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THE STUDY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NANG LOENG COMMUNITY

By Thamonrasmi Rodjanathum

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS

Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program)

Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY

2008

The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the independent study title of “ The Study for the Conservation of Nang Loeng Community” submitted by Ms.Thamonrasmi Rodjanathum as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism

……........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........./..................../.......... The Independent Study Advisor Asst. Prof. Somchart Chungsiriarak The Independent Study Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Asst. Prof. Sunon Palakavong Na Ayudhya) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Asst. Prof. Den Wasiksiri) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Asst. Prof. Somchart Chungsiriarak) ............/......................../..............

47056305: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: NANG LOENG COMMUNITY, CULTURAL AND PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCES, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT THAMONRASMI RODJANATHUM: THE STUDY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NANG LOENG COMMUNITY. INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR: ASST. PROF. SOMCHART CHUNGSIRIARAK., 223 pp. This research project aims to study the history of Nang Loeng community and the role of its significant architectural heritage toward the community, to study the community’s conditions and problems of today, to study the factors that effect to changes of community and traditional way of life, and to present the guidelines to improve the life quality of its people, and at the same time to keep the cultural identity of Nang Loeng community. Nang Loeng community is a historic community which is situated right in the heart of Bangkok. There are a number of aesthetic value, historical value, scientific value, and social value. In order to conserve Nang Loeng community and set a conservation plan for its architectural heritage, it is necessary to study the overall aspects related to Nang Loeng area. Then, analyzing all data and presenting the guidelines for conservation of the historic community as one of the valuable heritage of the nation that deserves to be kept for the next generations and beneficial for tourism. The methodology of this research is based on the historical documents, the physical, social, and cultural evidences, site survey, and the interview with inhabitants. Analyzing, summarizing of the community study and a proposed plan for conservation of Nang Loeng community are also included. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism, Graduate School, Silpakorn University, Academic Year 2008 Student's signature ........................................ Independent Study Advisor's signature ........................................

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Acknowledgments

This research project could not be completed without my advisor, Assistant Professor Somchart Chungsiriarak who has brought me through the valuable step of my life. I am very grateful to his constructive suggestions and criticisms, and also his patience for paying generous attention to all of my work. I would like to thank my parents for believing in me. They both always understand and give me much of love, care, and supports. Also Fai, my dearest sister thank for all of her endurably assistance on creating illustrations. I wish to thank my wonderful sister-in-law, Pritchaya Devahastin Na Ayudhya for her kind assistance and being supportive. I would like to thank the officers of the Crown Property Bureau, for providing me with sources of very useful information. I would like to thank Auntie Viyada Khuentak, who showed me what a real teacher is like. I would also like to thank Patsuda Sajamark who gives me knowledge, suggestions, and being my best friend. I wish to thank Nat, Tarn, Air, and Oat, my classmates, for supporting me in my research work. Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my loving 3 months old son, “Beacon” whom we have shared our precious times together on my maternity leave to make this study completed. Finally, thank to my dearest husband Tharanon Vivekanonda whose patient love enabled me to complete this work.

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Table of Contents

Page Abstract ................................................................................................................... c Acknowledgements................................................................................................. d List of Figures ........................................................................................................ g List of Tables .......................................................................................................... i Chapter

1. Introduction……………………………………….………………............ 1 The Concept of Cultural Significance………………….....…….……. 1

What is Significance of Nang Loeng Community?.............................. 2 Problem Statements………………………………………………….. 3 Goals and Objectives………………………………………………… 4 Methods of Study……………………………………………………. 5 Scope of Study …………………………………………………….. 5 Key Concepts of this Study………………………………………….. 6 Research Methodology………………………………………………. 6

2. Recognition toward the Conservation of Historic Community………….. 12

What is Conservation of Historic Community?................................... 12 Qualifications of Historic Community……………………………… 12

Significances of Historic Community……………………………….. 12 What shall We Conserve? ……………………………………….… 13

How shall We Conserve the Historic Community?................................ 13 Ideas of Conservation in Europe………………………….………….. 14

