station Manager case), 2 November 1990,

p. 408nE. W. et al. v. Netherlands (NATO Cruise Missiles case), 8 April 1993, p. 303nEl Ghar v. Libya (Libyan Student Passport case), 2 November 2004, p. 439nEstevill v. Spain (Spanish Judge Misconduct case), 25 March 2003, p. 429






Table of casesxxvi

Estradet v. Uruguay, 21 July 1983, p. 592Estrella v. Uruguay, 29 March 1983, p. 406nF. G. G. v. Netherlands (Dutch Sailor case), 25 March 1987, p. 490nFanali v. Italy, 31 March 1983, p. 468Faure v. Australia (Australian Work for Dole Programme case), 31 October 2005,

p. 555nFaurisson v. France (French Anti-Semitism case), 8 November 1996, p. 464nFei v. Colombia, 4 April 1995, p. 446nFernando v. Sri Lanka, 31 March 2005, p. 522Fillastre v. Bolivia, 5 November 1990, p. 488Foin v. France, 3 November 1999, p. 303nFrancis v. Jamaica, 24 March 1993, p. 500nFreemantle v. Jamaica, 24 March 2000, p. 557G. J. v. Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidadian Child Murder case), 5 November 1991,

p. 462nG. T. v. Canada (Canadian Teacher case), 23 October 1992, p. 491nGauthier v. Canada (Canadian Press Gallery case), 7 April 1999, p. 413Gerritsen v. Netherlands, 25 March 1999, p. 513nGiry v. Dominican Republic, 20 July 1990, p. 406nGobin v. Mauritius (Mauritian Legislative System case), 16 July 2001, p. 428González del Río v. Peru, 28 October 1992, p. 489Gordon v. Jamaica, 5 November 1992, p. 598nGraham and Morrison v. Jamaica, 25 March 1996, p. 510nGrant v. Jamaica, 31 March 1994, p. 517Griffiths v. Jamaica, 24 March 1993, p. 464nGrille Motta et al. v. Uruguay, 29 July 1980, p. 453nGuerra and Wallen v. Trinidad and Tobago, 4 April 1995, p. 510Guesdon v. France, 25 July 1990, p. 722Gueye et al. v. France (French Senegalese Soldiers case), 3 April 1989, p. 407nH. A. E. d. J. v. Netherlands (Dutch Conscientious Objector case), 30 October 1989, p. 449H. C. M. A. v. Netherlands (Dutch Demonstrator case), 30 March 1989, p. 431nH. J. H. v. Netherlands (Dutch Motor Vehicles case), 7 November 1991, p. 459H. S. v. France (French Mauritanian Nationality case), 10 April 1986, p. 490nH. v. d. P. v. Netherlands (European Patent Office case), 8 April 1987, p. 410Hammel v. Madagascar, 3 April 1987, p. 439nHarward v. Norway, 15 July 1994, p. 446nHerrera Rubio v. Colombia, 2 November 1987, p. 128nHertzberg et al. v. Finland (Finnish Homosexuals case), 2 April 1982, p. 411Hibbert v. Jamaica, 27 July 1992, p. 486nHiber Conteris v. Uruguay, 17 July 1985, p. 703Hill v. Spain, 2 April 1997, p. 600nHopu and Bessert v. France (French Polynesians case), 29 July 1997, p. 500n






Table of cases xxvii

Hussain et al. v. Guyana, 25 October 2005, p. 464nI. M. v. Italy (Italian Prisoner’s Death case), 23 March 1989, p. 446nI. M. v. Norway (Norwegian Tax Excess case), 6 April 1983, p. 444nI. P. v. Finland, 26 July 1993, p. 446nJ. B. et al. v. Canada (Alberta Union case), 18 July 1986, p. 10J. D. B. v. Netherlands (Dutch TV Repairman case), 26 March 1985, p. 447nJ. G. v. Netherlands (Dutch Housing for the Disabled case), 25 July 1990, p. 481nJ. J. C. v. Canada, 5 November 1991, p. 459J. L. v. Australia (Australian Solicitor case), 28 July 1992, p. 455nJ. M. v. Jamaica (Jamaican Nationality case), 26 March 1986, p. 410nJ. P. v. Canada (Canadian Conscientious Objector case), 7 November 1991, p. 445nJ. P. K. v. Netherlands (Dutch Conscientious Objector case), 7 November 1991, p. 449J. R. C. v. Costa Rica (Commander Sarak case), 30 March 1989, p. 121nJ. R. T. and the W. G. Party v. Canada (Canadian Anti-Semitism case), 6 April 1983,

