THE THIRD CALIFORNIA INDIAN CONFERENCE

October 16-la, 1987

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History •

Program and Abstracts

THE THIRD CALIFORNIA INDIAN CONFERENCE

Co-Spon3or3: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History UCSB Department of Anthropology UCSB Department or Linguistics

Program Committee: Lowell Bean Thomas BJackburn Clinton Blount Paul Bouey Michael Glassow Victor GoUa Margaret Hard.in William Hyder John John.son. Chair Henry Koerper Hartman Lomawaima Marianne Mithu.n \\lilliam Oandasan Charles Roiaire Mark Sutton William Simmons Dorothea Theodoratus Jan Timbrook Phil Wilke

Local Arrangcmcnt3 Committee: Patricia Campbell Kathleen Conti Susan Davidson Eileen Grandi John Johnson Jacqueline Lunianski Ernestine De Soto McGovran Judyth Reed Jan Timbrook

Catering: Petersfields

Acknowledgemenr3:

M&ny thanks to the m&ny volunteers, docents, and members or the museum staff ror assistance with preparations ror the coll!erence, to the Los Angeles CoUllcy Museum or Natural History for hosting the pr�am planning meet:lni;-, and to Lea.nue Hinton &nd Lee Davts of the University or California, Berkeley ror their a,h1ce and sui:gestlons.

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GENERAL INFORMATION

Loutioa: The conference wtll cake place n� the Santa Barbara Museum or Nntural Hlst0ry, 2559 Puesta dcl Sol Roa.d, Snnta Barbara, CA 93105. All papers w111 be present.Cd In the Museum·s Fleischmann Aud1t-0rium.

Rrgbsration: On-site registration will t.nlce place beginning nt 7:00 a.m. on Oct-0ber 16

a.nd 17, ond a& 7:30 a.m. Oct0ber 18, near c·he enrntnce tO Fleischmann Auditorium. Those who have preregistered may pick up packe&S ac the same locacloo. Reglsrratlon rees are S2S.00 regular and SlS.00 student.

Maacum, Admi11ioD: A rec Is charged ror museum admission on weekends. Your conference name ba.dge will entitle you tO rree admission t0 all museum exhlbl t.s.

Information, An lnrormntlon table near the entrance to Flelscbmann Audlt0rh1m offers brochures about the museum and places to visit In the Sama Barbara nrea. Messages ror conrercnce participants may be lert on the bulletin board at the lnforma.tlon table.

Book Exhlbica: Twelve publishers will be dJspla}ing books rela;!ng to CallrornJa Indian culture, which wllJ be avaUable ror display. Book exhibits will be located In the Museum·s Nature Center across the br:ldge on the other side or Mission Creek.

Otbor Exhibna: IJl addition tO the museum ·s ten permanent exhibit balls. two special shows ot art works relat« t0 American lndlan Ute and culture are featured lo the Maxlmus and Museum Galleries. An educational dlsphi.y wUJ be set up by the mu.seum·s Cbumash Culture Youth ProJec� near the entrance to Fleischmann Auditorium.

Rrc.eptiou: Conference partlclpanu are tn,•lted to a reception In honor or the publlc11.tlon or the !Ina! volume In the Chumash :\taterlal Cult:ure series, as well as the opening or two special fa.llery shows. The reception wlll be held In uie Bird Habitat Hall, f'rlday, Oct0ber 16 rrom S:30 to 7:15 PM. Dr. Thomas Blackburu wW be on band to autograph copies or the book. An works by Barry Herem will be on so.le, a.nd he will present a lecture at 7:15 In Flelschman.o Auditorium.

Poeuy Rudi.ng: Contemporary Callfornfa Indian poecry wW be presented Sa1t11rday evening at 7:30 In Fleischmann Aud1t-0rlum,.

S111iou Chm, aod SpHken: Because the program ls a very rull one and has been tightly scheduled, all spcnkers are requested to adhere scrupulously to the t1me Um.Its allowed ror their prcsent.3tlons.

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Pr•p Room: A room in the Education Center "1ll be avaJJable for checking slides and practicing talks. Ask at the Information table for directions.

Mula Refreshments will be available each morning before the first sesslon and at the morning and afternoon breaks. A catered buffet luncbeon will be held each day at 12:00 on the Nature Cenr.er grounds. Lunches must have been pre-ordered and prepaid by October 12. No evenlng meals will be provided. Participants may bring sack lunches to the museum or drive to local res\;8.urants. A restaurant list is available at the Information table.

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PROGRAM

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14, 1987

7:00 Regiitratlon and Rerrubmenta

8:00 Welcome and Introduction

Se11ion I: Contemporary Llnguhtic Studiu • Chair: Marianne Mlthun (UCSB Department of Linguistics)

8:15 Introduction 8:20 Central Pomo Dlalectology and the Strengi;hs or Coffee,

Frances Jack (Hopland R.ancherla) and Marianne Mithun (UCSB). 8:30 The Significance or Harrington's Chocheiio Notes,

Catherlne Callaghan (Oh lo State University). 8:50 Sallnan Documents and Documentation,

Katherine Turner (UC Berkeley). 9:10 Chumash Numerals,

Madison Beeler (UC Berkeley).

9:30 Break

Se11ion II: Material Culture Studiu Chair: Clinton M. Blount (Theodoratus Cultural Research)

10:00 Introduction 0

10:05 Functional Analysis or Bedrock Mortars, Mono Territory, South Central Slerra, Helen McCarthy (UC Davis).

10:25 Bedrock Mortar Use in the Southern Sierra Nevada (video), CUnton Blount and Robert Hlcks (Theodoratus Cultural Research).

10:45 A Culture Under Glass: The Pomo Basket, Greg Sarris (Stanford University).

11:05 Characteristics or the Basketry or the Southern Cal1fornla "Mlsslon" Indians, Justin Farmer (Dlegueiio).

11:25 Using Archival Sources co Document Pre-Contact Cultural Trad1tlons, Vlrgirua Fields (Humboldt State Unlverslty).

12:00 Lunch Break

Senion llI: California Indian Folklore Chair: WIiliam Simmons (UC Berkeley)

1:00 Introduction 1:05 Anna Hadwlck Gayton and the Study or California Mythology, '

Stephen D. Glazier [Westmont College).

