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The Tumultuous 1960sMr. PagliaroSeymour High School@PagsAPUSHPresidential PoliticsThe New Frontier & The Great SocietyThe Election of 1960JFK def. Nixon: 303-219 (but by 0.1% pop. vote)Issues:JFKs CatholicismTV debates

The New FrontierJFK challenged Americans to boldy enter New Frontier1960 DNC - [W]e stand today on the edge of a New Frontier the frontier of the 1960's, the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils, the frontier of unfilled hopes and unfilled threats....Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.Space Race1959-1963: Mercury Program1961-our first manned flight1961- JFK to congress We choose to go to the moon1962-first orbit1965-66: Gemini Program1961-72: ApolloJuly 20, 1969 Apollo 11

Peace CorpsJFK created American volunteer programAid to underdeveloped nations:EducationFarmingHealth CareConstruction in areas such Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, serving in 139 countries.

Alliance for Progress1961 JFK administration foreign policy-economic cooperation between the U.S. and South America.61-67: US aid to Latin America was >$1.4 billion/yearCounter emerging communist threat in Cuba

Bay of Pigs InvasionApril 1961unsuccessful counter-revolutionCIA-trained Cuban exilesFailed in 3 days Cuba aided by Eastern BlocChe Guevara to JFK, Aug. 1961, "Thanks for Playa Girn. Before the invasion, the revolution was weak. Now it's stronger than ever.Nov. 1961-authorization of Operation Mongoose

Bay of PigsInherited plan from EisenhowerRemove Castro from powerKennedy refused to rescue insurgentsSoviet premier Kruschev secretly sent nuclear missiles to Cuba for defenseFrom the Desk of Att. General, Robert F. KennedyApril 20, 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis1958-1962: US placed missiles in NATO nationsAimed @ MoscowSep.-Oct. 1962: U2 planes discover Soviet missiles in CubaUS QuarantineTension Oct 12-28Soviets: withdrew missilesUS: promised to not invade Cuba, remove Turkish missles

New Frontier: Public WelfareSchool lunch programsIncreased social security benefits$3.19 billion towards improving the existing housing supplyCreation of Dept. of Housing & Urban AffairsJuvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control ActEqual Pay Act, 1963-denounced gender discriminationCamelot & the original Rock star president

JFK assassinationNov. 22, 1963Dallas, TXLee Harvey Oswald

LBJ & the Great SocietyPrimary Goals:Social WelfareImplement education & job trainingHelp disadvantage overcome cycle of poverty

Great Society LegislationCivil Rights Act of 1964Voting Rights Act of 1965Medicare/MedicaidWar on PovertyEconomic Opportunity Act and Office of Economic OpportunityFederal aid to educationPublic BroadcastingGreat Society v. New Deal: similiaritiesEnhanced social welfareGovt sponsored employment programsGovt support of artsPrograms to encourage housing constructionLegislation to aid elderlyGreat Society v. New Deal: DifferencesGS: Preschool education for poor/disadvantagedHead-start (1965)low-income children few weeks in summer teach what was needed to know to start kindergartenGS: Specific civil rights initiativesCivil Rights ActVoting Rights ActSocial MovementsAfrican-American Civil RightsWomens Rights1963 Birmingham CampaignProject C- ConfrontationDesegregate public buildings and businessesLed by MLK/SCLC Centered @ 16th St. Baptist ChurchSome objection by local desegregationist leadersMethods:Selective Buying CampaignSit-insKneel-insVoter registrationChildrens Crusade May 2MLK-Letter from a Birmingham JailCitizens have a, moral responsibility to disobey unjust lawsBirmingham CampaignMethods of ProtestMethods of deterrent

Birmingham Campaign: ReactionsJFK upset w/ violenceDemands Congress pass comprehensive Civil Rights BillKennedy and Civil Rights1961-Establishment of Equal Opportunity Commission6/11/63 National guard aids students @ Univ. of AlabamaLed to 6/11/63 speech: JFK again proposed civil rights legislationequal access to public schools and other facilitiesgreater protection of voting rightsLed to NAACP leader Medgar Evers assassination Assassin arrested next week; not convicted until 1994Bob Dylan, Only a Pawn in the Game

August 28, 1963 March on Washington200-300k (20-25% white, 75-80% Africa-American)jobs & freedomMLK Jr. I have a Dream speech

16th Street Baptist Church BombingSept. 15, 1963

Civil Rights Act, 1964Passed by Congress Approved by LBJBanned discriminations based upon:RaceReligionEthnicityGenderBanned discrimination in private facilities open to the public (theaters, restaurants, etc.)