p. 401nJärvinen v. Finland, 25 July 1990, p. 678Johnson v. Jamaica, 22 March 1996, p. 786Jovanovic v. Serbia (Serbian Child Sexual Abuse case), 26 March 2007, p. 401Judge v. Canada (Canadian Extradition case), 5 August 2003, p. 521nK. C. v. Canada (Canadian Extradition cases), 29 July 1992, p. 409K. L. v. Denmark (Danish Tax Assessment case), 31 July 1980, p. 447nK. N. L. H. v. Peru (Peruvian Therapeutic Abortion case), 24 October 2005, p. 441nKalenga v. Zambia, 27 July 1993, p. 626nKall v. Poland, 14 July 1997, p. 447nKanana v. Zaire, 2 November 1993, p. 571Kazantzis v. Cyprus, 7 August 2003, p. 530nKelly v. Jamaica, 8 April 1991, p. 494Kelly v. Jamaica, 17 July 1996, p. 493Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago, 2 November 1999, p. 433Kim v. Republic of Korea, 3 November 1998, p. 594Kindler v. Canada (Canadian Extradition case), 30 July 1993, p. 140nKitok v. Sweden (Swedish Sami Minority case), 27 July 1988, p. 627nKoi v. Portugal, 22 October 2001, p. 443Kollar v. Austria (Austrian Medical Malpractice case), 30 July 2003, p. 475Koné v. Senegal, 21 October 1994, p. 566nKouidis v. Greece, 28 March 2006, p. 453Kříž v. Czech Republic, 1 November 2005, p. 559nL. E. S. K. v. Netherlands (Dutch Matrimonial Dispute case), 21 July 1992, p. 464nL. G. v. Jamaica (Jamaican Death Penalty case), 26 July 1988, p. 464L. P. v. Canada (American-Indian Social Worker Extradition case), 14 August 1979, p. 409L. T. K. v. Finland (Finnish Conscientious Objector case), 9 July 1985, p. 445nLamagna v. Australia (Australian Nursing Home case), 7 April 1999, p. 401n






Table of casesxxviii

Landinelli Silva et al. v. Uruguay, 8 April 1981, p. 689nLänsman et al. v. Finland, 26 October 1994, p. 492nLänsman et al. v. Finland, 30 October 1996, p. 519nLänsman III v. Finland, 17 March 2005, p. 402Larrañaga v. Philippines, 24 July 2006, p. 558nLeirvåg et al. v. Norway (Norwegian Religious Education case), 3 November 2004,

p. 273nLichtensztejn v. Uruguay, 31 March 1983, p. 593Linderholm v. Croatia, 23 July 1999, p. 721Lindgren et al. v. Sweden (Swedish School Subsidy cases), 9 November 1990, p. 411Linton v. Jamaica, 22 October 1992, p. 628nLittle v. Jamaica, 1 November1991, p. 487nLópez Burgos v. Uruguay, 29 July 1981, p. 407nLovelace v. Canada, 30 July 1981, p. 545nLozano v. Spain, 28 October 2005, p. 445nLubuto v. Zambia, 31 October 1995, p. 485M. A. v. Italy (Italian Fascist Party case), 10 April 1984, p. 444nM. A. B. et al. v. Canada, 8 April 1994, p. 459M. G. B. and S. P. v. Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidadian Human Rights and Legal Aid