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1:25 Polson Man and the Woman from Sulphur Bank, . Greg Sarris (Stanford Unlverslti·).

1:45 Linguistic Texts a.nd Ethnohlstory: A Study 1n Fleldwork Methodology, Jean Perry (UC Berkeley).

2:05 Recognlzlng lndla.n Folk History a.s Real History: A Fort Ross Example, Glenn J. Farris (CA Dept. of Parks and Recreation).

2:25 Discussant: WU!la.m Simmons (UC Berkeley).

2:45 Break

Seu ion IV: Lingui■tic Prehi,tory Cha.Ir: Mark Q. Sutton (CSU Bakersfield)

3:15 Introduction 3:20 The Athabaskan Entry into Oregon and Callfornia.: Some Linguistic EMdence,

Victor Golla. (George Washington University). 3:40 California Linguistic Time Depths,

Richard S. Levy (American Archaeological Consultants). 4:00 Approaches to Linguistic Prehistory,

Mark Q. Sutton (CSU Bakersfield). 4:20 Discussant: Kenneth Whistler

4:40 Video: Bow Coyote Stole the Sun, a Yoknt■ Myth, Marjorie Cummins (Hanford, CA) and WU!la.m Sea.berg (Fresno Clty College).

5:30: Reception in Mu■eum Gallery

All Caurornla. lndla.n Conference attenders a.re invited to a specie.I reception In honor or two events: (1) the opening of two museum gallery exhibits, "Northwest Visions" by Barry Herem, Inspired by Northwest Coast lndian Art, and "The Pia.ins Indians: illustrations from Life by Bod.mer and Catlln, 1830-1836", and (2) the publlca.tlon or the final volume 1n The Material Culture of the Chumri•h interaction Sphere series, compiled by Travis Hudson and Thomas Blackburn.

7:15 Barry Herem Lecture in Flei,cbmann Auditorium

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1987

i:00 Regi■tration and Rerre,hment■

Senion V: The Evolution or Cultural Complexity: The Cbumuh Example Cha.Ir: Thomas C. Blackburn (Callfornia. Polytechnic University, Pomona.)

8:00 Introduction 8:05 The Evolution or Chumash Socloculture.l Complexity,

Chester King. 8:25 Socia.I Dimensions or Chumash Mortuary Pacterns In the Sani;a Monica Mountains,

Patricia Marti (Environments.I Branch, US Army Corps or Engineers, Los Angeles).

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8:45 Identifying Cultural Complexity in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, Jeanne Arnold (University of Northern Iowa).

9:05 Geographic Aspects or Chumash Soclopolltlcal Organization, John R. Johnson (Santa Barbara Museum or Natural History).

9:25 Discussant: Timothy Earle (UCLA)

9:45 Break

Senion Vl: Native California Mu1eum1 Chair: Hartman Lomawaima (Lo'l\<ie Museum or Anthropology)

10:00 Introduction 10:05 History and Purpose of the Sierra Mono Museum,

lvadelle Mowery (Sierra Mono Museum). 10:25 The Colorado River Indian Tribes Museum: A Multifaceted Museum,

Weldon Johnson (Colorado River Indian Tribes Museum). 10:45 An Overview or the Malld Museum,

Katherine Saubel (Malkl Museum). 11:05 The Concept or Regional Indian Museums,

Marvin Brlenes (CA Dept. of Parks and Recreation). 11:25 Some Further Thoughts about the Regional Indian Museums,

Jose Rivera (UC RIYer�l<!e).

12:00 Lunch Brealc

Senion Vll: Critical Inuu Concerning Native CaliforniAn1 Chair: Lowell Bean (CSU Hayward)

1:00 Introduction 1:05 Federal Resource Management Programs and the Developing Role of the Indian Community,

Robert Laidlaw (BLM) and Sonia Tame:z, (USFS ). 1:25 Problems or Unrecognued Tribes In California,

Logan Slagle (Stanford University). 1:45 Termination and Untermlnatlon In Ca.llfornla,

Steve Quesenberry (Callfornla Indian Legal Services). 2:05 The Serra Canonuat!on and the Historical Record,

James A. Sandos (Un.lverslty or Redlands).

2.:30 Break

Senion Vlll: Indian• and Anthropologi,h Working Togetber Dorothea Theodoratus (CSU Sacramento)

3:00 Introduction 3:05 Indians and Anthropologists,

Jack Nor�n (Humboldt State Un.lverslty). 3:15 Tradltlonal Pit River Fishing Rights and Methods: The Case or the Sacramento Sucker,

Nancy Evans (CA Dept. or Parks and Recreation).

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3:25 California Indian Initiated Archaeological L.aborawr; Program, Elaine Schnelder, Lynn Gamble, Ca.rol Denardo, Margaret Cash, and Victor Cota (UCSB and Santa ln6 Indian Reservation).

S:35 Concow Maldu and Federal Recognition, Karl Forbes (CSU Chlco) and Adrian Smltb (Concow Maldu).

S:45 Problems or Unrecognized Tribes In Calll'ornla, Logan Slagle (CILS Board or Trustees and Stanford Law School)

3:55 A Critique or the NEH Code or Ethlcs, William Oandasan (Round Valley Reservation).

'1:05 The Manchester /Point Arena Roundhouse Restoration, Alice Poe (Manchester Band or Pomo Indians).

4:15 The Cbumasb Culture Youth Project, Patricia Campbell and Kathleen Conti (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History).

4:25 Fighting ror Land, A n n -Marie Sayers (Mutsun Costanoan).

4:SS Working for Indians, Florence Sblpek (UC Riverside).

5:00 Supper Break

Senion IX: Coai.emporary Native Californ� Poetry Chalr: WUJ!a.m Oa.ndasan (Round Valley Reservation)

7:30 ln'CJ'oductlon 7:35 Georgiana Sanchez (Plma/Papago-Chumash) 7:55 Frank LaPena (Winton) 8:15 W11Uam Oandasan (Yuki)

SUNDAY, OCTOBER 18, lt87

7:30 Refre1hmcnt1

Seuio.n X: Roelc Art Studio• Chair. WUllam Hyder (UCSB)

8:00 Introduction 8:05 What the Yokuts Have Told Us about Rock Art in Tulare County,

Gay Weinberger (Porterville College). 8:25 Voices In the Rock: Ethnographic Models and the lnte.rpretation or Cal1Iornla Rock Art,

E. Breck Parkman (CA Dept. or Parks and Recreation). 8:45 Jumping Rocks,

Arlene Benson and f'loyd Bucksk.ln. 9:05 Sacred Place. Sacred Space: Creative Re0ectlon at Arrowhead Springs,

John f'lynn (UCSB Depanmen� or ReJJglous Studies). 9:25 ··it's a damn nlce problem!": A Re\1ew or CaUrornla Rock Art Studies since Steward,

Wllllam D. Hyder (UCSB) and Georgia Lee (SLOCAS).

