the triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the roman republic / by karl pink
TRANSCRIPT
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R I MO N TA E S
TU R E O F T H E C O I N AG
AN R E P U B L I C
D I E S
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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E S R V E D
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R M AN
N G O C S TA D T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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NT NTS
on:
n ce
ndthePrinciplesofA rrangementio
neyers17
0
o10424
92
032
035
5037
eyers49
lopmentoftheO fficeofMoneyer53
r
56
ervision
stors5
rs60
enceof theMoneyers66
shMuseumCatalogueandB abelon67
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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N
nconcernedw iththeco insof theR omanR epublic I havea lw ays
tselfon myattentions:With allthewealthofmaterialat our
mustbepossibletodiscovermoreaboutthe innerorgani ationofR oman
boutthetriumvirimonetales.E versincethedaysof theR enais-
ractedtheattentionof collectorsandstudentsrepeatedly.B ut
ndhistoricalq uestionswhichattractedthem especiallywhat
adtothe historyofR omeathomeandabroadandwhathistorical
ongthenamesof themoneyers.Thismethodofapproachis
helwascontenttodealwith themoneyersinacoupleof pages
. MommseninhisGeschichtedesromischenMiin w esensw asthefirst- the
to treattheconstitutionalaspectofR epublicancoinageatany
istrue w iththefew passagesof literatureandinscriptionsathis
nly secondarily . B ut fora llthat hisnew arrangementof the
atadvance.Alllater worksdependonMommsen L enormant
sfollowinghim andB abelonfollowedL enormant.Thesameis
umC ata loguebyGrueber. I nthef ie ldofdatingR epublicanco ins
placesincethe secondhalfofthelast century buttheconstitu-
therbeenasgoodas sidetrackedorelsesolvedinthe mainalongthe
haveattemptedtogainaninsightinto theinnerstructureofthe
freshtreatmentof thecoinevidencesimilartothat I havealready
yof theEmpire . Whatistobesa idonthispo intw illbefound
chdea lsw iththeco ins. P recedingthem the literarysourcesaretreated
sionsbasedonthesetwoaregiveninSectionI I I . I fmypremises
mergerelativetothehandlingof thecoinageundertheR oman
on ofthemoneyers.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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O NS
rtantWork s.
istori ueetC hrono logi uedesMonnaiesde laR epubli ueR omaine. Paris
a ch t rd g e un d B e r i c ht i gu n ge n z u B a b el o n. N Z 1 9 7 .
N Z 1 9 00 .
t N Z 1 91 .
anR epublicintheB rit ishMuseum( Grueber . L ondon 1910.
cientH istory.
n b l at t er .
rinanumorumveterum. Wien1792f .
m. O x ford1911.
reek andR omanC oins. L ondon1 99.
a iserl. V erw altungsbeamtenbisaufD iocletian. B erlin 1905.
a N um i sm at i ca . L e i p i g 1 92 .
uMttn enderrom. R epublik Sbr. A k . Wiss. Wien1911.
ae d an s V A n ti u i te . P a r i s 1 7 .
hichtedesrom. Miin w esens. B erlini 60.
e.L ondon.
schrift.W ien.
a n Co i ns . L o n d o n 19 2 .
nsof theR omanE mpire intheB rit ishMuseumI. L ondon1923.
ue. Paris.
dt Geschichtedesdlterenrom. Miin w esens. Wien1 8 3.
chesStaatsrecht. L e ip ig1 8 7.
ungenzu denattischenMiin endesneuerenStils. V erh. d. f inn. A kd. Wiss.
erbuchderMiin k unde. B erlin1930.
m. Kupferpragung. Le ip ig1909.
mismatik . B erlin.
customaryformsAV , AR , A , towhichI haveaddedP Mforprecious
dA R together. DA signifiesanissue w hichconsistso f thedenariusanddenomi-
r t he d e no m in a ti o ns A V = A u re u s D = D e n ar i us V = V i c to r ia t e Q u =
er ti us S m = S em is T r = T r ie ns Q d = Q u a dr an s S = S e t an s U n c = U n ci a.
usw iththenotchededge( serratus . O bv . andrev . areobv ious. I m= marks
l Suppl. = Supplement e . g. SupplD = supplementarydenarius.
w hichareonlyusedoccasiona lly w il lbefoundinthe introductiontothe
ualgroups.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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A R Y TR A D I T O N
gesinancientwriters inwhichthereis talkofmoneyers.
3 0f . ( P o mp on iu s :
poreetq uattuorviriq uicuramviarumagerent ettriumviri
nti aurif latores ettriumv iricapita les q uicarceriscustodiam
Sardinia mo Sicil ia itemHispania de indeNarbonensi
3 6 :
tiiurispluresin plurasunto.militiae q uibusiussierunt
bunisunto domipecuniampublicamcustodiunto v incula
aliavindicanto aesargentumaurumvepublicesignanto
q uodcum uesenatuscreverit agunto .
6 6 :O l 8 £ 8 y e t o o -i vo ut oi £ v p s< ; I x t uv li x a l et o ai ve to iv o lt T pe u 0 1
a i T cp ô T e Ta yi ^ v o i x a l ol S e po i x p ei t < r i t ot ou v o n < ; [ z a T O < ; x 6 x ^ . a
0 1 8 e t ia oo p sc o l tu v sv t u So re i 6 6 > v s 7t i x s X o < i J i ev oi x a l o l 8 £ x a o l
p lt ov T < 3 vi t t ou I x a o v Sv Sp ai x X - p ou i iv to v aT co s i v ri i .e vo t.
umerumampliavit.
1 3 2 :
udicapitalesesse mallemauroaereargentoessent.
5 :
m u t s cr i bi s i t a pu t o es s e. C um e o q u o d db r oT O f i c o a d m e
andis B uf t co epoveramiocatus: idtu sii l lea literaccepit
T A I a u te m as c ri p si q u o d il l e ad m e P R O C O S s e d q u o ni a m
ipsequo ueanobisdil igatur.
:
ienumaccusat- tricaturscilicetutmoneta lis.
q uorumuter ue inpecuniama imatractandaprocuranda ue
tusetq uaesturae ratiosicredditur. . .
sagesisscanty enough.Nos.1-4concerntheofficeofviginti
ngenera l. No. 1isdiscussedbelow (p. 54 . F romNo. 4wedolearna
ins thatCaesarraisedthenumberof moneyersfromthreeto
ttentionlater( p. 54 . asitnamesamoneyerw hostruck noco ins.
thepassagesre latingtomoneyers forI f o llow thev iew ofD rumann-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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atitconcernsatriumv iratea .d. a . Thee actrenderingof thete tin
r ofacolony butnotamoneyer.Themoneyeris responsibleonly
himselfmustrenderapublicaccounting.
ncefromtheinscriptions numerousthoughtheyare.
le " Triumv iri inR E , l istssi ty - three inL atin: tothesew emay
V . 3 6 09 a n d D e s sa u 8 9 7 9 .1 T h e in s cr i pt i on X I V . 4 2 4 5 q u o te d b y Gr o ag
9 i s d ou b tf u l. T h er e i s al s o th e e lo g iu m X X X I I I C L I . 2 2 00 .
rsi tw oofw hicharequotedbyMagie inthearticle inR E cited
criptionsweonly learnsomethingaboutthetitleand thecurstts
s I I I V I R A AA F o r I I I V I R M on et al is A AA F . I t o cc ur s ab ou t
V . 3 5 92 a n d 35 9 3 t h e AA A i s m is s in g . E x c e pt i on a ll y t h er e
A D M O N T AM ( I I , 46 09 , X X V I R MO N TA U S( X I V . 36 09 a nd
N T AR V M ( D e ss au 8 9 7 9 . T he f ol lo wi ng i ns cr ip ti on s ar e im pe rf ec t: I n I I I , 8 7
0 I I I V I R A V R A R GF L A ND O , A R E an dF E R r V ND O ha sb ee n
. 2 3 3 1 a nd X I V . 4 2 40 o ne A h as d ro pp ed o ut ( A A F ) ; i n V I . 1 45 5- 6
hinscriptionsof thesameman athirdF hasbeenmistak enlyadded
thesearesimplyerrorsontheparto f thestone-masonorhismodel andit
conclusionfrom them.
ons thecursushonorumisfoundin thedescendingorder with
dneartheend.I ntheremaininghalf thecursushonorumis
erfrom thelowerofficestothehigher. Theorderisoccasionally
. 3 6 09 . Th e el og iu m gi ve s Q I I I V I R A A A F A D C V R e tc . - th at i s to
lledf irstq uaestorandthenmoneyer. Whetherthishasanyconstitutiona l
akeinwritingmaybeleftunsettled.2O nprincipleI drawno
nstances.P erhapstheinscriptionsmightyieldmoreinformation
aritiesto aclosescrutinyandcomparison.Groag fore ample
mV espasiantoSeverus whichshowacursushonorumincluding
ownthatallpatriciansof thevigintivirateheldonlytheofficeof
1 4 5 f .
these inscriptionscomef romtheEmpire( theye tendintothe
ry the irvaluefortheR epublicisl im ited. B uttheydoshow that
stencedow ntothatdate. Seea lsobelow p. 66.
neyersarepreserved ifsuchlawswereeverissued.I will
re fertotheco inage thatistosay totheactiv ityof themoneyers.
tedinitsconte tbyStrasberger D essau1155isnow C L V I . 32412.
ometimesactuallyheldafterahigheris shownbyMommsenStR .I .
seareonly raree ceptions evenif thesourcesareabovereproach.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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to fany butP linygivesusthecontentsof three. H ew rites( N. H.
