the subjunctive
DESCRIPTION
Review Topics: Week 4 – Verbs Subjunctives of the Present System, both Active and Passive; and Participles. The Subjunctive. The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “ unreality” and potentiality . i.e., the “ coulda , shoulda , woulda ” of Latin. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
REVIEW TOPICS: WEEK 4 – VERBS SUBJUNCTIVES OF THE PRESENT
SYSTEM, BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE;
AND PARTICIPLES
The Subjunctive
The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality. i.e., the “coulda, shoulda, woulda” of Latin.
The Subjunctive exists in only 4 tenses:Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential or unreal actions are, by nature, in the future. Therefore, no future tenses are necessary.
For now, we’ll review the subjunctives in the present system, i.e., just the present and imperfect tenses!
Forming the SubjunctiveIn English, we form the subjunctive by using a number of
auxiliary helping verbs, like: were, would, may, might, should, may have, could have, etc.
The Subjunctive in Latin can be identified by a change in the formation of verbs, usually a change to the verb stem.
In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.
Some really good news: The same personal endings are used when conjugating the subjunctive! • (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) for active• (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) for passive
Forming the Present Subjunctive
The changes in the stem vowels of the present subjunctive are the following:
2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia 3rd conjugation: e --> a 1st conjugation: ā --> e
A helpful way to remember how the vowels shift is with the mnemonic:
We Fear a Liar OR We eat all Friars
The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Active
LaudemLaudēsLaudetLaudēmusLaudētisLaudent
MoneamMoneāsMoneatMoneāmusMoneātisMoneant
AgamAgāsAgatAgāmusAgātisAgant
AudiamAudiāsAudiatAudiāmusAudiātisAudiant
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
CapiamCapiāsCapiatCapiāmusCapiātisCapiant
Remember: We Fear all Liars!
The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Passive
LauderLaudērisLaudeturLaudēmurLaudēminīLaudentur
MonearMoneārisMoneaturMoneāmurMoneāminīMoneantur
AgarAgārisAgaturAgāmurAgāminīAgantur
AudiarAudiārisAudiaturAudiāmurAudiāminīAudiantur
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
CapiarCapiārisCapiaturCapiāmurCapiāminīCapiantur
Remember: We Fear all Liars!
The Imperfect SubjunctiveThe imperfect subjunctive is even easier to form than the present
subjunctive.
It combines the second principal part (pres. Act. inf.) and the present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) or (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)
Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
Ago, agere 3rd person sing. impf. act. subj.
Agere + t = Ageret
Imperfect Active Subjunctive
LaudāremLaudārēsLaudāretLaudārēmusLaudārētisLaudārent
MonēremMonērēsMonēretMonērēmusMonērētisMonērent
AgeremAgerēsAgeretAgerēmusAgerētisAgerent
AudīremAudīrēsAudīretAudīrēmusAudīrētisAudīrent
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
CaperemCaperēsCaperetCaperēmusCaperētisCaperent
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
LaudārerLaudārērisLaudārēturLaudārēmurLaudārēminiLaudārentur
MonērerMonērērisMonērēturMonērēmurMonērēminiMonērentur
AgererAgerērisAgerēturAgerēmurAgerēminiAgerentur
AudīrerAudīrērisAudīrēturAudīrēmurAudīrēminiAudīrentur
Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
CapererCaperērisCaperēturCaperēmurCaperēminiCaperentur
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
And the Subjunctive of sum, esse
PRESENTsimsīssitsīmussītissint
IMPERFECTessemessēsessetessēmusessētisessent
The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si- The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected: inf. + ending
Pres. And Impf. Subj. of possum, posse
PRESENTpossimpossīspossitpossīmuspossītispossint
IMPERFECTpossempossēspossetpossēmuspossētispossent
As always, just add the prefix pot- to the corresponding forms of sum, esse to conjugate possum, posse (And allow for assimilation of the t, where necessary).