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9:45 Bruk

Senion XI: Volunteered Papen, Part l

Chair: Jan Timbrook (Santa Barbara Museum or Natural History)

10:30 The "Sobbing" Quallcy In a Hupa Brush Dance Song, Richard Keeling.

10:50 Kule Lolclo: A Recreated Village Finds New Life as a Coast Mlwok Cultural Exhlblt, Bev Oni2 (CA Dept. or Parks and Recreation) and Lanny Plnola (Kashaya Pom� Coast Miwok).

11:10 A Western Mlwok Sense or Place: Analysis or the Isabel Kelly Notes� Falth Duncan (University or Arizona}.

11:30 Corroboration or Culture Change of the Soumwestern Pomo over the Last Century, Mary Jean Aernl.

12:00 Lunch Break

Senion m: Volunteered Paper,, Part 2

Chair: John Johnson (Santa. Barbara Museum or Natural History)

1:00 Dr. John W. Hudson (1857-1936}: A Distinguished Collector-Scholar of Native Callfornla, Sandra J. Metzler (Hudson Museum) and Eloise Bar�r (CA Dept. or Parks and Recreation

1:20 Memories of My Mother: Mary J. Yee, Ernestine McGovran (Chu.mash).

1:40 Virtuous Herbs: The Use or Plants l.n Chumash Medicine, Jan Timbrook (Santa Barbara Museum or Natural History}.

2:00 Sex Differences In Behavior among the Chumash, Sandra Holliman (UCSB).

2:20 The Lone Woman df San Nkolas Island: A New Hypothesis on Her Origin, Marla Dally (SBMNH Channel Islands Archive}.

3:00 Clo1ing Remarlca: Thomas Blackburn and Lowell Bean

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ABSTRACTS

Aerni, Mary Ju11 (Berkeley, CA) Corroborction of Culture Change of the Southwe•tern Pomo Over the Last Century (Session XI)

Conctnulng research on the paln,lngs made or the Southwestern Pomo In the last years or the 19th centutj' bas shown the ad.JustmentS which the Pomo made over ti.me to their changed clrcums.o.nces. The paint1ngs were executed hallway between the aboriginal culture at contact and today. Consultatton with the people lm·olved, or their descendants, glve,s depth and validation to ongoing cultural analysis by the antbropologlst. The paintings or the Pomo by Heru-y Raschen Illustrate this thesis.

Anlold, Jeaane E. (U11inr■ity ot Nortbel'II Iowa) Identifying Cultural Complc:ity in the Prehi,toric Channel l1/and1 (Session V)

Considerable additional archaeoloflcal research Is needed before nilly adequate assessments can be made or the nature or soclei;aJ complexity evidenced by the prehistoric occupanu or the northern Channel Islands. Methodological suggesdons are made concerning bow "complexity" and "speciallzatlon ", as a cogent Indicator or complex organization, are best ldent10ed In the archaeological record. Cautions are oft'ered about the hBZards or urudlmensional approaches to the study ot emerging cultural complex!�. A brier outline or recent lnvest1gat"lons or craft specialist sites on Santa Cruz Island Is provided.

Ba,rter, Eloin R. (oee Mehler, S. J.)

Beeler, Madl1011 S. (Univenlty of Califor11i&, Be,rkeley) Chumaah Numeral• (Session I)

This paper uamlnes the native numbering system round In different Chumash dlalects. Based on the autbor·s work with Mrs. Mary Yee, a fluent Barbareno speaker whom be met thirty years QfO, and bis subsequent study or an early mission document, which preserved a record or VenGUreno counting practlees, trulcl'ul comparisons may be made wltb other Chumash dlalects. Th,e original Chumash system or numerals may be reconstructed f'rom these sGUdies. It appears thM one or

the parts or nat1ve grammar most vulnerable to Intrusive Influence was the system or numerals.

Benion, Azle11e (.Alturu, OA), and Floyd Bur.lttk!JI (Ajamawi) Jumpin9 Roch (Session X)

An AJumaw1 m�h describes a contest becween Moon Old Man and F'l,sber Man at a cupule boulder on the shore or Jah -sha-la (Big Lake) In northern Ca!ltornla. This contest was the last In a series devised by the old Moon Man to test Fisher. lt resulted In Fisher lau,nchlng Moon, Sun, North Star and South Star Into tbe Sky World. Ajumawl elders say tbu the cupules on the boulder represeu the roocprlnts or Sun, Moon, North Si;ar, South Star, Fisher Man, Jamul (Coyote) and Kwan (Sliver

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Grey Fox), among others. The shape or the boulder· resembles Fox Mountain, which was the site of another mythic contest Involving Jamul and Kwan. It is also simllar In shape to the Jumping rock at Big Bend, where recent contests be.ween Pit River men have taken place. This paper discusses the Pit River concept or the test, documenting recent contests between Pit River men, the mythic contests Involving Jamul and Kwan, and Moon and Fisber.

Blount, Clinton, and Robert Riclc:1 (Tbeodoratu1 Cultural Reaearc.b) Bedrock M ortor U at in the Southern Sitrro N t11odo (Session II)

This video tape records tradltjonal methods or mllllng acorns using bedrock mortars and pestles. The tape also examines the remainder or the tool kit Including brushes and baskets. Information ln the tape supports the development or a functional model or bedrock mortars.

Brien••• Marvin (California Departmut of Parka and Recreation)

Tht Concept of Regional Jnditin Mu,eum• (Session VJ) The State Department of Parks and Recreation has adopted a program for

creating publlc exhibits around the state to provide regional coverage for all California Indians. Four such museums are presently funded and planned: Sierra, Mojave Desert, Great Basin, and Central Valley Reglons. Created through a process or public input and review, and aimed at the general public, these exhibits comprise a unique attempt to provide an Integrated overview or Na�lve American histor)' and culture.