: " P o s te a H a n n ib a le u r ge n te Q . F a b io M a i m o di c ta t or e a ss e s un c ia l es f a ct i
edecimassibuspermutari q uinariumoctonis sestertiumquaternis
emiunciariiassesfacti. .. I sq uinuncv ictoriatusappella turlege
A llthedatesinC hapterX X X I I I a reconfusedanddif ferentperiods
other.R ecentresearchbyMattinglyandothershas broughtthis
snow establishedthattheso-ca lledL e F laminiaorF abia - thatis
retariffingofthedenariusat16 Asses-belongto theageof
apiria isplacedwithsomecerta intyat89 B . C . I havewidenedits
bservations( p. 32 . Thus the" mo " inP liny otherw ise
understandable. Thedateof theL e C lodia w hichperhapsdid
ns iscerta inlyca. 104B . C . ( p. 2 ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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E V I D E N C
dtheP rinciplesofArrangement
pertinenttoourresearchis foundfairlycompletein
abelonandtheB MC . I ndispensable how ever arethethreesupplements
trackeddownandfaithfullytestedalmosteverypiece.Corrections
ayse presslymentionedhere buttheyareof tentacit lyadopted.
material comparisonmustbemadewithB ahrfeldtwhohasalso
.1
s longsincebeenmadetoprovidea chronologicalorderfor
blicancoinageinadditiontothe alphabeticalarrangementbyfa-
ent butsocompletelyunscientific.Tothisend variousap-
-studiesofpersons datesf i edbyhistoricalcharactersorby
sultso fmetro logy ( w eights denominations , f inds sty le develop-
proachbythestudyofpersonsis theoldestandgoesbackto
sbeena fascinatinggame-identifyingpersonsmentionedinhistory
epublicancoins-fascinating butdangerous.Thereisnothingto
amej ustifiesidentification especiallyifweconsiderhowlittle
mannamesof theR epublic. Onehasonly tostudy the listo f
64f f. toseehow oftenaw holeseriesofmembersof thesamefamilies
es occursonco ins - tosaynothingof the literarysources- the
p ur n ii C o rn e li i F u r ii J u l ii J u n ii L i c in i i M a r c ii P l a ut i i P o mp o ni i
l e r i i. T hi s m et h od o f s tu d y w h i c h K i r c hn e r ( Z f N 1 9 , 7 4 ff . , S u nd w al l
edtothe AthenianTetradrachmsoftheNewStyle isstillpopular
e plo itedbyMommsen B abelonandtheB MC . A comparisonof
hree citedauthorsshowshowvagueallthese attributionsare.
edatesofB abelonandtheB MC canbereadily comparedforeach
haveplacedthemineachcaseatthebeginning. O f ten it istrue
e llsupported o f tenfi eddatesdoe istw hicharesubse uently
e ample Sydenhamhasq uiterecentlycrit ici edthedateofP iso -
beconsideredbasic andI think thathe isright( seep. 29 . The laws
lly scanty results astheycanusua llyonlybedatedappro imately .
single issuesofnospecialimportance e . g. theA sofMete llus( B MC I
00 ; t he Tr ie ns wi th S V . ( B M CI 1 09 = B f I I I 1 23 ; t he U n ci aw it hL H \ f i( B M C I I
4 0 ; t he As of CN P I S O F R V G ( B M C I I 5 92 = B f I I 2 71 . ; t he As wi th CS A . ( B M CI
C A A ) = B f I I I 1 1 6 i s a c o u nt e rf e it . I s s ue s w hi c h in t h e B M C a re s e pa r at e d a r e
re.
Matt. R C . 39.
uaereperiunturinanti uisnumismatibusaburbeconditaadtempora
77.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rinciplesofArrangement
ase is if any thing w orsew iththedatasuppliedbymetro logy .
mittedthatinthecaseofa lmarcoco inage thatistosay w hen
astobeproducedout ofagivenweightofmetal withoutregard
dualcoin thesinglespecimencanonlybe usedwiththegreatest
sin generaluseinanti uity.Therearealsodivergenttheories4
ftheaverageweight.F urthermore thenumberofsurviving
smallandthe irpreservationpoor. Now onder then that w iththe
heviewofe pertsdifferwidely.Theoriesbeginatonceto diverge
thestandardsof the" A esGrave . Semi- ibra l trienta land
econtested. Torea li e this onehasonly toconsulttheauthorities
theB MC Haeberlin SydenhamandGieseck e. 5
seemstobethat thegradualdeclineinweighthappenedde
edevelopmentofcoinageandthatthis gradualdeclinewassub-
by law . Theonly literary informationthatw ehave(inP liny con-
uncialandsemiuncialstandards w hichhastobe interpretedf irsto f
ntalstandardisgenerallyconsideredtohavebegunwith thedenarius
ury theuncialstandardcomesin duringtheageofthe Gracchi
ucedby theL e P apiriaof8 9B . C .
betoocarefulin theuseofstandardsforthe determination
thimself w ho layssuchstressonw eights w rites( SB f p. 8 9 : " B e i
Gle ichgiltigk eit w e lchemaninbetref fderF ehlergren e imGe-
n enhat istesdaherbe idiesenMiin enauchoftunmoglichan-
mF uf idase in e lneStuck angehort. Durchschnittsgew ichtesinddafur
ndkonnennurinwenigenF allenherange ogenwerden.
adifficultywhich B ahrfeldthasdiscoveredintheso-called
seriesofA es. A gainandagain indea lingw ithindiv idua lmoneyers
a inedpeculiarity . Hehasrecordedthefo llow ingseries( a ll inB f I I I ) :
us2SeriesSemisses: a heavyat17.6( A s34. 42 ) b l ight
s e t - se m iu n c.
2 S e ri e s Q u a dr a nt e s: a a t 7 .9 2 ( A s 3 1. 6 ) , b 3 . 4
se m iu n c.
r ie s Q u a d ra n te s : a a t 6 .5 ( A s 2 6 b a b ou t 2 .5
un c .
2 S er i es Q u a d r an t es : a 7 . 13 ( A s 2 . 5 , b a b ou t 3 .0
em iu nc .
S e ri e s Q u a dr a nt e s: a a b ou t 7 .0 ( A s 2 ) , b 3 . 5
c-semiunc.
ies( Triens andQuadrantesa as26-23 D ) A s
articleofR eglingon" Metrology inSWMandGieseck eI N. 1 2.
mple inB MC I , 152 isl ighterthanthequadrans. Thew ork sof theseauthors
ently inNC hr. 193 if f .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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. P o mp o n. M o lo ( p . 1 5 ) w i th t w o se r ie s f ro m A s to S e t a ns -
ght17-14- thatistosay se tantaltouncia l. B utinasmuchasthere
he lightseriesagainst151in themainseries whichistheheavy
ht seriesmayberegardedasmistakesinw eightand assuch
shoulda lsoquoteM. C ipiusM. F . ( p. 110 w ithanew reverse and
2 6 T r ie n s an d Q u a d ra n s wi t h C. N V M .
aregenera lly re latedtooneanother itw il lbeseen inthe
e more.B utitmustbe observedthatbetweentheselimits
occurssothatthe divisionintotwoseriesbecomesdoubtful.
urinother seriese.g.h , ( SB f121 , wheretheAsweighsfrom
ahrfe ldthasnotassumedtw oserieshere( cp. C ata logue no . 13 .
raits thereisnocertaintyto behadfromdifferencesofstyleof
uotedf romB ahrfe ldt itw il la toncestrik ethereaderthatthe
oute ceptioncited. Thisdenomination asourC ata loguew ill
commonestofa ll occurringina lmosteveryseriesofA es andof ten
twasso largeandprotracted itisno wonderthatweightsshould
asonabletoabandonthe theoryoftwodistinctseries.B ahrfeldt
anyreasonablee planationinsupportofhis hypothesis.
fAesis suppliedbytheso-calledheavyandlight denarii
thedistinctionisj ustasweaklyfounded.Samwer-Bahrfeldthas
chronologicalorder oftheearliestgroupof denariiwithsymbol
) . M at t in g ly ( J R S 1 9 29 3 1 r i gh t ly o b se r ve s : " W h e n w e t ur n t o th e
traceanyclearlinebetw eense tantalanduncialbron eand
enarii.Toj udgefromthem therewasnosuddenchangeof
inbron e butagradua ldecline-w hichneednothavebeen
ithingroupsofcoinsin bothmetals verycloselyrelatedinstyle
nweight.To makeweightamaincriterionandto classallthe
allthelightonesas late wouldmakehavocofanyarrangement.
re isnocleardistinctionbetweense tantalanduncia lbron eandheavy
uta lltheseobservationsgoback only tow eights w hicharecertainly
rightlycontinues:" F romthecoinswehaveinferred achange
oneofthreeand ahalfscruplesandhaveassociatedthe reduction
thechangefromse tantaltouncia lstandardinbron e. A ndagain
B othinsilverandinbron etherew asasteadydecline inw eight
ruple andanuncialstandardfor denariusandAsrespectively:
tressofnecessity -notbyany law . Mommsen( MW, 3 4 inhis
sameobservation( Cp.p.296 onthereductiontoone eighty-
stablishedbyw eights : " Nachdenj et tvorliegenden w enigz ahl-
B tsichnichtmitvo ll igerSicherhe itentsche iden obsie( dieR eduk -
der w iew ahrscheinhcher a llmahlichstattfand undw elchesdieSorten
ahrungfo lgen.
kenintoconsiderationthedistinctionbetweentheheavyand
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rinciplesofArrangement
towastewordsontheimportanceof finds butweshouldtake
ays(SW M416 aboutthe iruse. A sagenera rule f indscanbedated
co ins-piecescapableof receiv ingane actdate . B utthereverse
insby finds isfarmoredifficultand demandsverygreatcaution.
