W&*rfSj. A/ f

o, ** ~~> ,H^i?._-x'ifr*'' A -

^h^ *i ^^^& )"

*^&?r f^^'^MP^TOv ^4 ,^

t ^TW^v .<*. dW^>|^ .4^.41 rib

jNj&m. *~ ^^^^^^&-m- 31m? **i* -41 ,^^^*~i* \^-- 1*^

fa/

^ ^ -^<T , ^^gH

ssy^r

THE LIBRARYOF

THE UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIALOS ANGELES

fe- TOIR% itly \

^^r

fe<

w^ ^m^r^*> , <%$ -*-

^ -<f ^

^^Sittk^^.

ol

AM*l?k^-^^ ,^ ^

,*

i , =y" "

,J<r 'ii>V*r '

i"*" ~

ff\-Jt^yf I i

^fe c: -j^v wv^?^^frr A rjr^ %.

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE

OF

PHRASE- WRITING

By WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY

OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER OF THE NEW YORK

SUPREME COURT SINCE 1862

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK

MCMV

Copyright, 1904

BY WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OFPHRASE-WRITING.

Brevity, Legibility, Speed these are the essentials of a goodsystem of Shorthand. A system which lacks any one of these

qualities is of little practical value.

A system may be rapid, and illegible ; or a system may be

legible, and slow. Neither of these is desirable for the re-

porter's use.

To be of value, a system must be legible. A system in which

lengthy outlines are mainly used may be legible, but it cannot be

rapid enough for the higher grades .of stenographic work. Its

only merit is its legibility, and even this quality, under certain

circumstances, may be of transient or evanescent character; for,

if the hand-movement be accelerated, as it must be in the attemptto write fast enough for rapid note-taking, i.ts legibility is seri-

ously affected, if not destroyed, by the unavoidable distortion of

its outlines, which, owing to their undue length, require a slower

hand-movement for accurate formation.

To be of value, a system must be rapid, and to be rapid, a sys-

tem must be brief; but great brevity of outline is also likely to

cause illegibility, for the briefest outlines, besides being less sug-

gestive than longer ones, are oftentimes the most difficult to

write, and are therefore easily distorted when not written with

extreme care.

In the one case, legibility is secured at the expense of speed ;

in the other, speed is secured at the expense of legibility.

How to secure brevity and retain legibility, is a problem the

solution of which must be of the highest interest to all sten-

ographers.

BREVITY SECURED BY PHRASING.

No system of Shorthand can be considered as perfect as it

should be unless all superfluous pen-motions are eliminated from

452273

LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING.

it. Every pen-motion, however slight, consumes time. As the

average word, when written in a phrase- form, does not require

more than one pen-movement, the time required for writing one

word is saved whenever two words are joined, for the lifting of

the pen between words always involves more time and effort

than the writing of a single stem. When this saving is multiplied

by a thousand phrase-signs in a single report, the effect upon the

brevity of the writing is at once apparent, and further argumentwould be superfluous. That those who do not use phrasing

appreciate the importance of saving time, is shown by the fact

that they use fountain pens, or stiff, unyielding pencils, for the

purpose of obviating the comparatively trifling loss of time occa-

sioned by dipping; and it is amazing that any reporter can be

satisfied to work, year after year, without an attempt to avail

himself of the great advantages which phrasing affords.

As phrasing secures greater brevity of writing, the labor of

reporting is naturally decreased. An adept at phrasing will

write less than half the number of pages in a day's work that

will be required for the report of one who writes without phras-

ing, and yet his report will contain fully as many words prob-

ably more, if the work be extremely rapid. It is always a source

of gratification to the reporter to be able to write fast enoughto make his report verbatim, although required to put forth every

effort to accomplish that result, even to the limit of utter exhaus-

tion, as is frequently the case with writers of a disconnected

style; but it is much more satisfactory to be able to do the workmore easily and without exhaustion, by the use of rapidly-written

phrase-signs.

LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING.

Every writer of disconnected outlines knows how very difficult

he has often found it to be to read his hurriedly-written notes,

and how anxiously he has searched the context for some clue to

the meaning of an outline which has become distorted beyond

recognition in his effort to make a literal report. Text-book

writers have been disposed to encourage the student to rely too

much upon context for deciphering outlines lacking inherent

LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING.

legibility. In practical reporting, this constant and necessary

reliance upon the context is a standing confession of the inade-

quacy of the system used, or of the writer's lack of training in

the proper use of it. When one has formed the habit of usingthe few simple phrase-signs contained in the meager lists of his

text-book, he knows that he never has any trouble in reading

them, and that they are entirely distinct and unmistakable with-

out the aid of the context. This should be to him a sure indica-

tion that any further improvement in his writing is attainable

only by the adoption of a more extended and more systematic

method of phrasing.

If the writing of an expert in phrasing be examined, there will

be found, in every sentence, standing out, as it were, in bold relief

and entirely distinct from ordinary word-forms, phrase-signs

which are readable at sight and without the slightest aid from

the other words of the sentence. While the writer of the dis-

connected style is compelled to rely constantly upon the context,

and oftentimes cannot determine the meaning of a particular

word-form without scanning with careful and cautious delibera-

tion the whole sentence in which it is found, the use of phrase-

signs in the writing of an expert renders such entire dependence

unnecessary, for the phrase-signs, by reason of their inherent

legibility when properly made, not only suggest their own mean-

ing, but also furnish a key to the meaning of the context ;while

oftentimes two or three phrase-signs constitute a complete sen-

tence.

Besides enabling the reporter to do his work with ease, the

increased legibility which results from the use of phrasing enables

him to turn his notes over to a copyist for direct transcription,

thereby obviating the labor of copying them himself or the neces-

sity of devoting time to dictating them which could be more

profitably employed. In an experience of more than forty years

as an official reporter of the New York Supreme Court, it has

been the author's uniform custom to have all his transcripts made

from his original reports by copyists having no knowledge of the

matter they were to write except what they derived from the

reading of the notes. Without the use of phrasing, this could

SPEED SECURED BY PHRASING.

not be done with the other styles of Shorthand except by the

most careful and accurate writers.

SPEED SECURED BY PHRASING.

The student need not be surprised to find, now and then, a

professional reporter who uses but few phrase-signs, who will

assure him with all earnestness that phrasing is a snare and a

delusion that he has never found it an aid to speed, and thai

the use of it should be avoided. There are always individuals

to be found, in every profession, devoid of both the ambition and

the ability to work their way, by dint of application and effort,

to the highest rank of their profession, or even to the accom-

plishment of anything beyond the reach of mediocre talent. Such

persons are ever ready to ignore the cause of their inferiority,

especially when it is due to their own shortcomings, and they

take particular pains to induce themselves and others to believe

that the standard to which they have attained is the extreme

measure of all that is possible in their profession. Probablythere is not one of these wise ones who "do not believe in

phrasing" who has not committed to memory, by rote and

without reference to scientific rule, the few simple phrase-signs

of his text-book, which he uses constantly, and which even his

own statements of belief would not induce him to abandon. The

very fact that he uses them, is a refutation of his assertion that

phrasing is not a valuable aid in reporting; while the fact that

he uses no others is proof that he is lacking in that application

and persistency of purpose which always characterize the expertin any line of work.

That the use of phrasing does greatly increase the speed of

Shorthand, is manifest from the material lessening of the motions

of the hand which results from its use. It is scarcely necessary

to say that in a hurried report the stenographer has enough to do,

without making thousands of unnecessary pen-movements. All

respectable authorities are agreed as to the speed value of phras-

ing. Prof. F. G. Morris, author of The Phrase the most

scientific wrork ever written on the subject says: "The phrase

increases speed by obviating pen-liftings. The act of pen-lifting

WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED. 7

is quite complex. In addition to raising the pen, moving it

along a little space, and reapplying it to the paper, there are the

mental acts of ending one word and beginning another. Of

course, all these processes may be executed quickly, but time is

time. It is not easy to estimate a point like this, but probablya pen-lifting requires as much time as the writing of two strokes,

possibly three. One pen-lifting, it is true, does not require much

time, but many hundreds or thousands occurring in close succes-

sion are a serious drawback." Mr. Moran, author of The Report-

ing Style, says: "Every pen-lifting costs nearly half a second,

or the loss of a word ;" and that"the practice of phrase-writing

lessens the labor of reporting, and also adds to speed and legi-

bility." Mr. D. A. Brown says :

" Mere phonography, pure and

simple, is hardly adequate for practical work." Mr. Longley

places the average gain in speed by the use of phrasing, at twenty-

five per cent. Mr. D. W. Brown says :

"In all our Shorthand

writing, we need to economize time by indulging as little as pos-

sible in the'

unregistered movement,'"

i. e., the lifting of the penbetween outlines ; and he quotes the statement of another writer,

to the effect that no less than forty per cent, of the pen-move-ments are thus made "

in the air." He also quotes with approval

the statement of Mr. Cremer, that by the adoption of a systemof phrase-writing his own speed was

"literally hoisted thirty or

forty words a minute." These statements from some of the best-

known experts in the profession should certainly carry great

weight with those who have not investigated the subject in actual

practice. It may be safely asserted that every real stenographic

expert of the present day uses phrasing very largely in his work,

and that those who do not use it are those only who have neg-

lected to familiarize themselves with its principles and rules, or

who, for lack of special practice, have failed to acquire pro-

ficiency in applying them.

WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED.

In most of the text-books, whatever is said on the subject of

phrasing is deferred to the latter stage of the study, and it is

generally confined to brief lists of the simplest phrases. Few,

O WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED.

if any, rules are given to guide the student in the formation of

phrase-signs outside of these lists, but he is left to learn by expe-

rience what can be done in the way of phrase-writing. But

experience is a hard schoolmaster, and the result is usually what

might be expected. With nothing to guide him, the young sten-

ographer often finds that all his efforts result in hesitation which

lessens his speed, and in phrase-signs which cannot be read be-

cause of improper groupings of words. It is not surprising,

then, if he soon abandons all attempts at the formation of phrase-

signs, and in the end condemns all phrasing as worse than useless.

The student of Shorthand should learn the theory and practice

of phrasing in his regular course, in connection with the study

of each rule governing the various abbreviating principles. It is

by the employment of these principles in the representation of

words that the most useful phrase-signs are formed. Those whohave made some progress in the study without doing this, should

at once review the Manual and make up for their neglect. Theywill find themselves amply repaid in the increased brevity, legi-

bility, and rapidity of their notes.

No doubt, many writers hesitate to incorporate phrasing into

their systems because of the amount of study and practice that

might be necessary. Well, one cannot get something for nothing.

"All things are yours," if you are willing to pay the price. Thesilver dollar, lying at your feet in the street, will not pick itself

up for you. One man will do his work with a defective tool,

grumbling as he works. Another will use the necessary time and

effort to repair it and put it in order, and will then finish his job

quicker and better, and with a happier heart.

Other writers who use the simpler styles of Shorthand would

gladly make the change but for the fear that the attempt to use

the shorter signs might cause so much hesitation as seriously to

affect their speed, or that they might not be able to read the

unfamiliar signs with readiness. This fear is very natural, and

one might well hesitate to do anything that might have such

results. There is no danger ot this, however, if the matter be

taken up systematically. A single rule should be used while

engaged in actual work, until it can be applied with readiness ;

WHAT WORDS SHOULD BE JOINED.

then another should be taken up in the same manner; and this

should be continued until the whole art of phrasing has been

acquired. If this is done while engaged in reporting work, no

perceptible loss of speed will occur, but a decided gain will be

seen with the incorporation of each new principle into the writing ;

and the mind of the writer being upon the particular principle

while doing this, he will readily read whatever new signs he mayuse. It is in this manner that reporters are able to change from

one Pitmanic system to another without losing speed and without

confusing their notes.

WHAT WORDS SHOULD BE JOINED.

What words should be joined in a phrase-sign, is a matter that

should engage the attention of every thoughtful student. Anyjoining of words that may be made without difficulty will doubt-

less add to the speed of the writer; but it would be utterly unsafe

to rely upon any such easy way of solving the problem. It is

not every junction of words that may be made easily that will

make a good Shorthand phrase. Very many such junctions

would be illegible and one of the principal objects of phrase-

writing is to increase legibility. Prof. Morris says :

" With a

very few exceptions, words should be joined, not merely because

they can be, but also, and principally, because they belong to-

gether;" that"to make the best Shorthand phrase, the relation

must be such as to produce the impression of completeness."