Buekakin, Floyd {••• Benion, A.)

Callaghan, Catherine (Ohio State Univenity)

Th• Signif ictince of H a,rrinvton '• Chocheio Notes (Session I) J. P. Harrington's Chochefio field notes number ;wo hundred to three hundred

pages a-.lea.st and are of crucial lmportallce to the anthropologist and historian as well as the Ungulst. They are filled With words and sentences In the aboriginal language of the San Jose area. Interspersed with these are ethnographic dai;a and Information on place names and the genealogy or Indians.

Campbell, Patricia, and Kathleen Conti (Santa Barbara Museum or Natural History)

Tht Chumo,h Culture Youth Project (Session VIII) The Chumash Culture Youth Project Is a regional anthropology education

program for young people involving Chumash elders, anthropologists, archaeologists, ethnobotanlsts, fllntknappers, basketmakers, lll!d others with Chumash Indian material culture, and features personal Interaction with resource people, field trips, volunteer work, study, and the collection and use or authentic natural materials in the replication of baskets and other artifacts. In hands-on workshops. Classes are held throughout the old Chumash terMtory.

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Cub, Margaret (,.• Schneider, E.)

Cu11:1min1, Marjorio (Ranford, CA), and Willia11:1 Suborg (Fre1no City College)

How Coyote Stoic th, s .. n: A Yoht, Indian Mgth (Video after Session fV) Based on a Yokuts myth recorded by John P. Harrington 1n 1916, cb1s myth was

related to Harrington by old Tom Atwell. a Yokuts man Uvlng at the Santa Rosa Rancherla south or Lemoore. Tom·s nephew, Brown WUson. appears In the film.

Conti, Knhleen (au Ca.mpbe_U, P.)

Cota, Victor (ue Schneider, E.)

Daily, Marla (SBMNB Cha1111el IJl111dt Anhive)

The lone Woman of S<1n Nicol<l�: A New Hgpoth,,i, on Her Origin (Session XII)

Was the Lone Woman or San Nicolas lslnnd a native Nicoleiio? New 1nrormaclon, when combined with a review or certain previously published racts, leads to che conjecture thnt she may not have been a naclve Nlcoleno at all, but in ract an Indian rrom the north. The currently accepted view, as first articulated by anthropologlst A.IJ'red Kroeber, Is that nactve Nlcolenos were speakers or a Gabrlellno dialect, shared also with the adjacent mainland Indlans. It Is here hypothesized that che origin or the Lone Woman may bnve been connected to Kodiak or Aleut hunters Involved In the sea otter trade In southern California.

Denardo, Carol (tee Schneider, E.)

DuncLD, Faith (Univertity of Ari,ona)

A Western Miwok Sen•c of Place: An<1ly••• of tht l•<1bcl Kelly Nott• (Session Xl)

The Kelly etbnograpblc notes are one or �o major sources or !nl'ormatlon on the pon cont.act ureways or the Western Mlwok. A ·sense or place· can be defined as the attitudes, objects, events, and actlv!Ucs that placed Native Americans 1n particular rclatlonslllps to natural resources, locations, and events. The ways In which traditional ethnography dcllncai.es such relatlonsbJps are examined and complementa.r)' methods ror qualifying a ·sense or place· are suggested.

Evau, Nancy (Califonlia Depart11:1Ht of Pukt a11d Recreation)

Tr<1ditionol Pit Rit1cr Fi,hing Right. and M tthoda: The C<1•< of the Sacramento s .. ,k,, (Session VIll)

The Pit River Tribal Council and the Department or Parks and Recreation a.re working tQiCtbcr to protect, preserve and Insure tradltlonal 11se or the stone fish traps at AJumawl Lava Springs State Park. The traps or weirs are slt�s ror the bJstor!c and concemporru,· procus or Oshlng ror the Sacramento sucker Coto,tomu•

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occidcnto.li, A)• res. �hnographlc and blologlcal research bas pro,ided a backgrou.nd ror changes ID tbe 1987 California Spon F'lshing Regulations wblcb allow this actMt)' to legally continue In the tra.dlt lonal terrltorr or the Ajumav.1 and Ilmawl Bands.

Farmer, J111tiD F. (Diegaeiio)

Clu110.ctcristics of the 841kctry of the Southern California "Mis.ion" Indians {Session Il)

"Mission" lndlan baskets dJffer rrom all other lndlan baskets In a number or ways: I) they utilize the "lvUsslon" stltcb, 2} the foundation materlal Is or Muhlcnbcrgio. (deer grass), the stitching material Is Juncus and/or sumac, 3) the coU dlrect1oo Is clockwise, 4} pattern material ls eruemelr variable and not- dlar;nostic, 5) shapes are variable but In general there are no straight vertlcal sides, 6) basketS will rarel)' be taller than the)' are wide.

F M'i� a, Glenn J. (California Department or Parka and Rer.rution)

Recognizing Jndio.n Folk Hi,tory o.• Rco.l Hi,tory: A Fort Rou Eumplc. (Session ID)

Too often do we find Native American folk history patronlzed as "legend" or some form or "Just,-so" stories without basis In ract, when ID realJcy they orten form valid oral history simply told from a different v!ewpoln& and background. Two such stories rrom the Kashaya Pomo living near F'on Ross are compared With Russian and Engllsh historical aecounts to give us a remarkable picture of a Hudson's Bay Expedition In California ln 1833.

Fielda, Virginia M. (Humboldt State Univeraity)

Uain9 Archi11"1 Sovrcc, to Document Pre-Contact Cultural Tr4dition• (Session II)

The use or feathered headdresses a.Dd belts In �he annual ceremonies performed by ,·arlous Mlwok, Maldu, Patwln, 11.Dd Pomo trlbes or Central California bas been well-document.ed. Feathered head rolls a.Dd bandollers are also imponant It.ems or regalia .1n Nonhwest.ern Callfomla. The purchase or a Central California woodpecker headdress b)' a collector 1n 1905 from a Hup'i ceremonlallst provides some Insights Into the shared traditions or both reatherworklng and religious ac�Mcy In northern CallforoJa.