anusuallyonlybeestablished whenasufficientnumberofhoards
heargumentume silentioplaysitspart. Mattingly fore ample
rati ( NC hr. 1924 haspo intedoutthe incorrectusemadeof f inds
tedmanyofthe finds.SydenhaminNChr.1940hasalsomadesome
lla ttention andhehassetagoode ample inhistableof f inds
pio.Anewlistforall findsofR epublicancoinsshouldbedrawnup
ustfurtherbenotedthatf indshaveof tenbeenfa lsif ied(cp. for
395n. I ) o reveninvented. B ahrfeldthasgivenmanypertinente amples
GoldCoinage.F ortheGreekfieldGaeblerhas recordedaseries
inhisvaluablearticleson MacedoniancoinforgeriesintheSit ungs-
miederW issenschaften.Theargumente silentiocanalsobe cor-
erf inds e . g. thef indofCa a z osuppliesthehithertomissing
. V i b iu s V a r u s ( B M C. I . 5 5 5 . O n t h e wh o le q u e st i on s e e Ma t -
ithhissupplementary listo fhoardspublishedinthemeantime.
adefulluseofhoardsandtheB MC eveningreaterdegree-sub ect
f icationobservedabove. B ahrfe ldtre fersquiteof tento f inds especia l-
m iin enprdgung. In myC atalogueI havenotcheck edthef inds for
mitso f thisessay. H ow ever fora f inalarrangement anew e ami-
eabsolutelynecessary.
opmentofthetypessuppliesa goodguidefortherelative
o llow edinB MC I LX X X I V orinoneof thework scitedatthe
hestereotypedrepresentationoftheheadof B ellona6andofthe
thedeitiesinchario ts w hichMattinglyassignstotheageof the
toricalreminiscencesreferringtothemoneyers finallyreferences
hichgiveonlyaterminusa q uo fortheimmediateuseofa type
e proved.Amuchmoredangerousattemptisthe interpretation
sty le fora largesub ectivee lementcomesintoplayhere . Long
itionandaverysoberj udgementareessentia l. DeSa lis thereal
C o f tenlethimselfbe ledtoofarbyhissenseofsty le . A ndthis
tion- thato f the loca lI ta lianissues.
msen inparticular assignsonlythefirstcoinageof theAes
nicWartomintsoutsideR ome( MW 37if . Wef indthenamesof
esandonthev ictoria tes. A partf romthis R omancoins not
econfinedtothecoinageof thegenerals.Theideaofattributinga
w ithmoneyer snames to loca lmintsinI ta lyderivesf romDe
edbyimpressionsofstyle.Chronologicaldifficulties asMattingly
t arenotfoundinthepure lyR omanseries. How unconv incingthese
maybeseenf romaglanceattheP latesintheB MC . Genera lly
dofR oma. I agreewithMattinglyandR obinson. P roceedingsofB rit . A c.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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istransferredto theprovinces.Toreali ethefallibilityofthis
paretheR omanissuesof1o2-92B . C . onP I . X X I X w iththesup-
ssuesof thesameperiodonP I . X C I I . Thisonee amplew ill
cultiesalsocomeintoconsideration.Theofficeof moneyer
onw iththeresto f thecursushonorum w iththee ceptionof the
aterinstitution.B uttheseq uaestorswerefinancialassistantsof
heirspecialfunctionwas necessarilyfirstofallof adistinct
rstandablebecauseoftheR omantendencytoseparatefinancial
aryadministration( cp. be low p. 5 ) . O ntheotherhand it is
moneyersappointedastheR omanonesandperformingtheir
boutthecountrysideworkingnowinthis mintandnowinthat.
. 143 observes: " These loca lmoneyersseemtohavebeenchosenf rom
mployedinR ome forthetypesof theirco insshow thatmostof
emostcelebratedR omanfamilies.I nsomecasestheymayhave
fficeatthemint intheCapitol. ThemintofR omewassufficient
tsinI ta lyevenduringthema orparto f theEmpire inasmuchas
odandeasy. H ow ever thegenera lsen oyedtherighttostrik e
w ar. H ence donotacceptloca lissuesofdenarii inI ta lyatthe
nsiderationsI havebeenobligedtocreatea newarrangement
orcedustogo intoeverydetail. I nthismatterI havebeenguided
setdowninmy" A ufbauderromischenMiin pragunginder
1933-1936 . I be lievethisnew systemhasproveditsw orthinotherw ork s
n E l m e r s " M i in p r ag u ng d e r ga l li s ch e n K a i s er ( B o n n e r J a h r b ii c he r
b r ue c k s D i e M i i n b i ld n is s e vo n M a i m i n us b i s Ca r in u s ( 1 9 4 4 . I t h a s
L eGentilhomme( R N 1942 p. 5 andf romMattingly w ho
hatheisnow usingmysysteminhis continuationofthecatalogue
seum.Theprincipalideais q uitesimple.E veryofficialcoinage
edandcontrolled otherwisethefinancialadministrationwill
senoughe amplesofthis.Theseprinciplesmusthaveprevailedat
oratR omeespecia lly therew aspreva lentamostpreciseandane act
dthepsychologyofa peasantnation.Moreover thisorderis
dinthe coinsatourdisposal ifwearrangesystematicallyand
sesofcommonpieces.All e ceptionalandspecialissues onthe
beputtoonesideandbeaddedsubse uentlyaf terthemainstructure
asyieldedgoodresults fortheimperialissuesof 192-253A.D .
conditionsareofcoursedifferent.H erewearewithoutdatedpieces
charedeterminedbyC OS TR I B P O Tandotherindicationsofdate .
osearchfor otheraids.Thechiefideahas beenthateverythingwhich
financialauthority i.e.fromtheq uaestor isstrictlyspeaking
To theq uaestorbelongsaboveallthefi ingofthestandard
asfarasweknowand thekindsofdenominationswhichareissued
ellasthe choiceofmarksofvalueand marksofcontrol.Therise
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rinciplesofArrangement
onsrestuponordinancesofthis nature.Theyvaryfromthe
bdivisiontothatof singledenominationsandviceversa.O ften
stheorderof denominationsandthenchangesgradually.
inallthesearrangements theycannotproceedinblind
edthat inviewofthatobstinateadherenceto plansoncemade
omancharacter anynew reformw asreta inedinitse actform
ample the issuesmarkedw ithX formaclosedseries asw ellas
ssuemarks.
veestablishedhaveprovedmosthelpful:first thatofthe
likethesupplementarydenariithatI havealreadytracedunderthe
hatof thero leof the leadingmoneyer. Thespecia lissues recogni able
ealwaystobeseparatedfromthe regular.Theseprinciplesto-
atedegreeofcertaintyfora relativechronologyandespeciallyfor
arysystem.Thereare alsominorobservationswhichinasec-
toaninderstandingofthe R epublicancoinage-fi eddatesfor
inthespecia lco inages the introductionofparticulartypes the
observations.
sthese uenceof themetalsastheymak ethe irappearance inthe
coinage.Aeswasissuedfirstin contrasttotheGreekmonetary
valof abouttwentyyearscametheR omano-Campaniansilver
narius( cp. p. 5o . Go ldisa lwaysamoneyofnecessity asw iththe
moretheR epublicanprinciple isthreatened themoref re uentdo
e. Sulla P ompey andf ina llyC aesar srichoutputofgo ldgive
eI I I v iriR P C inthe irturnstruck go ldirregularly inthe ircapacity
ssuesofgold beginwithAugustus.
ngementaregivenintheintroductiontoeach groupand
moneyers.Theycanbe e aminedthere.I nordertoestablish
asobligedtobeginbyarrangingthefullest i. e . the latestgroupsand
otheearlierandsimplerones. I nthispaper how ever thenatura l
velopmentisdemonstrated.R esultsofageneralcharacterwhich
tudyoflatergroupshavebeenapplied totheearlierones.
ieve I havesucceededinestablishinganew andfirmerorder. I
ow ever thatthisorderisinnow ay f ina l. Thef indsmustbeapproached
eothercriteria whichhavebeenmentionedabove inorderto
m. B utinmyopinionthemainfeatures thegenera larrangement
enceofissuesarecertain.W ithinthegroupsthemselvesindividual
umvirimaybe movedore changed butthegroupsthemselves
stion.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ngroups thefirstofwhich ispresentedonlyinsummary
kesnocontributionto ourresearch.Thesinglecollegesof triumviri
hinthegroups butalsoconsecutively.Thespecialissuesare
theregularseriestowhichthey belong.TheyeargiveninB MC
feachissue. WhereB MC givesaperiod e . g. 217-197B . C . fo rthe
ethe init ialdateonly e . g. 217. Then a f teradiagona l( / , there
abelon. I nGroup10only thedateaf terthediagona listhedate
tcomesthenameof themoneyer asitappearsontheco in but
yoccasionallycited.Thegentile nameisaddedinbracketsin
dyobvious.Ne tfollowsaveryshort descriptionofthepiece
rsew hichisimportanttous 7thenthereversetype fo llow edby
hen comethedenominations.D enominations whichhavenot
maybeassumed havebeenplacedins uarebrack ets. I have
ivepiecesmostsuccessfullyintomyAufbau.O fcoursesound
this. V eryof tenthepostulatedco inhassubse uentlycometo light.
nscarryaq uestionmark.Aftertheintroductionofissuemarks
seof the increase inthenumberof reversetypes havesubstituted
ontypes. L ater w henthemark sare lack ing haveusedadash.
hbelongstotheobverse w hatfollow s tothereverse . Theregular
rdancewith thecollegesoftriumviri( sometimesnamedafter
ualissuesarer ecordedonlyinthespecialcoinages.The output
oneyerisca lledanissue. F o llowingSundw all se amplethe
emark edM1 M2 andM . E pigraphicalvariantsorminorchanges
ynoted. F orthesevaria tionstheB MC I ntroductionI pp. ciif f.
atelyfromane actchronologyforwhichthesupplementary
vespok enwouldbenecessary eventhen muchw ouldremain
rposesuche actnessisnotnecessary. I nthechapteraboutthe
ers(I I I A I haveplacedthebeginningof thecoinageofdenarii
ondPunicW ar. I tendsin7B . C . asmaybeseenf romGroup10.