Attentiveness to Conservation in Asia………………………………... 14 Legislation and Charter in Thailand………………………………….. 15

Washington Charter-1987……………………………………………. 15 Architectural Conservation…………………….…………………….. 17 3. History of Nang Loeng Community……………………………………. 19

The Beginning of Nang Loeng Community………….…………….. 19 Important Places in Nang Loeng Area& Their Relationships with the

Community……….………………………………………………….. 20 Relationship of Nang Loeng Community towards Temples in the Area 25

4. Architectural Heritages: Buildings’ Descriptions and Their Significance.. 32

Buildings’ Description, Characteristics, Functions, and Significance.. 32 Physical Investigation of Historic Buildings; Sala Chaloem Thani and Shop houses……………………………………………………... 39 Grading of Buildings in Nang Loeng Community, and Order of Priority of Repair…………………………………………………….. 44 Site Descriptions, Recording of the Problems that have Found in the Study Area, and Guidance for Area Development…………………... 47 Criteria toward the Principles for Conservation……………………... 49 Overall Guidance for Area Development……………………………. 50 Summarizing of Cultural Significance……………………….……… 50

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Chapter Page

5. Social and Economic Conditions of Nang Loeng Community at Present 105 Location and Area Size…………………………………………….. 105

Land Ownerships…………………………………………………… 105 Public Utility………………………….……………………………. 106 Residences…………………………….……………………………. 106 Populations…………...…………………………………………….. 107 Community Festivals and Special Activities…………….………..... 108 Laws and Regulations ……………………………………………… 111 Other Projects related to Conservation of the Area nearby Nang Loeng Community………………………………………….... 112 Nang Loeng Market after the Renovation …………………………. 114 Analyzing Changes of the Community..…………………………… 114

6. Analyzing and Summarizing of the Community Study……………….. 122 Nang Loeng Community toward Conservation …………………… 122 SWOTs Analysis…………………………………………………… 124 Purposes of Management…………………………………………… 127 Direction for Development of Nang Loeng Community…………. . 127 7. A Proposed Plan for Conservation of Nang Loeng Community………. 131 Project 1: Renovation of Historic Buildings………………………. 131

Project 2: Proposal for the Conservation of Sala Chaloem Thani…. 132 Project 3: Knowledge Dissemination by Published Books on Community’s History………………………………………………. 134 Project 4: Inheriting the Legend of Thai Food and Desserts………. 135 Project 5: Establishing the Information Center of Nang Loeng Community………………………………………………………… 136 Project 6: Hotels for Tourists………………………………………. 137 Project 7: Tram Route Passing by Nang Loeng Market……………. 138 Policies for Supporting the Identity of Historic Shop Houses in Nang Loeng area………………………………………………….... 139 Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 140 Bibliography……….………………………………………………………….. 142 Appendix……………………………………………………………………… 144

Questionnaire Form……………………………………………...... 145 Questionnaire’s Result……………………………………………. 150 Zoning of Physical Investigation Area……………………………. 160

Biodata……………….……………………………………………………….. 223

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List of Figures

Figures Page 1 Sala Chaloem Thani or Nang Loeng Cinema……………………….. 7 2 Atmosphere of Nang Loeng Market in 2006 before the Renovation… 8 3 Atmosphere of Nang Loeng Market after the Renovation in 2008...... 9 4 Site Plan of the Study Area, Nang Loeng Community 10 5 Nang Loeng Community and Rattanakosin Area 11 6 Shop Houses along Nakornsawan Road .............................................. 26 7 The Front Wall of the Shop Houses..................................................... 27 8 The Shop House is Used Solely as a Residence .................................. 28 9 Wide Courtyard in front of Sala Chaloem Thani................................. 29 10 Nang Loeng Shrine Located at the Rear of Nang Loeng Market ........ 30 11 Nang Loeng Shrine is Made of Wood ................................................. 31 12 Plan of the Renovation of Nang Loeng Market in 2006 ...................... 53 13 Derelict Trusses Cover some of the Market Alleyways in 2005 ......... 54 14 Nang Loeng Market after the Renovation in 2009 .............................. 55 15 The New Stalls in Nang Loeng Market ............................................... 56 16 The Shop Houses Lining Both Sides of Nakornsawan Road............... 57 17 The Shop Houses Allowed to Rebuild as Unsightly Tall Buildings.... 57 18 The Shop Houses after the Development in 2008................................ 58 19 Solid Panel of Louvered Doors of the Shop Houses’ Ground Floor ... 59 20 Picture of Shop Houses along Nakornsawan Road and Krungkasem Road ..................................................................................................... 60

