the time value of money time value of money is the term used to describe today’s value of a...
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The Time value of Money
• Time Value of Money is the term used to describe today’s value of a specified
amount of money to be receive at a certain time in future. Thus, the saying “GH¢1
today is worth more than GH¢1 promised sometime in the future”. This is because
of one or combination of the following factors
The return you can earned on it if invested now
The erosion of its purchasing power caused by inflation
The risk of not getting the money due to default or the death of the one making the
promised.
• Basically it helps to indicate how much our investments today will be worth in the
future (future value), and also today’s worth of future proceeds of our current
investments (present value).
1Prepared by Alhaj Nuhu Abdulrahman
CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION AND TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Future Value and Compounding
• Future value refers to how much an amount of money, invested today at a given
interest rate will amount to at the end of a specified period.
• Single period investment:
• Assume you have invested GH¢200 in an investment account for one year that pays
12% interest. How much will the investment, amount at the end of the year?
• It will amount to: (200 x 0.12) + 200 = 24 + 200 = GH¢224. This can be
mathematically expressed as; FV = P(1 + r)t called future value factor.
• So 200(1.12)1 = GH¢224. This computation is called simple interest.
Multi-period investments:
• If the GH¢200 is invested for two years, the future value will be: (200 x 0.12) +
(224 x 0.12) + 200 = 24 + 26.88 +200 = GH¢250.88.
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY
• This can as well be mathematically expressed as; FV = P(1 + r)t. So 200(1.12)2 =
GH¢250.88. This computation is called compound interest.
• Present Value and Discounting:
• The concept of present value refers to today’s value (worth) of expected amount
over a certain period. It also helps to answer the question; how much money must I,
invest today at a certain interest rate to generate a desired amount at a certain future
period? Thus
i) What is the current value of GH¢224 expected in a year’s time at 12% interest rate?
ii) What is the current value of GH¢250.88 expected in two years at 12% interest rate?
iii) How much do I need to invest now at 12% interest rate to generate GH¢224 by the end of the year? (Single period)
iv) How much do I need to invest now at 12% interest rate to generate GH¢250.88 by the end of two years (multi-period)?
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Multi-period investments:
Present value (PV) = , which can also be expressed as; PV = FV x .
Solution: i & iii)
Present value of GH¢224 at 12% interest rate for a year = = GH¢200
or 224 x = 200.
Solution: ii & iv)
The present value of GH¢250.88 after two years = = GH¢200
or 250.88 x
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Suppose you deposited GH¢200 today in an investment account that promises 12%
per annum. After a year you deposited GH¢250 and at the end of the second year you
again deposited GH¢350. How much will the investment amount to at the end of the
second year?
Solution: Future = Pv x (1 + r)t
= GH¢200 x (1.12)2 = GH¢250.88
= GH¢250 x (1.12)1 = GH¢280.00
= GH¢350 x (1.12)0 = GH¢350.00
Total FV = GH¢880.88
How much will the above investment amount to at the end of the third year if the
account had a beginning balance of GH¢150?
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Future value of Multiple Cash Flows
Solution: Future = Pv x (1 + r)t
GH¢350 x (1.12)3 = GH¢491.72
GH¢250 x (1.12)2 = GH¢313.60
GH¢350 x (1.12)1 = GH¢392.00
Total FV = GH¢1,197.32
Present value of Multiple Cash Flows
• The present value of a set of different cash flows is the sum of the present values of
the individual cash flows.
• In other words the present value of a stream of future cash flows is the amount you
need now to invest today to generate that stream.
• Suppose you have a yearly payment of GH¢2,000, GH¢3,000 and GH¢4,000.
• How much do you need to invest today in a bank account at 12% interest per
annum to enable you make these payments?
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Solution: Present value =
=
=
= 1,786 + 2,392 + 2,847
= GH¢7,025
This can be rearranged in tabular form as follows;
Year Cf(GH¢) x PVF@12% = PV(GH¢)
1 2,000 0.8929 1,786
2 3,000 0.7972 2,392
3 4,000 0.7118 2,847
Total Present value GH¢7,025
7Prepared by Alhaj Nuhu Abdulrahman
TIME VALUE OF MONEYPresent value of Multiple Cash Flows
Exercises
1. Stanbic Bank developed and introduced an investment product that promises GH
¢3,000, GH¢4,000, GH¢6,000 and GH¢8,000 for the years one, to four
respectively. If the bank’s investment rate is 15%, how much will be the required
investment deposit now?
2. Suppose you approached a car dealer to purchase a car and he gives you the
following two alternative payment plans.
i) Pay GH¢15,000 now and pick the car or
ii) Make down payment of GH¢4,000 now and make instalment payments of GH
¢3,000 each year for 4 years.