This is an admirable statement of the fundamental rule of correct

phrasing. To the same effect is the statement of Mr. Irland,

that Shorthand phrasing"should, as nearly as possible, follow

the groupings of natural speech."

The ideal phrase, then, is made by the joining of such words

as, taken together, mean something. Because of its completeness

in meaning, such a phrase is always legible without the aid of

the context ; and even when it happens, as it sometimes does byreason of the character of the outlines of the words involved or

of some other inherent difficulty, that all the words cannot be

joined readily, the phrase may be divided, and the separate parts,

read together, are equally legible.

A WORD TO THE STUDENT.

Unfortunately, there are instances when necessity and con-

venience require that words be joined which do not belong to-

gether in the strict meaning of the rule stated by Prof. Morris,

but it is possible to bring these exceptional cases within such

definite rule that legibility may be preserved while speed is greatly

increased. The proposition may be stated generally in this way:That words that do not conform to the general rule should not

be joined unless the immediate context is such as to render the

phrase entirely clear. It is believed that in the following pagessuch phrases are so classified, illustrated, and explained, that the

diligent student need have no difficulty in using them intelligently

and effectively.

A WORD TO THE STUDENT.The value of this book to a student, depends upon the manner

in which he uses it. The mere possession of the book, or a cur-

sory examination of it, will not repay him for his investment in it.

It is not to be expected that he will commit to memory the exten-

sive lists of phrases here given, and yet he cannot know too manyof them

;but it should be his endeavor, by patient and intelligent

practice upon .them, to familiarize himself with the different prin-

ciples upon which they are formed, and especially with the reason

for each rule, that he may always be able to apply them quickly

and correctly. Speed in writing depends not so much uponmanual dexterity as upon perfect knowledge of principle and

familiarity with outlines. The rapid writer is he who knowswhat to write, at the instant he hears a word or phrase pro-

nounced, and who is able to put it upon paper promptly ; but he

is a slow writer who hesitates and deliberates as to the forms of

his outlines before he is able to decide how they should be

written.

The number of valuable phrase-signs that may be formed from

the rules hereafter stated, is incalculable. Nearly all the signs

given in the lists may be extended by prefixing or adding other

words, and as the student progresses he will soon find that phrase-

signs formed under any particular principle may be combined

with those formed under other principles ; and not until it is seen

to what extent this may be done will the whole power of the sys-

SIMPLE PHRASING.

tern be understood. Thus, the phrase did you is formedby using the word-sign for did and the Y-hook; for did

you ever, the V-hook is added; and for did you ever knoiv

him, the word-sign for know and the M-hook are added;and the completed phrase of five words is written withtwo stems. Written separately, five stems and four lifts of

the pen would be required. The phrase why did you say it

was not there, is formed by the word-sign for why, short-

ened to add did; the you-semi-circle joined to the word-

sign for say, which is shortened for it; and the word-signfor was, with the N-hook for not, the stem being length-ened for there, and the phrase of eight words is writtenwith three stems. Written separately, eight stems andseven lifts of the pen would be necessary.

SIMPLE PHRASING.

Simple Phrasing may be divided into the following classes :

1. Phrases formed by joining words without change of outline; as, ...-r

It may be;--V^^^v-- after many days; ...S?,=^_v .. for a time;-->^.

nothing has been done; ....^C^... whether or no;....^ she has J been

away. i

2. Phrases containing one or more words which are contracted more than

usual, for convenience in joining, the legibility of such words being preserved

by their relation to the other words of the phrase; as, f As far as:o v_J Vo

--.-- human life;..-.vL..eternal life; .--7\e.--his conversation ;. ^^~^-\^ ^_ /

I

must not be;..-./--- much more:---Xf-..for instance; v---to that extent.^

if.

3. Phrases in which a word usually abbreviated when written separately, is

written in full, or changed in form, for convenience in joining, or because it

might conflict with another word of similar formation; as, X. Didi * ^-7^

she know; J it belongs ;...kn. for his party; Z in

~X^<> ^/\fhis letter;. L> the night time; ...^Lr^?., .there is time enough.

4. Phrases in which it is necessary to insert a leading vowel, to distinguish

a particular word which is thrown out of its usual position ; as, <

In no case;... ^TTT... there is none ; . . .vrT". did he own them; ...77-1. in

doubt ;.-.AT^^P... adjourned my cause.

5. Phrases from which one or more words are omitted by the writer, but

GROUP PHRASING.

which are so certainly suggested by the remaining words that they are natural-

ly supplied in reading; as, .. .TS... Might have been; :. cause and

effect; cause of action; right of way; seems to

me; how long have you lived; how long have you been

acquainted.

6. Phrases that are divided, to avoid some difficulty in joining, the too fre-

quent repetition of the same stems, or .the extending of the outline too far

from the line of writing; as, , ..J^r.-i He ascertained what was done;

in many important cases; Unv-.ytell me how

much; ..-V.-'V- paper parcel.

7. Phrases that are divided in order to prevent their being mistaken for

other phrases or word-forms; as, --..i!R-..Be sustained; / be con-

sistent;... l. . . a judgment ; 7. . .

_^_. . a large amount.

8. Phrases from which one or more words are omitted, but which are read-

ily suggested to the reader by the peculiar form of the phrase-sign; as, ...II...

From day to dayj-.-^TT^ from time to time; __f-__._from year to year;

\V_.. .Better and better; quicker and quicker;

less and less ;<rt. . . . greater or less ;

- - -<^J ready to begin ;

to return.

GROUP PHRASING.

In Group Phrasing, all the regular attachments to stems, such as circles,

loops, and hooks, as well as the halving and lengthening principles, are used

for the representation of words. By means of such modifications and attach-

ments, the reporter is able to write, in a most convenient and rapid manner

and with perfect legibility, many words which, if written in their usual form

and phrased in the ordinary way, would necessitate a much greater number

of pen-motions and an undue length of phrase outline. For the purpose of

utilizing these expedients to the fullest extent and certainly to an extent im-

possible in any other system of shorthand and to avoid any exceptional and

confusing use of them, the word-signs of this system, with a very few excep-

tions, are written with full-length stems, to each of which all these expedients

can be readily and uniformly applied.

Very frequently, the words of a phrase occur in such relation to each other

as to permit two or more word-signs, with their modifications and attach-

GROUP PHRASING.

ments, to be used in the same phrase-sign; as, -_.k^_ -Did you ever know

him; V___why did you say it was not there; ^-j-.by which it mayhave beeni/; _._A^.state whether or not; .___^T5.-why did you go there.

Group Phrasing is further extended to the joining of a contraction or an

uncontracted_word-form to a phrase that is written in accordance with these

rules; as, SrP_._ ..Did you know his father; T when did youX_k^-s T^

go there again; >..what did you mean by it; v^> did you pay

the man.

Contractions and uncontracted word-forms may be joined, and attach-

ments and modifications applied to them, so far as stenographic rules permit ;

as, -yI believe there was not;..-~^i^-~.-- the picture resembled

him ;..-%. ..I paid him the money; - <\s --.? number of instances;

C l^~>-'_J ig

.-.-W^^...withdrew the money; ^ sne Pa'd ner rent -

In some cases, a word usually indicated in a phrase-sign by an attachment

to or a modification of a word-sign, is written with its ordinary outline, for

convenience in joining; as,-.trr>>__ At the time; ...J-^^...what did you say to

him; --^ cannot say it was ;... -^~- -- about what time ;- -

4x-_-- - - at

the present) time.

As in simple phrasing, one or more words that are clearly suggested by the

character of the phrase-sign, are sometimes omitted ; as, Lfe... It must have

been; ...-r^r^... gave it to him.

A phrase is sometimes divided into two parts, on account of difficulty in

joining the words; as, -.--j---l^^..He was not there at the time; ../?*- __k.-

when did he tell you so; ....*^r? we gave him the contract; .J^C-.JL...

it is better than the other; -..-rs ^....did you go there in the evening.

The usual outline of a word may often be changed in form, or shortened,

for greater convenience in phrasing; as, /L---.I do not recollect the occa-

1 *-***> I

sion;....!^^-- did you hear the testimony ; .. ...in writing; ___Aa__.

physician and surgeon; S^ very much like it; o^....hehas been

there;. .-"p-.. I went down there;. ..77^.. in your statement

j.-.^L^-. you

have no recollection.

Many very valuable phrase-signs are made by an exceptional use of certain

word-forming principles; as, ___!y. Further than; ..^rrQ may there

have been ;....Trt.-. instead of ;. he did not.

14 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS.

DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS.

There are many contractions and a few word-signs which,when standing alone, cannot be written out of their proper posi-

tions without risk of their conflicting with other words. Most of

these, when joined with other words in a phrase-sign are perfectly

distinct and unmistakable, because of their intimate relation to

such other words. There are a few, however, that require special

treatment, as will be seen by the examples given below.

Accident, Exclude, etc. In some systems of Shorthand, initial

K-stem is omitted in such words as accident, exclude, extent, etc.

This expedient makes necessary the utmost care in writing, and

frequently causes much hesitation in reading, owing to the exces-

sive brevity of the outlines. The expedient is in many cases

unnecessary, and should be avoided. In a phrase-sign, how-

ever, it is often an advantage to omit the K-stem ; as, Railroad

accident, 7?rsDnt; to that extent, TDhsTnt; they were excluded,

DhrsKIDd; cause of the accident, KsVtsDnt; full extent, FlsTnt.

After. This word should be written with the lengthened stem,

Ftr, when the word would otherwise be out of position.

Any, No. As any and no occupy different positions, there is

no chance of their conflicting when standing alone or when be-

ginning a phrase. Elsewhere in a phrase, no should be vocalized

wherever it is not distinguished by the other words to which it

is attached. The use of the J-tick for other, distinguishes anyother from neither, and no other from another.

Autumn should be vocalized, in a phrase-sign, as it is some

times necessary to write time with the same outline.

Conversation. The hook may be omitted when the full form

of the contraction cannot be joined easily to a preceding word.

Belong. When written out of position, belong should be writ-

ten BINg, to distinguish it from believe.

Do not. When out of position, it is sometimes necessary to

insert the vowel O, in this phrase, to avoid conflict with did not

or had not.

Doubt should be vocalized, when written out of position.

DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS. 15

Change. The word-sign cannot be used out of position. Theword should be written ChJ, in such case.

Copy. The final vowel should be inserted, whenever the verb

copy might conflict with keep.

Ever. Ever may be written with a V-hook in the middle of

a phrase. At the end of a phrase, it should be written Vr, in anycase where it might conflict with have.

Else, Less. Else should always be written downward, when

possible, in a phrase, and less upward. It is permissible to write

else upward after the phrases any one and no one, but it should

always be vocalized if written upward in other cases.

Half. This word sometimes occurs in such connection with

other words as to conflict with after, in which cases the vowel

should be inserted.

Is it is written Zt in the first position, as a special phrase, or

when beginning a phrase.

Gentlemen. When written out of position in a phrase, the

outline JtMn should be used.

Know their should be vocalized, if written in the third position.

Large amount. These words should not be joined, as they

would have the same form as the word judgment.

Lately should be vocalized, in a phrase-sign, to avoid conflict

with little.-

Not necessary. If these words occur after another word in a

phrase-sign, care should be taken that not be written so short

that the words cannot be read unnecessary.

Men, Women. The vowel should be inserted, when either of

these words is written out of position.

Neither should be vocalized, when written out of position.

Old, Late. To distinguish these words, old should be vocal-

ized, or written downward, in a phrase-sign.

Own. When used as a verb, own should always be vocalized,

if written out of position.

Pond, Point. Where both these words occur in the same

report, pond should be vocalized.

Parted, Party. These words should be written in full, in a

phrase-sign.

l6 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS.

Recollect, Recollection, may in a few cases he written with the

straight R struck downward, where the upstroke cannot be easily

joined; as in the phrases, / do not recollect; you have no recol-

lection.

Remember. The hook may be omitted, to facilitate joining

with a previous word.

