London, June 2, 2004 1Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

THE UK DATA STORAGE NETWORK

(DSNet-UK)

C David Wright

School of Engineering and Computer Science

University of Exeter

Exeter EX4 4QF, UK

London, June 2, 2004 2Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

The UK Data Storage Network

Outline of Talk

Data Storage in the UK

Network Aims and Objectives

Network Targets and Scope

Network Membership

Data Storage Families and Market Trends

Technological Limits?

Scanning Probe Based Storage - a new paradigm for small, low power, high density storage for ‘un-tethered’ applications ?

London, June 2, 2004 3Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

The UK Data Storage Scene

54 UK Companies

15 UK Universities

According to UK Directory of Information Storage Manufacturing and R&D

(2nd edition - DTI Publication - see http://www.mackintoshconsultants.co.uk)

Involved in some aspect of data storage

drive manufacture

components and sub-assemblies

test and manufacturing equipment

consumables and services

HP Bristol - digital tape systems - 1000+ employees

Seagate Northern Ireland - HDD read/write heads - 1500+ employees

Infortrend - Surrey - RAID controllers - 5 employees

SomerData -Wells- PC-based real time data storage - 3 employees

APH Industries - Buxton - HDD process chemicals - 60 employees

London, June 2, 2004 4Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

To promote and grow an inclusive industrial-university network to determine appropriate goals, aspirations and development strategies for the UK's data storage research, technology and manufacturing base.

development of UK Data Storage 'Road Map'general and topical meetings and workshopsinvited addresses by world-leading (industrial) storage expertsstaff exchangesjoint funding bids

Aims of DSNet-UK

Routes for the successful implementation of such strategies will then be explored and put in place. Likely to include:

Steering Committee

Chairman - Eddie Townsend (Xyratex)

Co-ordinator - David Wright (University of Exeter)

Members - Andrew Pauza (Plasmon), Eric Mayes (NanoMagnetics), Barry Middleton (University of Manchester), David Jenkins (University of Plymouth)

DTI ‘Monitor’ - Nigel Mackintosh

London, June 2, 2004 5Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

A UK Roadmap/strategy document by the end of month 9 (Dec 2004)1 general and 2 topical meetings per year1 invited world-leading industrial speaker per year30 person/days exchanges per yearjoint funding applications totalling 1 million per year

Aim to double the number of industrial members by months 18

Technological scope and priorities of the network will of course be heavily influenced by the outcome of the UK Roadmap exercise.

However, likely focus is : magnetic recording (disk and tape) optical data storage (particularly phase-change) scanning probe based storage MRAM and PCRAM memories

Network targets and scope

London, June 2, 2004 6Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

AcademicUniversity of Aston (Prof John Sullivan - tribology)

University of Central Lancashire (Prof Phil Bissell - noise in magnetic media)

University of Exeter (Prof C David Wright - storage materials and systems)

University of Glasgow (Prof John Chapman - electron microscopy)

University of Manchester (Prof Barry Middleton - storage materials & systems)

University of Plymouth (Prof Des Mapps - storage materials and systems)

University of Sheffield (Prof Mike Gibbs - magnetic materials and SPM)

IndustrialNanoMagnetics - Bristol (Eric Mayes)

Philips - Southampton (Simon Bramwell & John Kinghorn)

Plasmon - Cambridge (Andrew Pauza)

Xyratex - Havant (Eddie Townsend)

Start-up membership

London, June 2, 2004 7Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Industrial members - Xyratex

Fibre channel RAID - 690MBytes/s with up to 35TBytes storage

Sites in UK, USA, Singapore, China Malaysia

London, June 2, 2004 8Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Industrial members - Plasmon

Sites in UK and USA,

12 inch TrueWorm technology

5.25 inch MO jukebox technology

Ultra Density Optical technology (UDO)

UDO Roadmap

London, June 2, 2004 9Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Industrial members - Philips Systems Laboratory

Sites Worldwide

Systems Lab in Southampton focuses on IC design for future optical disk formats (Multi-layer DVD, blu-ray, MAMMOS, near-field systems, portable formats etc)

Media

Optical Module

X-Y mechanism

Media

Optical Module

X-Y mechanism

Optical cardPortable blue

London, June 2, 2004 10Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Industrial members - NanoMagnetics

Site in Bristol UK

Biologicallly inspired particulate media for high-density magnetic storage

regular 8nm diameter with 4nm ferromagnetic core

Focusing on low-cost, high-density flexible storage

e.g. miniature floppy for removable applications with DVD-like capacity

100 million digital video tapes shipped in 2002 !