ularcoinagesse ldomoccur e ceptinspecia lissues. I giveatthis
e relativechronology.Thedetailscanbefoundin theGroup
theanonymousdenariiandthedenariiwithsymbols.Thenfol-
irstnames- f irst w ithonenameabbrev iated thenw iththef irst
w i th t w on a me s a n d fi n al l y wi t h th r ee ( I - I , 2 1 0- 1 6 B . C . . T h e
inarius v ictoria teandA sstopinGroup3. Thebron eareatf irst
graduallybecomemoreplentiful( 16 -119B . C . . Group4begins
edonly ine ceptiona lcases.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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bo in11 B . C . andendsw iththeL e C lodiaofca . 104B . C .
scharacteristicof thisgroup.Group5 withtheissuemarks
. C. t o t he L e P a p ir i a of 8 9 B . C .G r ou p 6 c om e s ne t a n d e t e n d s
isdatedvery roughlyat80-70B . C . There isaregularissueanda
rallel.The beginningofGroup8 isdatedappro imatelyat
specialissueof theaediles Ga lbaandP laetorius ite tendsto
nd10canbeclose lydated: Group9at49-41B . C . Group10at
bolsprecedesthis group.I tisunimportantforour pur-
tmakesit contemporarywithours.B utourgroupitself canbe
mately.
garded probablycorrectly asbadgesofthecoining officials.
beencustomaryinGreece.Theyare foundinthesi thandfifth
hefourthand thirdatCorinth.B estknownofallare thebadges
from229 B .C.Theseappeartogetherwiththenamesofthe mon-
otsurprising becauseoftheAthenianinfluenceuponthefirst
ouldbepossibletoestablishco llegesof triumv iri butthe
enestablished.Samwer-Bahrfeldt havedealtwiththeseearliest
em ongroundsofmetrology intothreesections-heavysilver
ghtsilverandse tantalA es l ightsilveranduncia lA es. B utthese
a lreadyshow n(p. 11f . a req uiteuncertain. Whatmaybegatheredfrom
verw asatf irst issuedinmass j ustbecause itw asnew . Thefirst
esofgold andsilverandnineteenofdenarii andbron e i.e.
ecollegesoftriumvirior perhaps eightcollegesoftriumviri
dsilverandtw oofdenariiandbron e andonepuresilverseries.
appearonlyinsections2 and3.Theycomprisethirty-nineissues
v iri- f ourinsilver three indenariiandbron e f ive inbron eand
lsomanyspecia lissues o fw hichI havetak ennoaccount. There
swhichmightbe considered.I ntheissuewiththe wheel we
serratus butitis anisolatedphenomenon alternatingwiththe
researchthis groupyieldsnoprofit.
neyers7
w iththeA thenianmodel(p. 51 thenamesof themoneyers
s thenareabbreviatedandfinallyarewrittenout infull.This
aprinciple ofarrangementforthegroup.O fcoursethedevel-
withmathematicale actness.F irstoneormore letterswereset
periment thenaname usua lly thecognomen af terw ardstheab-
sadded.Attheendofthe groupwefindthreenames.E veninthe
pswiththecessationof thev ictoria te 16 B . C cf . NC hr 1932 73.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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re lapsestowardsthef irstsystem but genera lly speak ing therise
e canbeclearlytraced.I tgoeswithoutsayingthatthe denarius
continuestoprefertheshorterforms. I nthisgroupseparateco l-
adybeclearlydistinguished e . g. no . 3w ith3quinarii no . 6w ith
ithDiana inbigano. 10andno. 17withV ictory inbigaandthe last
eenamesand thecognomenineachcaseon theobverse.I nthe
llegestherules whichwerementionedatthebeginning areof
psI andI I , everydenariiandbron eseriesisfo llowedbyasupple-
e fortheuseofbron e issti l lpredominant. I nthethirdsub-group
n thelegend eachdenariusseriesalternatesatfirstwith a
dstheendonlydenariiandbron eseriesare issuedandcontinue in
tgroup. Therefore fornos. 1-15achangeofco inagemustbe
p. 61 no . 29 inasmuchasthedivisionintoheavyandlightdenariihas
ercoinage( p.13 .ThedenariiwhichB ahrfeldtdesignatedheavy
k.Nowandthen victoriatesandq uinariialsoappearwhilethe
eseemtogodow ntotheuncia l. B utthee tentofanyparticular
einthepresentstateofthe coinevidence.Thecommonphenome-
ominations whichcontinuesintothethirdcenturyof theE mpire
e pressioninasupplementarydenariiseries( no . 5 andanissue
Tampilus.TheD ioscuriaredepictedonthe reversetypeforthe
bigaappears f irstdrivenbyDianaasthenationa lgoddess then
ub-groupse ist: ( 1 w ithmonograms ( 2 w ithsinglenames
ames.Thedistributionof themoneyersintotheseparatecolleges
aswasnoticedinthe beginning.I haveoftencollectedintoone
moneyer sname whichotherwritershaveseparated.B esides
vailsinregardto thereadingofthemonograms.
here isa lw aysadenariiandbron eserieswithoneinbron e
mentaryco llegeof I I I v irif o rdenariiandasupplement-
uinariioccursforthe firsttime.
arlie rpractice monogramplussymbol Q andA / O inthe
mesofcit ies. I nthedenariiandbron eseriesthe
stillimperfect.
l a ut ia X D i os cR O M AD A s -S ( U n c )
X D i os c R O M A D A s Q d
n X D i o sc R O M A D A s
nc t ia + A n c ho r R O M A A s- S
u r m + B u l l R O M A A s - U n c
V i c to r ia R O M A A s- U n c
ron ew ef indthef irstattempttoaddapraenomenanda
ram.One collegeoftriumviriisobvious becauseof
iththemonogramonits sidetwiceoutofthree times.
oticedthisconnection( I I I p. 77 . There isathird
rydenarii.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nt ia X
S h i el d
M ae ni a X
erhasbeenaddedtothe monogram.One collegeoftrium-
atesis obvious.Thereisalsoasupplementaryissue
dq uinarii.D ianainthebigaappearsfor thefirst
a t i en a
aebia
V a l e ri a )
e mi l A p ul
ae vi a
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ia
t il
o r I t i l
C lo vi a
l
( C o rn el
names.
C a lpurn
u t at i a
"
eseriesofdenariiandbron e. A tf irstwiththecon-
.Thereis anobviouscollegeoftriumviriwith
y threenamesw ithcognomenonobverse inc. f irst
sfather.
on
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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s provedbythefactthat thelastissue withtheSemis-U ncia
dtothe initialseriesofthefourth group whichthengrowsgradually
r.E videntlyatthebeginningofour grouptherewerestill
e sothata llneedscouldatf irstbemetby themostimportantde-
drans. Thentheeverincreasinglack ofbron eproduceda largerissue.
nage isindeedveryuncertain asmaybeseenfromB ahr-
ationsandCorrigenda. Thepresentstateofourmateria l w hichgenerally
j ustifiesourarrangement. B utif f indsshouldcontributenew
tbemadeeveninthe casegiven.I nregardtothe separatecolleges
f indwiththee ceptionof the lastseriesthatthe leadingmoneyera lso
w hilehistw oco lleagueshavedenariionly. Tothisgroupbelonga llthe
forthissignisreplacedbyK inthene tgroup. F orthisreason
ertothisgroupaslateanissueasthatofA uil l ius.
ariiat si teenAssesalsotakesplaceat thisperiod.I thas
entsin theageofthe Gracchi bySydenhaminthedaysof the
w ithmoreprobabil ity inthetimeof theY ounger( cp. a lsono. 29n. 20
a l scene . Thenew designationofvalue X V I , appearsontw oseries
ntisaccepted givesplaceagainforashortt imetotheo ldandis
asK ubitschek hascorrectlyobserved(cp. Group4 .
determinationofthedenominationsandmarksofvalue.
ethestrict lyo f f icia lcontro lo f thequaestor. H ow ever inthechoice
eginstoappear.This hasalreadybeenstatedinB MCI .126
anychangesw eretakingplace notonly inthetypes but
amesandthe irposit ions andeveninthemark ofva lue. I nthis
egivenafreehand whichappearsfromtheirchoiceofmint
alwaysfamilybadges butmayhavedirectreferencetothemoneyers
angeconcernsonly thereverse onwhichtheD ioscuriaremore
deitiesi nchariotsandfinallydisappear.Twicereversesofthe
earerepeated namely theOath-Sceneandtheshe-w olfand
his groupwemeetwithanappealsceneand amonument.F or
erstrik estw otypes la ter thereareasmanyastenormore. The
change butonlyasaf irstattempt fortheheadofB e llonastil l
o l. F irsttheheadw asturnedtothe lef t then onlyonce replaced
nnovationsw eretheplacingof thenameofR O MA ontheobverse
nthereverse.Therevolutione tendedeventotheunchanging
umv irateofD omitius SilanusandC urtius No. 30 w iththeattributes
eadsappearontheobverse wereusedasthetype ofthereverse.
adingmoneyerdistinguishedhimselffromM2 andM3bystriking
rst timeasubstitutehasbeenappointedin thecollegeoftrium-
ssuedasecondseries. Hispredecessorhaddisappearedeitherfornatura l
rsuchanoccurrencehappensf re uently . F ina lly thef irstspecia l
ithE X SC13belongstothisgroup.Thestirring timesarereflected
gradualdissolutionofR epublicanformscanbetracedin it.
meanQuaestor. F ordeta ils seebelow onGroup5.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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iclearlyemerge fore ample no . 23 w ithR O MA andthe
andthefirst q uadrigae-asimultaneoussupportforthe order
sdenarii. Thentherearethetw oseriesw ithX V I , nos. 27A and2
no. 27 w ithtwoof themoneyersofno . 27A . F ina lly inno. 30 a ll
rthefirsttime ononecoin.
one.
F
P l a ut X
p-
S
I O X
) «
onobverseandX occasiona llyonreverse. F irstQuadrigae.
erse.Obviouslya triumvirate.