21 Picture of One-and-a-Half-Storeyed Shop Houses around the Market and at the Corner of Suppamit Road crossing Krungkasem Road....... 61 22 Picture of Double- Storeyed Shop Houses along Suppamit Road (inner row)............................................................................................ 62 23 Wooden Shop Houses along Paneang Road ........................................ 63 24 Picture of Shop Houses along Suppamit Road .................................... 64 25 Triple- Storeyed Shop Houses along Paneang Road ........................... 65 26 Architectural Structure of Sala Chaloem Thani................................... 66 27 Decoration on the Eaves by Pieces of Wood ....................................... 67 28 Awning and Paneling of Sala Chaloem Thani ..................................... 68 29 Colonial Siding .................................................................................... 69 30 Interior Walls of Sala Chaloem Thani ................................................. 70 31 Batten Door .......................................................................................... 71 32 Paneled Door........................................................................................ 72 33 Double-Casement Window.................................................................. 73 34 Exhaust Fans Covered by Slatted Apertures Made of Wood............... 74 35 Picture of Front Elevation of a Typical House .................................... 75 36 Picture of Front Elevation of a Typical Modern Flat in the Area ........ 76 37 Replacement of the New Corrugated Acrylic Sheet ............................ 77 38 Holes Cause by Insects on the Interior Walls of Sala Chaloem Thani 78 39 Repair of Windows of Sala Chaloem Thani ........................................ 79 40 Signs of Insect on the Slats of Ventilators .......................................... 80

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Figures Page

41 Screen and Pulley................................................................................. 81 42 Shop Houses at the Corner of Krungkasem Road and Suppamit Road 82 43 Double- Storeyed Shop Houses along Suppamit Road (inner)............ 83 44 Plan of the Renovation of Shop Houses’ Façade around Nang Loeng Market .................................................................................................. 84 45 Shop Houses along Suppamit Road ..................................................... 85 46 Late Period Shop Houses along Suppamit Road on the East of Nang Loeng 2 Alley............................................................................. 86 47 Late Period Shop Houses along Suppamit Road on the West of Nang Loeng 2 Alley............................................................................. 86 48 Physical Investigation Zoning Map ..................................................... 87 49 The Buildings no#264 and 288 Behind Nang Loeng Market .............. 88 50 The Wooden House no#199 in Zone 2 ................................................ 89 51 The Shop Houses no#173/4, 173/5, 173/6 ........................................... 90 52 The Houses no# 205, 207, 221, 223..................................................... 91 53 Backside of the Shop Houses no# 726, 728, 730, 732, 734, 736, 738. 92 54 The Houses no# 273 and 273/1 in Zone 2 ........................................... 93 55 The Houses no#309/1 .......................................................................... 94 56 The House no# 24 in Zone 5................................................................ 95 57 The House no# 24 in Zone 5................................................................ 95 58 The Building no#9 in Zone 5 ............................................................... 96 59 Significant Buildings in Nang Loeng Community .............................. 97 60 Map of Grading of Cultural Value....................................................... 98 61 Map of Grading of Physical Value ...................................................... 99 62 Map of Order of Priority of Repair ...................................................... 100 63 Column Chart Shows Grading of Cultural Value of the Buildings ..... 101 64 Column Chart Shows Grading of Physical Value of the Buildings..... 102 65 Pie chart shows total percentage of cultural value of the buildings..... 103 66 Pie chart shows total percentage of physical value of the buildings.... 104 67 Map of Suppamit 1 community and Suppamit 2 community .............. 118 68 Map of Landowners ............................................................................. 119 69 Activities on the thoroughfares in Nang Loeng market....................... 120 70 Nang Loeng Community, the location derived from www.google.com 121 71 Area of Physical Investigation Zone 1 with Address........................... 161 72 Area of Physical Investigation Zone 2 with Address........................... 162 73 Area of Physical Investigation Zone 3 with Address........................... 163 74 Area of Physical Investigation Zone 4 with Address........................... 164 75 Area of Physical Investigation Zone 5 with Address........................... 165

