The Success of The Success of Open SourceOpen Source

Brad WheelerBrad Wheeler

Indiana UniversityIndiana Universitybwheeler@indiana.edubwheeler@indiana.edu

And the Rise of Community Source

The Open Source model of software productionand maintenance is a success. Done.

TCP/IP, SendMail, HTTP

Linux

Apache, JBoss, Eclipse

Applications?

Open Source is M

oving up the Stack

?

Questions for Higher EdQuestions for Higher Ed

CCode ~ ode ~ CCoordination ~ oordination ~

CCommunityommunity

Can I trust open source applications today?

Can I trust open source applications tomorrow?

Who will support it?Should I invest or be a free rider?

When?

Are there really any total cost of ownership advantages?

Who will I hold accountable (sue)?

Isn’t vended software safer?Does this fit my institution?

All computing/research images from Indiana University sites

Meeting the needs of faculty, students, staff, and stakeholders

Success?Success?

The The CCodeode

Linux and Apache have Linux and Apache have delivered “the code”… can delivered “the code”… can

higher ed deliver the higher ed deliver the application code?application code?

Code

Coordination

Community

The Story of Two CodesThe Story of Two Codes Oncourse codeOncourse codeDim targetNameDim targetName

CourseList = ""CourseList = ""If UCase("" & user) = UCase("" & Request.Cookies("OC_COURSE")("DPT")) If UCase("" & user) = UCase("" & Request.Cookies("OC_COURSE")("DPT")) Or UCase("" & user) = "OCADMIN" Then Exit FunctionOr UCase("" & user) = "OCADMIN" Then Exit FunctionDim mail_dict, mail_ids, read_idsDim mail_dict, mail_ids, read_idsSet mail_dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")Set mail_dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")mail_dict.CompareMode = 1 'Text Modemail_dict.CompareMode = 1 'Text Modeconn.open cStr(Application("oc_Courses_conn"))conn.open cStr(Application("oc_Courses_conn"))

Sakai codeSakai codepublic void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletExceptionpublic void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException

{{super.init(config);super.init(config);m_redirectContext = config.getInitParameter("redirect-context");m_redirectContext = config.getInitParameter("redirect-context");m_redirectPath = config.getInitParameter("redirect-path");m_redirectPath = config.getInitParameter("redirect-path");m_logEnabled = "true".equals(config.getInitParameter("log"));m_logEnabled = "true".equals(config.getInitParameter("log"));

Sakai software in production use atMichigan & Indiana

Does this code meet the current and future needs for faculty and students?

ConcurrentDevelopment

Leverage

Commits To CVS

“Dear Mr. Ellison, …we are not interested in migrating to Collaboration Suite and find ourselves locked out of an upgrade path for our Calendar services. If Oracle is unwilling to sell and support Calendar as a standalone service we will be forced to migrate to one of the competing calendaring systems. This would be unfortunate both because Oracle Calendar is a quality product that has served us well, and because of what it says about Oracle's willingness to listen to and accommodate the needs of its higher education customers.

We are formally requesting that Oracle commit to maintaining the standalone version of Oracle Calendar in rough parity with the collaboration suite calendar component. We would appreciate a response to this request by January 10, 2005, even if it is not technically feasible to deliver the updated stand-alone version in that timeframe.

Sincerely,<list of names, institutions>”

From: The EDUCAUSE CIO Constituent Group Listserv On Behalf of …..Sent: Thursday, November 18, 2004 4:57 PM

Control of Code & DestinyControl of Code & Destiny

FunctionalityFunctionality of Systems of Systems integration, standards…innovationintegration, standards…innovation

CostCost of Systems of Systems operations, maintenance, timing, evolutionoperations, maintenance, timing, evolution

PKIDartmouth

Chandler/Westwood

Twin PeaksNavigator

But with responsibility too!

From: Tai, Raymond Y. [mailto:rytai@ucdavis.edu] Sent: Monday, November 29, 2004 8:37 PMTo: sepp-develSubject: Sakai beyond Oracle/MySQLHi,As I am converting Sakai to use MS SQL/Server as its backend, I realizethis may be a futile effort on my part unless we have some direction from thedevelopers/board members of Sakai as well as uPortal. The following two questions came to mind:

(a) Currently, uPortal supports the following db backends: Oracle,MySQL, HypersonicSQL, PostgreSQL, DB2 and Sybase SQL Server at least up to the current version of 2.4.1. If uPortal 3.0 is part of the Sakai project, then what is the direction of db backend support? Scale back uPortal db support to match those with Sakai (Oracle/MySQL) or expand db support for Sakai to include those currently supported by uPortal?

(B) Currently, there are db specific code in some of the java code. Question is how to take these db specific codes out of the java code if the direction is toexpand db support for Sakai?Any insight is great appreciated.RT

Code Evolution?Code Evolution?

Release 1.0

Code Forking?

Release 2.0

1.1 1.2Canonical Releases?