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TIME VALUE OF MONEYPresent value of Multiple Cash Flows
Question 1: How much do you need to invest now at an interest rate 12% to generate
the streams of 4 payments? Which of the alternatives deals is a better
one?
Question 2: Prepare a 4-year investment and instalment payment schedule
Solution 1: Year Cf(GH¢) x PVF@12% = PV(GH¢) 0 4,000 1.00 4,000 1 3,000 0.8929 2,679 2 3,000 0.7972 2,392 3 3,000 0.7118 2,135 4 3,000 0.6355 1,907 Required investment deposit 13,113
The second paying plan is better because instead of paying GH¢15,000 outright, you will
rather deposit GH¢13,113 now out of which the GH¢4,000 required down payment will
be made. So the actual investment deposit is (GH¢13,113 - GH¢4,000) GH¢9,113.
9Prepared by Alhaj Nuhu Abdulrahman
TIME VALUE OF MONEYPresent value of Multiple Cash Flows
Solution 2: Four-year investment and instalment payment schedule
Year Opening - Payment = Remaining + 12% earned = Closing
Balance Balance Interest Balance
0 13,113 4,000 9,113 1,094 10,207
1 10,207 3,000 7,207 865 8,072
2 8,072 3,000 5,072 609 5,681
3 5,681 3,000 2,681 322 3,003
4 3,003 3,000 3 0.36 3.36
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TIME VALUE OF MONEYPresent value of Multiple Cash Flows
• An annuity is the equal (level) stream of regular payments for a fixed period of
time. Types of annuity:
• Ordinary annuity: This involves payments at the end of each period.
• Examples include loan payments and pension contributions.
• Annuity due: This involves payment at the beginning of each period.
• Examples include rent, mortgage and lease payments.
Valuation of annuities: Ordinary annuity:
• Present Value of Annuity (PVA) = C or
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Annuities
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Annuities
• Illustration: Assume you have just entered into a loan agreement with your bank
that requires monthly repayment of GH¢350 over a three-year period. The loan
facility attracts an annual interest rate of 18% (1.5% per month). What is the
amount of the loan facility?• Present value of Annuity = 350 x or
= =
= 350 x (27.66) = GH¢9,681
• Exercise: Suppose you realized you can afford to make monthly payment of GH
¢632 towards buying a new car in two years. Your bank has agreed to lend you the
amount you need now at the rate 1% per month. How much should be the borrowed
amount? Check it will be GH¢24,000
Future Value of Annuity (FVA) = C
Illustration: You have just secured a job and decided to be saving GH¢300 monthly in
your account for four years to enable you finance your marriage. If the savings
account attracts 15% interest rate per annum (1.25 per month) what will the savings
amount to by the end of year four?
Future value of Annuity (FVA) = 300 x = 300
= 300
= 300 x
= 300 x 65,232
= GH¢19,569.6
TIME VALUE OF MONEY Annuities
Exercise: Suppose you have a pension plan for which you deposit GH¢2,000 every
year into a retirement account that pays 8% interest per annum. If you retire in 30
years, how much will you have? Check; GH¢226,566
Values of Annuity Due:
• Calculating the present or future of an annuity due involves two steps:
• Calculate the present or future of ordinary annuity
• Multiply the answer by (1 + r), where r is the discount rate
• Now assume all the annuity payments discussed above were made at the beginning
of each period. Then their present and future values will be calculated as follows.
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Annuities
Present Value of Annuity (PVA) (1 + r)
= (1.015)
= GH¢9,681 x (1.015) = GH¢9,826
Future Value of Annuity (FVA) = c (1 + r)
= 300 x (1.0125)
= GH¢19,569.6 (1.0125)
= GH¢19,814.22
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TIME VALUE OF MONEY Annuities
• Perpetuity refers to the equal stream of payments that continue forever. Perpetuities
are also called consols in Canada and the United Kingdom. An example of
investment with perpetuity payment is preference shares. Another example is a
particular British government Bonds called consols.
• The present value of perpetuity =
• Illustration: A company issued preference shares for GH¢50 each with fixed
dividend rate of 20% per annum. If your investment in this security is GH¢1,000
and you require a return of 8%, what is the value of this investment?
The yearly dividend payment will be 20% x GH¢1,000 = GH¢200.
• Thus, present value = = GH¢2,500
16Prepared by Alhaj Nuhu Abdulrahman
TIME VALUE OF MONEYPerpetuities
• Whenever a lender approves a loan facility, provisions will be made for repayment
of both the principal and agreed interest over the agreed period. • The three basic types of loans and their repayment plans are:
Pure Discount loans
Interest-only loans
Amortized loans
• Pure Discount loans: This type of loan involves the borrower receiving money
now, but repays a single sum at future agreed period. So if you borrow GH¢100 at
10% interest rate and to pay a single sum at the end of the year, becomes a pure
discount loan. The single sum will be (1.10) 100 = GH¢110.
