WhcE docs Eumpe cnd?

Atrapa N ered.e Bitiyor?

The twenty-firct century will be the century ofhuman rights. Everything points in this direction. Iwouldn't go so far as to say that human riShts arcbecoming more comprehensive with every passingday, but therc can be no doubt that thet areenending at a quite bewildering pace. Several rightsthat were previously not recognised as rights at allaie now included among the most basic andinalienable, and the attainment of these new rights isthe aim of the war in which mankind is now engaged.Moreover, this change in attitude towards humanrights is accompanied by a change and developmentin moralitt.Ther€ are over two hundred states in the worldtoday, and the number is continually increasing. Fora long time now the world has been witnessing astruggle for democracy, but mankind cannot beregarded as having achieved any real success in thestuSgle. Wc are primarily concerned with themouthint of well-worn cliches. For this there are anumber of economic, social and regional causes. Ourcentury knows all these caus€s by heart. One hopefulsign, however, is the deterrnination of mankind toattain a true democracy, and the steadily increasingvigour of the fight. A war of unprecedented intensityis being waged by academics, writers, artists andjourrralists, in other words by all those who act as themouthpieces of the people. 8ut these efrorB are stillnot enough. vYe have devastated the whole world.Not a single area has been left undamaged. The mainfactor that has reduced the world to this condition isthe nature of the regimes under which we are living.The order in which we live is incapable of creatinS abetter world. We are on the edge of collapse, notsometime in the future but here and now.Our world is gradually deteriorating in every way,The grcatest catastrophe confronting mankind is theruin of the environment. After this comes thc dangcrof nuclear war, the collapse of values, the utterconfusion and disorder.., Faulty education. And thesteady intensification of all these problems, the onsetof complet€ decay. We are approaching thethreshold of extinction... J.lost of us are optimistic by

YA$AR KEMATSivil Orgtitlenme

Y.t r |(.rndTbz4r te

Iae*tl'da

TiarLi!.dot*utha.

novlriGlha5 i'n lstonbu,

bom in Tu*E.

Yirmibirinci yiizyrl insan haklan yiizyrholecaktrr. Biitiin geliqmeler bunugosteriyor. Insan haklannrn slnrlan hcrgiin gegtikge biraz daha genigliyordiyemeyece$im, baEd<indiiriicii bir hrzlageni$liyor. Bundan <inceleri aklmrza bilegelmeyen haktan sayrlmayan birtakrmhaklar en vazgegilmez haklar arasrnagiriyor ve insano$lu bu yeni haklar igin desava$rm vermeye bagLyor. Diinya yeni birhaklar olugumu iEinde. Insan haklanylabirlikte ahlakta da bir degigim, bir gcligmevar. Yeni ahlak olugumlanyla da karglkargryayrz.Diinyamrzda bugiin ikiyiizden fazla devletvar. Devleder de gittikge gogahyor. Uzunbir siireden bu yana da diinyada birde mokrasi sava$rnu veriliyor. DemokrasiyiyerleEtirmede insanhk bugiine kadar,bagarrh oldu diyemeyiz. Qok bellenmigsozlerle konugmaktan bagka umanmrzyok, bunun ekonomik, sosyal, bdlgcselbirgok sebepleri var. Yiizyrhmrz da busebepleri ezbere biliyor. Yalnrz umutverici bir sebep daha var ki, insanhkgergek demokrasiye ulagabilmek igincanrnr digine takmrE, gittikgc hrzlanan bir savagrm veriyor. Bilim adamlan, yazarlar, sanateilar,gazetecilcr, yani halklann dili olanlar, giintimtize kadar, grinilmemig bir ufragrm igindeler.Gene de bu gabalar yeterli de$il. Diinyayr her ydniiyle bozduk, iler tutar yerini brrakmadrk.Diinyamlzr bu hale getiren baghca sebep yagamakta oldu$umuz egemen diizenlerdir. Igindeya$adrgrmrz diizen bize bundan daha iyi bir diinya veremezdi. Bir Eokiintiiniin bagrnda,ortasrnda de [il, sonuna yaklagryoruz.Diinyamrz her y<iniiyle gittikge de bozuluyor. Do$amn <ilmekte olugu insanh$rn baErndaki enbiiyiik bela. Sonra niiklcer savag olasrh$r, dcSerlcrin 96kmesi, karman forman olmasr...