Say. Say should be vocalized, whenever it is necessary to

write the word with a stem.

Same, Some. If any danger of conflict between these wordsbe apprehended, some should be vocalized.

Should. This word should always be written with the tick,

when the stem word-sign cannot be placed in the third position.

Take, Took. In cases where either of these words is liable to

be read for the other, the vowel may be written to the stem word-

sign, without using the K-stem.

The other. This phrase is written with the lengthened stem,

Dhtr.

Thought. This word should be written with the half-length,

Tht, when the full-length stroke cannot be placed in the first

position.

Thoughts should be written with the half-length, in any

position. .

These, Those. In phrasing, it is occasionally necessary to

vocalize these, when out of position, to distinguish it from this

and those. Those should also be vocalized, whenever it is likely

to conflict with these or this.

Time. This word should be written in full, Tm, if neither the

M-hook nor the stem word-sign can be joined; as in the phrases,

night time, NtTm ; there is time enough, DhrsTmNf.To is usually omitted in reporting, and indicated by writing

the words near each other between which it occurs; and the

words to the may often be indicated in the same way. In a few

cases, to is more quickly and easily indicated by shortening the

last stem of the outline preceding it. After an S-circle, to is

sometimes indicated by changing the circle to a loop. When to

is followed by a word that can be added by the use of a circle,

loop, hook, or other expedient, in accordance with the rules of

TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 17

group phrasing, it is generally better to write it with the T-stem,

with the subsequent word so added. At the beginning of a sen-

tence or clause, to is indicated by writing the succeeding word

entirely below the line. If the succeeding word be horizontal, 01

half-length, it should be written a little lower than the normal

position of a third-position horizontal word-sign.

Why should never be written out of position, unless vocalized ;

and it should be vocalized in the few cases in which it might pos-

sibly conflict with without when written in the first position.

POSITIONS OF PHRASES.

The general rule as to the positions of words in phrases is,

that the first word of a phrase should be written in the position

it would occupy if written separately. This rule is modified,

however, in the following particulars :

1. When a phrase begins with either of the tick word-signs

for A, An, And, He, I, or The, or with a semi-circle, the second

word of the phrase should be written in position, and not the tick

or semi-circle.

2. The tick word-signs for All, Awe, Already, and On, are only

used initially, and are never written out of their regular positions ;

except that either of them may be slightly raised or lowered, when

prefixed to an outline beginning above the line of writing, in

order to bring the second word of the phrase to its proper

position.

3. When a phrase begins with a first-position horizontal or

half-length word-form, or with the circle for Is or His, such

word-form or circle may be slightly raised or lowered to bring

the second word of the phrase to its regular position.

TICKS USED IN PHRASING.

The tick word-signs play a very important part in phrase-writ-

ing. If used properly, they are of great value. If used improp-

erly, the value of the phrase may be seriously impaired, and in

some cases even its meaning may be reversed. This is especially

true as to the ticks for He and /, and particular care should bt

l8 TICKS USED IN PHRASING.

taken that neither of these words be written with the sign appro-,

priated to the other. For these reasons, and in order that the

uses of the ticks may be thoroughly understood, full illustrations

are given of every possible manner in which they may be attached

to stems.

When two or more ticks are provided for the same word, that

tick should be chosen in each particular case which will makethe most distinct angle with the stem.

It is very much better that final ticks be used rather than initial

ticks, and the latter should not be used when the word can as

readily be indicated by a tick attached to the preceding outline.

Exceptions are made to this rule in respect to the ticks for 7 and

How, as well as to those word-signs which are only used initially.

A, AN, AND AND.

A, An, or And, is indicated by the T- or K-tick, before or after

any simple or hooked stem; except that before Lay the K-tick

should always be used.

HE.

The Chay-tick is the word-sign for He, and should always be

used for that word at the beginning of a phrase, when it will

make a distinct angle with the stem following it. When this

tick is used before Lay, the stem should be given a little extra

slope, to make the tick more distinct. He is never indicated by

any other tick, either when standing alone or at the beginningof a phrase-sign.

The word He must be attached by a tick to the preceding out-

line, or written separately, before any stem with which the Chay-tick would not make a distinct angle.

He must be attached to the preceding outline, or written sepa-

rately before LI, Rl, R\, Ml, Wl, or HI. To all other L-hook

stems He is prefixed by the Chay-tick.

He must be attached to the preceding outline, or written sepa-

rately before Kr, Gr, Lr, Rr, Rr, Mr, and Hr. To all other

R-hook stems He is prefixed by the Chay-tick.

TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 19

In the middle or at the end of a phrase-sign, He may be indi-

cated by the Chay-, P-, or Ray-tick.

HIM.

Him may be indicated by the P-tick, after a final hook, when-ever it would be inconvenient to use the M-hook or the H-stemfor that word.

HOW.

How is indicated at the beginning of a phrase-sign, by the

Chay- or Ray-tick written immediately below the line of writing.

In the middle of a phrase-sign, How may be indicated by either

of these ticks, following the positions of the stems to which it is

attached.

I.

/ is indicated by the T-tick, before R and W; by the P-tick,

before Lay, Ray, M, and H ; and by the Ray-tick before anyother stem.

In the middle or at the end of a phrase-sign, / may be indicated

by the K-tick, but only in cases where the T-tick cannot be used.

/ is never indicated by an inclined tick in the middle or at the

end of a phrase-sign.

IT.

It is indicated by the Chay-, P-, or Ray-tick, after any simple

or hooked half-length stem, or after a loop.

OF, TO.

The P-tick may be joined after an N-hook, to add the word

Of or To, in a few phrases; as, By means of; he means to;

kind of; kind to.

20 TICKS USED IN PHRASING.

OX

When written alone or joined to a succeeding stem, On maybe indicated by the Ray-tick written above the line. In a few

instances, where this tick will not join at a distinct angle, the

word On may be written with the Chay-tick.

SHOULD.

Should is indicated by the Ray-tick, if that can be more easil>

joined to a following stem than the stem Sh. When preceded

by He, I, or You, or when used initially, the tick must rest on

the line.

THE.

The is indicated by the Chay- or Ray-tick, before or after any

simple or hooked stem ; except that before Lay The is alwaysindicated by the Chay-tick, the stem being a little more inclined

than usual to accommodate the tick. In a very few cases, The

may be indicated by the P-tick.

THEIR, THERE, OTHER.

After a final circle or hook, or a half-length curved stem, a

shaded tick, struck in the direction of B or J, is used for Their

or There.

This tick is occasionally used for Other, especially after the

N-stem.

The N-hook, followed by this tick, expresses the word Another.

CIRCLES AND HOOKS.

The small circles and hooks may be used in connection with the

tick word-signs, with the same effect as when attached to stem

word-signs. These combinations should not be made by careless

writers, as they are likely to be illegible unless made with ex-

treme care.

TICK PHRASE-SIGNS. 21

12 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS.

TICKS JOINE1

24 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS.

TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 25

26 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS.

TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 27

28 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS.

TICKS JOINED TO STEMS.

The A-tick is written in the place of the Con-dot, for A con-, A coin-,

And con-, or And com-.

^ 1

_ A combination

_^..And combine

3i> And complain

\j And condemn

^c? A compensation

And contract

A A construction

Aa A confession

1 And completed

Srs-p- A conveyance

The con- or The com- is expressed by writing a diagonal tick in the place of

the Con-dot.

> The contention

__ _x^P_-The comparison

A______ The concession

___^Q___ The composition

\_______ The complaint

The contest

condemnation

The control

.3 The concern

The consignee

The A-tick is written in the place of the Ing-dot, for Ing a, Ing an, or

Ing and.

?f=i. Becoming a-an-and

.'.Calling a-an-and

Costing a-an-and

[ Doing a-an-and

J_ Changing a-an-and

Giving a-an-and

.-"TJ-Forming a-an-and

Acknowledging a-an-and

_|. Considering a-an-and

Trying a-an-and

A diagonal tick, written in the place of the Ing-dot, adds the word The after

the syllable Ing.

_!? Enriching the

-_ ^\-Representing the

._ Signing the

\__-Abusing the

vj Containing the

A small circle, written in the place of the Ing-dot, adds the word f/w or

after the syllable Ing.

S_ Referring the

x^N__ Losing the

J Taking the

-._J_ -Trying the

rr3<- Connecting the

^. Asking his-us>v

_\ Bringing his-us

Calling his-us

_L Delivering his-us

_^__Enriching his-us

_V2ft Furnishing his-us

30 THE S-CIRCLE.

-Giving his-us

Leaving his-us

.Making his-us

jy. Observing his-us

o< Serving his-us

.o : Trying his-us

THE S-CIRCLE.

Is, His, As, Has, Us, or Say, is added to another word by the S-circle.

Property is

\> Hope-Pay is

V _Part-y is*I .What is

-It is

i But is

I b-X Difference is

a Defendant is

4. Each is

o Which-Change is

./ Charge-Much is

"...Object is

&. Age-Agent is

JL--Advantage-Judge is^ o

Committee is

-f.-Form-Wife is

^. Half is

?...Thought is

ia__. ...Oath is

>p- Ever is

.to Month is

/. That is

. So is

_}__. .__As-Whose is

of. Usually is

SL Here is

_^ Where is

..._-^._Or is

s?.+ There is

_^. Recovery is

' D T"__ lime is

_^_ Year is

. IWhy is

STD When is

How is

>^ Length-Nothing is

The word It or The is added by changing the small circle to a small loop.

^. Occupies it-the

^._Pays it-the

^ Puts it-the

-^..Appraise it-the

.^ Buys it-the

^-.Believes it-the

\ Obeys it-the

b-.- Takes it-the

A Tries it-the

/C77-I.ikes it-the

-L- Tears it-theI

b.-.Does it-the

THE S-CIRCLE. .51

32 THE S-CIRCLE.

THE S-CIRCLE. 33

34 THE S-C1RCLE.

THE S-CIRCLE.

36 THE S-CIRCLE.

THE S-CIRCLE. 37

38 THE S-CIRCLE.

THE S-CIRCLE.

Between-What his own

<b At-Take his own

J To-But-Took his own1* Did his own

Jk Do his own

J Had his own/

J* Watch his own

* Change-Which his own

.1 Charge his own

_ Adjoin-ed-his own

./ Judge his own

___j.-Can his own

Give-n his own

____TT&-Gave-Against his own

.h*. If his own

^ For-Forget his own

-L. After his own(

_* Of-Live his own

4_- Have-Above his own*

-Thought his own

y/Should-Issue his own

9^_- Usually his own

_i Was his own

^ As-Has his ownx-6 *L While his own

oT--Will his own

y^ Allow his own

___Froni his own

-wfc Were-Wherc his own

"^T-.Ot his own

^C- Recollect his own

r^T-They are his own

-^- Are-Recover his own

<rar.May his own

-^P Whom his own

* In his own

ZirA. Know his own

-Own his own

A Worth his own

__,.- Thank his ownLf. With his own

> Though his own

J. That his own\

? Saw-See his own

A Sue his own

*_ Wish his own

9/ Shall-Show his own

Its own is expressed by halving a final stem and adding the circle and back-

hook.

s- c

*. Beyond his own

. You are his own

.-? Without his own

J7fc_- Whether his own

-T^, Would his own

<T3t-When his own

How his ownf 9

Think his own

-*~A! Among his own

_-^_Along his own

-Upon its own

-Pay its own

Put its own

_- By its own

40 THE S-CIRCLE.

-4-

Before its own

^_About its own

What its own

b At-Take its own

To-Took its own

. Did its own

Jb. Do its own

, Had its own

.4 Which-Change its own

~ Charge its own

Can its own

Give-n its own

-re Gave-Against its own

_ If its own

.Se For-Forget its own

..-.After its own

.*? Of its own

..-.Have its own

*. With its own

P.-Though its own

.. That its own

...See-Saw its own

Has Been.