A B E O * R O M AJ u pp Q u ad r
ad r
)
R 1 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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dQuadrans. Twoco llegesof triumv iriw ithX V I , thef irst
ementaryissuetothat precedingit hereasubstitute
f irstt ime forB aebius.
M ar s Q u a dr R O M A D S m T rQ d
li a X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D
X A p o ll o Q u a dr R O M A D
a n d X V I .
A C X V i c t B i g a R O M A
l iu s X 1 V i c t B i ga R O M A
ga R O M A
C L O X R O M AV i ct B i ga
substituted.Supplementarydenarii.
ga
N O M
ga
ga
ga
ua dr
f irstt ime forA uil l ius.
V i c t B i ga
L , u na B i ga
M A
othdenariiandbron eseriesanddenariiseries then
esonly .
a llthreemoneyersappearononeco inand onthebron e
greverses w ithoutR O MA . M1strik esa lone M2and
Allthree togetherstrikebron e.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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M : Sm T r Q d S
AJ u p p Q u adr D
pp Q u ad rR O M AD
eserieswhichformthe pointofcontactwiththe
E B A N X J u pp Q u ad rR O M AD S m Tr Q d
X J u no Q u a dr R O M A D Sm T rQ d
S U nc
- X R O M A M on u me n t D S m T r Q d
thE X SC
X H o r s em an R O M AQ E X S C D
b. c.
ngementarethe following.Thenewsign X , isregularly
collegeoftriumviri.Atfirst becauseofthecontactwithGroup 3
plentiful buttheAs continuestobemissing.Graduallythe
carcer. I nthebeginningwef ind asattheendofGroup3 there
dbron eserieswithtwopure seriesofsupplementarydenarii
riusandbron eplustwodenarii.Thefirst sub-groupgoes
thesecondf romTriens thethirdf romQuadrans butthepresent
yshastobetak enintoconsideration. I nthisgroup too the
Theoccasionalspecial coinageoftheD odransandB esissur-
w emeettheo ldtypeof theDioscuriforthe lastt ime otherw ise
mon whilstnewreversesbecomeincreasinglyplentiful.The
sJ upiterinaq uadriga.Towardstheendofthisgroup thelegend
missingf romthedenarius inthene tgroupitdisappearsentire ly .
efirstissuemarksare foreshadowedintheissueofC.Serveilius
iouscollegesof triumviri nos.37 39and40.Asupplementary
bythedodransand bes whichcanhardlybedetachedfrom
eculiar.H ereagain onemoneyermusthavedroppedout.
U CandCND O Misimportant.I followtheviewsofK ubit-
. , w hof irstdiscussedtheq uestionandofMattingly ( NC hr. 1924 p. 45 ,
fthis denariuswiththefoundationofNarbo.21 Mattinglyseesin
R I C Ol D E D . Theonly recordwehaveisthattheyw erecensors
tcensorshavenothingtodowithco inage. B utthere isnoob ection
A w it h TR I G .
denariiforthefoundationofcoloniesseeR C.32.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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schekthattheyhadalreadyheldanoffice together 22especially
i ke t h at o f t he I I V I R I C O L D E D . A l l t h at w e k no w i s th a t L i c i ni u s
icationofthe colony.B utgenerallyspeakingthereweretwo
andC n. Domitiusw asaboutthesameageasL icinius. L icinius
w as T R I B P L E B i n 1o 7 a nd D o m it iu s wa s TR I B P L E B i n 1o 4.
ectiontothe irhav ingbeenco lleaguesinthispost. Theo lddate
ecteddecisivelybyMattingly (R C 43 . Thew holeearlierdevelopment
bable.MattinglybelievesthatthemoneyerswhouseX were
nQ ismissing. I nanycasethedenariiw eresupplementaryandform
asthereareonlytwomen involved.Thetransitionisclear.F irst
iwith theoldmarkX followedbysupplementarydenariiwith
meregular asK ubitschek [ loc. cit. hasadmirablynoted. I tarose
n mattersofbookkeepingtheambiguousX andindistinguishing
numberandassi denarii. Thisnew mark w asbroughtaboutby the
satsi teenasses w hich accordingtoMattinglyoccursinthe
reprobablyinthetimeof theyoungerGracchus.O urorderalso
ubitschek thatX V andX haveacloseconnection. 22
easoning the initia ldateofGroup4maybef i edat11 B . C .
ba inedf romthebeginningof thene tgroup w hichismark edby
nariia round1o4B . C .
serrati ( cp. Mattingly NC hr. 1924 w ithnamesofmoneyers
pearanceof few anonymous" serrati " w ithw heelasabadge see
ev iew thattheyw erestruck fore ternaltrade iscorrect theassumption
kfor Narbogainsfreshsupport.
ageforthefoundationofthe colonyofNarbo thereforeonly
errati . Thetriumv irio f themintsti lluseX , thesupplementary
ma r ke d L . I C : CN D O M .
mviri.
M O N C N X M ar s B i ga 23 D s er r
X M a rs B i g a — D s e rr
X M a r s B i g a - D s e rr
I C X M ar s B i ga — D s er r
S CA fl l X R O M A D s e rr
a nc i us 5 4 B . C . ( p . 3 7 , w h o we r e to g et h er T R I B P L E B i n 5 6 B . C . a n d
cally inGroup5onsomeof thedenariio fA lbinus j ustasX reappears
Group6 , a f termark sofdenominationhadceasedtobeused. P robably they
ark sof thedenarius butassymbols suchasw erefashionableatthetime( cp.
. 1oo . We meeta llthesemark sofvalue intheco inageof therebe lsintheMarsic
everse(she-w olfandtw ins Oath-scene — inadeliberate lyarcha isingstyle
en 6 3 C p . al s o th e d en a ri i o f L e n t ul u s Cu r w it h X , a s cr i be d t o Sp a in ( B M C I I .
useofH fordenariusintheEmpire seeKubitschek 55f f .
b it s ch e k N Z 1 9 1 3 2 2 3 f.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ards.Thislinksupwiththe lastcollegeoftriumviriin Group3.
G ( u nt ei a X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D S m Tr Q d S
I 2 4 X R O M A ~ V i c t Q u a dr D S m Tr Q d S
C ) X M on um en t R O M A D S m Tr Q d S
sacompleteissue theothertwosupplementone
asupplementarycoinageoftheleadingmoneyer
me. 25
( L L V S X R O M AJ up p B i ga D S m[ T r
]
A C A X T ib er ta s Q u a dr R O M A D
N R O M AS mT rQ d S
R O M A P a , B i ga S mT r Q d S
heo ldtypeof theDioscuri.
N V C X J u pp Q u ad rR O M AD S m Tr Q d
S M X H e r e Q u ad r R O M A D S m Tr Q d
s X D i o sc R O M A D S m T r Q d
ellonato le f t.
E ( C ae ci l X J u pp Q u a dr R O M A D S m Tr Q d 2 6
o r X V i c t B i g a R O M A D S m Tr Q d
R O M A V o t i ng S ce ne D S m Tr Q d
umv iri eachw ithtw oobversetypes: ( 1 Headof
adofA po llo . TheheadofB e llonaa lw ayshasacrossasa
f I 6 4 . S e rv e il i us h a s A B , - p r es u ma b ly m a rk s o f
bledenominations D odransandB es. A lsoa
T L L V S X R O M A M ac ed S hi el d D D o dr 27 S m
d
b ia X R O M A C o r nu c op i ae D S m T r Q d
L X R O M A C om ba t on D S m T r Q d
26there isasecondseriesw ithTriensandQ uadransbutw ithC NV M.
leolussometimeshasnameandbadge sometimesbadgeonly.Cp.Mamilius.
I . 1 0 0 a g re e s in t a ki n g th e A s ou t o f th i s gr o up . T he U n c i a i s d ou b tf u l ( B F .
to B F . I I I . i oo .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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M
R O M A
reattributedtwocollegesof triumviriwithsupplement-
M X V i ct Q u a dr R O M A D
: Q M i : X R O M A V i c t B i g a D
s thedenominationssteadilydecreaseinnumber.
, T r Q d S , U n c.
G M X M ar s Q u ad r R O M A D T r Q d S U n c
i c t Q u a dr R O M A D T r Q d S U n c
L I M X R O M AD i o sc D T rQ d S U n c
ron eseriesplus2denariiseries Tr Q d.
O M A
V i c t B i g a
X A p ol lo B i g a
X V e n us B i g a
A G
X M a rs Q u a d r
V S X H o r se ma n
d U n c . T he f i rs t m on e ye r h as X
H I L I P P V S M
X M
O L E P X R O M
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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f tenomitted.