Flynn, John {UCSB Department of Re.liglo111 Studio,)

So.crcd Pio.cc, So.crcd $po.cc: Crcatioc Reflection o.t Arrowhead Spring, (Session X)

In the study of Callforola Indian rock art, a dlstlnctlon must be made becween Sacred Place and Sacred Space. Sacred Place relates to the reasons why partlcuJar locations have been chosen as areas to paint, and Sacred Space relares to the organlza&lon and use or the area ror ritual purposes. Arrowhead Springs, a Chumash rock art site In the nearby Santa Ynez mountains, represen;s an example or the distinction between Place and Space ln stud)" or Callforoia Indlan rock art.

Forbu, Kui (oee Sm.itb, A.)

Gamble, Lynn (1ee Schneider, E.)

Gla1ier1 Stephen D. (Wt1tmont College) Annci Hodwick Gciyton nnd the Study of Ccilifornia Mythology (Session ID)

Few antllropolog!s1.S Hudled Calll'ornla Indian mythologies as lnt�nslvely and e:ttenslvely as did Anna Hadwlck Gayton. Her works on Yokuts and Western Mono m�bs, ror example. are 111dely known. In th.ls presen�tlon, some or GaYtQn·s many coMrlbutlons will be assessed, with special attention to her 1935 essay "Ar&al AffllJatlons or CalJfornJa Folktales:· It Is contended that ··Areal Aflillatlons·· ls among the most nor.able or Gayi;on·s publlc�ons because It constJtutes a radJcal (although po!Jte) critique or an earlier and classification or Calll'ornla tales developed by Alfred L. Kroeber.

Golla, Vlctor (George Wa1hlngton Univer1ity) Th• Ath.do•kan Entry into Oregon cind Californio: Some Lingui•tic Evidence (Session IV)

Athaba:ikan-speaklng peoples entered sou,hwestern Oregon, and northwestern Callrornla rrom the north some time In the first mllienlum B.C. Comparative llngulsi;lcs throws light on thls migration, helpfully supplementing the me.ager archaeological record. Evidence for several matters wru be dJscussed, Including: (1) date or entry, both In absolute cllronology and rel&tlve to other language-group movements; (2) route or mJgratlon; (3) cultural elements Introduced into this &rea by l n -mlgra.tlng Athabaskans; (4) Influences on Athabaskans from the older Oregon &nd California. cultures among whom they seiitled.

Hiekl, Roberi (1e• Blollllt, C.)

llolliman, Sandra (U1tiveraity of California, Suta B.arbara) Se: Differtnct• in Behovior Among the Chumuh: The Ethnogrophic Evid=et (Session XII)

Sex dJfferenc:es In behavior &mong the Chumash &re documented ethnograpbJca.lly. This evidence supplements exJstlng tnrormatJon about a number or topics lncludJng: the dJvlslon or labor In bunting/gathering societies, sex dJfferences In object use &nd tbe mater!&! culwre or the Chumash, and data concernJng Chumash acclvltJes derived rrom a.rcbaeology &nd physic&! &nthropology. Eihnographlc evidence &bout sex differences In behavior among the Chumash contrlbuges to exJstlng Information &bout the culture.s or tbl.s specific group and or aboriginal Calltornl& ln general.

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Hyder, WUU.m D. (UAivenity or California, Sanu B&rbara), and Georgia Lee (San LujJ Obupo County �buological Soc.iety) "It'• a damned nice problem/": A Re1Jiew of California Rock Art Studio• Since Steward (Session X)

Based on letters rrom Wllllam Duncan Strong t.O Julian Steward outlining what was 1,0 become Steward"s pioneering work on C&llfornla rock art, we e:i:amlne the Influence or Strong and St.eWard"s appro&eh on later studies. Strong"s outline, closely rollowed by Steward, ldentUles the need t-0 dlst!ngulsb scyle areas, techniques of production, age, and meanlng. Strong polmedl>• denies the userulness of ethnography In rock art study In all but a rew Instances. Wblle I.at.er work bas expanded upon and Is attempting to Improve on the original methods for de0n1ng scyles and new technologies are ge�lng us closer t.0 being able f.O answer such questions aboo1 age and sources or plgment.S, ethnologr remains a little explored approach to rock art stodles. We e,•aluate the current s.ai;e or Callfornla roc.k art studles and sug:est how ethnographlc studles might help ad\"ance the Held.

Jack, J'ranu• (Bopland Raneheria), and Marianne Mlt.bun (Univenlty of California, Santo Barbara) Centro/ Pomo Dialectolog11 and the Strength• of Coll•• (Session 1)

Central Pomo, one or seYcn mutually 1rnlnu:lllglblc luguages or �he Pomoan ramllr or Northern C&llfornla, has se,•eraJ different dlalects. This brier dlscusslon will lllustrat-e the klnds or lnferences that can be drawn rrom seemlngly Idiosyncratic d.lalect dlJJerences.

John,on, John R, (Santo Barbara Munllm or Nat·ural Hlnory) Geog,aphic Aspect, of Chuma.,h Sociopolitical Organization (Session \T)

Ethnohlswrlc e,1dence suggests that eertaln Chumash '1llages outranked others In poll.JcaJ lmpor�ce. Thls pnper examines two economic models which have been offered to explain the evolution or Chumash social complexlcr In terms or their geographlt expectations. The results or geographic analyses Indicate that both models liave expl.anat,0ry value In predlctlng polltlcal centrality among the Chum.ash.

Job noon, Weldon (Colorado River lndi&n Tribe, Muoeum) The Colorado Rive� Indian Tribes M,ucum: A Multifaceted Mu,cum (Session VI)

This paper wUI discuss an Institution that has the unique charge of helping to preserve cultures or rour Native groups who occupy a common area- Mohave, Cbemehue,1, Hopi and Navajo.

15

Keeling, Richard (Berkeley, CA) The "Sobbing" Quality in a Hu'{)a Brush Dance Song (Session XI)

Among the Yurok lndians and neighboring tribes of northwestern Callforn1a, contemporary (post;-1950) singing has been shaped by aborlpnal practices quite dUferent from "music" as we generally understand the term. Viewed neither as art nor entertainment, singing was chiefly used In connection wlth making medicine to achieve practical results. Through numerous examples, this paper describes how male sweathouse practices and other customs Involving institutlonall%ed crying have lel't a formative imprint on modern ritual singing.