Time

•Quality?•Feature development?•Cost (TCO)?

Questions of Coordination

Questions of Community

The The CCoordinationoordination

Linux and Apache have Linux and Apache have demonstratd successful demonstratd successful

models of coordination… can models of coordination… can higher ed?higher ed?

Code

Coordination

Community

Higher Ed ApplicationsHigher Ed ApplicationsHigher Ed ApplicationsHigher Ed Applications Linux/ApacheLinux/Apache

Scope & ScaleScope & ScaleNiche market, Niche market,

small verticalsmall vertical

Unbounded across Unbounded across industries, nations, industries, nations,

large horizontallarge horizontal

RequirementsRequirements SpecializedSpecialized GenericGeneric

ResourcesResources ???? 1,000’s high quality 1,000’s high quality volunteersvolunteers

PassionPassion ???? A.B.M.A.B.M.

Code Coordination ModelsCode Coordination Models

CreatingSoftware

SustainingSoftware

CommunitySourceProjects

PartneringOrganizations

StakeholderCoordination

Open IP

LicensingFees

MaintenanceFees

CommercialCoordination

Closed IP

Bundled IP & Support Unbundled IP & Support + Commercial Support Options

ConsolidationConsolidationC

omm

erci

alH

ome

Gro

wn

20021995 2004 2007

Conso

lidat

ion

Coord

inat

ion

?

Indu

stry

Sha

keou

t BlackBoard

WebCT

“Community source describes a model for the purposeful coordinating of work in a community. It is based on many of the principles of open source development efforts, but community source efforts rely more explicitly on defined roles, responsibilities, and funded commitments by community members than some open source development models.”

Community Source ProjectsCommunity Source Projects

“Institutional Investmentsfor Institutional Outcomes”

www.sakaiproject.org

Project (product?) Governance?Project (product?) Governance?

Board

Requirements Architecture Development

Leader

Leader Leader

Leader

Leader

Consensus

Governance:

Specifying the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior to achieve an objective

Adapted from IT Governance, Weill & Ross, 2004

Higher Ed CoordinationHigher Ed CoordinationCan higher ed capture economies of scale in Can higher ed capture economies of scale in

software creation and maintenance? software creation and maintenance? The $100 Million The $100 Million question…question…

LifecycleSystemCosts/

Effectiveness

Number Participating

Solo

FunctionalCoordination

DysfunctionalCoordination

?

Capturing Industry Leverage:•Learning how to partner•Synchronizing institutional investments•IT architecture discipline•Creating effective communities

From: Charles Severance [mailto:csev@umich.edu] Sent: Tuesday, November 23, 2004 4:17 PMTo: sepp-develSubject: Some Development Needed News/RSS

I have a request for some development help. The core team is furiouslyworking on the 1.5 release (Rob Lowden's Holiday gift) and we don't have time to work on a tool which in my mind needs some help. The "news" tool is a legacy tool that does RSS feeds. In my testing and talking to the original developer of the code, it is a pretty simple/basic implementation. I figure that there might be someone out there who could test it out a bit, and teach it a few more formats than 0.91 RSS. This is not a critical thing, but someone with some RSS skills might find it pretty easy to do. If you are interested - let me know - so we don't have 2 people in the same place. Here are the areas in CVS that you would work in.

./chef-tool/src/java/org/sakaiproject/tool/news

./chef-tool/src/reg/chef.news.xml

./chef-tool/src/webapp/vm/news

./chef-tool/src/webapp/vm/news/chef_news-Control.vm

./chef-tool/src/webapp/vm/news/chef_news-customize.vm

./chef-tool/src/webapp/vm/news/chef_news-Layout.vm

./chef-tool/src/webapp/vm/news/chef_news-List.vm/Chuck

From: Chris Brandt [mailto:cmbrandt@ucdavis.edu] Sent: Wednesday, November 24, 2004 2:19 PMTo: sepp-develSubject: News / RSS reader

I mucked around a little bit in the code and found that the reason thatmost rss feeds are being denied in Sakai is that very few of them containan image node (which is required by the current codebase). By commenting out lines 444-447 (of legacy-component\src\java\org\sakaiproject\component\legacy\news\BasicNewsService.java) and only setting the m_imageX properties if the image node actually exists, most RSS and RDF feeds _are_ usable. I've checked several sites including slashdot and they seem to work just fine.Enjoy!Chris

/*if (imageList.getLength() != 1){

throw new NewsFormatException("File received from " + source + " is not inRSS format");}*/if (imageList.getLength() == 1) {

image = imageList.item(0); ---- snip ----m_imageLink = getNodeValue(image, "link", null);m_imageDescription = Validator.stripAllNewlines(m_imageDescription);

}

-----Original Message-----From: Charles Severance [mailto:csev@umich.edu] Sent: Tuesday, November 30, 2004 3:14 PMTo: sepp-develSubject: Re: News / RSS reader

ChrisThis is awesome! Thanks a bunch. Your fix is right on the money. I justtested it and checked it into CVS.