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List of Tables

Tables Page 1 An Initial List of Conservation Needs for Sala Chaloem Thani, by Priority .................................................................................................. 42 2 Criteria Determine the Significant Level of ......................................... Buildings ............................................................................................... 46 3 Order of Priority of Repair.................................................................... 47 4 Summarizing of Basis Data Related to Suppamit 1 Community and Suppamit 2 Community ........................................................................ 107 5 Summarizing of People’s Occupations Comparing Between Suppamit 1 community and Suppamit 2 Community........................... 108 6 Summarizing of the Annual Festivals held by Nang Loeng People ..... 109 7 SWOTs Analysis................................................................................... 124 8 Grading of Cultural Value .................................................................... 166 9 Grading of Physical Value .................................................................... 185 10 Order of Priority of Repair.................................................................... 204

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Heritage is those places and objects from the past that we have inherited, what we live with today and what we pass on the future generations. Many of these things are important to us because they tell us about who we are and the past that has formed our community and our environment. Heritages places must be cared for appropriately to ensure their protection. To care for a place with cultural significance we must know why the place has value and what those values are before we undertake work on the place. The Burra Charter is a nationally accepted standard for the conservation of places of cultural significance, which expresses the basic principles and procedures that should be followed in looking after heritage places.1 1.1 The Concept of Cultural Significance In the Burra Charter cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is a concept which helps in estimating the value of places. The places that are likely to be of significance are those which help an understanding of the past or enrich the present, and which will be of value to future generations. Although there are a variety of adjectives used in definitions of cultural significance in Australia, the adjectives "aesthetic", "historic", "scientific" and "social", given alphabetically in the Burra Charter, can encompass all other values. The meaning of these terms in the context of cultural significance is discussed below. It should be noted that they are not mutually exclusive, for example, architectural style has both historic and aesthetic aspects. A place has been believed to be of cultural significance taking into consideration the criteria of social, scientific, aesthetic, and historical value as follows2; 1.1.1 Aesthetic Value: Aesthetic value includes aspects of sensory perception, including criteria such as form, scale, color, texture, and material of fabric, the smells, and sounds associated with the place and its use. Place of aesthetic value may demonstrate; o A high degree of creative or technical accomplishment o Important design or visual qualities

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Queensland Government, Environment and Resource Management [Online], Accessed 30 March 2009. Available from http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/cultural_heritage/owning_a_heritage_place/ guidelines/burra_charter/ 2

Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter: Charter for Places of Cultural Significance [Online], Accessed 12 October 2008. Available from http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/burracharter.html

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1.1.2 Historical Value: Historical value encompasses the history of aesthetics, science, and society. The place has historical value because; o It is of importance for its association with events, developments or cultural

phrases that have had a significant role in the occupation and evolution of the community.

o It is an example of the rare, and endangered of the cultural heritage. o It has a strong association with the life or work of a person or group of people. o It is an important representative of the range of places for making up the cultural

heritage of a community. 1.1.3 Scientific Value: The scientific or research value of a place will depend upon the importance of the data involved, on its rarity, quality or representativeness, and on the degree to which the place may contribute further substantial information. The place has scientific value because; o It illustrates some creative and technical processes. o It is of importance for information contributing to an understanding of the history of human occupation and the cultural history of the area. 1.1.4 Social value: Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual and cultural sentiment to a group of people. The place has social value because; o It is valued by a community for reasons of spiritual, cultural, and social

associations. o It is recognized by the community as having public value. o It forms a particular and significant component of the heritage of a local area. o It demonstrates a distinctive way of life or custom that is no longer in use or is in