King, Ch•ster (Topanga, CA) The Evolution of Chumash Socio-Cultural Complexity (Session V)

Growth or Chumash social Institutions was accompan1ed by corresponding changes in the material objects used to ma1ni;a!n them. Changes in artifacts and their distribution In archaeological sites Indicate Institutions became increasingly dlfferentlated from each other and individuals. Institutions also became Increasingly integrated with each other. Chumash soclecy developed social Institutions whkh Integrated large areas. The degree or development or their economic system was apparently un1q11e In North America.

Laidlaw, Robert (Bureau or Land Management), and Sonia Tames (U.S. Forest Service) Feder4I Resource Management Programs and the Developing Role of the California [ndfon Community [Session VII)

The Involvement or the California Native American communlcy federal programs has dramatically increased in recent years. The federal recognition or new tribal organl%at1ons, developing non-tribal etli'.nlc communities, and the changing priorities and needs or established reservations and rancherlas have contributed ro a broader range of issues and heightened level or interest in federal agency programs. This paper examines these trends, federal response and emerging Issues, including requests for lands, traditional use or resources and a shrinking resource base, religious and traditional cultural values, and consistency between federal agencies in addressing Native American communlcy concerns.

Lee, Georgia (■ee Ryder, W. D.)

LaPen■, Frank (Winwn) Poetry Reading (Session IX)

Frank LaPena bas been the Chair or the Ethn.ic Studies Deparnnent at Sacramento State UnJverslty. Whlle being a published poet, LaPena Is also le.Down as a painter and a traditional dancer and singer. He llolds an M.A. In Art.

16

Lf'-y, Richard S. (Am.erican AJ-cbaeological Con1ultant11 ln�) Ca.lifornfo Linguistic Time Dept� (Session IV)

ln previous research I have applled the teclm!ques of glo=bronol<>:}' to Native American language ramlUes or central California (Penutlan &Dd Pomo&D). A subsequent paper dealt with Northwest Coast languages. This paper combines data from the cwo previous st11dles and chronologies from southern Caltrorn1e (Yuman, Ut<r-Aztecan and Chuma.sh) to produce a complete linguistic chronology for California. Brief consideration Is also given to the application or these chronologies to archaeologkal questions.

McCarthy, Helen (Univerlity of Califomia, Davia) Functional Ana.ly,is of Bedrock Morta.ra, Mono Territor11, South Centro.I Sierra.• (Session II)

With the ald or Mono elders, TCR researchers developed a model or bedrock mortars ba.sed on their d11ferentlal use for the preparation or vegetal materials wruch manifest distinct qualities. The consultant-generated model was round to have a high degree of rellablUcy and conslsrency, the quantifiable, <Uagnostlc attributes were applied to a larger sample In the Crane Valley study area to determine the <Ustrlbutlon or mortar types In tbls region. Emphases on particular mllUng processes within thls calrure and environment are thus Implied.

MeGovran, Emutine De Soto (Cbumub) Memories of My Mother, Ma.ry J. Yee (Session XII)

Marra Joaquina Yee nc!e Rowe (1897-1965) was the last known natlve speaker or the Barbareiio Chumash language. Tbls short biography sketches her life story and desrlbes ber efforts to preserve the Chumas.h language and folklore through her work wltb linguists John P. Harrington and Madison Beeler.

Mart,, Patricia (Environmental Bruch, U.S. Army Corp• of Engineera) Socia.I Dimenaions of Chu mesh M ortua.ry Popufotions in the Sa.nta. Monica M ovntain, Region (Session V)

Questions regar<Ung the level or soclopolltlcal complexity acrueved by the Chu.mash a.re addressed �hrough analysis or five preb.istoric/blswrlc mortua.ry popu.latlons. Thls study avoids the circular reasoning Inherent In studies based upon methods or par;i;ern recognltlon generated by etbnographlc data and noi; validated by s.atlstlcal con.rols. Dei;alled, explicit arg1unen&s about status <Umensions reflected In Chumash ethnographic and mortuary data are developed, ad,• anced as formal hypotheses and subjected to statistical evaluation.

17

Mehler, Sandra J. (Grace Hudaon MuHum/Sun Hou1e), and EloiJe R. Barter (California Department of Park& and Recreation) Dr. Joh.n W. N. Hudson (1857-1996): A Di,tingui,h.ed Coll«tor Scholar of Nati,;e California (Session XII)

Dr. John Wtlz Napier Hudson came to Ukiah rrom Tennessee in 1889; from then until hls death, Hudson immersed himself In the study of Uvlng Native American cultures, closely collaborating with bis wife, portrait artist Grace Hudson. We will provide an introduction to John Hudson, &he scope and quality or bis anthropological work and museum collection, emphasizing the complementary archival holdings or &he Field Museum and the Grace Hudson Museum.

Mithun, Muia.nn• (aee Jack, F.)

Mowery, IvadeUe (Sierra Mono Mu1eum) Hi,tory and Purpo>< of the Sierra Mono Muuum (Session VI)

The North Fork Mono Tribe bullt and establlshed the Sierra Mono Museum In 1971 to preserve their cultural heritage and tradlt!ons. 1n addltlon to managing an e.xtenslve collection, the Museum mal.ntalns burial and curatorial agreements with c.onstruc.:lon and forestry agencies throughout California. The pas& two years have brought about many new developmenu at the Museum. This paper will lllghllght these developmen&s.

Norton, Jack (Humboldt State Uuiver1ity) Indian• and Anthropologi,t. (Session VIII)

This paper w1lJ reevaluate Kroeber·s religious constructs concerning the tribes or Northwestern Callfornia.

Oanda11u, William (Yuki Tribe, Round Valley R01ervation) A Critique of the N EH Code of Ethic• (Session VIlI)

The relationship of anthropologists and other social scientists to Na.:lve American communities a.nder study requlres a consideration or the ethical posture or the researcher. This dlscusslon provides a crl.:lque or the code or ethics provided by the National Endowment for the Humanltles 1n thls regard.

OandHan, Willliim (Yuki Tribe, Round Valley Ruervation) Poetry Reading (Session IX)

Wllllam Oandasan ls the former Senlor Edltor or the American Indian Culture 4nd Rcoearch Journal at UCLA. He is the author or A Branch of California Redwood, Mo,;ing Inland and Round Valley Song•. He received an American Book Award in 1985 from the Before Columbus Foundation.