? ( / v ) G M X S ol Q u ad r. D O d U n c
i o sc s t an d in g D
l X M a r s a dv a nc i ng D
pearanceoftheheadof Marsoccursoncoinsof L utatius
R O M A S hi p Q D U n c3 0
L V S X R O M A E X S CH o rs em an Q D 3 1
S X E X S C A ty s on G oa t D 3
S C R a m D
. C .
his groupcanbesurelyfi ed.TheAsis againstruck.H ere
of theUncia lstandard( supposingtheweightstobecorrect since
9B . C . introducedthesemi-uncia lstandard. Ourgroupthene tends
. C . I tsbeginningisdeterminedby thereintroductionof the is-
ny ( 33. 3.13 reports theV ictoria tew asaga inintroducedby the
snow e ualtotheQuinarii(Maecianus distrib. 45Hultsch Metr. script.
psthere issueof theA sw asa lsoprescribedby the law inamannersim ilar
hicha lsocontainedaddit ionalregulations. Thedateof theL e C lodia
heC lodiusisthesamepersonastheC . P ulcher tow homthe
C. r e fe r s ( p . 8 ) , w ho w a s A D C V R i n 9 9 B . C .a n d pr a et o r in 9 5 . A
. isascribedtohim( No. 46b . I f thisisright thedateof theL e
0 2 B . C .( K u b it s ch e k 3 , c p R E , S up p l. V I I . 3 3 . T h is d a te i s c on -
forthef irstQ uinariio fE gnatule iushavenosymbols andsymbols
fter100 B .C.TheQ onthishalf-pieceisread bymanyas
tschekhasgivengoodreasonsforbelievingthis interpretationim-
Theco inageofF undaniusismostinstructive . He hastheQ ondenarii
andso itmusta lw aysbereadas" Q uaestor " asonearlierissues
womeaningshadbeenpossible theywouldhavecausedconfusion.
llymarkedasaV ictoriate e ualsQ uinarius byitsreversetype
by itssi eandw eight. I invariably interpretQ asQ uaestor( sotoo
dclassa llQ uinariio fourgroupasspecia lco inages. I t is perhaps
ew denomination asaspecialissue w asatf irststruck by the
uinariio f thene tgroupno longerbearthemark Q.
a n d Q .
e rr a tu s , c p . B f . I . 7 3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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appearsonlysporadicallyandoccursoncein thene tgroup
withours X tooappearssporadicallyonafewdenariiof
osedthatthese signswerenolongerconsideredmarksof value.
yco insofP isoF rugi( Nos. 55. 69 x isonlyasurv iva l. F orC . P iso
arsidebyside andev identlyhadthesamemeaning. Thenumbersof
rea lsoarcha i ing. I ngenera l there isadef inite fa ll ingaw ay f romthe
was observedinthemake-upofthedenarius.F or apartfrom
endR OMA onthedenariiandtheheadofB e llonagrow steadily rarer
rarily.I tisobviousthatthe moneyerswereallowedmorelicense
sof thedenarius( sotoo inGroup4 above . H encethereversetypes
revaried theobversesalsodisplayallmannerofheads godsand
eleftbecomesincreasinglycommon.
w systemofcontro lw asintroduced w hichkeptondevelopingand
coinages.I nasmuchastheseinnovationscertainlyemanated
of ficia l thatistosay f romtheq uaestor theysupplyusw itha
hearrangement.Thefirstmarksofissueto beusedarethe
adybeenplacedonthe coinsintheearly periodasbadgesofthe
tterswhichhad alreadyappearedontheR omano-Campanian
gyptianmodel.WhetherA andB onthedenariusofC.Serveilius
enasprecursorsof these letters maybelef tundecided. F ina llynumbers
lthemarksareoften usedincombination.
principleofarrangement. In thef irstplace putthe
thelastofwhichtogetherwith marksofissuemustbearranged
Therearetwo divisions.Thefirstcontainfourcollegesof
arydenariiafteranoldmodelwithoutmarksof issue.O nlyin
dowefinda modestbeginningofsymbols.Thetransitionfrom
estforthe development.Theseconddivisionincludestheissues
rlieronesarestill withoutmarksofissue.Thelaterare introduced
tary issueofP iso -C aepio w hichalready ( accordingtoB f I I I . io i
ls. T radit iona lly 100B . C . usedtobetakenasaf i eddate(B MC I .
butSydenham( inNC hr. 1941 164f f . hasnow show ngoodreasonsfor
enow placesthesedenarii in96/ 95B . C . 32aI mustadmitthatI do
his assertionisbasedthatthecoinageof SilanusandP isois
. C . Thebron eofbothmoneyers especia llyo fP iso a lreadyhas
andthereforemusthavebeenissuedaf tertheL e P apiriaand
C . B utforourgenera lpicturethisiso fnogreatimportance. A ccording
eq uinariiofE gnatuleiusmusthavebeenstruckabout100B .C.
ainlyof q uinarii.
p4 i.e. denariiandbron eseriesplustwodenarii series
ow becomesscantieranddeclines arecontinuedintheregularco inage
. C . ifw efo llow thedatingofP iso -C aepio asita lreadyshows
e re n t vi e w s e e CA H . I X . 1 6 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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estoppeddescribingthereversetypesinasmuchasthey are
I d o h o we v er q u o t e t he m a rk s of i s su e S B e u a ls " s y mb o l "
( g r . e u a ls " G r ee k ) , N e u a ls " n u mb e r . I f t h e ma r ks o f i ss u e ap p ea r
se I writeobv.andrev.Corr.Sb.meanstheobverseandreverse
r. Occasionallyw emeet" serrati aga in.
s.
outI M. F ourco llegesof triumv iri. I nthetw of irstonly the
MA .
O V L I 3 3R O M AV i c t B i ga D
R V i ct B i ga D
V i ct B i g aD
V R I L R o m a wi th T ro ph y R O M A D
N N u m a Sa c ri f ic i ng D
W D u e l D
V T L I F L A CV i ct B i ga D
L i be ra D
A D o g D
peseach.Allthreehave headofApolloonce.F irst
a st a r ( B f I I I , 1 0 0 ; s o t o o X i s u s e d as a s y mb o l.
lowith astaris derivedfromthemodelofM.
Thesamearcha i ingfactorisfoundforP iso - rugi
A. ( L ) 3 5 1. H e a do f Ap ol lo R o m aw it h V i c t D
A
r ri or D
S S F 1 . Sb ( S t ar an dX ) , D
os c R O M A
s:
b ( S t ar o r R o ma w it h D
nt ) H e ad V i ct R O M A
paratesthismoneyerf romtheonew hoissuestheQ u. B uthecerta inly struck
eNC hr. 1924. 36. n. 3. and1941. 169.
0 . t h er e i s al s o A w i th f a mi l y ba d ge ( h a mm e r ; b u t co n tr a st B f . 1 5 9 . I t i s s u g -
sstruck forthefoundationofEporedia R C . 33.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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estors.
t I M.
V ? 3 6
?
\ C F Q
.
al p : Q A v: S b
v l 3 7
.
N O b v: L
b v :
e tt ia O b v + R e v: h
ttheendofGroup4 w ithdenariusandbron eplustw o
bo lssti llappearatfirst butla terthereareonly theL, st i l l
ndR O MA appear. Severa lmoneyersstrik e" serrati .
C N X O b v + R e v: S bR O M A
,
C TO R X O b v + R e v : R O M A
A A O b v: L , R e v: Sb
b v: L
A p pu l R e v : L
S B A B V S R ev :h
M AO b v R e v: L
X O b v R e v a ls o
A G O b v R e v: 1 .
D ) P P i s t ak e n to m ea n " P e n at e s P u b l ic i .
C ) R e v: L D s er r As S mQ d
R e v : l D
D R e v : L D
. L X X I a s p ec i al c o in a ge f o r th e c or n -l a w of M L i v iu s D r u s us . B u t o n t he
sof triumv iri( series39 40 w eshouldpreferto f indthreenames( cp. Eck hel
1 9 9 n. I . .
96-95B . C cp. I ntroductiontoGroup5.
I I . 122theUnciadoesnotbelonghere .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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F C A S A R O b v+ R e v :L
C N O b v: A- ,
C .
bythehe P apiriaof8 9B .C.F orthislawand itscontents
entumpublicum ( p. 5 ) . I t ise presslymentionedontheanony -
raresestertius.F romthislawtherestem thefollowingreforms:
emi-uncia lstandard. 2. I ssueofsesterti i . 3. C o inageoutof the" ar-
pecia lco llegesof triumv iri w hichserveassupplementsand in
mously.Actuallywehaveoccasionallymetsuchcollegesbefore.
bedby lawandcontinueintothe ne tgroup.Thedisturbancesof
ythenumeroussupplementaryissues withtheirvariousspecial
h su c h de s cr i pt i on s o f of f ic e a s A D C V R a n d P T B , a n d P R A T O R ,
aronlyhere . 2. B yarichco inageofdenarii. F ore amplethe
I . 1 4 g iv e s fr o m th e F i n d o f F i e s ol e 1 2 5 fo r S il a nu s 2 1 1 fo r P i s o
t iu s 5 o f or V i b iu s P a n s a f r om t h e F i n d of M . Co d ru z o 6 7 f or S i la n us
253forT . Sabinus 3o forC n. Lentulus 167fortheanonymous
194fortheanonymouscoinsthatfollow " Garg. " O guln.
f these inC arbonaria I ) . Moreoverthenumerousmarksof issue among
curandpreponderate especiallyinGroup7 areevidenceof
wthesamemoneyerusesanumberof types.U ndertheinfluence
theco inageofbron erisestoanabundantissue thenfa llstothebare
omR omeuntilthedaysof Augustus.I tisremarkablethat
rksof issue. Mark sof issue ontheotherhand aremissinginsome
minationofthedenominationsofbron eishere againvery
oranisolatedappearanceofX , seetheintroductiontoGroup5.
sthenumberof specialcollegesoftriumviri( fiveofthem
tothe normalissues 393oftenstrikewiththesame typesand
hethirdmoneyer.Twocontinueanonymouslywiththesametypes
ntiful thanthenormal.Thisprovidesimmediatelycertainlinks
es.
followingobservations.Atfirstthreedenariiandbron e
sinGroup5 i. e . A s SemisandQ uadrans. A noccasiona lappearance
uitecerta in butpossible. I nthesecondsection only the leading
orit isaddedsupplementarily . Tow ardstheclose it too disappears.
ommoninthene tgroup begintoappear.
p7.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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bron eincontinuationofGroup5.
mis Q uadrans: TheTriensisuncerta in.
ikesQ uinariiandSestertii.
I SO F R V G X s ome ti mes Sb L , N D Q u S As Sm Q d
a ls o R O M R A
S C F P A NS AS b I , , N on As R O M A D A sS mQ d
S b h N on As R O M A D As Sm Q d
issuemark sondenarius butontheA sforM1.
T R e v : Sb o nA s D Q u A s Sm Q d 3 9
I D O S S N D Q u As Sm Q d
L ( C or ne l D Q u A s Sm [ Q d
theA s: There isasupplementarycoinagew ithQuinariiand
eginningofspecia lco inagew ithA R G P V B .
rikesS.M3 supplementaryQuinarius andthe
bstitutew ithSupplementarybron e.