Co. case), 3 November 1989, p. 447nM. J. G. v. Netherlands, 24 March 1988, p. 677nM. K. v. France (Breton case), 8 November 1989, p. 446nMacIsaac v. Canada (Canadian Parole case), 14 October 1982, p. 121nMahuika et al. v. New Zealand (Maori People case), 27 October 2000, p. 399Maleki v. Italy, 15 July 1999, p. 731Manera Johnson v. Uruguay, 6 April 1984, p. 453nMansaraj et al. v. Sierra Leone, 16 July 2001, p. 583Mariategui et al. v. Argentina, 26 July 2005, p. 401nMarques v. Angola, 29 March 2005, p. 559Martínez de Irujo v. Spain (Spanish Hereditary Title cases), 29 March 2005, p. 447nMartínez Portorreal v. Dominican Republic, 5 November 1987, p. 493Massera et al. v. Uruguay, 15 August 1979, p. 400nMedjnoune v. Algeria, 14 July 2006, p. 558nMikmaq People v. Canada, 4 November 1991, p. 509nMillán Sequeira v. Uruguay, 29 July 1980, p. 468Minogue v. Australia, 2 November 2004, pp. 417Mónaco de Gallichio v. Argentina, 3 April 1995, p. 604Mpaka-Nsusu v. Zaire, 26 March 1986, p. 785nMpandanjila et al. v. Zaire (Zairean Parliamentarians case), 26 March 1986, p. 512nMukong v. Cameroon, 21 July 1994, p. 274nMukunto v. Zambia, 23 July 1999, p. 489.Muñoz Hermoza v. Peru, 4 November 1988, p. 624nN. A. J. v. Jamaica (Jamaican Death Penalty case), 26 July 1990, p. 489n






Table of cases xxix

Ndong et al. v. Equatorial Guinea, 31 October 2005, p. 558nNeptune v. Trinidad and Tobago, 16 July 1996, p. 604Ng v. Canada (Canadian Extradition case), 5 November 1993, p. 418nNydia Bautista v. Colombia, 27 October 1995, p. 556nO. F. v. Norway (Norwegian Traffic Speed case), 26 October 1984, p. 470nO. H. C. v. Colombia, 1 November 1991, p. 491nO. J. v. Finland (Finnish Property Expropriation case), 6 November 1990, p. 444nObodzinsky v. Canada, 19 March 2007, p. 518nOlavi v. Finland (Finnish Land Expropriation case), 15 March 2005, p. 429Ominayak et al. v. Canada (Lubicon Lake Band case), 26 March 1990, p. 274nOrihuela Valenzuela v. Peru, 14 July 1993, p. 506Oulajin and Kaiss v. Netherlands (Dutch Moroccan Migrant Workers cases), 23

October 1992, p. 408Ounnane v. Belgium, 28 October 2005, p. 446nP. K. v. Canada (Pakistani Rape Victim case), 20 March 2007, p. 548nP. P. C. v. Netherlands, 24 March 1988, p. 649P. S. v. Denmark (Danish Child Custody case), 22 July 1992, p. 400Park v. Republic of Korea, 20 October 1998, p. 594Párkányi v. Hungary, 27 July 1992, p. 452Pauger v. Austria (Austrian Widower case (I)), 26 March 1992, p. 593Pauger v. Austria (Austrian Widower case (II)), 25 March 1999, p. 470nPenãrrieta et al. v. Bolivia (Bolivian Detainees case), 2 November 1987, p. 505Perkins v. Jamaica, 30 July 1998, p. 769nPersaud v. Guyana, 21 March 2006, p. 769nPetersen v. Germany, 1 April 2004, p. 680Pezoldova v. Czech Republic, 25 October 2002, p. 469Pindado Martinez v. Spain, 30 October 2008, p. 474Piandiong et al. v. Philippines, 19 October 2000, p. 524nPinkney v. Canada, 29 October 1981, p. 501nPinto v. Trinidad and Tobago, 20 July 1990, p. 580Potter v. New Zealand, 28 July 1997, p. 449Pratt and Morgan v. Jamaica, 6 April 1989, p. 596nPrince v. Jamaica, 30 March 1992, p. 482nR. A. V. N. et al. v. Argentina (Argentine Amnesty Law cases), 26 March 1990, p. 454R. L. et al. v. Canada (Whispering Pines Indian Band case), 5 November 1991, p. 481nR. M. v. Finland (Finnish Drug Dealer case), 23 March 1989, p. 722R. T. v. France (Breton Teacher case), 30 March 1989, p. 462nR. T. Z. v. Netherlands, 5 November 1987, p. 677nRadosevic v. Germany, 22 July 2005, p. 476nRajapakse v. Sri Lanka, 14 July 2006, p. 485Randolph v. Togo (French-Togolese Torture case), 27 October 2003, p. 430Raosavljevic v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian Supreme Court Judge case), 30