Basic Participle InfoParticiples are, by definition, verbal ADJECTIVES, so they are part
verb and part adjective.
They have the tense and voice of verbs (but not person or mood!) and the gender, number, and case of adjectives.
The tense of a participle always conveys time relative to the time of the main verb. Participles exist in the present, perfect, and future tenses only.
As a verbal thing, participles can take direct objects (if they are active), agents (if they are passive), or other constructions as needed (such as an indirect objects, etc.)
As an adjective, participles will agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender; they can also function as substantives, if needed.
The Participle Box
Active Passive
Present 1 xxxxxx
Perfect xxxxxx 2
Future 3 4
To help you remember participles, consider the following “participle box” – allowing you to learn the form for each tense and voice of the participle.
The Present Active Participle
To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem (root + theme vowel) of a verb and add “-ns, -ntis”.
A good way to remember this is the word “present”
Two quick notes, however:
(1) As we have seen before, the 3rd-io conjugation will present an “i” at the ends of verbs in the present system.
(2) Since Latin hates the “int” sound, the Romans inserted an “e” between the “i” stem vowel and the participial endings in the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations: “-iens, -ientis”
The present active participle declines like a (1-Termination) 3rd Declension adjective! (see potens, potentis, for example)
Present Active Participle
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
All present active participles are translated:
“__(verb)__ing”
Pres. Act. Ppl. = Present Stem + -ns, -ntis
amāns, -ntis
habēns, -ntis
ducēns, -ntis
faciēns, -ntis
audiēns, -ntis
The Perfect Passive Participle
Probably the most common Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle.
The Fourth Principle Part of each verb is also called the “participial stem” because it simply is the perfect passive participle.
To form the Perfect Passive Participle, then, simply use the Fourth Principle Part and add 2-1-2 adjective endings to it, i.e., decline it like a 1st/2nd declension adjective.
The Perfect Passive Participle
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
All perfect passive participles are translated:
“having been _(verb)_ed”
amātus, -a, -um
habitus, -a, -um
ductus, -a, -um
factus, -a, -um
audītus, -a, -um
Pf. Pass. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th princ. part) + 2/1/2 endings
The Future Active Participle
To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Participial Stem (Fourth Principle Part) from a verb, insert “-ur-” as a future marker, and add 2/1/2 adj. endings.
Or you can simply think of it as adding “-urus, -ura, -urum” onto the ppl. stem.
A good way to remember this is the word “future”.
The Future Active Participle
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
All future active participles are translated:
“about to _(verb)_”
amāturus, -a, -um
habiturus, -a, -um
ducturus, -a, -um
facturus, -a, -um
audīturus, -a, -um
Fut. Act. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th pp.) + “-ur-” + 2/1/2 endings
The Future Passive Participle
The last participle to learn (the future passive participle) is not often used in Latin as a participle in the strictest sense.
It is also called the Gerundive and is often used as a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin.
To form the future passive ppl., simply take the present stem from a verb and insert the infix “-nd-” before adding 2/1/2 adj. endings; or you can just think of it as adding: “ndus, a, um” onto the present stem.
Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations have an ‘i’ at the end of the stem, so insert an “e”, yielding: “iendus, a, um”
A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive or the words: Amanda, Miranda, and agenda.
Future Passive Participle
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
Future passive participles can be translated:
“about to be _(verb)_ed” or “ought to be _(verb)_ed”
Fut. Pass. Ppl. = Present Stem + “-nd-” + 2/1/2 adj. endings
amandus, -a, -um
habendus, -a, -um
ducendus, -a, -um
faciendus, -a, -u,m
audiendus, -a, -um
The Participle Box
Active Passive
Present amāns, ntis XXXXXX
Past (Perfect)
XXXXXX amātus, a, um
Futureamāturus, -ura, -
urum amandus, a, um
Now you can fill in each square of the participle box for a given verb: e.g., amō, amāre, amavī, amātus