the study of populations developed countries developed countries -ex. united states -have higher...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch 9 The Human Population
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Demography• The study of populations
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Demographics – into 2 categories
Developed Countries- Ex. United states- Have higher
average incomes- Slower population
growth- Diverse industrial
economies
Undeveloped Countries- Ex. South Africa- Have lower average
incomes- Simple and
agriculture-based economies
- Rapid population growth
-
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Exponential Growth
• Population growth rates increased during each decade
• Due to increases in food productions and improvements in hygiene with industrial/scientific revolutions.
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Age Structure Diagrams
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Forecasting Population Size• Demographers
looks at these properties to predict population changes:
1. Age Structure2. Survivorship3. Fertility Rates4. Migration
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1.Age Structure = the age distribution of ages in a specific population at a certain time. • Age Structure
Diagram = Type of double sided bar graph
• Typically the more young people than older people leads to an increase in population size.
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2. Survivorship• = the percentage
of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age.
• Demographers study groups of people born at the same time and notes when each person dies.
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• Type I – Wealthy countries like Japan and Germany bc people live to old age.
• Type II – populations have similar death rate at all ages.
• Type III – Poor countries in which many children die early.
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3. Fertility Rates• = the number of
babies born each year per 1,000 women in a population.
• Total fertility rate = average number of children a woman
gives birth to in her lifetime.- Replacement Level =
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• Replacement Level = the average number of children each parent must have in order to “replace” themselves.
• The average is about 2.1 (since not all children will survive)
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4. Migration• = “the movement of
individuals between areas” • Two types:• 1. Immigration –
movement into an area• 2. Emigration –
movement out of an area
• Quick check:The population of the U.S. and other developed countries might be DECREASING if not for which?
Immigration!
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Declining Death Rates• The dramatic
increase in Earth’s human population in the last 200 years has happened because death rates have declined more rapidly than birth rates.
• Reasons:1. Access to
adequate food2. Access to
clean water3. Safe sewage
disposal
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Question:
• Look at the chart on page 238 Figure 7
What kind of regions have the highest life expectancies?MORE DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
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Life Expectancy• “the average number
of years members of a population are expected to live”
• Most affected by:INFANT MORTALILTY RATE
= “THE DEATH RATES OF INFANTS LESS THAN 1 YEAR OLD”
IN 1900, WORLD WIDE LIFE EXPECTANCY WAS ABOUT 40 YEARS AND THE INFANT MORTALITY RATE WAS VERY HIGH. BY 2000, THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY WAS LESS THAN 1/3 OF THE RATE IN 1900
LIFE EXPECTANCY AVERAGE:
AVERAGE = 67 YODEVELOPED COUNTRIES = 80YO
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Infant mortality rate• Most affected by
parents’ access to:1. education2. Fuel3. Food4. Clean water
*notice it is NOT health care!
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New Threats to life expectancy:
…CONTAGIOUS DISEASES!
TuberculosisAIDS
*South Africa’s life expectancy has been reduceddue to an AIDS epidemic
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What do we need for our populations?
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The Demographic Transition
• “A model that describes how economic and social changes affect population growth rates.”
• It has 4 stages:
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4 stages of Demographic Transition
Stage 1
• “Preindustrial”• Birth and death
rates are about equal• Most of the world
was here until 1700 when stage 2 hit.
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Stage 2
A Population explosion occurs! (may double in ≥ 30 years)
• Death rates decline: due to hygiene, nutrition, and education improve.
Birth rates remain high, so the population grows quickly!
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Stage 3
• Birth rate decreases
• Populations begin to stabilize
• But the population has quadrupled in size due to the transition.
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Stage 4: “postindustrial”
• The birth rate drops below replacement level, so the size of the population begins to decrease.
• This has taken 1-3 generations to occur in a developed country.
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Women and Fertility
• Factors that lead to decline in death rates:
1. increasing education2. economic independance
Education:• Educated women
KNOW they don’t need lots of kids in case a few will die.
• Family planning
$ brings freedom- Contribute to family- Spend less energy
bearing/caring for kids
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Why large families?
Traditionally:• Some communities
children work• Kids take care of
elderly
Modernization:1. If women work, kids need daycare which is expensive, so less is better.2. Working creates PENSIONS so elderly support themselves.
This is lowering the birth rate!
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Current Total fertility rates…
Developed:1.6 children per woman
Developing Countries:3.1 Children per woman