• Suppose as a lender you agree to grant a loan at 12% interest rate per annum for
five years, which requires the borrower to pay GH¢25,000 at the end of the 5 th
years. How much should you give? This requires application of present value (PV)
at 12% for five years.
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
Thus, PV = = = = GH¢14,186 Treasury bills are typical examples of pure discount loans.
• Interest-only loans: This type of loan requires the borrower to pay only interest at
each agreed interval period and repay the loan amount (principal) at the end of the
agreed future time.
• For example, if a loan of GH¢1,000 for three years is to pay only 10% interest per
annum, what will be the repayment schedule?
• Interest payment for each of years 1 & 2 = Principal x interest rate
= GH¢1,000 x
0.10 = GH¢100
• Final payment at the end of year 3 = GH¢1,000 (1.10) = GH¢1,100
• Corporate bonds are examples of this type of loans.
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
=
• Amortized loans: With amortised loan parts of the principal and interest on
outstanding principal balance are paid by regular instalments, till the loan is fully
paid off. The process of paying off the loan by regular principal reductions is called
amortizing the loan or loan amortization.
• The two basic types of loan amortization are:
Declining total payments
Fixed total payments
The declining total payments: Under this payment plan, a fixed part of the principal
is paid along with interest amounts at regular intervals calculated on the
outstanding principal balances, resulting in declining total instalment payments.
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
• Illustration: A business borrowed GH¢6,000 from its bank for one year at 18%
interest per annum, which requires monthly total payments, comprising a monthly
fixed part principal and interest on outstanding monthly principal balances.
Steps for calculating the declining total payments
1st payment:
Step1 - monthly principal payment (PP) = Principal (P)/number of payments (n)
PP = = = GH¢500
Step2 – monthly interest = P x monthly rate (r) = GH¢6,000 x 0.015 = GH¢90
Step3 – total payment = GH¢500 + GH¢90 = GH¢590
2nd payment: Principal balance is (GH¢6,000 - GH¢500) GH¢5,500.
So second interest is GH¢5,500 x 0.015 = GH¢82.50
Thus, second total payment is GH¢500 + GH¢82.50 = GH¢582.50.
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
Amortisation schedule for 12 months declining total paymentsMonth Beginning Total Principal Interest Ending
Balance Payment Payment Payment Balance (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢)
1 6,000 590.00 500 90.00 5,500
2 5,500 582.50 500 82.50 5,000
3 5,000 575.00 500 75.00 4,500
4 4,500 567.50 500 67.50 4,000
5 4,000 560.00 500 60.00 3,500
6 3,500 552.50 500 52.50 3,000
7 3,000 545.00 500 45.00 2,500
8 2,500 537.50 500 37.50 2,000
9 2,000 530.00 500 30.00 1,500
10 1,500 522.50 500 22.50 1,000
11 1,000 515.00 500 15.00 500
12 500 507.50 500 7.50 0
6,585.00 6,000 585.00•
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
• Fixed total payments: Under this payment method, each period payment is
composed of increased part principal amount and decreased interest amount
calculated on outstanding principal balances. Since the periodic payments are fixed
it is a form of ordinary annuity, thus the ordinary annuity equation will be used to
determine the periodic payment amount (PP). The interest amount = P x r.
Thus, P = PP – Interest amount
Illustration: Supposing the GH¢6,000 loan facility discussed above is to be
amortised by fixed total payments, the amortization schedule look as follows:
Steps for calculating the fixed total payments
• Since monthly payment is equal the present value ordinary annuity formula is used.
PV = , 6,000 = , 6,000 = , 6,000 =
6,000 = C x 10.9087,
C = = GH¢550.12
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans
Amortization Schedule for 12 monthly fixed total installmentsMonth Beginning Total Principal Interest Ending
Balance Payment Payment Payment Balance (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢) (GH¢)
1 6,000.00 550.12 460.12 90.00 5,539.88 2 5,539.88 550.12 467.12 83.00 5,072.76 3 5,072.76 550.12 474.12 76.00 4,598.64 4 4,598.64 550.12 481.14 68.98 4,117.50 5 4,117.50 550.12 488.36 61.76 3,629.14 6 3,629.14 550.12 495.69 54.43 3,133.45 7 3,133.45 550.12 503.12 47.00 2,630.33 8 2,630.33 550.12 510.67 39.45 2,119.66 9 2,119.66 550.12 518.33 31.79 1,601.33 10 1,601.33 550.12 526.12 24.00 1,075.21 11 1,075.21 550.12 533.99 16.13 542.21 12 542.21 550.12 541.99 8.13 0.22 6,601.44 6,000.77 600.67
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Loan Types and Repayment Plans