18

Ortia, lkv (Miwok Arth•ologieal Ptuerve or Marin), and l,a_nny Pinot. (Kubaya Pomo-Weaiert1 Mono)

Kulc Loklo: A Reercctcd Villc9c Find, New Life c, c Coa,t Miwok Cultural E:hibit (Sessl.on XI)

ln 1976 lmterested non-Jndlans recreated a Coast MJwok village &t Point Reyes Nation&! Seashore using pr�cont.act wols. ln contrast l.O �he e&rUer, m.Js1aken M�umpt!on tllat tbt C93$t MJwok l!&(I <l!��ppeared, l.Oday Coast Mlwok descendants supen1se actMtles at Kule Loklo. Th.ls p&pcr examines the philosophy behind Kule Lotuo·s development, Its transition Into & cultur&I exhibit, and bow Indians and non­lndl&ns have \1ewed It over the years.

Parkman, E. Breck

Voicu in the Rock: Ethnographic Model• end the /nlcrprctction o/ Ccli/ornio Rock Arr (Ses.s!on X)

Rock an sites are relatively common throughout C&Jlrorn!a. Ethno:rapbk &ecounts or sit.es, however, &re rare. In northern C&llforn!o., several well-known ethnographic models attribute cert.nln rock &rt occurrences to actMcics rocused on fercillcy· and weather control. Other etbnogrnphlc data suggest, that some rock nrt sites were associated with vision queslS, as well as hunting 11.nd fishing magic. This paper ls a discussion or Callfornla rock nrt and the ethnofl'&pbk models that have be<!n &nd m&y be used to Interpret It.

Pe!T)', Jean (Department of Lingui1ties, Univeralty of California, Berlceley)

Lin9ui11ic Te:i:h end Ethnohi1tor11: A Stud!! in Fieldwork M cthodology (Session ill)

The reco:rdln: or ethnoblstorlc d111a ls Inherent In mr method for recording Yurok l&n=1J&:e ce:ns. Tbls paper 11111 focus on the metbodoloiy that I h&ve developed tor collecting ethnoblstorlc&I material ln the field, processing It, and archMn:g It. I will t&ke as an enmple the problem or docUlllentlng Yurok - white contact over se,•eral generations.

Pinola, LIDD)' (au Ortia, B.)

Poe, Alie• (Point Arena, Manchuc.tr Band of Pomo hdia_ns)

The Mcnchcdcr/Point Arena Roundhou,c Rc,torction (Session VIII)

The Manchester /Point Arena roundhouse Is undergoing reswratlon. The members or the Manchester /Point Anna community have drawn upon their own resources &S well as the &ecumulated dat.a aJJd expertise ot 11.ntbropologlsts. This discussion will focus on the n&�re of relatlonshlp beN'een the Pomo community aJJd outSlde scholars.

19

Queaeabe.rry, Steven (Cdifonua lndian Legal Servku) Tcrmin<1tion <1nd Untcrmin<1tion in Coli/orniA (Session Vil)

Slny tribes on tblrty�lgbt CaJJJ'ornla rancberlas fell Victim to termJnatlon between 1954 and 1961. Tbe California R.ancherla Act, 72 Stat. 619 (1958) t-00k effect between 1961 and 1970. In Callfornla, tbrougb the Tillie H ord,oick class action suit (August, 1984), 17 Callfornla Indlan rancherlas have been untenninated. ln rraming new constitutions and bylaws, does It serve the 1Jlt.erests or tribes to impose models created by non-Indians! Or Is It possible, or even becter, to aid them In reconstructing their own traditional governmental systems?

Rivera, Joae (UC Rlvenide) Some Furth.ct Though.ti <10oul the Regional Indian Mu•eumi (Session VI)

Thls paper w1lJ dlscuss the development or the Regional Indlan Museums from the point or view or one Native American.

Sanches, Georgiana (Chuma■h-Pima/Pagago) Poetry Re<1ding (Session IX)

Georgiana Sanchez Is currently teaching American Indian literature at Long Beach State University. She bas won the Dr. Ronald Foote Prize in Fiction. She received her B.A. and M.A. In English from Long Beach State Unlverslty.

Sando■, Jame■ A. (Department or Hl■tory, Uaivenity or Redl.aad■ The Serr<1 Ccinoni:ation and the Hi,torical Record (Session VII)

JUDlpero Serra's cause for sainthood was the first ror whlch an blstor!cal record of public and private ure bad to be reconstructed. That record Is partially based upon Herbert Bolton's historical testimony whlcb must be qualified by the oral tradJtlons or former Mission Indians and their descendants as recovered Crom tbe field no�es of John P. Harringwn. The Harrington-Bolton relatlonshlp bas been previously overlooked.

Sarria, Greg (Stanford Uaivenity) A Cu/lure Under GI'".: The Pomo Ba,ket (Session II)

This paper explores the relatlonshlp between the producer or a Pomo basket and ber people, between the museum curators and their society, and most slgnlftcantly, the relat:lonshlp between the dlsplayers and the producers, the history or which explains the loss which Isolates the Pomo basket under glass, silent but not lncommunlcatlve.

20

Sarri,, Greg (Stanford Univer1ity) Poiaon Mon ond the W omon from Sulfur Bonk (Session ill)

ln this paper I w1ll retell a story l was told nearly twenty yea.rs ago by Mabel McKay, noted Cache Creek Pomo weaver and doctor. In an attempt to weave personal experle.nce and analysis of that experience, I examine how the story, whlch Is referred to !n other forms or talk as well- gossip, family histories- continues over time to mlx and overlap w1tb other stories to paint an lncreas!ngly complex world for the llst.ener, teaching among other tlllngs, that there is always .. more to the story."

Saubel, Katherine (Malki Muuum) An Overview of the M olki M uaeum (Session VI)

This paper will discuss the early beglnn!Dgs of the Museum and w1IJ present a rationale for developing an Indian museum press.