March 2007, p. 530n






Table of casesxxx

Ratiani v. Georgia, 21 July 2005, p. 573Reid v. Jamaica, 20 July 1990, p. 494nReynolds v. Jamaica, 8 April 1991, p. 603Riedl-Riedenstein v. Germany, 2 November 2004, p. 727Rivera Fernández v. Spain (Spanish Judge discrimination case), 28 October 2005, p. 475Roberts v. Barbados, 19 July 1994, p. 582Rogerson v. Australia, 3 April 2002, p. 559nRogl v. Germany, 25 October 2000, p. 474Ruiz Agudo v. Spain, 31 October 2002, p. 489Ruzmetov v. Uzbekistan, 30 March 2006, p. 523nS. E. v. Argentina (Argentine Disappeared Children case), 26 March 1990, p. 444nS. G. v. France (Breton case), 1 November 1991, p. 722nS. M. v. Barbados (Barbados Insurance Co. case), 31 March 1994, p. 401nS. R. v. France (French Teacher case), 5 November 1987, p. 490nSalgar de Montejo v. Colombia, 24 March 1982, p. 417nSankara v. Burkina Faso (Burkina Faso President Assassination case), 28 March 2006,

p. 484Santullo Valcada v. Uruguay, 26 October 1979, p. 140nSara et al. v. Finland (Finnish Sami Minority case), 23 March 1994, p. 490nSarma v. Sri Lanka (LTTE Suspect case), 16 July 2003, p. 450Sattorov v. Tajikistan, 30 March 2009, p. 628Sawyers et al. v. Jamaica, 11 April 1991, p. 504Sayadi and Vinck v. Belgium (Belgium Terrorist Suspects case), 22 October 2008, p. 467nShchetko v. Belarus, 11 July 2006, p. 557nShin v. Republic of Korea (Korean Painter case), 16 March 2004, p. 272nSiewpersaud et al. v. Trinidad and Tobago, 29 July 2004, p. 769Simmonds v. Jamaica, 23 October 1992, p. 447nSimunek et al. v. Czech Republic (Czech Rehabilitation Law case), 19 July 1995, p. 412Singer v. Canada, 26 July 1994, p. 401nSingh v. Canada (Indo-Canadian Sikh Terrorist Suspect case), 29 July 1997, p. 421Siragev v. Uzbekistan, 1 November 2005, p. 558nSohn v. Republic of Korea (Korean Trade Union Leader case), 19 July 1995, p. 664Solís Palma v. Panama, 18 July 1994, p. 441nSprenger v. Netherlands (Dutch Social Security case), 31 March 1992, p. 593Stalla Costa v. Uruguay, 9 July 1987, p. 539Staselovich v. Belarus, 3 April 2003, p. 620nStewart v. Canada, 18 March 1994, p. 515Svetik v. Belarus, 8 July 2004, p. 595nT. K. v. France (Breton case), 8 November 1989, p. 446nThomas v. Jamaica (Jamaican Juvenile Offender case), 31 March 1992, p. 498nThompson v. Vincent and the Grenadines, 18 October 2000, p. 590Toala et al. v. New Zealand, 2 November 2000, p. 636n






Table of cases xxxi

Toonen v. Australia (Australian Homosexual case), 31 March 1994, p. 303nTorres v. Finland, 2 April 1990, p. 482nTorres Ramírez v. Uruguay, 23 July 1980, p. 470nTrébutien v. France, 18 July 1994, p. 440nV. B. v. Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidadian Common-Law Wife Murder case), 26 July

1993, p. 499nV. E. M. v. Spain, 16 July 1993, p. 466nV. M. R. B. v. Canada (Salvadorian Canadian Deportation case), 18 July 1988, p. 418V. Ø. v. Norway (Norwegian Child Custody case), 17 July 1985, p. 472Van Alphen v. Netherlands, 23 July 1990, p. 506Van Duzen v. Canada, 7 April 1982, p. 462nvan Oord v. Netherlands, 23 July 1997, p. 492nVargas v. Peru (Peruvian Terrorist Suspect case), 26 October 2005, p. 495nVillacres Ortega v. Ecuador, 8 April 1997, p. 552nVioleta Setelich v. Uruguay, 28 October 1981, p. 483nVos v. Netherlands (Dutch Disabled Widow case), 26 July 1999, p. 9Vuolanne v. Finland, 7 April 1989, p. 539W. B. E. v. Netherlands (Dutch Drug Dealer case), 23 October 1992, p. 445nWaksman v. Uruguay, 24 April 1979, p. 407nWaldman v. Canada, 3 November 1999, p. 8nWalker and Richards v. Jamaica, 28 July 1997, p. 488Weerawansa v. Sri Lanka, 17 March 2009, p. 446nWeinberger Weisz v. Uruguay, 29 October 1980, p. 592Weiss v. Austria (Austrian Extradition case), 3 April 2003, p. 473nWight v. Madagascar, 1 April 1985, p. 514nWinata v. Australia (Indonesian Australian Stateless Persons case), 26 July 2001,