Property has been

-V- -Hope-Pay has been

X Part-Party has been

...A-What has been

ia. It has been

But has beeni

.* Difference has been

Each has been

J, ...Which-Change has been

Is its own

^1 Was its own

_. As-Has its own4

g!._-Shall-Show its own

.., Should-Issue its own

While its own

. Will its own

-A,-- Allow its own

_~?L From its own

*-_Know its own

-~^ Were-Where its own

Or its own

-<- Recollect its own

. Are its own

^fi In its own

^._ Why-Without its own

"f. Beyond its own

^5_ When its own

How its own

J!f_ Think its own

>. Among its own

..Along its own

-L Much-Charge has been

_-6 Age-Agent has been

.^ Advantage-Judge has been

Committee has been

--=*. Company has been

>^._Ever has been

-^.Above has been

J That has been

J.?- She has been

Issue has been

THE S-CIRCLE.

X Usually has been

x?-_Whole has been

Here has been

_& Where has been

_~^ Hour has been

^^.""-.Or has been

ii? There has been

Any has been

* Why has been

1^> Way has been

_r Year has been

^S-When has been

-_~ How has beenX* ^6

Thing has been

-ST& Length- Nothing has been

It has been is expressed by halving a final stem and adding the circle and

back-hook.

V Hope it has been

\> Before it has been

A What it has been

j.But it has been

d Which it has been

How much it has been

-* How large it has beeni

f, If it has been

-Ve For it has been

.___After it has been

V Ever it has been

& Though it has been

_,- That it has beenN

? See it has been

A Say-So it has been

. As it has been

Than.

/__ Less than

crVj-More or less than

-O-.CT. Not less than

JC^ Worse than

-d- Show it has been

9* Usually it has been

While it has been

Here it has been

-~?t Where it has beeno

Or it has been

. There it has been

Time it has been

..yWhom it has been

& Know it has been

Own it has been

Why it has been

C9> Whether it has been

<3S__When it has been

-^ How it has been

: Think it has been

One.

Occupies one

\> Pays one

X_- Puts one

J? Buys one

THE SES-CIRCLE.

V> Obeys one

THE SES-CIRCLE. 43

44 THE SES-CIRCLE.

-. Yes his is-has

_ We say his is-has

_<7 Whether his is as

When a circle word-sign is followed

circle, a large circle is used to represent

fd Upon his examination

oc^r.Spends his money

-y? By his suggestion

>~ Is said

Is secure

-Is seen

J^ Is spoken

f^ It is such

4^. It is safest

.b It is sufficient

J^- It is as far as that

___Jv__It is serious

h__^It is seldom

_Jo.It is suggested

J3~S> It is sometimes

'T5i When his is as

Thinks his is as

^p As long as-his is

by an outline beginning with a small

both.

-P At his station

d^__Does his best

5^_ Close his businesso/ His consideration

-^2 Physician and surgeon

>ft-For his success

-V This is said

f^ She has spoken

--J Lease his house

J^iXi-In his certificate

_l In his circumstances

Influence his action

-<3~^It is simple

_-_^ Thinks as much

A small circle may be written within a final large circle, to add 7/w or 7^.

^S> Opposes his-us

^ffi-.Places his-us

m^ei Impresses his-us

T_^e>..Exposes his-us

3e> Supposes his-us

- Surprises his-us

5o Blesses his-us

^.-Entices his-us

-f~Q Dismisses his-us

_7b Induces his-us

^JQ Reduces his-us

1 Chooses his-us

^Q. Rejoices his-us

__Ci- Excuses his-us

>taC?_ Engrosses his-us

XL Faces his-us

-Aj- Refuses his-us

/ . ,.: Leases his-us

1^ Arouses his-us

Misses his-us

THE SES-CIRCLE. 45

46 THE SES-CIRCLE.

LOOPS. 47

48 LOOPS.

LOOPS 49

LOOPS.

r? Wise it is

s$> Whence it is

2tf_ .Thinks it is

_? Hears it is

__..-srf>__Knows it is

Owns it is

_-JZC__Yes, it is

In the middle ot a. phrase, To may be expressed by changing a small circle

to a loop.

L^\ What is to be

v^- It is to go

-IT^ it is to our

*T It is to his interest

-lr But is to become0\__/

T!T_Each is to know

L?. Which is to begin

State is prefixed to another word, and State, Stated, or Stating, is added,

by the small loop.

_6\_ Change is to be

,_/ Much is to be donei

_AL_-_--Such is to have

All-Object is to know

_/ Advantage is to be

That is to inform yoti

I State what

State each

_'! State which

State that

-C State them

!_1 State where

-f- State your

!^-_- State why

-J State whether

^d State when

-_t State of New York

State-d, Stating.

-Upon stating

_ By stating

_5. Before you state-d

^> Before stating

X, About stating

-What you state-d

___JL Did you state

_L Had state-dK /

f._-Each state-d

-/ Which state-d

.-^-Can you staten <^.^ If you state-d

?=__For you state-d

_(K After you state-d

^s- -Have you stated

_ With stating

fc They state-d

-6 They have stated

5 Though stating'

- That state-d

-^..-Asstated

.She stated*

LOOPS. s '

52 LOOPS.

d Was the first

As-Has the first

i Shall-Show the first

_.,Should the first

C. While the first

<r...Will the first

Allow the first

?_. .From-Hear the first

J>- Where Were the first

..-.-f -There-They are the first

-Are-Recover the first

.In the first

/-

~S

>> Know the first

Own the first

f_ Beyond the first

!?___ Without the first

>._. -.Whether the first

You are the first

When the first

How the first^o

Think the first

>?___ Among the first

Along the first

b

The word Street may be added by the small loop to the name oi a street.

^f__, Aurora street

.Beecher street

Carroll street

_.-<sr*_Crescent street

...Danforth street f^-- Lake street1

Elizabeth street

Exchange street

Finney street

_C^j-_Genesee street

Their or There is expressed by the large loop written in the place of the

S-circle. To this loop, the word Own may be added by the back-hook, or the

S-circle may be used for Is or Has.

Their, There.

^ About as there is

0_.-Wha1 is their-there

.b. It is their-there

L But as they are

A Which is their-there

jL Much as there has been

Because there is

__:5^?-Of course there is

_IL For as there is

/ That is their-there

d. So is there

._A Was as their-there

jAs is their-there

She has their own

_P Here is their

U Where is their-there

... Or is their-there

Any is there

Why is their-there

i-a.-When has their-there

-s^?- Nothing is there

LOOPS. 53

S4 LOOPS.

HALVING. 55

5*

HALVING. 57

LENGTHENING.

The word Had may be added to any stem word-sign representing a pro-noun or an adverb, by halving such stem provided the immediate context is

such as to show clearly that Had and not Did is to be implied.

The words Have^Has,Hadt may also be halved to express an added Had.

Not is added by the N-hook, to any stem halved to add Had*

\ What had beenoL It had become

_ But had gone

Had had timeU- ,

^-1 have had it

Each had come

_^_Which had been

\o~Ever had said

^TtS. Never had done

^____Have had many

_<jThey had done

.That had it

) So had you'

..

_>__

As had been

Was had

-r

Has had

_.She had not

Z>i Where had you^ _Or had been

-rf^=\_ There had never

->> We had heard

__-.--You had

_1 We had not

^sr__W'hen had he

__-^ How had she

Halving any preposition which is written with a curved stem, adds the

word What.

-^\_ For what purpose

-After what happened,._

Of what they did

/. With what advantage

_iTr' From what money

I!^IlT_In what manner

_\_ Beyond what place

I)_-Without what was

LENGTHENING.

Any curved stem may be lengthened to add Their, There, or They are.

\- -----If-Form their-there

----iu For-Forget their-there-they are

-\-------After their-there-they are

----J^--For all their

-TA.- In reference to their

\-----Of their-there

----L For ever there

.L------Ever their-there-they are

----^-.Have-Above their-there

__Never there

/-------Thought their-there

____L...Worth their-there

\.______With their-there

___.___With all their

LENGTHENING. 59

/

1

/I

_ f

_J

J

A.,

J\

____,/_

..J.

~

.

_

Though their-there-they are

That their-there-they are

That were there

That all their

Saw-See their-there,

Say-So their-there-they are

Was their-there

Was all their-there

As-Has their-there

Wish their-there

Shall-Show their-there-they are

Should-Issue their-there

While their-there

While all their-there

Will-Lay their-there

Allow there-their

From-Hear their-there

-From all their

-Where Were their-there

-=cT7i--_-May their-there

-.--j^-.Am-Whom their-there

^I^L Any-In their-there

In all their

^=^K..__Know their-there-they are

Own their-there-they are

-~ Beyond their-there

_X_Why-Without their-there

-_^ Why will their-there

~^\ Whether-Weigh their-there

."^ Would-Away their-there

,=_When their-there-they are

crr> When were their-there

_^__How their-there-they are

..,_- How were their-there

Think their-there-they are

5? Among their

5rr=r-Among all their

Along their-there

A curved stem may be lengthened to add the word Other, in a few phrases.

-\- Several other

a^nn^-,Some other/

My other

X-- Every other

-_^\_Her other

- The other

otherother

Has been is added by the circle and back-hook, to a lengthened curved stem.

\__ ----- If there has been

____L___For there has been

^_------After there has been

--.-L-.-Ever there has been

./[______Though there has been

___J____That there has been

_1 See there has beenQ

\ Say-So there has been

_\ As there has been

)_ Show there has been

_V_ ..Usually there has been

_.S__ While there has been

60 LENGTHENING.

THE L-HOOK. 61

62 THE R-HOOK.

-Qy_____Would all

____ /__.Beyond all

WilLpJl______What will you

____LIt will be

Jl------ But will you/*

__rr>r^_Each will make

-J-.Q

_S^--'

./. _____Which will be

----f Much will

./?. _____Such will

_v^_Ever will be

.C------They will

The stem word-sign for Will should be used, after a stem which may be

halved to add It.

-P. That will do

^ As will be seen

will be

Here will

_3> Where will you

Or will

^-- There will

^._We will be

Why will he

(2 You will

Sss1- Nothing will

Hope it will

_What it will

.^-.But it will

-Which it will

-If it will

i/___For it will

.^ After it will

,./_That it will

.\C. Say-So it will

. ,.As it will

.. Hear it will

VT-Where it will

_W_ Know it will

__.._Why it will

-"V^" _Whether it will

i^T.When it will

-j^~- How it will

.,-T Think it will

O As well as not

THE R-HOOK.

The R-hook adds the word Or, Were, or Her, to another word.

-V. Before or after

L._At or about

1i-'-, At or near

Q_-_Have or have not

iC^_ When or where

A^: Book or twof\

Dollar or two

J Day or two

j_--Hour or two

Jf._ ...Month or two

THE R-HOOK. 63

64 THE N-HOOK..

_i=rt Without her knowledge

?L_Why her

^ Whether her

S*j- Beyond her

When the word In occurs before an outline beginning with Ray, the R-hookis often used instead of the stem.

.(2 You are her

<r^. _When her

Think her

S ^_Among her

rrT_) In rapidity

---IVX-In rebellion

-I~l In receipt of

^5_ In recognition

-Tin In reference to

7T>T2ln refinement

^T^j=rr__In refunding

In regard to

-Iv In registering

-^.

.In rejectingi

.In reorganizing

.In reply (to)

In resigning

-7A, In respect of

.TN.-In respect (to)

-T_b In response

review

In Rochester

THE N-HOOK.

-Upon an occasion

^.-.Occupy an office

_^ Be an artist

.ty_By an exchange

-^Before an hour

. A _What-Between an

J At-Take an

J--.But-To-Took an

^. Did an errand

J- Had an interview

_</- Change-Which an

J Charge an individual

</ "^^s

Adjoin-ed an

The N-hook is written to the last or only stem of a word-form, to add the

word An, And. Not, One, Own, or Than.

IT?V Commit an error

-.-Can an act

Give an undertaking

-"=^?--Gave-Against an

If an enemy

-^ For-Forget an

A^^H After an instant

-V^--Half an hour

-~^i' Of an understanding

^ Have-Above an

-^- Thought an introduction

v-=-?-Worth an opinion

~(i That an assignment

THE N-HOOK. 65

66 THE N-HOOK.

THE N-HOOK. 67

68 THE N-HOOK.

THE F-HOOK. 69

70 THE F-HOOK.

THE F-HOOK. 71

72 THE F-HOOK.

THE F-HOOK.. 7.5

When the immediate context will clearly indicate the meaning, the follow-

ing phrases, in which stems are halved to indicate the past tense may be used

. -nupcu lu nave<\j

.Hoped to have

-Appeared to have

-Expected to have

.Tried to have

.Cared to have

.Claimed to have

The phrase ---- Set off may be written as here indicated.

expressed by the F-hook, or by the stems FTh.