Sayer■, A n n -Marie (Mut11LD Cortanoan) Fighting for Land (Session Vlll)

After quallfylng to reclaim ancestral land under the lndlan Allotment Act of 188i, after seve.n years or effort, tens or thousands of dollars in expense, and !nvolvlng hundreds or people, the U.S. Bureau or Land Management says, .. We sure goofed on th1s one ... Are Indians still subject to false prom.lses ln Wd!!,y's soc!1'!ty? False hope, false promises, and lnsu.rmountable, undue red-�pe: Is this the Native American lndlans plight? You can help, your voice can make a difference.

Seaberg, William (See Cummin1, M.)

Schneider, Elaine, L)'Dll Gamble, Carol Denardo, Margaret Cuh, and Vict.nr Cnh (UCSB and Santa Ines lndiu Ruervation) California Indian Jnitioted Archeological Laboratory Program (Session VIII)

The Federally Recognized Elders CouncO worked together with the Center ror Antb!'QPologlcal Studies In the Anthropology Department at UCSB to create a training program for American Indians from the Santa Inez Indian Reservation to learn archeologlcal laboratory methods. The part1clpants learned to identlfy shell to species, to dlst!ngulsh fish bone from sea mammal bone and other bone, to recognize chipped stone, and other skills. The reasons why this program was initiated and what was galned from this experience will be discussed.

Shipek, Flnrenee (Department nf lfutory, U.C. River■ide) Working for Indian• (Session VTII)

A discussion or the procedures and methods found useful In working for Callforn.ia Indians will be presented. Emphasis ls on worklng for them, that is providing them wlth adequate Information or expertise on the topics they see as necessary for their decision- m aking process.

Slagle, AJ Logan (CILS Board of Truateea and Stanford Law School)

Problem, of Unrecognized Tribe, in California (Session VII) The governing statutory criteria for status clarlflcatlon or non-rederally­

recognized Indian tribes appear at 25 CFR 83.1·11, April 1, 1985 . . Consistent wltb requirements for analysis and content In 25 CFR 83.7, this work includes a statement or facts establishing: that the tribe bas been Identified historically and contlnuously 11DtU the present as "American Ind.Jan, Native American, or aboriginal"; that a substantial portion inhabits a specific geograpWc territory; that the group's means or self-government bas evolved from an Wstorlcal American Ind.Ian tribal government; and that the tribe Is neither tennlnated, banned, nor affiliated with any other tribe. Appended to the text there Is a copy or present governing documents of the Tribe, or at the very least, historical and current lists or membersblp. The presenta'lon w1U survey current developments federal acknowledgement with emphasis on specific cases for recognition wblch either have been determined since 1978, or which are 1n process at this time. Over .wenty or these tribes are In California.

SJ.gle, Al Logan (CILS Board of Tnuteu and Stanford Law School)

Federal Acknowledgement, Anthropologi,t,, and Ad11ocacy (Session VIll) To be acknowledged as an Ind.Ian trlbe under current regulations, a group

lnd.lgeno11s r.o the United States must be ethnically and culturally Identifiable, but not otherwise flllly acknowledged by the United States Department or Inttrlor (25 CFR 83.3a). Among the mandatory criteria ror rederal acknowledgement prescribed In 25 CFR 83. 7 is "(a) A statement or faces establishing chat the petltloner bas been ldenclfled from historlcal times until the present on a substanclally continuous basis as 'American Ind.Ian', or 'aboriginal' . . . Evldence to be relled upon In determining the group's substantially continuous Identity shall Include one or more or the foUowlllg: (5) ldenclflcation as an Indian entlcy by anthropologists, historians, or other scholars; (6) Repeated ldent16catlon as an lndlan entity Ill newspapers and books ... " The role or the anthropologist is plainly critlcal to the sat!sfac.Ion or the criteria for federal acknowledgement. Thls presentation w1U d.lscuss, briefly, the important role anthropologists must play in support of this specialized and critically important kind of advocacy.

Smith, Adrian (Butte Tribal Coaneil), and Kari Farb .. (Calif om.la State Univenity, Chico)

Concow M aidu and Federal Recognition {Session VDI) Anthropologists are more often than ever before applying their academic

disclpllne to serve those communltles which, until recently, were mere laboratories. In Calltornia a unlque situation bas arisen whereby the anthropologist and Native American are working together toward common Interests. In one such case members or the Concow Maldu or Northern Callfornla have recently enllsced the assistance or an anthropologist to research and write their echnohlstory In conjunction with the Federal Recognition Program.

22

Sutl<>n, Mark (California State College Baktr■field)

Appro11che• to Lingui&tic Prehistory (Session IV) The goal or Identifying groups that spoke a common language and/or shared a

common heritage in antiquicy Is a basic, and one or tbe most difficult, goals or

archaeology. The earlier the archaeological material, the more difficult the task becomes. All approach to the ldentlftcation or ""ethnic"" groups and their movements in prehlstory, especially late prehistory, Is outll.ned.

Tamet, Sonia (1ee Laidlaw, R.)

Timbrook, Jan (Santa Barbara Mu■eum of Natural B.iatory)

Virtuous Herb,: Pl11nts in Ch11.m11,h Medicine (Session XII) This paper describes herbal medicine among the Chumash and discusses the

effects or Spanis.b, Mexican, and Anglo-American contact on tradltlonal medlcal practices. 1n traditional Chumash culture, plants played a role In most medical treatments. Several kinds or shamans, ea.ch highly trained In a particular medical speclalcy, were paid ror tbe!r services and generally kept their methods secret. During the mission era, most or these specialists died out. Herbal folk medicine ba.s continued to the present day.

TUJ"ner, Katherine (UC Berkeley)

S11/incn: Documenh 11nd Documenfotion (Session I) Sallnan was spoken along the south central coast or CaUrornla until 30 years

ago. The language can only be Investigated by the use or written records. This paper discusses all or the linguistic sources for Salinan, their value relative to ea.ch other, and the present locaGions of ea.ch.

W•inberger, Gay (Porterville College)

What tho Yokut•H1111t Told Us About Rock Art in Tul11rt Count11 (SessionX) S\pce the turn of the century, ethnographers have recorded Information from

members of various Yokuts subtr!bal groups in Tulare Councy, Callforn1a.. Data collected by several researchers from the early 1900's to the present will be examined as It relates to speclnc rock art sites. Information ranges from site locations and place names to function and the slgn!ftcance of sites. Problems with the ethnographic approach w!ll also be briefly discussed.