Votes on the billVote totalsThe original House version: 290-130 (69%31%).The Senate version: 73-27 (73%27%).The Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289-126 (70%30%).By partyThe original House version:Democratic Party: 152-96 (61%-39%)Republican Party: 138-34 (80%-20%)Cloture in the Senate:The Senate version:Democratic Party: 46-21 (69%31%)Republican Party: 27-6 (82%18%)The Senate version, voted on by the House:Democratic Party: 153-91 (63%37%)Republican Party: 136-35 (80%20%)

More votesThe original House version:Southern Democrats: 787 (7%93%)Southern Republicans: 010 (0%100%)Northern Democrats: 145-9 (94%6%)Northern Republicans: 138-24 (95%5%)The Senate version:Southern Democrats: 120 (5%95%)Southern Republicans: 01 (0%100%)Northern Democrats: 45-1 (98%2%)Northern Republicans: 27-5 (84%16%)

Portions of the BillTitle I: Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements.Title II: Outlawed discrimination in all public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term "private.Title III: Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, religion, gender, or ethnicity.Title IV: Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.Portions of the BillTitle V: Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures.Title VI: Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds. Title VII: prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national originTitle VIII: Required compilation of voter-registration and voting dataPortions of the BillTitle IX: Fair trials; expanded in 1972-"No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid.Title X: Established the Community Relations ServiceTitle XI: Established rules for juries in cases under first 9 portions

Black Power Movementprominent in the late 1960s and early 1970sEmphasizing: racial pridecreation of black political and cultural institutionsestablishing control of political and economic lifeLeaders included:Malcom X The Nation of IslamStokely Carmichael Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeHuey Newton Black Panthers

Cultural PrideStokely Carmichael: We have to stop being ashamed of being black. [This] is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether [people] like it or not.Black is Beautiful movementFocus on developing a cultural identityConnecting w/ rootshair stylesfood

Influence on arts & CultureAlex Haley The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965)Roots (1976)Maya Angelou-I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969)MotownEstablishment of Kwanzaa (Winter 1966-67)UnitySelf-DeterminationCollective Work and ResponsibilityCooperative EconomicsPurposeCreativityFaith

MotownFirst label owned by African-AmericansCross-over popularitySupremes, Four Tops, Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles

Womens Rights MovementBetty FriedanThe Feminine Mystique 1963The problem lay, buried, unspoken in the minds of American womenEach suburban wife struggled with it alone as she made beds, shopped for groceriesIs this all?Created National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966Challenged workplace gender discriminationChallenged traditional roles of womenFeminist movement = movement of middle class women

Expansion of Womens RightsThe following expanded womens rights:Affirmative Action regulationFirst marketed birth control pill, 1961Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 1964Title IX expansion, 1972Roe v. Wade, 1973Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 1974

Confrontations Abroad & at HomeVietnam and ProtestsAntiwar/Counter CultureGroups ProtestingIssuesAfrican AmericansNative AmericansWomenYouthLatinosVietnam WarSexismBureaucratic Nature of AmericaRacismEconomic status of minoritiesMaterialismGulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964US alleged No. Vietnam torpedoed US destroyers2 separate incidentsUnprovokedNo facts fully explained

Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964Passed congress overwhelminglyAuthorized President to take all necessary measuresRepel armed attackPrevent further aggressionEssentially LBJs blank check to escalate warDramatically increased American presenceThe Tet Offensive, 1968What happened?Jan. 1968 Viet Cong launched attacks on 27 So. Vietnamese cities (inc. Saigon)VC eventually retreated; heavy casualties

Attacks on Saigon

ConsequencesUndermined credibility of LBJ and WestmorelandSupport for war decreasedAntiwar sentiment increasedThe election of 1968Decision of the DemocratsLBJ didnt runAssassination of RFKDivide between VP Hubert Humphrey and Sen. Eugene McCarthyHumphrey won nominationAntiwar demonstrations at Chicago, DNCDivided party

The whole world is watching!

George Wallace & White BacklashFormer gov. of AlabamaAmerican Independent PartyStates rights & segregationAppealed to those upset by violence & civil disobedienceRichard Nixon back againDNC issues benefitted Rep. Richard NixonPromised to restore law and orderAppealed to middle class Americans1968 Election

Nixon 301Humphrey 191Wallace - 46Invasion of Cambodia, Kent StateNixon began withdrawing in 19691970 Invasion of CambodiaNo congressional declarationDestroy VC enclaves1.5 million students shut down 1200 campuses w/ protestsKent State (Ohio) student protest burned ROTC buildingNatl Guard marched on themKilled 4 students, wounded 9Led to more anti-war rallies