London, June 2, 2004 11Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Mass storage families and markets

Mass storage families

Magnetic recording

hard disks

magnetic tapes (analogue & digital),

floppy disks etc

Optical recording

CD, DVD, Blu-Ray

magneto-optic (Sony Minidisc) etc

Solid state storage

Compact flash card,

memory stick, USB drive etc

Emerging technologies -

MRAM, PCRAM

SPM-based storage (MEMS-based storage)

London, June 2, 2004 12Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Future market trends

London, June 2, 2004 13Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

A changing environment ?

Personal computer has been dominant electronic platform in past (office tasks, e-mail, web, games, computing, data logging etc)

-relatively power hungry

Un-tethered (mobile) devices will be the dominant platform in the future (laptops, PDAs, digital cameras, mobile phones, personal music and video players etc etc)

- need (ultra) low power and (ultra) small form factors

A time for change ?

Technological limits ?

Magnetic recording - superparamagnetic limit - no clear cut way to true nanoscale storage?

Optical recording - optical diffraction limit

Solid-state storage - scaling problems

‘un-tethered devices will usher in a new component set, consisting of non-volatile PLDs, non-volatile memory, and MEMS-based storage’

Gilder Technology Report, March 2003

‘somewhere in the not too distant future we are going to have to change technologies to keep going forward’ Mark Kryder, Senior Vice President, Seagate Research

London, June 2, 2004 14Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Philips HDD060 audio player

1.5GByte HDD-based storage

10 hr battery life, 150 euro

Samsung camera phone SGH-D410

2inch VGA display, 10MByte storage

POP3/IMAP4 e-mail compliant

games software

still pictures plus 30 seconds MPEG video

Some un-tethered platforms

PDA/pocket PC

London, June 2, 2004 15Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Roadmap for storage density

20 25

100 Tbit/sq.in.

1 Pbit/sq.in

10 Pbit/sq.in

Atoms ?

Molecules ?

30% CGR

100% CGR

HDD industry aiming for 1Tbit/sq.in. storage density by 2008 to 2012

London, June 2, 2004 16Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Can we follow the roadmap ?

1 Tbit/sq.in 1 bit - 25 x 25nm by 2010 ??

100 Tbit/sq.in. 1 bit - 2.5 x 2.5nm by 2020 ??

1 Pbit/sq.in 1 bit - 0.8 x 0.8nm by 2025 ??

diameter cobalt atom - 0.25 nm If we continue to use surface storage, only available tools known today that can manipulate on these scales are based on scanning probe microscopy

AFM, EFM, MFM, MRM, STM, etc

Alternatively - we need to consider volumetric storage

Ultra-high density storage that is not lithographically dominated

London, June 2, 2004 17Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

IBM Millipede

64 x 64 tips erasability demonstated

Current status

1 Tbit/sq.in. demonstrated

10nJ per bit to write

London, June 2, 2004 18Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Storage Evolution (from IBM) Drive

Micro drive

Nano drive

London, June 2, 2004 19Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

20 nm dot 100 nm pitch

500 nm

Practical Nanoscale Storage with PC material ?

InProM Project

GeSbTe alloy + electro-thermal recording + electrical readout

Image courtesy of Serge Gidon, Yves Samson, Olivier Bichet, CEA-LETI, Grenoble

> 300 Gbit/sq.in

PC media

“high” writing current

heated area (Joule effect)

scanning tip

amorphous

crystalline

“low”readout current

PC media

scanning tip

readout contrast based on:readout signal

104

a) Writing process b) Readout process

PC media

“high” writing current

heated area (Joule effect)

scanning tip

amorphous

crystalline

“low”readout current

PC media

scanning tip

readout contrast based on:readout signal

104

a) Writing process b) Readout process

Contact recording - probes suitable for 2-D array

low power - 0.1nJ per bit to record

10nm bits already achieved - 3nm stable even at high temperatures 50-100 Tbits/sq.in. possible?