Forth mav be

Call forth

\___Put forth

_ Set forth

___A-_ Step forth

-tlt,Calls forth

^ Goes forth

...S^Puti forth

. J-Sets forth

.J.^c... Steps forth

The useful phrases ... ____ What if-for; ___{___but if; and -.-.- that if;

may be written as here indicated.

The F-hook on a curved stem, with the inner N-hook, adds the words Have

been. Having been may sometimes be indicated in the same manner.

_S3 Ever have been

^j.--Have ever been

L They have been

^ That have been

V. So have been

.eL Shall have been

.g).Should have been

--.&- Usually have been

.(P. Will have been

_O Where have been

.^53 May have been^*&

'

Any have been

Ye have been

. You have been

."P. We have been -

"Would have been

ji For having been

----UyAfter having been

_ Of having been

v2 Ever having been

_y> They having been*

^ That having been*

J$ So having been

___ She having been

While having been

5l From having been

.^ Our having been

P. --Her having been

My having been

74 THE F-HOOK.

.In having been

jfj.Your having been*

: We having been*

Whether having been

- Nothing having been

'Use Ing-dot.

There may have been is indicated as shown below, after another stem.

Or there may have been

There there may have been

Neither may have been

N there may have been

?&. Another may have been

{- Yet there may have been-t>

Whether there may have been

Ticex-When there may have been

_. How there may have been

Think there mav have been

1 For there may have been

\___Ever there may have been

/ Though there may have been

/ That there may have beenA Wa-).-

1 see there may have been

J_--So there may have been

,\ As there may have been

^..Usuallythere may have been

^.L While there may have been

-..-Xo-FIere there may have been

^N Where there may have been

The following very useful phrase-signs are formed by an exceptional use

of the lengthening principle :

.L-. If there have been

L For there have been

J_ After there have been

^__Ever there have been

-L Have there ever been

L Though there have been

J That there have beenb \

jy See there have been

\ So there have been

J Was there ever one

--J Shall-Show there have been

j Should there have been

oJ. Usually there have been

.'_ While there have been

----/--- Well-Will there have been

__$. Here there have been

^ Where there have been

f?^* May there have been

Any there have been

^=^S Know there have been

-___-0 Why there have been

_7\ Whether there have been

,__:N Would there have beenV

_^-55 When there have been

_How there have been

' ^ Think there have been

THE W-HOOK.

Avenue is indicated by the F-hook, or the V-stem.

Central avenue -4rr^- Douglas avenue

Lake avenueif-^--Leighton avenue

Monroe avenue -V^. East avenue

: avenue ilS=-_Rose avenue

pI "I Between what stations

l~-^-At what time

^But what is that

P To what subject

hr Did what you could

[L__Do what you can

JXHad what you wanted

711 -Give what they did

THE W-HOOK.

The W-hook is used for the word We, Would, What, Whether, Aivay, or

Way.

\- Before we wentnP. What we said

.p,But we cannot

2 Did we not

[. Do we make

___/i_-_Had we

.. Which we have

<-__-Can we not

^}. Or we shall

---^^a.-Are we not

Would.

K What would you

,1 It would not be

II But would you/>( Each would have

j-> Which would seem

/ITTMuch would require

(^_\ Or would they

{/" _There would not

What.

-{? Upon what is that

N^?_By what means

_Vr- Before what court

About what time

_<^o Or what they have

___c/C!TlThey are what you need

_f^^. Are what you think

Whether.

_T But whether we have

-.-.e.-- About whether that

j^__ Or whether he was

C<<?-- Recollect whether they did

Away, Way.. Part way

Put away

Be away

By way of

J What way

1 Take away

-P--- --Took away

c

76 THE W-HOOK.

THE VV-HOOK. 77

./5 Of what we-would-were-way

?fcEver did what

_ Have had what

Thought it would

A With what we-would-were-wav

Though it would-were

.. With it away

That it would-were

A. Saw-See it would

.5 Say-So it would

_i Was it away-Was the way

.As it would-were

-Wish it would-were

J. Usually it would

____

. While it would

i__From what we-would-were

-way

-""^Where it would

Or it would

,<^ There it would

In what we-would-were-way

-^-c Know it would

-j_-.Why it would

__z Why did we

."^Whether it would-the way

_-= When it would-the way

Think it would-the way

Along the way

In the middle of a phrase, the semi-circle may be joined without an angle

to a succeeding K-, G-, Ray-, or N-stem.

All we know

fnj-.All we can do

3r^ All we can expect

TT^L All we can say about it

JT^\ What did we know about it

Could we not'

Could we know

j/I f we are

_^r^_If we cannot have it

_--t^__ If we could have it

At_-^. For we gave it to him

?~?_If it were known

_r^l If it were not

^cXlFor we are not

-S^--For we were not

.5-Alf we knew about it

{--*. After we are

.(.. After we came there

_L__ .After we knew

_L Have we anything

^ Have we known

-(5-- Have we not been

L That were known

- That were not

L That we know

_ That we knew

l know we are

we not know

you know whether there is

/7

-.Do you know whether or not

Urt/VDo you know whether or no

_Wtx^?-.Do you know whether theyare there

. . _L^ Do you know whether we can*^ have it

THE Y-HOOK.

o you know we received it

I /^Do you know whether we are

1 think we are not

1 think we were not

you know whether there

was

you know whether there

areDo you know whether they

are or not

you know whether there

were

The semi-circle may be used after a small circle, in such phrases as the

following :

_ <s _____I trust we shall be

_>__<^_-_Such as we would

> _____For as we were

___ 4_^-Says we may

>=-_ __Knows we cannot

. Possibly we shall

_V__ Believes we have

ni Because we thought

_L*__ Asks whether they did

-Sa ; I suppose we shall

___!^___ Remembers we were

THE

The Y-hook is used for the words

-Thinks we are

-----Upon you

A Hope-Pay you

/V Put-Part you<\

___By you

_3 Before you-you are

<\__About youf\.1 What you-you are

Q_ At-Take you

.^.But-To-Took you

Did you

-J Do you

..-^Hzd you

.1. Watch you

/---Which you-you are

.O Charge you

Commit you

Y-HOOK.

You, Your, You are, and Year.

Can-Accompany you

Give-n you

_<=T- Gave-Against you

--*-~- Or you-you are

-C. Recollect you-r-you are

/ Are you

->M If you-you are

A- For you-you are

-Q-After you-you are

>--Of you

-S------ Ever you

----fl Have you

.}------Thought you

____p ___Thank you*

.^______With you

.Though you-you are

THE Y-HOOK.

? That you-you are

Saw-See you-you are

_/. Say-So you-you are

9- Sue you

J) As you-you are

^i Wish you

_J? Shall-Show you-you are

_n Should you

*/. Usually you-you are

<2 While you-you are

-6. Will you

X" Allow you

3>- May you

___-_Whom you-you are

In you-r

^-^--Know you-you are

Beyond you

..._ll_-Why-Without you

Jt^ Whether you-you are

O) Would you

_C> When you-you are

How you-you are

Think you-you are

Sr^._ Among- Nothing yourx Your,-.r Upon your own

--__^__Hope your statement

->-3 Pay your account

C\ Put your question

_> By your own

_.-f

\<?__Before your recollection

<\ _ .About your own1J What your own

_! At-Take your books

-fl^-.-But you may

.-fl To your brother

fl Took your ownT

. -r^--Did your work

_t- Do your best

.1 .Had your opportunity7 \

'--\- Watch your business

Z^._Which your method

-t-r? Change your course

..-7- --Charge your account

-j-p^^Can your statement

^. ^Or your own

_<J__ Recollect your

,/ri__Are your own

^...Recover your standingYou Are.

hope you are willing

-\^J. Before you are ready

..s What you are able to do

-']_---But you are not going

_/ ~^-^_AVhich you are making

..--Hovf much are you willing

.Or you are not

_.._c^ Recollect you are

4;,What if you are not

_ _S=<^rT3 For you are mistaken

_Q_ After you are away

_s^_.Ever you are

_( Though you are

^.That you are

,_ See you are

). Say- So you are

S) As you are doing

--_=et-_Show you are capable

8o THE Y-HOOK.

THE Y-HOOK.

.Affect you-r-s

Wo Effect you-r-s

Of what you-r-s-year-s

Avoid you-r-s

Ao_ Evade you-r-s

..Thought the year-s

With what you-r-s

That the year-s

. . That had you-r-s

.) Say to you-r-s

_)-_,. So did you-r-s

_ Is it you-r-s

Was it you-r-s

... As to you-r-sr)

,Allowed you-r-s

From what you-r-s-year-s

rVi Where did you-r-s

">>. Heard you-r-s

-an Made-Met you-r-s

In what you-r-s-year-s

Need-Not your-s

^i.Know the year-s

-Vi' Under you-r-s

Beyond the year-s

JZ Yet you-r-s

-^.-.You had your-s^^ ft

_^2 Why did you-r-s

_"%) _:_Whether the year-s

_ Would the year-s'

r^._When did you-r-s

How did you-r-s

The Y-semi-circle may be used after a small circle, in phrases like the

following :

** '

.Possibly you may

V^T.Hopes you will

Jdu_ Suppose you go

__^V=_Believes you canL<*J?l-----What is your recollection

\_ s your mpresson

-~^/'-We trust you will

-(k^rr^ .Does your mother

I7-.lV -Because you were

_. C-Gives you that

Where is your brother

you go

5rrr__Knows you can

__*__Why is your

m When is your

---XThinks you have

The semi-circle may be used initially, for You or Your.

_-_ Your property

7\._Your hope-pay

_^V You putM1 You ought-talk

You take

_^jYou took

3 You do

-} . You had' y

'. You watch

/ You change

82 THE M-HOOK.

_i You charge

.'_ You object-ed

_y You judge-d

, You give

iVrt. You gaveM-^ You form-ed

-W You forget-forgot

i You thought*\

-L You saw-see

1 You say

Ji Your house4

rl-_You wish

.You shall

.^ You should

_-i.-You usually

j^TI You will

-'^_2_You also

--^~-You allow

o/l.You recollect

--f-Your recovery

^./1-You are

_ocTi You may

. __-cvr< You must

.*<. You know

-.You think

In the middle of a phrase, the semi-circle for You may be joined without

an angle to a succeeding stem.

^ft-?\. By what you say

i=O Could you say it was"Vi )

"V"

.can-----When did you say it wascan

----it^-When did you see him

J^s Where did you see him

A Which did you sayX /

-_J Why did you say that__ -----

---- Jj-.With what you had

From what you say about it

-^.How did you happen

-!|What did you do

J What did you say to him

-<?KX When did you pay him

THE M-HOOK.

The M-hook is used to indicate the words May, Him, Make-ing, My, or

Time. If it is desired to indicate the termination ing in Making, it may be

done by the Ing-dot, or by the inner N-hook.

May.

-rV, ----What may be said

---- liwTt may be referred

_y------Each may choose

... .CM.Which may not be

_.----Much may be said

w-Ever may be

'. They may not

. She may^ Where may you

Or may

-gC.--There may

I -_~>L__We may be able to

You may know

THE M-HOOK. 83

84 THE M-HOOK.

THE M-HOOK. 85

86 THE M-HOOK.

THE TER-HOOK. 87

88 THE TER-HOOK.

THE TER-HOOK.

.Watch their own

..SL Which-Change their own

/ Charge their own

-J?_ Adjoin-ed their own

.^ Judge their own

Commit their own

-_--_ Can their owno

Give-n their own

-=t>. Gave-Against their own

Or their own

^?- Recollect their own

<^_They are their own

_,.x5Z Are. their own

./^.-Recover their own

Not.

. Hope they are not

....What they are not

A Ought there not

^ But they are not

-. Did there not

cL-.Do there not

_JHad there not

c/...Which they are not

-^ Much they are n6t

T/~-Judge they are not

-_- Can there not

// Or they are not

J?_ Recollect they are not

/a Rather not

In a few phrases, Been or Than may be added to the Ter-hook by the inner

N-hook; as, -._J Had there been;.. ..^3 Rather than.