S L ANV S F Sb L , N R O M A on D SAs
E L P
( C or ne l R O M A -O b v + R e v : gr . D A s
c ia R O M D
I , , N Q u
) S mTr Q d
mentarycollegeoftriumviriwitha changeofM :
ypes.
v e P — R e v : S b D
M A P — E S C O b v +
C F K G P V B - R ev: L D
ppl.issue.
A B I C O b v:g r. hD A s
R I L F S AB I N R ev :Sb or L , or ND A s
L I C F O b v: Q - A R e v :A -X D
Sometimesw ithoutissueQ u
or
sS mT rQ d
bove( ib .
B f . I l l 8 7 b u t it i s u nc e rt a in .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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sa bo ve E X A V - R e v: D
— D
I L I - P D
oneyera lonecontinuestostrik etheA s attheendonlyD enarii
o -calledHeadofV e iovis no issuemark s.
O f T I C ^ ( R o ma ? ) s om et im es 40 D A s
V S F MAC R D
supplementarycoinage.
V L I B V R S O S b T ( al so syl la bl es D
N V S O b v : N D
C F R e v: N D
nagewiththetypesalreadyknownandwith suppl.
u r s io O b v :S b— E X A D «
X A — D 4 2
r4 3 R e v : L — E X S C A s
mviri.TheleadingmoneyerhasAs withissuemarks.
s.Again onanonymousspecialcoingaewiththe
:O G £ : £ R R e v: L D As
on y - D
umv iri. F irst a llstrik etogether theneacha lone.
arius attheclosedenariiserrati.
N SO R I N: P R e v: Z D
M TAN
C N SO R O b v : Sb + R e v: I . R e v .D
w ithoutissuemarks
b L , N i n c om bi na ti on D
A NO b v: L D s e rr
o N o .5 5 .
I . 126there isa lsoauni ueco in notdescribed butf romitsw eightan
especimenasQu: A ccordingtoB f . I I I . 122it isonlyasmalldenarius.
s.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eadtothene tgroup.
R V F P V D serr
A . B S C- O b v: R e v :L P R 4 4
issuesof thisGroup.
T A D P L - A D
E S L F E X S CO b v: - D
R e v : h D S S 4 5 D
S S 45 A s
I V S A D C V R - D
ndfivespecialcollegesoftriumviri whichwerecloselyat-
ge.I nthisgroupsuch collegesbecometherule.Thereisone
eriesineachof whichanormalissuecorrespondstoa specialissue.
to runparalleltoeachother asthee ampleofMarius( cp.p.62
on eco inageisnow lacking andw ithitw elostanimportantprin-
plentifulissuesofserrati intheseriesof bothkindsissurprising.
mentarydenariiofM. V olteiuswhichwereissuedaccordingto
n. 451 , forthef iveprincipa lgames. Only the lastissueforthegames
rmula butit isveryweak numerica lly asitsrareappearance in
I I . S u rv e y of F i n ds .
ro f theMarianparty w asdefeatedandk il ledbySulla slegate L . P hil ippus
p. 8 6 . Sincehestruck inR ome hisco inagemusthavebeenissuedayearearlier
adlongbeen defacto biennia l sothatthefirstyearw asspentinR omeand
romSullaon(8 1B . C . itw assodej ureasw ell. I fB a lbusstruck asgovernor
p e ct P R O P R . f o r th a t fo r mu l a is o l d d a ti n g ba c k at l e as t t o th e S C D E
I . 1 ao f. ; i n ra re c as es h ow ev er " p r a et or s ta nd s fo r P R O P R . ( S tR . I I , 2 40 5 ,
n coins.Acoinagein Sardiniaisonthewholeout oftheq uestion.To
e C a ve d on i ( c p . B M C. I , 3 4 5 n . u s ed t h e in f or m at i on i n V a l . M a . V I I . 6 . 4 .
fmoney templefurnitureofthepreciousmetalswasmelted down.I nany
cessity.
thata praetorwasentrustedwiththecoinageis surprising.I tisthe only
ecompetenceofthe praetorwasalmoste clusivelylegal.E venwhenre-
sabsenceheseems accordingtoMommsen( StR . I I . 236 , tohavehadno
ium . I tw asnotti l la fterthebattleofA ctiumthatA ugustusappo inted
i. whow eretak enf romamongthepraetorii( StR . I I , 55 ) , andin23B . C .
et o re s a er a ri i ( o p . ci t . I I . 2 0 2 , w h o la s te d t il l C la u di u s A . D . 4 4 . I n o u r ca s e
n thee ceptionallytroubledtimesthenprevailinginR ome.
e na t us s e nt e nt i a " m u ch t h e sa m e t h en a s " e s e n. c o ns u lt o ( S t R . I I .
. 8 0 1 . P i c ks v i ew ( i n B f . I I I . 1 6 2 — t h a t t he f o rm u la r e fe r s to t h e re v er s e ty p e —
ormulaappearsa lsoontheA s w here itcanhavenoreferencetothetype
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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B L I C Q F O b v+ R e v :L D s e rr
6 /b ( V o l t ei a O b v: L D s er r
B A T O b v + R e v : co rr . Sb D s e rr
B A _B S C O b v: R e v : L o r R e v : N D s er r
T F f it N S CR e v : No r A + N D s er r
nt S CO b v: L D s e rr 6
ara lle lissueofMarius.
R I C F C A I T O bv+ R e v: l- X X I I I I D s er r
b v + R e v : co rr . Sb D s e rr
R ( E I M F ) R O C V S O b v+ R e v :S b h D s er r
e O b v + R e v : F r o m X X V u p wa r ds D s e r r
: NS C
S A B I N V S S C -D s e r r
I F S C- Ty pe 1 D
othingbutdenarii.
N AT V S C N F C N N T yp e 1 w it h ou t i ss u e ma r ks D s e r r
a n d 3 R e v : I , o r N D
T T R I O T y p e 1 wi t ho u t is s ue m ar k s
S O b v : N ( s o me t im e s wi t ho u t D
ii lef t
A R SV L E I M N SO R S CO b v+ R e v: ND
F N AS O S C O b v + R e v :P a r a ll . ND
N I R V F V S SC R e v: Sb + N D
threverseswhichreferto thefiveprincipalgames.
sonlyon type5.
T I M F R e v: Sb - + R e v. :+ S b O b vg r. N D
nType5
uaestors whoseofficeisherementioned.
R I L F S C - R e v :S b s om et im es D
L N Q S C D
MW . 620 n. 451 as" SC dethesauro : acontributiontothegamesof
epublicchest. I f thisisso w eshouldhaveanissue coveredpartlyby the
aefunds. Thisishardtobe lieve. I canf indnoev idencethat" thesaurus can
apsD Treferstothe" senatusconsultum.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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f orthef irstt imethedesignationofo f fice I I I V TR , atf irst
waysinfull. I t iscarriedby the leadingmoneyer. In thene tgroupthetit le
tionwiththe groupissuppliedbythe marksofissue which
me intw oco llegesof triumviri thesecondofw hichaga inissues
llegetheseserratiarestruck forthe lastt ime. Thene tsi co lleges
rminedeitherin theircompositionorintheir relativese uence.
ofstylemighthelpin forminggroupsbutcaremustbe takenin
hasremark edthatlargeandsmallheadsappearof tensidebyside
any possiblee planation.P erhapstwodiecutterswithdifferent
ayhavebeenat work.Theheadtotheleft nowbecomesthe
egininthisperiod withdirect[ referencetoeventsofcon-
rste ample isthato fScaurusandHypsaeusin5 B . C . C erta in
eregularcoinage.Atbest thedenariiofF austusSullamaybe
heotherhand forthespecia lco inages w edohavesuchdates—for
0-69B . C . fo rScaurusandH ypsaeus5 , forP lautiusandP lancius
scuruleaediles thesecondandthirdpa irsatthesametime. One
esameassumptionforthefirst pairwhichMommsen( MW 621f.
9. I nStR I I 5 8 , no . 2 MommsenseesinP laetoriustheco lleague
ingf romC icero P roC luentio 45 126 andtak estheyear67B . C .
t it iscertainlynotprovedthatthisP laetoriusisidentica lw ithour
stianus.
austusSullaisusuallyconnectedwithhis q uaestorshipin
essarily correct. B abelon( I I . 513 hashimstrik ew ithMessalla .
n53B . C . butinI . 422B abelonadherestothetradit ionw hichgives
thecaseofMessa lla it isuncerta inw hethertheconsulshipofhis
eDenarius fe ll in61or53B . C . aMessallaw asconsulinbothof
sfollows:F irstcomethetwocollegesof triumviriwithissue
ingthem thethirdw ithserrati thencomesi co llegesinuncerta in
upisroundedof fby thespecia lco inagesinchrono logicalorder. The
pmust befittedwouldthereforehaveforits beginningthe
es Ga lbaandP laetorius ca . 70B . C . ( the lastappearanceof issue
ywell , f o ritsend theD enariusofP lautiusandP lancius perhaps
. C . Sincethene tgroupprobablybeginsin49B . C . ourtimelim its
s. 71and72 M2andM3strik etogether inNo. 72eacha lsostrik es
rueofNo. 7 .
ppearanceanarchaismunderM. Mettius seeGroup9.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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G N ( C as si a O b v: . - I I I V D
F R ( V G ) O bv + R ev :S b L , N D
S ( A e mi l ia O b v : so m et i me s S b. D
rk 49partlyDserr.
S D I C F G T AI I I V I R - D a nd D se rr
S N A _ B l N D s e rr
F R V G O b v . : s om e ti m es S b . D
graphicalreverselegends.
V I L A W F /W N I I I V I R - R e v: S C L D s er r
N , R e v: CO R D I R e v: R O I A .D s er r
rse
NT I V S F CA I T O I I I V I R D
L E P I D V S ( A emi l D
cr ib on D
er.
R Q V A T ( M a nl ia - I I I V I R D
N M V S AD
D
ndone name.