danger of being lost.3 1.2 What is Significance of Nang Loeng Community? Nang Loeng community as a historic community in the heart of Bangkok, there is a large number of buildings that has historical value, especially the shop houses built in the King Rama V period, historic temples, and Sala Chaloem Thani which also known as Nang Loeng cinema that is regarded as being one of the oldest wooden cinemas remaining in Thailand today (See figure 1 page 7). Sala Chaloem Thani is a historic building that has had a significant role in the occupation and development of the community. The occurring of the cinema was made the animated film available to people in the area and the visitors who came to see the movie. It had affected the community’s economy as well. From historical aspect, it can be said that Sala Chaloem Thani had much influenced on Nang Loeng market. When the Nang Loeng cinema had the activities, it could attract a number of people into the area that benefit for trading in Nang Loeng market as well. At the time that Nang Loeng cinema was flourished, Nang Loeng area was 3

Helen Lardner, “Criteria for Significance Assessment,” Document in the subject of Architectural Conservation Practice: 265404, Master Degree in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism: International Program, Silpakorn University, 2004.(Photocopied)

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the center of entertainment at the same time Nang Loeng market had been known as one of the important market in Rattanakosin area as the center of food and trades. Sala Chaloem Thani has been evidence that shown how creative and technical processes Thai people had in the past in managing cinema in Thailand. It is of importance for information contributing to an understanding of the history of human occupation and the cultural history of the area. Beside of having high significance in physical aspect, Nang Loeng community also have significance in the social and cultural aspects, the way of life in the historic community as Nang Loeng can be rarely seen in Bangkok nowadays. The original trading activities are the community’s special character. Communal festival are still survived, such as on Songkran day or Thai New Year on April 13th, there is a sprinkling rite, consisting of pouring water on the hands of the elders as to pay respect. Boxing gambling, although it may create crime the gambling had been a traditional activity of Nang Loeng community since Nang Loeng market and Nang Loeng cinema had been found. It demonstrates a distinctive way of life that is rare and is in danger of being lost. Many generations; children, adults, and senile have lived together under the community’s atmosphere within the traditional style buildings and trading forms. Sala Chaloem Thani also has been related with community in the social aspect as well, with almost the age of 100 years, it had developed together with the historic Nang Loeng market. There has been a strong association with the life, and work of people. In addition, it has had a significant role in the occupation and evolution of the community. Convenient form of life of the middle class nowadays made us familiar with buying food and raw materials mostly from supermarkets. Accordingly, the luxurious images and the coolness of air-conditioners made us willing to pay for dealer products. However, the market such as Nang Loeng still has its charm of noisy merchants selling their vegetables, smiling from the butchers. Their friendships to the buyers and negotiable prices are still a charm of the markets that certainly cannot be found in ‘air-conditioned markets’ like supermarkets, and this is the significant character of the community to be protected. 1.3 Problem Statements Comparing to the past, it is obviously seen that nowadays Nang Loeng community is lack of liveliness and loosing its identity. The historic buildings in the community area are mixed up with those newly built. Some of them are deteriorated by time. Some have been repaired, but with misused materials, and the wrong way to practice. Those cause the buildings in the area seem to be disordered. Some historic building such as Sala Chaloem Thani has been deserted. It has no function, no good maintenance. Improper actions to the architectural heritages have devalued the authenticity and qualities of the place.