Therefore is written with the F-stem after the Ter-hook. Thereby may be

written in a similar manner, with the B-stem after the hook.

\___V_

J

..-.I

Hope therefore

.Pay therefor-e

Be therefore

Ought-What therefore

It therefore

Take therefore

Took therefore

Did therefore

Do therefore

Had therefore

*4 Which therefore

'J- Much therefore

Jfc{ Object therefore

./ Judge therefore

.rrp.Come therefore

Can therefore

-/3-- -^n Are therefore

-../^--Recollect therefore

_/?. Recover therefore

OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

Any word or portion of a word that will naturally be suggested by the form

of a phrase-sign, may be omitted for the sake of a more easily written outline.

"A" and "And" Omitted.

A^_About a year ago

^^, Again and again

J At a glance

Jo _At such a time\ *~\l^s Ayes and noes

...NV/_ Better and better

_ Black and bluer

.---$ Blacker and blacker

Brighter and brightero

__.77-~-.Cause and effect

1 Deaf and dumbv

II

Ih-. Deeper and deeper

L Easier and easier

_J__^)--East and west

^f, Easterly and westerly

_.__Ty.- Eastern and western

A Farther and farther

--VsL,.-Faster and faster

V.CT. For a great deal

isc^lFor a great while

5s^jj For a long time

^j>_For a longer time

_^. For a year and a half

L Forever and ever

..Further and further/.Greater and greater

.Higher and higher

T̂7._Horse and carriage

.T!?- Horse and wagon

p- ___In such a case

In such a position

jQ_____Ladies and gentlemen

----^---Larger

and larger

^T--:_.,Less and less

Lighter and lighter

Longer and longer

-yd^-t\_Looser and looser

f^y^\Lower and lower

.>* Lord and Saviour

-<C7O>___More and more

_-t-_North and south

-T&T Northerly and southerly

-JL -Northern and southern

-"-/-- Now and then

H.---\^-Over and above

-J^- Over and over

-JP Physician and surgeon

Quicker and quicker

. Right and left

__-JL Shorter and shorter

-T- Stronger and stronger

~* Such a time

-J> Such and such

Sum and substance

-L --.That is a-the question

. Through and through

^ Tighter and tighter

-Time and again

J To and fro

OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

y_2_- Twelve and fifteen

2J^_Twenty-fiveand thirty

A Up and down

-U -Vaster and vaster

T^ra Ways and means

Weaker and weaker

_X"_ Wise and good

Tky-Worse and worse

,j> Yeas and nays

^Years and years

4_^ Yes and no

"Do You" Omitted.

-. How do you do

-L._.--_How do you do it

How do you know' it

.How do you know that

How do you know they are

do you know there is

anything_. How do you fix the date'V

f___ How do you fix the time

-^rTrT-How do you imagine

-i^ How do you recollect it-the

do vou recollect the fact

_. How do vou remember theV-* time. How do you suppose'So

.

-^^ LHow do you think they did it

-V--Where do you live

IA Where do you reside

! How did it occur

-..-.-How did it impress you

low did you find it

.How did you come to the

> conclusion

How did you get acquainted

-- How did you go there

"From to" Omitted.

-II From day to day

^.-From hour to hour

-V From place to place

From time to time

.From week to week

L( From month to month

_- From year to year

"Have" and "To Have" Omitted.

^ Before there have been

--} But there have been

Can there have been

Cannot have been

t

-. -----Cannot have done

.-Try.-Could have been

_^i Could have done

r^.Could not have been

.=-=^4 Could not have done

<a Hope there have been

-y*

- 1 have been

J. I have done

-1$ 1 have not been

_./

j3_-I have not done

fv.I. 1 shall have been

-_-.*: I shall have done

r <*,. ____ I shall not have been

___ <^__May not have been

_> ____May not have done

___-a*-y

have been

____Must have done

Must not have been

92 OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

y^-.^r?. Looking glass

.VI -Observing that

_b------ Pending decision

-----j-.Preceding

clause

Reading room

-_-.Sv. Riding hcrse

^. Saving clause

/ri-.Sewing machine? ^______ Sitting room

>v.-- Wedding present

"Of" and "Of the" Omitted.

_ vf>- ___ Act of Congress

. -Act of Parliament

Acts of Congress

Acts of Parliament___

Tl____ Acts of the legislature

of them

- Best of my knowledge

--rvC-Bgjt of my recollection

-*-^^---Best of my remembrance

/---Bill of exchange

.^^--Bill of lading

-.-^.--Bill of sale

-? ----- Bills of exchange

.. STTlBills of lading

-? _____ Bills of sale

rv^.-- Board of directors

-'V -- -Board of claims

...yT(-Board of health

Aq _____Board of trade

___ !Vl_ -Board of underwriters

-^_- ----By virtue of

___ ^C..E wa of illustration

^. ----- Cause of that

----p^--Certificate

of stock

-4^1* ..Chamber of commerce

---^T-._ Child of God

_ _____Children of God

----4-a..Children of men

-J- ----- Church of England

--3L /.-Church of God

-/o- ----- Church of Rome^i_B

----a~fL. Circumstances of the case

-<=^o Course of business

----T) -Course of trade

-Irrc ---- Day of the week

Day of the month

-k.- ---- District of Columbia

Each of my_r\

1

__\

_r\ Each of our1 /

_ Each of your

_W\_ For the purpose (of)

For the sake of

Freedom of speech

*1 History of the "world

-^.House of God

.^XV-House of Representatives

-j.aHouses of Congress

JJLHouses of Parliament

>^2. Length of time

-"^.Libertyof the press

_/!/T_ Love of God

<rr^/-Many of them

,-rr-^crfLMatter of course

--..s-rr^Matter of fact

of importance

94 OMISSIONS OF WORDS.

-Member of Congress

^.Member of Parliament

,_VT?_ JMember of the legislature

.. <nc^Most of the time

rmC Neither of them

^V One of the best

J=-tiOne of the most

_Zi One of them

IX-One of the worse

._<, Point of fact

>y- Point of order

-ITI^ Point of time

--X. Point of view

-arrr^l. President of the commonP. council

.JO-----President of the United States

o { Agriculture

-if-----Secretary of State

oTs-^Secretary of the Navy

-O^. Secretary of War

_-_.xj^._Sotneof them

of the time

_Jrr~>_ Space of time

.trw. State of the market

_^cv^ii.Sum of money

Ori__Sums of money

/ .United States of AmericaI

i U .What time of day1 i

id.What time of night

-^ Word of God

...<5>r^ Words of my text

r^,.^.- Words of our text

__/>f?-Words of the text

-<̂ -- World of fashion

World of nature

.World of spirits

-*- Years of age

"On" Omitted.

On either hand

"5-.On one hand

-JS- On the contrary

.C.On^the other hand

"Or" Omitted.

-^ One or two

\ Two or three

-X. Three or four'

7f ,-,^- rour or five

Five or six

or seven

Seven or eight

Eight or nine

.Nine or ten

LL Eleven or twelve

J.?- .Twelve or fifteen

LL.Q Forty or forty-five

O,13. Forty-five or fifty

-^-_--Black or white

.-_TL_ .Greater or less

..Has it or has it not

.!- -Heirs or assigns

_e

rfy In or about

JL^-Is it or is it not

-A-_^_-. Large or small

irger or smaller

May or may not

May it or may it not

r

OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 95

.Might or might noi

: or less

o/?- More or less than

^...Once or twice

""N-A One or the other

.--.A_-On or before

Right or left

..-^-.-Sooner or later

.\ L-.Was it or was it not

.. A---White or black

."X Would or would not

y.Yes or no

The, To The, With the.

-t

As to the money

.. As to the timeV *

=-.. -.Come to a-the conclusion

Fix the date

the time

In the meantime

>j>--Under the circumstances

P. Under the necessity

-fTT/LWhat is the matter

"To" Omitted.

According to it-the

^..According to that

-\Z According to which

^..According to you-r

-Appears to me

.As it seems to me

-Entitled to consideration

w5__.Forty to forty-five

X Forty-five to fifty

,-ltL.In reference to that

<i o~~>

-7L. In regard to them

In relation to

_I_Vv^_-In reply to your letter

~~Ac^n respect to my intention

_rio^---In response to his letter

it^r\_ Intend to be

-=~d Intend to do

o^- It is not for me to say

L* It is not to be mentioned^TTn

Jj^Itwill have to be

-.\ Mean to be

_)._Mean to say

-<^- Meant to be

c^._Meantto have been

,c> Meant to say

Hy. -Ought not to be

_^- Ought not to have

.>j .Ought not to have been

Seemed to make

Seemed to me

-X Seems to be

.Seems to me

So as to be

.So as to become

.So as to make

'.Something to have

-fc. This is to be

..-.\-jWant to be

.] Want to say

jy.- With reference to

"With regard to

. h With relation to

\ With respect to

96 SPECIAL PHRASING CONTRACTIONS.

SPECIAL PHRASINI

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS.

-U ------ Out of place

^- Postage stamp

Jf* ---- Post mortem

----4 cfsrpQst mortem examination

-\D------ Post office

-Vxi_Post master

V----- Post route

___ \*._ -Presbyterian church

ars----- Present time

___Hl-_Prima facie

Revised version

R'ght angle

Sabbath school

Sewing machine

Cr__ __ Sister in law

_ _ Sitting room

^}_ _____ Steam engine

_<

^_Sleam pressure

V______ Step by step

...J-9 ..Take it for granted

.....__Took it for granted

___ j_^__To a certain extent

To the present time

__Yr?k__Tuesday afternoon

_L______ Tuesday evening

_t Tuesday morning

t> Tuesday night

_v Two or three

-k_-.Type writer

J^Tl Typewriting

vj>... Under consideration

vo Under the circumstances of

cf-^ the case

States

-g United States of America

J5X Up stairs

V Up to the present time

_^, Very much like it

_S- Very much more than

.--._:- Vice president

_; Vice versa

___X___Viva voce

Which has been said

_"Vrl.Waiting room

_j^_Water works

-0---West line

"Vy-What has been said

.TH. Without security

. Yes. sir

. ^C.-Your recollection

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS.

51. According to advice

..JCVT.-According to agreement

rri According to their contract

-71-- According to your contract

._-_-- 77-Account current

Account of damage

-^-/.Account of loss

Account of overcharge

..?-P- Account sales

.2r. Actual damage

__|__. Additional cost

_l Additional expense

--_<r>- Adjust the matter

J Advance charges

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 99

'-z *~i

Advise us

Al] charges guaranteed

Amount of commissions

Amount of premium

.-TV. .^~iAnd greatly oblige

J- And much oblige

>rf----- Annual meeting

"^ Annual premium

-., Answer by telegraph

-Answer by wire

Answer soon

;= ^>r^-T-

. -Apply this rate

--Arrived behind time

___ r^__.Arrived late

/-^I* -Arrived on time

...Pv^-.As per rate

-t\-- ---- As per schedule

/o^-As per tariff

-<3~(j--.-As soon as convenient

fl-S^.Assoon as possible

-Q-fc^l As soon as ready

___ .o_$_.As soon as received

-^------Asto the matter

..^----- As to this matter

. -------As to those matters

first cost

p.h ...... At all stations

... k^C.At less rate

J. ------ Attach copy billingzvp--

----orT^At schedule rate

\s. ____ At tariff rate

. .-\.-- Back and forth

>y . . ___.(Back charges

o

_V__- .--Bad order

----\ Baggage checks

A. -----^Balance duev

..bA Balance of our account

v->

5^- ---- Balance of your account

5^Balance sheet

.\? ----- Best attention

..->^--ftBest figures

-^j/ Best finish

V-^.Best of my ability

-V. ----- Best of our ability

_-_}jrr5-Best of their ability

-\>..... Best of your ability

-.-^..Best quality

\l..... Best price

_.-V---Best rate

.V ..... Best thanks

.\...Best termsp ti

-|------ Between all stations

----.^-.-Bill

of exchange

."V^.-.Bill of lading

.--!Sr^-Bill of lading attached

.5^. . . . Bills of lading

___ Jp. ..Bills payable

_V______Bills receivable

\V^___\* Business letters

Business relations

By Adams Express

By American Express

___ .TXg . By express

_V ..... By fast freight

our line

our road

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS.

By return mail

-By railroad

-By railway

-By your line

-By your road

--^- Cattle yards

-Cancel order

.Car load

-^f^- Car load or less

-.yflCar record

T>=^ Cause for delay

t-Cause (of) delay

it Change of destination

-/Charge expense account

^^-L JTL Claim for rebate

I3rfC Classification rate

-Collect on delivery

-Construction train

<Contents noted

Correction sheet

.^- Cut rate

\c--o Daily abstract received

U-^ Damaged freight

rl Date of delivery

-Lrx-^--Demurrage charges

--jLj-Declare a dividend

T Directors' meeting^'UA

s' report

?l Discontinue rate

eta-, -Discount for cash-s

, Division of rate

From your letter

From your reply

Early attention

Early consideration

.Early convenience

_--^V?is-Early reply

_& East bound track

i . Eastern division

_V East rail

--5*=SL.Enclose-d bill

Enclose-d invoice

find

Enclosed please find

Errors and omissions excepted

Faithfully yours

enclosed

First-class rate

___Sa^z_Firstinstallment

};So____ First instant

---^>-n. First class

>?^?____ First cost

___W_L- First notice

.Stv.----- First opportunity

V_.-_First quality

Financial affairs

.Financial standing

>?t^ Financial responsibility

YFourth class rate

.^\--lf_Free on board (F. O. B.)

5^ Freight engine

^j .Freight shipment

__J2_I From the last report

Q^_ Full rate

^. Further particulars

!. Give the matter attention

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS.

the matter consideration

investment>3

-B^ Good for the amount

.

<^-- Gross receipts

f&\ Gross weight

---^ Half rate

- Hoping this will

e^j-I am glad to know

v 1 am not sure

"fc^yl am very glad to know

Sri I did not know

_-.J 1 do not think

J_^ 1 do not know

. /v-fr=g^_lenclose statement

1 I had not heard

___d I had not learned

U^-v I have agreed to make

I hand you

l I have concluded

._jQ I have received

:L I have your favor

__J^!Se<ni hope you will

In my opinion

In my report

In their opinion

In your opinion

In your report

I may not be able to

I/Lc_^'_^_T see there is likely to be

__A I shall not be able to

__ 'I send you

I think there is

CJ_- I trust you will consider

^/.^..V..v,..^.^tbematter

I trust you may

^ J was not able to

^.^In reply to that

-7\.In reply to your favor

reply to your letter

reply would say

In your reply

n your reply to my last letter

n exchange

b- It is not possible

J^2L_ It is hardly possible

Ata- It is possible it is

_<L. It is possible there is

will attend to the matter

_I will just say

/__! will try to have it-the

-TrTr??--In any quantity

_--7^ -In reference to that

-V In relation to that

-_J!!j_Insure stock

AA It is not practicable

C^.-Just possible

.A Just received

... S?C~Less rate

./^m Less than car load

Live stock

Local agent

freight

tariff

rate

-C7I- Lowest commission

1^0 -Lowest prices

sCjs Lowest terms

RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS.

an appointment

aximuin rate

-Middle division

-Minimum rate

-x^&- No attention

^^--No discount

-"^---Necessary attention

-_>J>?5- Necessary arrangements

-..ft North bound track

Ss-^- Notify consignee

-Ti One day after date

On hand

_^_ On this basis

??_._ Ordinary rates

5? Otherwise specified

..ry^L.Our last advices

^y^_._Our last letter

_->.Our risk

7-.- ...Overcharge statement

Owner's riskCH~

__ Passenger car

x Passenger engine

\ Passenger train

__~v Passenger traffic

_Vf-IT_ Please acknowledge receipt

Ji_. Please advise us

_V Please forward

let me know

quote us

Please refer to my-our last

letter

, Please inform us

-*c_- Please note

Premium rate

.i, Quarterly dividend

-^V-5-Quarterly premium

c^?. Railroad accident

cTI.- Railroad signal

<^h Railroad stationP

.- .^----Railroad stock

Railway accident

Railway signalJO

'*** Railway station

.J^Ii- Railway stock

A. Rate of speed

--/$n_ Recent letter

<r^r!s___ Reclaim freight

. ./Til . Regular rate

to your letter

_ Replying to yours

.Referring to your letter

to your report

Resolution of the board

.c._ .Resolution of the directors

< o T?/cr*v-f fnlKf yours

>_ Revised classification

Right of way

fb^^l. Second class rate

i Section men.

South bound

_n

Acri Special rate notice

._Jt23i Statement of account

Statement of balance of account

To whom you refer

.^To your credit

.'W-Trade mark

A Truly yours

LEGAL PHRASES.

~-<_-_ Under bill of sale

LEGAL PHRASES.

_pBond of indemnity

Av Burden of proof

.3 Breach of contract

-\^Breach of promise

Cause of action

Caveat emptor

7"-- Chattel mortgage

.-.-T^ Circuit Court of the U. States

_ Circumstantial evidence

---..-. -.Clerical error

^=7? Close corporation

__ ..Collateral circumstances

-__ Collateral inheritance

Collateral security

Common carrier

Common law

___>=!--- Confidential communication] X^P'o Contributory negligence

-- -.-County attorney

----- County clerk

.-County treasurer

iCome to a-the conclusion

^.Counselfor the defendant

--yTV-- -Counsel for the people

.-/^Counsel for the plaintiff

.CTX Court of Appeals

^- 5TV._Court of bankruptcy

- of chancery

L Court of claims

r . Court of equity

cf\__ Court of errors-

cy Court of general sessions

L_i Court of justice57,.

I

c^L_ Court of last resort

F7_. -Court of record

.c* Court of special sessions

ETVT-Criminal conversation

c-P

-v

-Criminal negligence

-Cross examination

-Cross question-ed

^ De bene esse

Defendant's case

'endant's counsel

\^Defendant's evidence

dr^-x.Defendant's testimony

J^ Defendant's witnesses

1 .. -Denied ; exception

1y--.-J-Direct evidence

It-Direct examination

Jk-s / Direct testimony

JL District attorney

Jji District court

.TX _Documentary evidence

jxDuces tecum

.T^-_'Entitled to a-your verdict

--K. Entitled to recover

Equity of redemption

Evidence in chief

Examined conditionally

^>--<^i_-Exceptas charged

r^*_ Excluded : exception

mi^P Executors and assigns

parte testimony

-.Expert testimony

xpert witnesses

Fiduciary capacity

LEGAL PHRASES.

-Final decree

S*lf--Forand in consideration

\o For the consideration

Ns.--For you to say

*Q_pFull consideration

^.--Gentlemen of the jury

-^ Goods and chattels

"^---Grant and convey

e"t~ Grant, bargain and sell

- -Uury

.Guilty of negligence

.Guilt or innocence

^j--- Habeas corpus

j^/-._Heirsat law

-dL._ Heirs and assigns&

a Heirs, administrators and

-x $ u -

a?si "s

k--- -Heirs, executors and assigns.

VsIn accordance with the evi-

.crpdehce

__.J-=-:-Jn accordance with the testi-

mony.Interlocutory decree

.Interlocutory judgment

.3 In words or substance

A It is for you to say

._-e.7L- -Joint stock

Joint stock company

_ _ ,_ ^ . .Judicial decisionn

Judicial sale

-~_4 Judgment for the defendant

/ _F Judgment for the plaintiff^T

</ Justice of the peace

.0^ Justice of the Supreme Court

.-.<<CT!_Last will and testament

fa_^ Letters of administration

/ Letters patent

-. ^TJrvl'Lctters testamentaryx?

:.'. 'Life estate

pendens

fides

ie insurance

.%^ Measure of damages

r?\._ Medical expert

Medical jurisprudence

Medical testimony

..Memorandum of agreement

court

of kin

VrzNolle prosequi

rri Notice of pendency

_<i'__ Objected to, as before

_rn Obj. to, as immaterial

---^mObj. to, as imm. and in-

J competentObj. to, as incompetent

Obj. to, as inc., imm., andirrelevant

-----Obj. to; overruled; exception

j. to; received; exception

Obj. to; sustained; exception

_>rVOffered in evidence

7^ Offered conditionally

jt^,. Overruled ; exception

A- Party of the first part

... -\--_Party of the second part

.^.--A -Patent office

. -Patent right

?V Personal estate

_S- Petit jury

_f__. ..Plaintiff and defendant

io6 LEGAL PHRASES.

_XT1 Plaintiff's case

-?!?. Plaintiff's counsel

_3L Plaintiff's evidence

.Z_rr_Plaintiff's testimony

-?5 Plaintiff's witnesses

\C_~_Police court

\_ Power of attorney

.^-^Preponderance of evidence

_a-^-r Preponderance of testimony

J^.--Prisonerat the bar

._^_r^Z?_ Privileged communication

\ Put in evidence

c=^. Question of fact

-.-C=J-- Question of law

?hn Quitclaim deed

...rr^miQuo warranto

Pi_L Real estateo

Reasonable doubt

.Rebutting evidence

ing testimony

^\ Received conditionally

<^- Received ; exception

.Referee in bankruptcy

Refresh your (my-his-their)recollection

Res inter alios acta

^-Res judicata

S^l*^ Secondary evidence

-<ii_ Sell and convey

\i>. Special jury

A Statute of frauds

^2- -Statute of limitations

3=^.Struck jury

(STv<r3Summary proceedings

tsn^ Summons and complaint

yT-_Superior Court

\x Supplementary proceedings

-_-_;St Supreme Court

J^ Sustained; exception

J Taken conditionally

^L^i Testimony of the defendant

___<rrvcTestimony of the plaintiff

_j^7_ Trial jury

j. Trover and conversion"^X^5

_T__7__Trust funds

__r> Valuable consideration

t _?___Verdict for defendant

'6 Verdict for plaintiff

t Verdict of guilty

^_^ Verdict of not guilty

^v __V'unlary bankruptcy

' ^-> Voluntary assignment

_-f_,____.Writ of error

"f Written instrument*^>--

INDEX.

A, tick, 21, 22.

com-, con-, 39.omitted, go.

All, tick 21, 23.

L-hook, 21, 23, 61.

Already, tick 21, 23.

An, tick 21, 22.

N-hook, 21, 23, 6^.

And, tick ai, 23.

N-hook, 65.

-omitted, 90.

Another, N-hook and tick, 20, 28.

As, final circle, 32.initial circle, 37.

has-is, etc., Ses, 42.

it-the, by loop, 47.

to, by Zt, 37.Authorities cited, 6, 7.

Avenue, F-hook, or stem, 75.

Away, Way, W-hook, 75.

Been, after F-hook, 73.-after S-circle, 38, 41.after Ses, 45.after Ter-hook, 89.

Brevity secured by Phrasing, 3.

Business, Ses, 46.But if, F-hook, 73.

Change of Systems, How to make a, 9.

Circle-S, 30.

Circle-Ses, 42.

Circles joined to ticks, 20, 21.

Combinations of circles, 44.of phrases, 10.

Context, undue dependence upon, 4, 5.

Phrase-signs furnish key to, 5.

Contractions, Special phrasing, 96.

Did, by halving, 57.

not, by halving, etc., 57." Don't believe in phrasing," Peoplewho, 6.

Do you, omitted, 91.

Distinguishing words in phrases, 14.

Ever, K-hook, 70.on ticks, 21.

Familiarity with outlines necessary for

rapid writing, 10.

F-HoOK. On ticks, 21; Of, 69; Of, added

to half-lengths, 70; Ever, 70; Have, 71;

Having, 71; Live, 71; To have, 72; It,

The, Had, added, 71; To have. 72;Set off, 73; There may have been, 74;

Exceptional use of hook, 74, Avenue,

First, by loop, 51.

Foi, F-hook, 73.

Forth, F-hook, 73.

by FTh. 73.From to, omitted, 91.

Had, by halving, 58, 72.not, by halving, etc., 58.after F-hook, 72.

HALVING. Is to, As to. Has to, 37; It,

The, 55; To, 57; Did, 57; Did not, 57;Had, 58; Had not, 58; What, 58.

Has, added to loop, 49.added to Ses, 43.

been, after lengthened stem, 59.or As, Ses, 42, 43.final circle, 32.initial circle, 38.it-the, by loop, 47.been, after S-circle, 45.been, by circle and hook, 40.their- there, loop word-signs, 54.to, by Zt, 37.

Have, F-hook, 71, 73.been. Having been, 73.omitted, 91.

you, omitted, 92.Having, F-hook, 71.He, tick, 17, 21, 24.Her, R-hook, 63.

Him, M-hook, 83,tick, 24.

Himself, M-hook and circle, 83.His, after Ses, 43, 44.

final circle. 31.initial circle, 35.own, added to S-circle, 45.own, circle and hook, 38.

own, after N hook, 68.Hooks on ticks, 20, 21,

How, tick, 21, 24.How to change systems, 9.

I, tick, 17, 21, 25.final tick, 26.

initial tick, 25.medial tick, 25.-omitted, 9?.

Ideal phrase. The, 9.

In, In the, initial back-hook, 36.Inherent legibility of phrase-signs, 5, 9.Inner N-hook, 73, 74, 86, 88, 89.In r-, 64.

Ing a-an-and, 29.his- us, 29.

omitted, 92.the, 29.

us-liis, 29.

Interest, 68.

Irland, Rule of Mr., 9.

Introduction, 3.

Is, final circle, 30.after loops, 49, 53.aftei Ses, 43.after St-loop, 49.

107

io8 INDEX.

Is, after Str-loop, 53.

by final circle, 30.

by initial circle, 34.

it-the, by loop, 47.1 heir-there, loop word-signs, 54.to, by Zt, 37.

It, by halving, 55, 72.first, 51.or The, added to S-circle, 30, 48.or The, by tick, 27.has been, 41.

Its own, 39.

Knowledge of principles necessary for

rapid writing, 10.

Legal Phrases, 103.

Legibility secured by Phrasing, 4.

L-HooK. All, 61; Will, 62; Well, 62.

LENGTHENING. Their, There, They are,58; Other, 59; There has been, 59;

Therefore, 60; Thereafter-by-upon, 60;

Their, There, added to straight stems,61.

Lengthening straight stems, 61.

Live, F-hook, 71.LOOPS. Say, added, 33; Is it-the, added

to S-circle, 30; The one, added to circle,

48; Words indicated by, 47; State, ini-

tial, 50; State-d-ing, final, 50; First, 51;It first. The first, 51; Street, 52; Their,There, 52; Their own, 53; There is, 53;Than, ^53; Is there. Has there, loopword-signs, 54; Thereupon, etc., 54;Store, 54.

M-HooK, May, 82; Him, 83; Himself,83; Make-ing, 84; My, 85; My own, 86;time, 86.

Make-ing, M-hook, 84.May, M-hook, 82.

May have been, exceptional, 74.Morris, Rule of Professor, 9.

My, M-hook, 85.

own, M-hook, etc., 86.

N-HooK. An, 64; And, 65; Not, 65;One, 66; Own, 66; Than, 67; Say,added, 67; His own, added, 68; State,Stated-ing, added, 68; Interest, 68;Own, Than, exceptional, 69.

N-hook omitted, 88.

Not, N-hook, 65.after Did, 57.after Had, 58.after Ter-hook, 88, 89.

Of, after half-lengths, 70.F-hook, 69, 70.

- -or Of the, omitted, 93.tick, 28.

OMISSIONS OF WORDS, etc. A, And, 90;Do you, 91; From '0,91; Have, Tohave, 01 ; Have you, 92; 1,92; Ing, 92;Of, Of the, 93; On, 94; Or, 94; The, Tothe. With the, 95; To, 95.

On, omitted, 94.

On, tick, 21, 27.

One, after loop, 49.after S-circle, 38, 41.

N-hook, 60.

Or, omitted, 94.R hook, 62.

Outlines, Familiarity with, necessary for

rapid writing, 10.

Owe, tick, 21.

Other, by lengthening, 59.

Ter-hook, 8a.

tick, 28.

Own, after lengthening, 69.after S circle, 38.after Ses, 45.after loop, 53.after M-hook, 86.

N-hook, 66.

after Ter-hook, 88.

Phrase, The ideal, means something, 9.

Incomplete, rule for, 10.

Phrase-signs, Distinguishing words in, 14.

Inherent legibility of, 5, q.

Phrases furnish key to context, 5.

Combinations of, 10.

Legal, 103.Positions of, 17.

Railroad, 98.Rule for exceptional, 10.

-Special, 96.

Phrasing, Group, 12.

How to adopt, 8.

lessens labor of reporting, 4, 5.

Rule of Mr. Irland, 9.

Rule of Professor Morris, 9.

Simple, ii.

-Ticks used in, 17.What words should be joined, 9.

When it should be learned, 7, 8.

Why students sometimes fail iu, 8.

Positions of phrases, 17.

Principle, Knowledge of, necessary for

rapid writing, 10.

Railroad Abbreviations, 98.

Rapid writers, Who are, 10.

R-HooK. Or, 62; Were, 63; Her, 63;In r-, 64.

Rule of Mr. Irland, 9.

of Professor Morris, 9.

Saving of labor by phrasing, 4, 5.

Say, after N-hook, 67.after loop, 33.after ticks, 21.

circle, 30, 33.S-CiRCLE. Joined to ticks, 21; Is, final,

30; It, The, final, 30, 48; His, final, 31;

As, final. 32; Has, final, 32; Us, 33;

Say, 33; Is, initial, 34; His, initial, 35;

In, In the, before circle, 36; As, initial,

37; Has, initial, 38; Its own, 39; Hasbeen, 40; It has been, 41; Than, added,41; One, added, 41.

INDEX. 109

Semi-circles joined without an angle, 77,82.used after circle, 78, 81.

SES-CIRCLE. Is his, As has, etc., 42; Is,

His. Has, added to circle, 43; Combi-nation of Circles, 44; His, Us, added,44; Been, added, 45; Own, added, 45;Business. 46; Session, 46.

Should, tick, 21, 26.

Session, 46.Set off, 73.Slow Writers, Who are, 10.

Something for nothing, 8.

Special Phrasing Contractions, 96.

Speed secured by Phrasing, 6.

State-d-ing, after N-hook, 68.

final loop, 50.initial loop, 50.

Store, Str-loop, 54.

Straight stems lengthened, 61.

Street, St-loop, 52.

Student, A Word to the, 10.

Systems, How to change, 9.

TER-HOOK. Their, 87; There, 87; Theyare, 88; Other, 88; N-hook omitted,before Ter-hook, 88; Own, added, 88;Not, added. 89; Been, added, 89; Than,added, 89; Thereby-fore, 89.

Than, after lengthening, 69.after circle, 41.after Str-loop, 53.after Ter-hook, 89.

by N-hook, 67.That if, F-hook, 73.The, after loop, 47, 48.

after S-circle, 30, 48.after half-length, 72.

by halving, 55, 72.

com-, con-, 29.final tick, 21, 27.

first, by loop, 51.initial tick, 21, 26.

one, after circle, 48.or To the, omitted, 95.

Their, There, They are, tick, 21, 27.

by lengthening curves, 58.

by lengthening straight stems, 61.

by loop, 53.

by Ter-hook, 87.

is, after S-circle, 53.

may have been, 74.

Thereafter-by-upon, etc., after lengthen-ing, 60.

after loop word-signs, 54.with Ter-hook, 89.

There have been, exceptional, 74.

They are, Ter-hook, 88.

Tick Phrase-signs, 21.

TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. A, 22; An, 22;And, 23; All, 23; Already, 23; He, 24;

Him, 24; How, 24; I, 25; Should, 26-

The, 26; It, The, 27; On, 27; Their,There, 27; Other, 28; Another, 28; Of,To, 28; A com-, A con-, 29; The com-,The con-, 29; Ing a-an-and, 29; Ingthe, 29; Ing his-us, 29.

Ticks joined to circles and hooks, 20, 21.

used in phrasing, 17.

Time, M-hook, 86.

To, after S-circle, 50.

by halving, 37, 57.

by tick, 28.

have, F-hook, 72, 73.

have, omitted, 91.or To the, omitted, 95.

Us, S-circle, 33.after Ses, 44.

Way, Away, W-hook, 75.

by semi-circle, 77.

What, by halving, 58.

by W-hook, 75.

by semi-circle, 76.

if-for, F-hook, 73.

We, W-hook, 75.

Were, R-hook, 63.W-HoOK. We, 75; Would, 75; What,

75; Whether, 75: Away, Way, 75; Samewords indicated by semi-circle, 76.

Whether, W-hook, 75.

Well, L-hook, 62.

When Phrasing should be learned, 7, 8.

Will, L-hook, 62.

after half-length, 62.

With the, omitted, 95.

Would, W-hook, 75.Words Distinguished, in Phrases, 14.

Whit, should be joined, 9.

W-semicircle, joined without an angle,

77'Words indicated by, 76.used after circles, 78.

Why students sometimes fail in phras-ing, 8.

Year, Y-hook, bo.

Y-HooK. You, 78; Your, 79; You are,

79; Year, 79; Same words indicated bysemi circle, 80.

You, Y-hook, 80.-

are, Y-hook, 79.

Your, Y-hook, 79.Y-semi-circ)e, joined without 'an angle,

82.

joined to ticks, 21.

used after circles, 81.

used initially, 81.

Words indicated by, 80.

PHONETIC SHORTHAND PUBLICATIONS.

THE MANUAL. Price in cloth,A complete text-book of Phonetic Shorthand, conducting the student

from the elementary principles to the most rapid style of reporting.

THE POCKET DICTIONAKY. Price, in cloth, 1^#; in flexibleleather, round corners, .< I ..">.

The Dictionary contains twenty thousand engraved outlines, giving themost approved forms of words. It also contains separate tables of theWord-Signs and Contractions, an extensive list of Special Contractions,and an epitome of the system, with full-page engraved illustrations.

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PHRASE-WRITING. Price,in cloth, $r6O.

This book is a revelation in Phrasing, showing its importance in secur-

ing Brevity, legibility, and Speed, and furnishing one hundred and sixtydifferent lists of engraved phrase-signs, exemplifying the practical applica-tion of every rule; with extensive lists of Business, I<egal and Railroadphrases.

THE SPEED-BOOK. Price, without engraved Key, SStTtTO} withKey, i-2K-

This book contains progressive exercises in Phrase-writing, coveringevery principle in the most thorough manner. It is a fitting companion tothe phrase-book. The engraved Key is sold separately, at fifty cents.

THE WORD-BOOK. Price,

Containing about fifteen thousand words, with engraved outlines, of theclass which need to be distinguished by difference of form or position, or

by vocalization.

THE STENOGRAPHIC MISCEIX,ANY. Price, in Manila cover,75 cents; in cloth, $1OUX-

An engraved Reader, containing many entertaining articles, and anentire law report in engraved Shorthand.

THE POCKET REMINDER. Price 6-etmts.

An epitome of Phonetic Shorthand, containing all the general rules,with full-page engraved illustrations. (This epitome is the same as thatcontained in the Pocket Dictionary. )

SHORTHAND SYSTEMS IN USE IN THE UNITED STATES.

COMPARATIVE BREVITY OF SHORTHAND SYSTEMS.These two very interesting pamphlets will be sent to any address, upon

receipt of return postage. The former describes the peculiarities of all thebest known systems in use, while the latter contains fac similes of thesame matter, in thirty different systems, as written by the various authorsand by well-known experts. These fac similes are reproduced by photog-raphy from the Phonographic World and the Stenographer, in -which theywere originally published.

Any of the above-named publications will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of

the price named, by draft, or postal mouey order.

W. W. OSGOODBY, Publisher, Rochester, N. Y.

UNTVgRSlTY ol

ATLOS ANGELES

LIBRARY

:ff^

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARYLos Angeles

This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

9-25i-9,'47 (A5618 ) 444

J< A 1/1"

;f|t%li^^ml^:4'M^

ITjJv' *V.'V V I 'V**,- J-^W* IV "*.!

x^ mw> 'W -^4 ^n** ,>W

f^

Z^6 Os^oodby-082t The theory and

|

practi 1"* of

jfs^*