the sun and stars and anything i want to put in here
TRANSCRIPT
STRUCTURE OF THE SUN
The sun is 93 million miles from earth, how do we
know so much about it?
Scientist look at the sun’s light with a device
called a spectrograph. Dark lines form in the
spectra of stars when gases in the stars’ outer
layers absorb specific wavelengths of the light that
passes through the layers
Each element present in the sun will
produce a unique pattern of spectral
lines. Scientist can use the lines to
identify the elements in the stars
atmosphere
The sun’s mass is about 99%
hydrogen and helium, as a matter of
fact, all stars contain hydrogen and
helium
THE SUN’S INTERIOR
The sun’s interior can not be seen by
scientist, but computer models have
revealed possibly what it would be like.
Using information from the surface,
scientist can deduce what must be
happening inside to produce such effects.
C O R E
Diameter: 1,390,000 km
Temperature: 15,000,0000C
Mass: 300,000 times greater than earth
Core is so dense with ionized gases you could
stand on it
Because of the high temperature and
pressure, nuclear reaction occur, nuclear
fusion.
R A D I AT I V E Z O N E
Energy from the core is radiated to
this zone.
Temperature ranges form 2,000,000
0C to 7,000,0000C
Energy moves outward in the form of
eletromagnetic waves called radiation.
CONVECTIVE ZONE
Energy that is produced in the core moves
through this zone by convection
Carries hot gases to the surface of the earth
Temperature: 2,000,0000C
Gases rise and sink because they cool as
they move to the sun’s surface.
THE SUN’S ATMOSPHERE
Although the sun is made of
gases, the term atmosphere
refers to the uppermost region of
the solar gases. This region has 3
layers: photosphere,
chromosphere, and the corona.
PHOTOSPHERE
The innermost layer of the solar
atmosphere is the photosphere
Temperature: 6,0000C
Part visible from earth, gives off visible
light
Has sunspots
CHROMOSPHERE
Chromosphere lies above the photosphere.
Temperature: 4,000 to 5,0000C
Glows reddish, gases move away from the
photosphere
Gases of the chromosphere will shot out
CORONA
The corona is the outermost layer of
the sun’s atmosphere.
Temperature: 1,000,0000C
Only visible during an eclipse
Escaping particles, ion, blow away
forming the solar wind.
HOW THE SUN GET ENERGY
A powerful atomic process know as
nuclear fusion occurs inside the sun.
Because of the high temperature and
pressure, nuclei are opened and particles
are changed and energy is released
Step1: Two hydrogen nuclei or protons,
collide and fuse. ( the positive charge of
one of the protons is neutralized as that
proton emits a particle called a positron.
As a result, the proton becomes a
neutron and changes the original two
protons into a proton neutron pair.
Step2: Another proton combines with
this proton neutron pair to produce a
nucleus made up of 2 proton and one
neutron.
Step 3. two nuclei made up of two
protons and one neutron collide and
fuse
As this fusion happens, two protons are
released. The remaining two protons and two
neutrons are fused together and form a
helium nucleus and energy is releases
Go to Page757 for mini lab explaining the
process
http://youtu.be/pusKlK1L5To
MASS CHANGING INTO ENERGY
Only 70% of the mass of the hydrogen
is converted to helium during nuclear
fusion. What happens to the 30% left?
It is changed into energy. Remember…
Matter is neither created or destroyed.
In 1905, Albert Einstein
proposed an explanation for the
production of energy. The theory
become knows as Relativity.
E = mc2 Where E is energy, m is
mass and c2 is the speed of light.
CALCULATIONS
E =2.040 x186,0002= bazillion X 107
This is the energy made. Millions of
atoms are converted per second producing
tons of energy. The number above is for
only one Helium being produced. #WOW!
SOLAR ACTIVITY
The sun is a ball of hot gases rather than a
solid sphere, not all locations on the sun
rotate at the same speed. Places close to
the equator on the surface of the sun take
25.3 earth days to rotate once. On average,
the sun rotates once every 27 days.
SUNSPOTS
The movement of gases within the
convective zone and the movements
caused by the sun’s rotation
produce magnetic fields. There
magnetic fields
Cause convection to slow in parts
of the convective zone. Slower
convection produces cool areas.
The cooler areas of the sun appear
darker and are called sunspots.
Sunspot activity appears to
follow an 11 year cycle ,
slowing increasing then
decreasing their
numbers.
SOLAR EJECTIONS
Because of the continuing
changes in the magnetic field,
there are 3 types of solar ejections
produced: prominences, solar
flares and coronal mass ejections.
PROMINENCES
Great clouds of glowing gases, called
prominences, form huge arches that reach
high above the sun’s surface. Each arch
follows curved lines of magnetic force from
a region of opposite polarity to another.
SOLAR FLARES
The most violent of all solar
disturbances is a solar flare, a
sudden outward eruption of
electrically charged particles, such
as electrons and protons
Solar flares release the energy
stored in the strong magnetic
fields of sunspots. During peak
of sunspot activity, there may be
5-10 sunspots a day
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
Coronal mass ejections are
parts of the corona thrown
off by the sun. CME’s are
full of electrons
Which interact with the
earth’s magnetosphere. This
produces geomagnetic storms,
which can interfere with radio
communication and power lines
AURORAS
A spectacular effect occurs
between the solar wind and Earth’s
magnetosphere – Aurora. The
electrically charged particles from
the
Solar winds interact with
earths magnetic field. The
electrons strike the gases in
the atmosphere and produce
beautiful dancing light