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Nang Loeng community area has high density. Houses are constructed and added new parts occupied almost the sites. It is not safe in case of fire because it is a difficulty to access the area and extinguishing the fire. The original population moves out to work and live in other places. Conversely, there are migrated people moving in. This creates the problem of lacking the sense of ownership. The new comers only use Nang Loeng as the low-rental residence. Some of them buy desserts from other places and later sell them in Nang Loeng market. The original foods and desserts in Nang Loeng community have been lessened. Finding for a parking place around Nang Loeng community is very difficult, especially in the daytime. Most of surrounding area is occupied by the community people and the officers who working nearby. Before the renovation of Nang Loeng market in 2006, the physical condition of the market was deteriorated and lacked of hygiene (See figure 2 page 8). The numbers of customer in the market were decreased4 that cause the reduction of shops and products. After the finishing of market renovation (See figure 3 page 9), there are 148 stalls, which still decrease from the previous numbers.5 In the past, there are interested people studying and gathering data about Nang Loeng area. However, the analysis and planned for management have not deeply done so far. Therefore, this research was done not only by review the past information and related literatures but also with the data from my own interviews and physical investigation. Then, analyze and summarize for setting up a conservation guidance and development for Nang Loeng community in order to raise people’s quality of life as well as keeping the old community’s cultural identity. 1.4 Goals and Objectives 1.4.1 To study the history of Nang Loeng community and the role of its significant architectural heritage toward the community, 1.4.2 To study the community’s conditions and problems nowadays, 1.4.3 To study the factors effect to changes of community and tradition way of life, 1.4.4 To present the guidance for the architectural heritage’s conservation in order to raising the life quality of its people at the same time still keeping the cultural identity of Nang Loeng community.

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Kritaporn Haocharoen, “The Role and Spatial Development of Nangloeng District, Bangkok”, (MUP thesis, Chulalongkorn University 2003), 235. 5

Interview with Weerawat Sasayanan, Chief of Profit Organizing Department Section3, the Crown Property Bureau, 21 August 2006.

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Analyzing the information

1.5 Methods of Study + + + 1.6 Scope of Study 1.6.1 Physical Boundaries Study boundary is Nang Loeng community area in Pomprabsattrupai district. The total of study area is 8,800 square meters; the community is bounded by Krungkasem Road on the north, by Paneang Road on the south, by Suppamit Road on the east, and by Nakornsawan Road on the west. (See figure 4 page 10, and figure 5 page 11) 1.6.2 Abstract Boundaries In order to conserve Nang Loeng community and have a conservation plan for its architectural heritages, it is necessary to study the overall matters related to Nang Loeng area. We have to carry out the study of tradition and culture of inhabitants, the community’s conditions and problems nowadays, the factors effecting changes of community and tradition way of life. Then, analyzing all data and presenting the guidance for conservation all the historic buildings as one of the valuable heritage of the nation that deserves to be kept for next generations and beneficial for tourism. Moreover, the other useful projects will also be recommended for the fulfillment of conservation of the historic Nang Loeng community both physically and culturally.

Site Survey

Collecting/Recording information of the

place

Identifying and interviewing key interest groups (who are

key players)

Survey by interviewing attitude and the need of

community people

Significance assessment What are values of the place?

Statement of significance

Attitudes, needs, and suggestions of

community people

Management assessment What are constraints/

opportunities?

Finding out the possible and appropriate conservation method in a

pattern of people’s participation

Gathering information by documentation from reading

materials, dissertations, archives, websites, and interviewing with

related persons

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1.7 Key Concepts of this Study Dullness of the community caused by many affects. One of those affects, we believe that it may cause from the ending of Nang Loeng cinema, or Sala Chaloem Thani building nowadays. The cinema business could ever benefit the community in creating lots of works and incomes. Merely specifically study about Sala Chaloem Thani and set the new function is not reasonable, due to a deep relationship with other factors of the community. Its location is in the center of Nang Loeng community as much as Nang Loeng market. With the assumption, that if we can keep the community’s existence, then the function of Sala Chaloem Thani could be revived. It is a fact that a modern way of retail trade outside the community, which is more convenient, changes the community’s way of life. It created the declination and finally ending function of Sala Chaloem Thani as well as deteriorating the community’s trades. It is necessary to recognize the value of tradition way of life in this historic community, to conserve and to protect its special character from the affects of urban development. This research is to study the changes of social condition, then analyze and set the new function for Sala Chaloem Thani as well as providing conservation guidance for other historic buildings based on the community benefit. 1.8 Research Methodology This research study is firstly aimed to know the community’s history, to know the people and its social condition, to realize the high value of architecture in the historic community, including of understanding the problems in social and physical aspects, then summarizing by the SWOTs analysis, supporting the prominent points and fixing the defects. Finally, recommend the new function for Sala Chaloem Thani as well as other historic buildings. Carefully set the new activity for existing buildings would benefit to the community. The recommendation is also provided for the interesting projects, which expected to be useful for the historic community.

