The Thirty Years War• The war begins in 1618 when Protestant

Bohemian nobles toss royal officials out a window.

• Spain, Portugal, Poland, and other Catholic states fought Sweden, the Netherlands, and other Protestant states.

• The war destroyed much of Germany and killed 1/3 of the population.

• In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was signed. France won, Hapsburgs lost.

• Germany divided for next 200 years.

Hapsburg Austria• The Hapsburgs were

weakened in Europe after the Thirty Years War.

• The Austrian Empire turns toward the East and the weak Empire of the Turks for expansion.

• Maria Theresa takes control of the Hapsburg lands .

• There were many different cultures in the Empire.

Hapsburg Austria• The greatest threat to Austria and Maria

Theresa came from Frederick II of Prussia.

• Frederick II took the rich mining area of Silesia after promising not to bother Maria Theresa.

• The War of the Austrian Succession helps unify Austria and Hungary.

• The Austrians never regain Silesia.

• Joseph II continues many of Maria Theresa’s policies. Enlightened despot/king

Hohenzollern Prussia• The Hohenzollern settled in

Brandenburg-Prussia after taking lands from the church.

• The Hohenzollerns limited the power of the Junkers or German nobles.

• The Prussians set up an efficient army and government.

• Frederick the Great or Frederick II was trained from birth to be a soldier.

Hohenzollern, Prussia• Frederick II took the rich mining area of

Silesia after promising not to bother Maria Theresa.

• The War of the Austria Succession helps unify Austria and Hungary.

• Two great rivalries existed in Europe Prussia vs. Austria and France vs. England.

• By 1750 the great powers of Europe were Austria, Prussia, France, England, and Russia.

The Monarchs of Eastern and Central Europe• Russia was the most

populous and largest country in Europe.

• It also was the poorest

• After the death of Ivan the Terrible there was unrest in Russia.

• The Birth of the Romanov Dynasty, with Michael.

Peter the Great• Peter I or Peter the Great

was 6’9” and saw the future of Russia in the West.

• Peter wanted a warm water port for Russia.

• Peter organized the army and fought the Turks and Swedes.

• Peter placed a tax on beards, and the birth of babies.

Catherine the Great• Catherine the Great’s,

Husband was murdered, so she took over the throne.

• Catherine was a supporter of the Arts and Science.

• Her foreign policy was to expand Russia.

• Catherine won a warm weather port for Russia in the Sea of Azov, and took a large portion of Poland.

The Partition of Poland• Russia, Prussia, and Austria divide up Poland in the 1770s.• Austria a lifelong ally of Great Britain sides with France. They switched sides.