I attach the CVS commit message at the end of the message.Thanks a lot.Now I need to find more tasks to do./Chuck

The Collaborative CapabilityThe Collaborative CapabilityOrganizational capabilities are bundles of reliable and replicable routines that achieve a valuable purpose

CollaborativeCapability

Earning trust

Distributed work via distance

No “not invented here”

Greater good overjust the local good

Timely signaling of local matters

IU & Community Source ProjectsIU & Community Source Projects

Twin PeaksNavigator

2004

The The CCommunityommunity

Linux and Apache have Linux and Apache have cultivated worldwide, cultivated worldwide,

sustaining communities … sustaining communities … can higher ed?can higher ed?

Code

Coordination

Community

Licensing Frames CommunityLicensing Frames Community

GPL/GNU “Viral”GPL/GNU “Viral” CodeCode

Open sourceOpen source Use without feeUse without fee

Derivative worksDerivative works MUST have same MUST have same

license rightslicense rights Open sourceOpen source Use without feeUse without fee Allow derivative Allow derivative

worksworks

Open-OpenOpen-Open CodeCode

Open sourceOpen source Use without feeUse without fee

Derivative WorksDerivative Works Any license..Any license..

“Birkenstocks and Wingtips: Open Source Licenses,”EDUCAUSE REVIEW, Jan/Feb 2005.

LicensingLicensing

GPL License Commercial “closed”License

“Birkenstocks”Free software, Public good philosophy

“Wingtips”Capitalist,

Private good philosophy

“open-open” licensingis the best of both

worlds for Higher Ed

From: Fenlason, Clay D [mailto:clayf@bu.edu] Sent: Friday, September 24, 2004 9:14 AMTo: advocacySubject: Small School Sakai

Yesterday's NERCOMP gathering led by Babi, Mark, Jeff and Jim remindedme of what appears to be a conventional point of view, but one I'vetended to be puzzled by. Stripped to its essentials, it goes somethinglike: "Sakai implementation is fine for big schools with lots ofresources, but the cost of entry (esp. in terms of staff) is just toohigh for small schools.“

This sort of thing always leaves me with a wrinkled brow, since we became a SEPP partner precisely *because* we're a small school with limited resources. A larger school might be able to operate with fair success under the illusion that they could go it alone, but we can afford no such pretension. Further yet, we don't yet have the knowledge or skills in-house to just pick up and run with the public code releases. We need a little more guidance, training, time to get ourselves up to speed and forge some collaborative relationships.

My first instinct, then, is to think that those who bemoan the frailtyof the small school are missing the "community" part of the message:they're thinking "open source," but not "community source."

CommunitiesCommunities

CoreGovernance

Public

Gated Community?

53 Sakai Partners 53 Sakai Partners as 31 Oct 04as 31 Oct 04 Arizona StateArizona State Boston University School of ManagementBoston University School of Management Brown UniversityBrown University Cambridge UniversityCambridge University Carlton CollegeCarlton College Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of

Teaching's Knowledge Media LaboratoryTeaching's Knowledge Media Laboratory Carnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University Coast Community College District (Coastline Coast Community College District (Coastline

Community College)Community College) Columbia UniversityColumbia University Community College of Southern NevadaCommunity College of Southern Nevada Cornell UniversityCornell University Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth College Foothill-De Anza Community College DistrictFoothill-De Anza Community College District Harvard UniversityHarvard University Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University Maricopa County Community College DistrictMaricopa County Community College District Nagoya UniversityNagoya University New York UniversityNew York University Northeastern UniversityNortheastern University Northwestern UniversityNorthwestern University Ohio State UniversityOhio State University Princeton UniversityPrinceton University Simon Fraser UniversitySimon Fraser University

State University of New YorkState University of New York Tufts UniversityTufts University University of AmsterdamUniversity of Amsterdam University of ArizonaUniversity of Arizona University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley University of California, DavisUniversity of California, Davis University of California, Los AngelesUniversity of California, Los Angeles University of California, MercedUniversity of California, Merced University of California, Santa BarbaraUniversity of California, Santa Barbara University of Cape Town, South AfricaUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa University of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Colorado at Boulder University of DelawareUniversity of Delaware University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii University of IllinoisUniversity of Illinois University of LleidaUniversity of Lleida University of MelborneUniversity of Melborne University of MinnesotaUniversity of Minnesota University of OklahomaUniversity of Oklahoma University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto University of TexasUniversity of Texas University of VirginiaUniversity of Virginia University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington University of Wisconsin, MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityUniversity Yale UniversityYale University

1-2 per week since 1 March -- Others are in in various stages of contracting

The Success of The Success of Open SourceOpen Source

Brad WheelerBrad Wheeler

Indiana UniversityIndiana Universitybwheeler@indiana.edubwheeler@indiana.edu

And the Rise of Community Source

Code

Coordination

Community