1 Tbit/sq.in

London, June 2, 2004 20Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Various Probes Storage Techniques

Phase change

Magnetic

Thermal

Mechanical

Electric

Current (Joule)

Break down

Magnetothermal

Thermoplastic

Molecules

Magnetic

Polymers

ElectrostaticFerroelectric

Magnetic field

Electromigration

Tunnel barrier

Polyimide

Mechanism MediaPhysical mode

Pressure

London, June 2, 2004 21Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Possible system

performance

1st generation

5x5mm device, 2.5 GByte capacity, 4 Mbit/s data rate

40x40nm bits, 400 Gbit/sq.in., tip pitch 100m, 32x32 tip array, 4kbit/s per tip

2nd generation

1x1cm device, 20 GByte capacity, 50 Mbit/s data rate

25x25nm bits, 1Tbit/sq.in., tip pitch 100m, 64x64 tip array, 6kbit/s per tip

3rd generation

1x1cm device, 80 GByte capacity, 200 Mbit/s data rate

12x12nm bits, 4Tbit/sq.in., tip pitch 50m, 128x128 tip array, 12kbit/s per tip

Millipede V1.0

3x3mm device, 1 GByte capacity, 1 Mbit/s data rate

40x40nm bits, 375 Gbit/sq.in., tip pitch 100m, 32x32 tip array, 1kbit/s per tip

London, June 2, 2004 22Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Advent of the true single-chip computer ?

A true single-chip computer would consist of

• CPU

• fast-volatile core memory

• mass storage

• communications (i/o)

The mass-storage element is missing from today’s single-chip computers

If we could find a way to include it, we could open the way for true embedded intelligence

(truly intelligent behaviour needs lots of software and lots of processing - needs lots of memory)

Every appliance might become smart and communicative - true ambient intelligence

To implement this with MEMS-based storage is the dream of several researchers world-wide (Richard Carley, CMU)

e.g. CPU > 500MIPS, RAM > 64MB, Mass memory > 1GB, i/o > 100MB/s by 2010 ?

Also require low cost (order magnitude lower than flash), low power

London, June 2, 2004 23Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

A way forward - research

areas ?

System architecture and integration

development of probe array memories compatible with conventional IC processing

development of alternatives to traditional cantilever architectures

multiplexing, interconnections, coding, signal processing issues

cost reductions (simple architectures, fewest contacts per tip, passive rather than active actuation, reduction in number of processing steps)

actuation (scanning, tracking, tip approach - comb drives, linear electrostatic drives, piezo, other?)

Media development

write-once or rewritable media or both?

phase-change, magnetic, polymer, other?

• low power write (and read) operation

• high density capability (sub 10nm bits)

• cyclability and archivability

• high SNR capability

• integration with IC processing

Nanoscale science

thermal and electrical properties on the nanoscale (ballistic conduction, quantum effects)

material processes on the nanoscale (crystallisation/amorphisation, magnetic switching, melting/freezing, polymerisation)

London, June 2, 2004 24Photonics Focus Conference C David Wright, University of Exeter

Memory of the future ?

Phase-change media have thermodynamic stability for storage in the 50 - 100 Tbit/sq.in. range (chemical stability ?) - How do we write and read bits ~ 3 nm in size ?

SPM-based techniques may hold the answer - EU is strong in this field !

Will disk-based 2-D storage always be King ?

Users don’t care about what memory - just performance and cost

What would we do with 1 Parabit/sq.in. density ?

10kB image, 5 frames/second, 75 years 1 Parabit

video of entire life on 1 inch square !

Magnetic hard disk, with perpendicular/HAMR to 1Tbit/sq.in by 2010 - 2015 ?

Too power hungry for next-generation dominant ‘un-tethered’ platforms ?

Can we ever reach 50 - 100 Tbit/sq.in. with traditional granular media approach ?