Aprupn Nerede BitAor?Vfhere does EuroPe end?

YA$AR KEI,IAI

Insanh$m yanh$ egitilmesi... Ve biittn busorunlann gittikge de biiyiimesi, tiikeniginbaglamasr... Yokolmamn egi$ine kadargelmemiz... Iyimser kigiligi vargo$umuzun. Bundan dolayr mr acabayokolmanrn eqi$indeyiz diyoruzfBir de ktigiik ktigiik savaglar vargiiniimtizde. Bosna Hersek savagr, Somali,Angola, Dogu Anadoludaki Tiirk-Ktirtsavagr... Bu Tiirk-Kiirt savagrnrn adrkonmadr. Daha da kimse bu savaga bir adkoymak istemiyor. Ister adr konsun, isterkonmasrn, bu bir savagur. Hem de kuraldrgr, moral drgr bir savaEur. Onun iginkimse de bu savaqa ad koymakyiireklili$ini gdsteremiyor. Burada sivilhalk <ildtiriiliiyor, igkencelerdengegiriliyor. Yiizlcrce "faili meghul"cinayet... Bu cinayederi devletin kurdu$ucinayet gebekelerinin iglediti her giing zetelerce yazityor, suglanan devletseaSzm agmryor. Evler yakrhyor, kdylersiirgiin ediliyor, kasabalar, iller topateElerine tutuluyor, bombardrmanediliyor, bayramlarda goluk gocukkurgunlanryor. Gene kimseden grt yok.Biitiin bu suglan devlet ya gdyle ya bciyleiisdenmig oluyor. Evet, bu bir savag de$il,savaE morali bu savaga grire daha risttn,daha insanca.Bosna Hersek de Giineydo$u sava$l gibiinsanhk drgr ve insanh$rn yiiz karasr.Somali gdziimiiziin <iniinde, onunhakkrnda fazla konugmaya gerek yok. Bubcilgesel dedi$imiz savaElar, diinya savaglan kadar insanhkta yaralar agryor. Ve bu savaglara, enkorkuncu, insanlk seyirci kalmaktan ba$ka bir gey yapamryor. Biitiin bunlann giinahr kiminboynunda! Bu ga$da insanhk, insanh$rndan grku da vurdumduymaz mr olduf Boyle bir geygelmigse insanh$rn bagrna o zaman yapacak higbir gey yok mu? Bunca Eaba giime mi gidecekfBiitiin bunlann <iniine gegmek igin gabalar baglamrgsa, insanh$rn bir krsmr can-rm diEine takmrgu$ragryorsa daha her gey bitmemig diyemez miyizfHiikiimederin ayn ayrr grkarlarr var. Ornc$in bir kiigiik savagta kimi hi.ikiimederin, devletleringrkarlan var. En namuslu, en demokrat gdziiken bir devlete bakryoruz, garprEanlann en

nature... I wonder if that is why we say we are merelyon the threshold of extinction.There are also a number of local conflicts at theprcsent day. The warc in Bosnia-Herzegovina,Somalia and Angola; the war between the Turks andthe Kurds in Easte?n Anatolia".. This Turkish-Kurdishconflict is never referred to as a war. No one wishesto give it that name. But rvhether it is given thename or not it is still a war. A war devoid of allprlnciple and morality, That is why no one has hadthe courage to apply the term. Civilians are beingkilled and tortured. There have been hundreds of"unexplained" crimes... Every day the newspapersreport crimes committed by death squads organisedby the State. But when the State is the accusednothing is said, Houses are burned, cities shelled andbombarded, women and children gunned down whilecelebratint bayram. Still no reaction. All thesecrimes are being committed directly or indirectly bythe State. lt is true, this is not a war. The laws of warare more humane.Like the war in South-East Anatolia, the war inBosnia-Herregovina is a barbaric act, a disgrace tohumanity. Somalia is constantly in front of our eyes,there is no need to say much about it. The woundsopened in humanity by these wars, which wedescribe as regional, are as grievous as any of theryounds in0icted bt a world war. And the mosthorrifting aspect of all this is that mankind can donothing but look on. Who is to blame for all this? Hasmankind become so callous, so devoid of allhumanity? When mankind is faced with such acatastroph€ is there nothing to be done? Are allefrorts utterly futile? But as long as some efrorts arebeing made to overcome this, as long as someportion of humanity is filled with resolution anddetermination, surely we can still say that all is notlo3t.Each government has its own interests in view. Evenin the most minor conflict, some states orgovernments have something to gain. We find theapparently most decent, most democratic stategiving every type of assistance, from weapons to

Where does EurcPe cnd?