p. 579nWolf v. Panama, 26 March 1992, p. 487nYasseen and Thomas v. Guyana, 30 March 1998, p. 494Yurich v. Chile (Chilean Enforced Disappearance case), 1 November 2005, p. 450Z. P. v. Canada (Yugoslav Rape Convict case), 11 April 1991, p. 457Z. Z. v. Canada (Canadian Racial Discrimination case), 18 July 1978, p. 462nZelaya Blanco v. Nicaragua, 20 July 1994, p. 469nZheikov v. Russian Federation, 17 March 2006, p. 558nZundel v. Canada (Canadian German Holocaust Denial case), 20 March 2007, p. 430nZwaan-de Vries v. Netherlands (Dutch Social Security case), 9 April 1987, p. 10n

II Cases decided by expert bodies, courts and tribunalsAgiza v. Sweden, CAT, 20 May 2005, p. 653nAltun v. Germany, ECmHR, 12 March 1984, p. 39nAylwin Azócar et al. v. Chile, IACtHR, 27 December 1999, p. 597n






Table of casesxxxii

Applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (Mazilu case), ICJ, 15 December 1989, p. 94n

Australia v. France and New Zealand v. France (Nuclear Tests cases), ICJ, 20 December 1974, p. 46

B. S. S. v. Canada, CAT, 12 May 2004, p. 530nBarayagwiza v. Prosecutor, ICTR, Appeals Chamber, 3 November 1999, p. 3nBasu v. State of West Bengal, Supreme Court of India, 18 December1996, p. 737Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (Bosnian Genocide case),

Preliminary Objections, ICJ, 3 February 2003, p. 385Bulmer Ltd v. Bollinger S. A. (Champagne case), Court of Appeal of England and

Wales, 22 May 1974, p. 39nChahal v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, 15 November 1996, p. 529nChang-Yol v. State of Japan and the Prefecture of Kyoto, Osaka High Court, 28 October

1994, p. 787nChrysostomos v. Turkey, ECmHR, 4 March 1991, p. 416nChunimá case (Guatemala), IACtHR, 1 August 1991, p. 515nCongo v. Rwanda (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo), ICJ, 3 February

2006, p. 713Cruz Varas et al. v. Sweden, ECtHR, 20 March 1991, p. 526Defence for Children International (DCI) v. Netherlands, ECSR, 20 October 2009,

p. 684nDenmark v. Turkey, ECtHR, 5 April 2000, p. 328nDenmark et al. v. Greece, CoE Committee of Ministers, 15 April 1970,

p. 710Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the

Commission on Human Rights (Cumaraswamy case), ICJ, 29 April 1999, p. 95nDrozd and Janousek v. France and Spain, ECtHR, p. 416nEritrean Journalists Detention case (Communication 275/2003-Article 19/The State of

Eritrea), ACmHPR, 16–30 May 2007, p. 305nEthiopia v. South Africa and Liberia v. South Africa (South West Africa cases), ICJ,

21 December 1962, p. 121nFilártiga v. Peña-Irala, US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 30 June 1980, p.

19nFrance v. Norway (Norwegian Loans case), ICJ, 6 july 1957, p. 355nGermany v. United States (LaGrand case), ICJ, 27 June 2001, p. 385nIreland v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, 18 January 1978, p. 689Kambanda v. Prosecutor, ICTR, Appeals Chamber, 19 October 2000, p. 788nKlass et al. v. Germany, ECtHR, 6 September 1978, p. 39nKPD v. Germany (German Communist Party case), ECmHR, 20 July 1957, p. 667nLegal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian

Territory (Palestinian Wall case), ICJ, 9 July 2004, p. 3nLegality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ, 8 July 1996, p. 529n






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