THE TRIUMPH OF STEAM

Chapter 5: In Summary

Section One: Key Questions

What was the Industrial Revolution? Why did it happen?

What 3 Industries Changed the Most?

1. Agriculture (Growing food)2. Manufacturing (Textiles)3. Transportation (Speed on land and sea)

What was the “working people’s struggle”?

Factory workers had to work long hours, for little $,

in unsafe conditions

Downsides of Industrial Revolution Cities were dirtier, more crowded and

more disease ridden 80% of the population was poor… Natural resource exploitation: global

warming

Why Britain? Freer political institutions Capital ($) Raw materials Labour: -Need for labour saving (small

pop)-Willing (poor) workers

What does “Laissez-Faire” mean? Whigs (business people) had come to

power Deregulated business meant that

business owners had greater control The philosophy: “competition & self-

interest would provide the greatest good”

What Changed in Agriculture? More land and Richer farm owners, intent on increasing

productivity/profit (need inventions) New breeds of cattle & sheep increased

yield and hardiness Enclosure Inventions aiding: seeding, cultivation,

fertilization, crop rotation

What did Jethro Tull & Lord Townsend invent?

Seed Drill: horse drawn & created neat rows

-solved waste of BROADCASTING-faster planting & easier maintenance

Nitrogen based crop rotation: rotations of turnip & clover meant no need for fallow years

Section Two: Transportation

How was transportation vital to industrial revolution and the factory system?

What was transit like before? Terrible Medieval mud roads Products carried on horseback: -Horses carried a max of 100-200kg

-Horses often slipped or lost their parcels Sea transit was useless in landlocked

areas

What were the government’s transit solutions???

Government authorized privately built toll roads.

Do you foresee any problems with this?

Tell me about canals Artificial water ways criss-crossed all of

Great Britain, connecting rivers Invented by Duke of Bridgewater Reduced shipping costs by ¾ 1st finished in 1760 Over 4000 km built by early 1800s!

Describe Macadam roads Invented by James Macadam Roads that wouldn’t become muddy Turnpike system 3 layers of graded stone designed to

shed H2O

What was “the Rocket”? Invented by George and Robert

Stephenson In 1829 A locomotive pulling one caboose @ an

unheard of speed: (Any guesses??????)

39km/hr

Why the steam engine? Problem: H2O in mines Thomas Newcomen’s Compressed

Steam Pump was the solution. It also generated a little power

James Watt used this idea to create practical and efficient Steam Engines capable of driving machines

What about power & heat? Coal is used in the manufacture of iron Abraham Darby made the making of cast

iron easy Coal= + accessible & therefore

commonly used in houses

What was the life of a coal miner like?

Coal mining became a HUGE employer Deposits were far underground, so

people worked in darkness Days were long (dark to dark) Accidents were common “Black Lung” from breathing coal dust Early death Low wage

In what ways could the steam engine change society?

Brainstorm POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES with a partner

Robert Fulton used the steam engine on a ship

Orville Wright invented a plane Changing concept of time… (what’s that

mean?)

Section 3: Child Labour

Why was/Is Child Labour Used?

Why is child labour used? Lenient laws Need (both family & business) Lack of protective social structures Children are able to do fine work

What did children do otherwise? No compulsory education 80% of parents couldn’t provide for

children on their incomes alone so if children didn’t work, they didn’t eat, etc.

What jobs were children best at? Fine/small/detail work Running in & out of power looms: picking

out tangles Chimney cleaners Mine-shaft work

Describe the social setting Middle & upper class people thought

poor should work max. hours Cities growing too fast (dirty,

overcrowded) Guild (unions) were illegal Parliament heard only the voices of

businessmen Local authorities responsible for

“Charity,” but they were unaccountable & poor judges of character

No laws to protect the common people

What were the “Factory Acts”? Laws helping social reform

1802: Illegal for children to work >12hrs straight in a mill

1819: Illegal to hire <9yrs in textiles

1824: Labour Unions finally legal

Section 4: WomenWhat role did women play

during the Industrial Revolution?

What was the female experience in the Industrial Revolution?

Suffered from the declining cottage industry

Paid poorly Hired as “gangs” of women to do

agricultural labor Could not vote (despite Mary

Wollstonecraft) No voice in parliament

Were all women poor? No! Some could hire servants Others now had spending money

Section 5: After Math

Effects of the Industrial Evolution

ProsWhat good things happened during the

industrial revolution???

Some Ideas: Transportation (Rocket, canals, Macadam

roads) Increased production & profit Faster: goods delivery & human movement Social Structure: Business people in

government Instigated better treatment of future

workers

Changes in laws Enclosure: All agricultural land must be

fenced in. Universal male sufferage Factory Acts: beginning of unions/child-

labor laws 1878: Factory Acts were extended to all

industries. No child was to be employed anywhere, if under the age of 10. 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days. Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week.

Laissez-Faire government: capitalism was flourishing

ConsWhat do you think were the major down sides???

Some Ideas: Slums; poor sanitation More poor people—growing discontent Forced relocation (Eng/Scottish farmers, Irish famine) Children/women forced to work: breakdown of family Increased infant mortality Lack of education—no time for in home learning

either

Was there any opposition to the Industrial Revolution at

the time?

The Luddites The Peterloo Masacre

Who were the Luddites? 1811 Sent messages to manufacturers from

"General Ned Ludd and the Army of Redressers.”

Angry workers broke into factories and destroyed 100s of stocking frames

Killing of William Horsfall, the owner of a large mill in the area of Yorkshire

Ended by 1817 after 23 executed

What was the Peterloo Massacre?

Primary source: By Richard Carlile (Rally speaker/radical)

Peterloo Massacre continued… Aug 16, 1819: Manchester England 2 radical men were to speak at St.

Peter’s field, including Richard Carlile Crowd of 50 000 can to listen Government was worried & charged into

crowd: 11 dead, 400 injured