Avrupa Nerede Bitiyor?

YA$AR KE},IAL

rrkgrsrna, haksrzrna ttirlii yardrmlar ediyor,silah yardrmrndan politik yardrmlarakadar. Bundan vatandaqlannrn bile, kimizaman, haberleri olmuyor. Medya da onag<ire kogullandrrrlmaya gahgrhyor. Halklarda kogullandrrrhyor.Kimi devlet BirlegmiE Milletleri bileistediklerinde istedikleri yonesiiriikleyebiliyorlar. Diinya 9u anda birgrkar gatrgmasrnda. Kim kimi daha goksomi.irebilecek, kim kime daha gok kazrkatabilecek, kim kimi daha Eokkandrrabilecek. Bu ktigiik savaglar, btiyiikgrkarlarrn savaglandrr. Biitiin bunlarrsdylemekle devletlerden, htikiimetlerdenvazgegelim demiyorum, Insanhk buna

Eimdilik miisait degil. Bunun igin,insanh$rn insan olabilmesi, biitiinsorunlannrn iistesinden gelebilmesi igin.,gergek yalansrz dolansrz bir demokrasiyekalrrgabilmesi gerek. Diinyamrz budedi$im de mokrasiye ulaEabilmig olsaydrgimdi karEr kargrya kaldr$rmrz belalarrnhigbiri bagrmrza gelmezdi.Do$a sorununda insanhk yavag yava$uyanmaya baEladr. Ne kadar az olsa daYegillerin gabasr dige dokunur hale geldi.Yegiller bu yiizyrhn bagrnda ortayagrkmahlardr. Bu igte gok geg kahndr.Yegiller ortaya grkrncaya kadar do$a

Eoktan do$ahktan grkmrgtr. Do$anrn nekadar yrkrma u$radr$rnr daha bilemiyoruz.Bilimsel aragurmalarrmrz yetersiz.Tiirkiye'yi cirnek alacak olursak, erozyonbu rilkenin topraklarrnr bitirdi. Bitirmekte demiyorum, bitirdi. Bunu hiiki.imetlerle halk elelevererek gergeklegtirdi. $u giinlerde Orta Anadolu insansrz kalmrg, ot bitirmez bir kuru toprakpargasr. Dtnyanrn en bereketli toprak pargalanndan biri,, Qukurova, artrk g<illegmeye yiiztutmug, yakrnda 96lle9ip tuzlanacak bir yer. Biittin Akdeniz iilkeleri de erozyon balamrndaTtirkiye'den beter. Bir de su ve hava kirlenmesi... Diinyanrn felaketi ytizyrhn bagrnda bagladr.Ama buna kargr insanlarrn son birkaE yrla kadar tiiyii ktplrdamadl.Sonra Yegiller, bagka ktigiik kuruluglar... Gcirdiik ki, biitiin bu kuruluglann bu korkung yrkrmakargr giicti yetecek gibi de$il. Daha gok orgi.itlenmeler, daha etkin miidahaleler... Daha gok

political support, to the most racist, the mostiniquitous side in th€ conflict. Not all the people areawar€ of what is going on. Evefihing is done tocondition the media accordingly, The peoples, too,are being conditioned.Some states can tuide the United Nations in thedirection of their choice. The whole world is engagedin conllicts of self-interest. Who can exploit theother most effectively, who can best trick the other,cheat the other. These small warc are being wagedfor great stakes. But that do€sn't mean that weshould abandon states and governmenti. l{ankindisn't ready for that yet. For humanity to becomereally human, for all these difiiculties to beovercome, we must create a true, honegt togoodness democracy. lf the world had succeeded inachieving such a democracy we should not now havebeen faced with a sintle one of these present-daycatastrophes.As tor the environment, people are slowlyawakening. The efrorts of the Greens have had someresult, however small. lf only they had emer8ed atthe beginning of the centuryl Evefihing was leftmuch too late. By the time the Greenr appcared,yery little of nature was still suryiving in theenvironment. As a matter of fact, we are still notfully aware of the damate the environment hassustained. Our scientific researches are inadequate.lf we take Turkey as an example, erosion has eatcnaway most of the soil of this country. And I didn'tsay, "is eating away," I said "eaten away". This hasbeen brought about by Soyernment and peopletogether. Central Anatolia has been left anuninhabitable wilderness, a dry piece of earth inwhich nothing can take root,gukurova, one ofthemost fertile regions on earth, is now rapidly beingtransformed into a salt desert. And the otherMediterranean countries are in an eyen moredisastrous condition. lVater and air pollution.... Thisworld catastrophe began at the turn of the century.But no one turned a hair until quite recently.Then came the Greens, and a number of smallerorSanisations... But it was obvious that all these

Where does Europe'end?