S ( C oe li a - I I I V I R D
u ni a D
C o rn e l D
V R I CN F B R O C CH I I I I V I R - D
E I Q F ) R V F ( I ) D
D
AC L I V S - I I I V I R D
V S ( M ar ci a D
C N V S 0 -I I I V I R D
D
ge see inf raP laetorius.
I I V I R , ina specia lissuesharedw iththepraetorC oponius. A ccording
note1 itbe longstotheEast. I nanyeventit isanirregularco inage.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ogicalorder.
7oor69.
S ul pi c S C- / D C V R D
O R I V S5 1M F C A S T A NV S O b v: Sb A D C V R 52 E X SC D
64-66 .
N o n ia S C - D
N O N A N S C- D
P l a ut ia S C- D
O b v: E X S CA D C V R D
V S R e v: A D CV R
S A D C V R S C- D
D C V R S C- D
ca. 53.
C — D
V a l e ri a - S CD
M F ( L j c in S C-
ghtof recordedhistory . Quiteanumberof f i eddatesare
coinagethe numberofmoneyersincreasestofour.Thisis reported
1 butw ithoutmentionof theyear. A lso D io( 41. 4. 4. te llshow
antedtherightto placehisportraituponthe coinage. 3Sincethe
uallyshowsthe portraitofCaesar thee tensionofthecollege
he triumviricapitales isrightlyplacedin thesameyear.54There
w honow producetheportra ito fC aesar. Tw oof them B ucaand
signatethemselvesq uattuorv iri. O urprev iousresearchhasshow nthat
yerwhobearsthetitleof office.Thesetwothenmustbelongto
ofthesemoneyersgiveindicationsthatmayserve asdates.Mettius
tions.
periumioA uctoritas C ambridge 1946. 15 , givesanew andw ronginter-
in D i o . D i o s a y s 7i a Te p a- r e oc u t > v x r f i rc a rp t So s e 7 i v 6 f a a av x a l e l t o c vo x t a f a r a
an t p ro p os e s to a p pl y T O X T p a t o o t o x a p a T- r w. ' O v o x d c ^ c o l i ke a l l ve r bs o f a pp e ll a ti o n t a ke s
isthee ternalaccusative thesecondispredicative showingw hatorto
F atheroftheCountry isheresucha predicativeaccusativeandcannot
nse beappliedtox ap^Tto . WiththisverbwemustsupplyA ut6vasref feringto
p t h e su b st a nt i ve f o rm o f x < * P < * r c a> . G r a nt a p pe a ls t o e ar l i er p o rt r ai t s of C ae s ar o n
tthathasnosignificance forintheGreek E asttheuseof theportra ithadbeen
theDiadochi andtothatE astB ithyniabe longs. In anycasethisdating
ogy forthecollege issecure ly f i edby thefactsthatitrecords.
I . 1 6 7 a n d B a b e lo n . I . X X X V I , f o l l ow i ng h i m b e l ie v e th a t th e e nd o f 4 5 B . C .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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, B u c aD I C P E R P E T V O , M ac er an dM ar id ia nu sP A R E N SP A T R I A . Al l
eontheyear44B . C . I nspitethenofvariousdiscrepancies w hich
fN 1 95 1 2f f . it isun uestionablethatthisco llegew ork edin
cerhasanothertypewhichshowsAntonyin mourningandwhich
desofMarch. 55A ne tensionofhisactiv ityasmoneyerovertwo
proposes isouto f thequestion inv iew ofa llthefactsw hichhave
continuestostrikewiththeportrait ofCaesarinanotherseries
r es s ly d e si g na t es h i ms e lf I I I I V I R P R I F L . I t i s t he o n ly o c cu r re n ce
sav ita lone. Hisco llege issuesdenariionly supplementarydenarii
4B . C . H erethentwoco llegesareactive inthesameyear( cp. p. 64 .
areofcoursefre uentenough.
ivenby theco llegeofV arus Mussidius R egulusandC lodius.
gular coinage butparticularlyinthespecial issues thiscollege
rtraitso f the I I I v iriR . . C . I placethemthereforeaf terthetreaty
er 43B . C . , i . e . in42B . C . The irspecia lco inagebearstheo ldformula
p t o b e re a d as " a u ro p u bl i co ) , w i th F ( " f e ri u nd o ) a d de d . F r o m no w
ulerbecomesthenormalform.
ofdatearegivenby thespecia lco ingae. F or49B . C . Nerius
isf i edby theconsuls. Theco inageofC aesarinaure i denariiand
thef if ty -secondyearofhisage isveryprobablyof49B . C . ( B MC . I ,
co n d go l d co i na g e of C a es a r wi t h D I C T I T i s p la c ed i n 4 7 B . C . H i r ti u s
usin45areq uitecerta in. Here forthef irstt ime w emeettheprae-
esar asdictator 46-45B . C . appointedf romsi toe ightsuch
fortheaerariuminplaceofq uaestors astherewasascarcityof
e ( S T R . I . 6 6 . n . 2 f o ll o wi n g D i o c p . ST R I I , 7 2 9 . A p ar t f ro m
w ehaveothersuchpraefectiasC estiusandNorbanus w homI include
tein45B .C.Theyear44B .C.bringsthegoldcoinageof Caesarwith
I I . Wehaveyetonemorepraefectusurbi whohadearlierbeenfunctioning
usR egulus. Octav ianprobablyappo intedhimtohiso f f ice beforehe
ew asatthesametimeamoneyer—q uiteayoungman—neednot
w eree presslychosenbymagistratestorepresentthem j ust
lificationsw erere uired(C p. StR , I . 671 especia llyn. 3 . R egulus
I . 172 hasthestrangeidea thatA ntonywasmourningforhisbrother.
e seep. 65 be low.
etheraPR A F V R B I waspossibleatthist imemustbefaced. Mommsen
think sthatR egulus " P raefurbi " mayhavebeenthefatherofourmoneyer. B ut
ronotherco inswith" P raef. urbi there isnomoneyer sname. Hemust then
slf . Now w ek now f romTacitus A NN. 6. I I ( StR . I . 663note3 thatthe
urbi deve lopedoutof theo ldof fice C aesar asw ehaveseenabove pavedthe
sa idtohavebeeninchargeof thecityunderC aesar( Gardth 4 another
e . I I I . 66 . F or34B . C too D ioreportsthatOctav ianappo intsprefectsof
S t R . I . 6 6 . n . 4 . M a ec e na s i n 36 t o 3 1 B . C . h el d a s im i la r o ff i ce ( G a rd t h 76 6
d soonafterwards 26or25B . C the imperia l" praefecturaurbis developedoutof
mefortheE astin42B . C suchanappo intmentwouldbe ineveryw aypos-
hyR eguluscopiedthereversetypesofCaesar stw o" praefecti C estiusand
. cit. 66 n. 4. po intsoutthat" the I I I v iri( R . p. c. hadacomplete ly f ree
fofficials.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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se llacurulis( asC estiusandNorbanushad w ithoneortw ofasces
efectusurbi( StR , I . 672 ; butonthoseofhisfather w how as
rectlyhassi .
whichdetermineourarrangementarethefollowing.
re-introduced— firstissuedonlybythe leadingmoneyer then
the lasto f theseco lleges in44B . C . Maridianusstrik esthedenarius
ewayforthepuredenarii coinagewhichfollows.Asregardscoinage
struck a lmostregularly . Underthe I I I v iriR . . C . co inagew as
ularmoneyersat R ome thenbyeachpotentateinhis own
isdefectiveand showsonlytheportraitofO ctavian.Thetension
hadgrownacute.Theleadingmoneyer Gracchus stilldesignates
R , b u t we k no w o f no c o ll e ag u e of h i s e c e pt V i t ul u s. T h e tw o o th e rs d i d
causeeachpotentatebynowwasissuingaurei anddenariiinhis
acewefind thespecialissuesofthe firsttwomoneyers.Theselast
emselvesasq uaestoresdesignati butmayneverthelesshavebeen
metime themagistratesdesignategenerallycontinuedtorank
tR . I . 59o . H encethespecialco inageise presslymarkedSC .
ha t t he t i tl e o f O c t av i an D I V F , g i ve s u s an i n di c at i on o f d at e a s
nthecoinsaf ter37B . C . B utB MC . I I . 4observesthatOctav ian s
accordingtoC aesar stestamentin44B . C . L ik ewiseC A H. X . 22mak es
thebeginningof thetit le. Noreasoncanbeseenthenw hy thistit le
ncoins. O therwisetherewouldbeanine plicablegapbetween
nisolatedreturnofthe moneyerstogoldcoinageisimprobable.
arsenatoria lco inagecomestoanendforthetimebeing. Each
strik esforhimself—O ctav ianinGaul A ntony intheE ast L epidusin
esystemof datinghereproposedoccurswithV ibiusP ansa.
trib. pi. asearlyas51B . C . buthisactiv ityasmoneyerinv iew ofhis
r.W hetherthereisanirregularityhere inthecursushonorum
notthe samepersonastheothercannot atpresentbedecided.
ststill describeshimselfbyhistitle onpartofthe denarii
acesthedescriptiononhisquinarii. Withthe introductionofgo ldthe
tcompletely:A F pointstoaspecialcoinage outofthestate
A now appearsforthef irstt imeonagroupofdenariio f
onlytobe usedasanornamentinthe reversetype.R emarkableis
marks j ustonce inthedenariiseriesofMettius. I tgivesan
haism like X andX earlier.Themoneyersusuallyemployall
enameandthecognomenbeingwrittenout infull.
h isgrouptoassignanissuetoeachyearafter4 B . C . anda
veryyear. 573F or49B . C . if ourchrono logy iscorrect w ecanonly
eI f thisisso thisisthef irstgroupw hichconsistso fannualissues.
eshallsee isthefinalcoinage bytheregularmoneyersunder
annualcoinagebecomestherule.
markedby thee ponentnumber D 2e ualstwotypesofdenarius.
op. cit . p. 6 noSC occursbetw een49and45B . C .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic /