the sustainable way of farming: perspectives and machine

The sustainable way of farming:

Perspectives and machine

solutions for Asia from APV

The sustainable way of farming:

Perspectives and machine

solutions for Asia from APV

mag. Igor Dolinarmag. Igor Dolinar

INTRO

1. Rice seeding in Asia. Two the most common technologies and APV broadcasting rice seeding technology as alternative

2. Covercrops – objectives and benefits. Solutions from APV.

3. Grassland care & reseeding. APV implement combos for that

Themes:

INTRO: APV – Technische Produkte GmbHThe company

• founded in 1997

• based in Austria

• 6 subsidiary companies

• ~ 150 employees

• 85 % export

• ~ 50 countries

mag. Igor Dolinarmag. Igor Dolinar

1. Rice seeding in Asia. Two most common technologies and APV

broadcasting rice seeding technology as alternative

1. Rice seeding in Asia. Two most common technologies and APV

broadcasting rice seeding technology as alternative

Importance of rice• One of 3 leading food crops; corn, wheat, rice. • Stapple food for more than 3.5 billion of world’s which translates to at

least half of the people living in the world. • Rice production; 2019; 470 mio tons of milled rice

2020; 496 mio tons milled rice (forecast)

2035; 555 mio tons milled rice (forecast)

Rank Country Rice Produced (mio of hectares)

2018 Rice Producedmio tons

1 India 43.20 ha 169.5 t

2 China 30.35 ha 208.1 t

3 Indonesia 12.16 ha 74.5 t

4 Bangladesh 12.00 ha 53.0 t

5 Thailand 9.65 ha 34.5 t

6 Vietnam 7.66 ha 44.0 t

7 Myanmar 6.80 ha 30.4 t

8 Philippines 4.50 ha 19.7 t

9 Cambodia 2.90 ha 10.6 t

10 Pakistan 2.85 ha 11.3 ha

Yields;• from less than 1 t/ha at very poor

rainfeed conditions

• more than 10 t/ha in intensive

temperate irrigated systems.

Average farm size; • In Asia and sub-Saharan

Africa, 0.5−3 ha.

Plant establishment is affected by 3 main factors:

1. quality of seed 2. environment in which seed is placed 3. seeding techniques

Seeds free from;- borne diseases- weed seeds- red kernels- sand, stones, straw etc- mechanical injuries

- contact between the seed and soil water(seeds absorbe moisture to germinate)

- depth at which seed is placed; must be close to surface Dry seeding 10-15 mm / Wet seeding not bellow paddled surface)

- the number of pests present. (Insects slow down establishing the plants)

Sollutions;1. crop rotation, use of trap crops....2. seed dressing protects3. pesticide protection through surface application

Depends on;• Locality• Soil type• Crop ecosystem

Planting rice

Rice seeding techniques

1. step; seedlings need to be raised in a nursery

1. Prepare 1 m wide nursery beds Raise the soil to 5−10 cm height2. Broadcast pre-germinated seeds 40 – 60 kg / ha puddled and leveled soil.3. Construct drainage canals for water removal4. Add organic manure and small dose of anorganic fertiliser5. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 15−21 days after seeding

WET-BED

1. Prepare 1 m wide nursery beds Raise the soil to 5−10 cm height2. Distribute a layer of half burned paddy husk to ensure easy uprooting.3. Broadcast pre-germinated seeds 60 – 80 kg / ha puddled and leveled soil.4. Prevent moisture stress by irrigation5. Apply basal fertilizer mixture and incorporate it between rows6. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 15−21 days after seeding

DRY-BED

TRANSPLANTING Conventional method for wet or puddled fields


2. step; planted in the field


MANUAL TRANSPLANTING

- High labor cost 25 – 30 people/day for 1 ha

- Inefficiency- Long operation time

WHEN ? • loamy and clayey soils; 1-3 days delayed after harrowing• sandy soils; few hours after harrowing; otherwise to hard soil to trasplant

METHODS• Random without a definite distance between plants

• Straight-row method follows a uniform spacing between

plants; planting guides needed

• Seeding depth 1,5 cm• Transplanting spacing 10 – 25 cm

RICE FIELD HAS TO BE PREPARED FOR TRANSPLANTING


• Operated by 1 person • Well prepared rice field for machine transplanting;

well puddled and leveled

• Running pretty slowly 1ha / day • Farmers short on skills / technics of transplanter operation; • Transplanter is expensive, which can not be afforded by all farmers• Specialized machine used only for one purpos

MECHANICAL TRANSPLANTING


• intensive labour user• intensive water user; lowering water table• puddling destroying soil health

- breaks capillary pores, - destroys soil agregates, - dispears fine clay particles - form hard pan at shallow depth

• transplanted crops take longer to mature due to transplanting shock



DIRECT SEEDED RICE - DSRseeds are sown directly in the field

Direct seeding – probably the oldest method of crop establishment.

• low-input demand• low production costs• saves labour• requires less water• crops tend to mature faster than transplanted (7-10 days because of no

transplanting shock)

• better soil physical conditions for following crops• less methan emission

Dry DSR Wet DSR

1. Manual broadcasting; • 60-80 kg/ha• After broadcasting, cover the seeds using a spike-tooth harrow.• Random rows

2. Driling• 80-100 kg/ha• Seeds placed into dry or moist soil• Seeding depth 10-15 mm• Straight rows• Irrigation needed• fertilizers can be applied at the same time as the seed

1. Manual broadcasting• Broadcast 80-100 kg/ha of pre-germinated seeds• In just drained and well puddled seedbads or in

shallow standing water (not in mudy water) • After 10 – 15 days (3 -4 leaf stage) field should be

floded again

2. Manual drum seeding• 80 kg/ha of pregerminated seeds• Best results on a well-leveled, smooth, and wet seedbed.

DIRECT SEEDED RICE - DSR


Dry DSR Wet DSR

• Seeding rates 60-100 kg/ha• Speed up to 8 km/ha• Can seeded in rows• Can be broadcasted

• Get exsact seeding rate• You get uniform seeding pattern

APV pneumatic broadcasting drill

DIRECT SEEDED RICE - DSR


Functionality of PS broadcaster

Fan

Seed tank

Sowing shaftOutlets

Advantages:

+ High Performance: can seeding 2 ha/hour (at 3m working width) or 6 ha/hour (at 8 m working width)

+ High working speeds: 0,5 – 8 km/h

+ Adjustable working widths: 1 to 8 m

+ Variable seeding rates: 40 to 120 kg/ha

+ Easy Operate: accurate seeding via control box 5.2;

+ Perfect dispersion: air flow support

+ Multi-match: Can install on tractor, selpropeled sprayers, electro mobile, etc;

+ Multi-functional: Can be used for rice seeding and seeding all kind of wheets, cover crops...

+ Save Manpower: operated only one person

+ Low investment: affordable price for multifuctional seeder

Direct Seeded Rice with APV pneumatic broadcasting drill

Broadcast Seeding with APV PS150 / PS500 / PS800

Direct Seeded Rice with APV pneumatic broadcasting drill

Preparation Accelerating Germination: • Submerg seeds in water for 12−24 hours or until small shoots appear - max 5 mm

(in colder water 36-48 hours)

• dry the seeds in bags for 24 hrs in a shady and airy area.• Expose seeds to high temperatures (40−42°C) for 1−2 days before seeding• Seed priming - Soak seeds for 4−8 hours and afterwords air-dried for 2-3 hours.

Seeds must be used within 1−2 days after priming.• Put into APV broadcaster PS150/PS500/PS800, ready to seeding.

Successful Case in HB Farmland, China

Direct Seeded Rice with APV pneumatic broadcasting drill PS500M2


8. April 2017 Seeding

19. April 2017 Emerge rate 98%

03. May 2017 Growing well


08. September Waiting for harvest



23. September 2017 Satisfactory harvest

Total Land: 80 ha for rice seeding with PS500M2 in HB farmland in 2017;

The yield / ha: 9,800kg, + 8% compared to manual seeding + 6% compared to transplanter;

The total average cost saving / ha; 110 € / ha (120 $ / ha) compared to manual seeding180 € / ha (199 $ / ha) compared to transplanter.


168 days from seeding to harvest

Direct Seeded Rice with APV pneumatic broadcasting drill PS

2. Covercrops or green manuring objectives and benefits. Solutions from APV.

• Are organic nutrient sorces

• Different species;

PHACELIA

LEGUMENES - Vetch, beans, clover species, lupines…. MUSTARD BUCKWEED

2. Covercrops or green manuring objectives and benefits. Solutions from APV

Spring covercrop

Nurse cropStubble

crop

Winter covercrop

Nurse cropStubble

crop

> Green manure

> Forage use

Advantages of nurse crops:

Optimal protection against erosion

Additional rooting in the soil

Suppression of weeds

Formation of additional biomass

Securing of yields through increased water uptake capacity and nitrogen binding

Less compaction due to removal transport

Nurse crops have a vegetation head start on stubble crops



Objectives of stubble crops:

Cultivation after harvesting the main crop

Soil tillage after the harvest

Possible to seed rapidly after the harvest

Advantages:+ The seedbed for the intercrop can be adapted through soil tillage+ Weeds and volunteer cereals can be mechanically controlled

Cost savings with applying APV technology:

Machinery overviewConventional

work

Work with APV implements

ES 100 M3Special + Sensor

PS 300 M1 el. + 5.2 control

2 field passes 1 field pass 1 field pass

Tractor 136 HP 49.04 49.04 49.04

Cultivator 4 m 41.36 41.36 41.36

APV implement - 5.18 12.80

Tractor 136 HP 49.04

Rotary harrow 3 m 31.20

Seed drill 18.00

Total costs $188.64 $95.58 $103.20

Saving per working hour 0 $93.06 $85.44

3. Grassland care & reseeding. APV implement combos for thatCommon problems in pasture:

– Reduction of stem grasses by frequent mowing / fatigue

– Increasing weed infestation

– Large proportion of rough-stalk meadow grass

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Levelling plate:Levelling of molehills and cattle droppings

2. Red rows of tines (12 mm):Cutting tangles and opening the sward

3. Black rows of tines (8 mm):Seeding with a harrow to achieve a fine soil structure

4. Roller: Re-compacting the ground

5. Pneumatic sowing machine PS:Application between 2nd and 3rd row of tines

5.

3. Grassland care & reseeding. APV implement combos for that

Sources:1. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org

2. http://www.apv.at

3. https://sl.puntomarinero.com/how-does-rice-grow-rice

4. J.Kahur, A.Singh: Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India.Direct Seeded Rice: Prospects, Problems/Constraints and Researchable Issues in India (January 2017)

Thank You!

the sustainable way of farming: perspectives and machine

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