Apruta Nere d.e Bitiyor?

YA$AR KEl'rAr

insanr savagrma kazanmak, daha daha.,daha gok insanr. Do$anrn yokedilmesinekargr daha gok <irgiiti.in, daha gokkauhmrn, daha gok de mokratlagmanrngeregi var. Do$anrn oldiiriilmesinin<iniine halklann biiytik katrhmlan, daha dabilinglenmeleri geCebilir. Bu da daha gokdemokratiklegme demektir. Daha gok6rgiit, daha gok, daha gok sivil <irgiit.E$er insan haklan 6rgtitleri daha goketkileri olsalardr, e$er Yegiller dahadrgiitlii olsalardr, eger bang orgiitleri dahagok etkili olsalardr, e$er bagka bagka sivilcirgiider halka inebilselerdi, halklar yanetkilerde n, medyanrn layrmrndan,yrkrmrndan bilinglenerek kurtulabilseydi,en azrndan bugiinkti Bosna Hersek utancrinsanh$rn suratlna kapkara bir gamurlekesi gibi yaprgmaz, insanhkonaramayaca$r bdyle bir yara almazdr.Giineydo$udaki Ttirk-Ktirt savagr dabciyle. Bunlar uluslar ve diinya insanh$rigin ktigiik yaralar degil. Bunlar yavaEyavag insanhk bedenini giiriiten yaralardrr.Gtineydoluda pislik yedirilerek agagrlananhalkla birlikte insanhk da agagrlanmrgtrr,yalnrz Tiirk ve Kiirt halklan de$il. BosnaHersek'te yalnrz Bosna gocuklannakryrlmryor, tiim insanhga da... Hitler altrmilyon Yahudi'yi oldiirmedi, insanh$r daonlarla birlikte gokertti. Cormiiyormuyuz, artrk insanhk Ikinci Diinya Savagroncesindeki insanhk degil.Diinyada igkence almrg bagrnr gidiyor.Bizim tilkemiz Ttirkiye de bagta. lnsanhk da agmrg gdzunu seyrediyor, yaralandrSrnrn,

bozuldu$unun, yozlagtr$rnrn farkrnda olmadan. Bu igkencele re kargr Dtinya Af 6rgiitiikuruldu. Qok az bir stirede geligti. Arkasrna, gerekti$i kadar de$ilse de, halklarrn vicdanrntaldr. Ve bu kuruluE diinyada o kadar etkili oldu ki, igkenceci devletlcr ondan korkar oldular.

Qiinkii bu drgiit yansrz bir <irgiittii ve yalnrz insanh$rn vicdanrna sciyltyordu ne soyltiyorsa.Bir srralar barrg orgiitleri de etkili oldu. Niikleer savag belasrna kargr halklarr uyarmayagahgtrlar.

Giiniimiizde de *Srmr tanlmayan muhabirler", "Srnrr tanrmayan doktorlar" var. Bagka

groups together weie not powerful enough to dealwith the devastation. J.lore organisations, moreefiective action... Attempts to bring more and moreand more people into the struggle.. The fight againstextinction needed more organisations, treaterparticipation, a more efrective democratisation. Thepreyention of the destruction of the environmentrequired Sreater popular participation, treat€rpopular enlightenment, That meant greaterdemocratisation. ?.lore organisations, more andmore popular organisations.lf human rights groups had been more efiective, ifthe Greens had been better organised, if the peaceortanisations had been more successful, if thevarious other popular organisations had been able totake their message to the people, if the generalpublic had been sufiiciently enlightened to be able tofree themselves from the various side pressures,from the ravages and devastation ofthe media, theface of humanity would not have been disfigured bythe Bosnia-Herzevogina disgrace, mankind would nothave received such a deadly wound. The same is trueof the Turkish-Kurdish war in South-East Anatolia.These are not merely minor injuries received by thenations and the peoples of the world. They arefestering wounds that are slowly eating into the bodyof mankind. Humanity itself, not merely the Turkishand Kurdish peoples, are degraded by the humiliationof the people of the south-east forced to eat filth. ltis not only the children of Bosnia-Herzegovina thatare being massacred, it is the whole of humanitt...Hitler not only slaughtered six million Jews, hedestroted humanity along with them. Which showsthat humanity is not the same humanity as existedbefore the Second World War.Tortur€ is becoming increasingly prevalentthroughout the whole world. Our own country,Turkey, leads the way. l.lankind opens its eyes andsurv€ys th€ scen€, without realisinS that it iBelf isbeing iniured, degraded, dcbased. AmnestyInternational was formed to fight against torture. ltdeveloped very rapidly. lt was supported, althoughnot, perhaps, as efrectiyely as one might have wished,

ttlhere does Europe end?

Atrapa Nerede Bitiyor?

YA$AR KEl.tAt

kuruluglar var. Orne$in "EvrenselKiiltiirler Akademisi". Bunlar qimdiliketkileri srmrh kuruluglar ya, gene deseslerini biittin diinyaya duyurdular.Insanl$rn hayranh$rnr kazandrlar. Boyle<irgiitler gogaldrkga, etkinliklerigenigledikge, ozlcdi$imiz demokrasiyeinsanhk erinde gecinde kalrrgacaktrr. Bu<irgiitler halkrn giictnii devlederingiiciiniin iisttine grkaracaktrr. Qiinkii halk,her Eeyden <ince kendi grkannr, insanh$rn,geleccgimizin grkanru diigiinecektir.Devletler, grkarcrlar, bu kuruluglargtiglendikge insanlan daha azetkileyebilecekler, insanhk vicdanrnr dahaaz yaralayabileceklerdir.Insanh$rn kurtulugu biraz da sivil<irgiidenmenin go$almasrna, bu drgiitlerininsanh$r etkilemelcrine baf,hdrr. Budrgi.itler insanh$r do$amn dldiiriilmesinekarEr bilinglendircbilirler. Igkenceye,savaga, insanh$rn her anlamdaaga$rlanmasrna, ktilttirlerin erozyanuSratrlmasrna., yokolmasrna kargr insanh$ruyarabilir, bilinglendirebilir, hareketegcgire bilir. Insanhk ciyle samldr$r kadarvurdumduymaz olmadr.Yirmibirinci ytizyrla sivil orgtidenmegtigleriyle gircrsck, yiizyrhmrz igin dahaonurlu bir grkarma olur. Sanryorumyirmibirinci yiizyrldan daha iyi bir kabulgoriiriiz. Gelecek, yiizyrhmrzda iglenensuglann, hig olmazsa, birazrnrbagrglayabilir.

by the popular conscience. And this organisationbecame so influential throughout the world that itnow arouses a sense of real fear in torture states.This was a totally impartial organisation thataddressed itself onlt to the conscience of humanity,At one time the peace groups were quite influentialin attempting to warn the people aSainst the dangersof nuclear war.At the present dat there are "iournalistes sansfrontieres", "medecins sans frontieres", as well as anumber of other organisations, like the "Academy ofUniversal Cultures". Although their influence may besomewhat limited, their voices are heard throughoutthe world. They have won univercal respect andadmi?ation. As such organisations increase innumber and their activities widen in scope, mankindwill gradually come closer to the democracy we longfor. Such organisations will allow the power of thepeople to prevail over the power of the state. Thepeople will naturally think first and foremost of theirown interests, the future interests of mankind. Asthese orSanisations Srow more powerful, states andprofiteers will exert less influence over the peopleand will be less able to intlict iniury on the conscienceof humanity.The salyation of mankind depends on the furtherp?oliferation of popular organisations and theirinfluence on the people. TheI can enlighten thepeople concerning the destruction of theenvironment. They can warr and enlighten mankindagainst torture, contlict, all sorts of humandeSradation and the erosion and destruction ofcultures, and inspire them to action. Mankind is notas callous as it is sometimes thoutht to b€.lf we can enter the twenty-fi"st century with strongpopular ortanisations it will be a more honourableachievement fo? our own century, I believe that wewill thus find warmer acceptance in the twenty-lirstcentury. The future may then, perhaps, pardon someof the crimes committed in our time.