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Figure 1: Sala Chaloem Thani or Nang Loeng cinema

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Figure 2: Atmosphere of Nang Loeng market in 2006 before the renovation

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Figure 3: Atmosphere of Nang Loeng market after the renovation in 2008

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Figure 4: Site Plan of the Study Area, Nang Loeng Community

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Figure 5: Nang Loeng Community and Rattanakosin Area

CHAPTER 2 Recognition toward the Conservation of Historic Community

2.1 What is Conservation of Historic Community? Conservation of historic community means the conservation of dense group of buildings, which have characteristic of homogeneity. They have a unity in architectural and aesthetic quality. They also have cultural significances. In the past, the conservation aimed only at the single monument, not concerned with the surrounding buildings. Until the period before the Second World War, people tend to pay more attention to the significances of historic communities and villages. 2.2 Qualifications of Historic Community 2.2.1 Group: The historic community is not a sole monument or a building. It is composed of the sum of various parts, an entirety which exists and must be preserved. A part must be valuable in itself, but what gives it a wider and deeper significance is the fact that it belongs to a whole. 2.2.2 Homogeneity and Unity: 2.2.2.1 Homogeneity is related to coherent styles and forms. Coherent styles refer to the group of buildings that are built at the same period. Coherent forms refer to the group of buildings that have coherent size, proportion, materials, although they are built at the different periods. 2.2.2.2 The unity means the harmonious relationships between each buildings, each group of buildings, or between the monument and its environment. 2.2.3 Social and Economical Cohesion: Traditional activities reflect the physical characteristic such as an original occupation would rise up the prominent physical characteristic of the place. 2.2.4 Community’s Intrinsic Values in art, history, and culture: They mean the values in the aspects of life and story in the whole community.6 2.3 Significances of Historic Community 2.3.1 Collective heritage: Collective heritage has shown the life and social structure of many generations, from past to the present. It is our duty to keep it alive. 2.3.2 Cultural Significances: In cultural significances, the community has been being as the living testimony of civilization in the past, which shown the historical and architectural progresses. The writing language cannot do it. The cultural significances can be separate to the following values; historic value, aesthetic value, and social value. The historic value encompasses the history associated with events, developments, or people that have had a significant role in the occupation and evolution of the community. It is of importance for its association with events, it is an example of the rare, and endangered of the cultural heritage. Aesthetic value, there are 6

Somchart Chungsiriarak, “Conservation of Historic Community,” Lecture Paper, Silpakorn University, 2006. (Photocopied)

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remarkable and fascinating physical characteristics, as being an old area in the city. The place has aesthetic values because; it demonstrates important design or visual qualities. Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual and cultural sentiment to a group of people. The place has social value because it is valued by a community for reasons of spiritual and social associations. It is recognized by the community as having public value. It forms a particular and significant component of the heritage of a local area. It demonstrates a distinctive way of life or custom that is no longer in use or is in danger of being lost. 2.3.3 Economic Significance: In economic significance, the historic community can make a profit from tourism that has both advantages and disadvantages. The immovable property could be developed by reusing them as the residences, offices, and cultural buildings. 2.3.4 Balancing of social and environment: In balancing of social and environment, the historic community has the characteristic that very well get along with the human life far better than the modern urban life. There is a peace, no confusion. The community people are friendly, safe, and having the unity. The community’s physical environment is beautiful and harmonizes with the nature. The historic community is a reaction that oppose to the over growth of materials in the modern society. It is an accelerant for the occurrence of new research and new activities of its protection.7 2.4 What shall we conserve? These qualities are important elements of historic community that should be conserved, both the physical environment and the communal life. They are consisted of these followings; 2.4.1 Urban patterns, which set by plots of land and street networks 2.4.2 Relationship of buildings with the green area and the open spaces 2.4.3 Form and appearance of architecture both exterior and interior, which are set by scale, size, style, construction, materials, color, decoration, and organizing of the principal architecture and the subordinate buildings 2.4.4 Relationship of community with the surrounding setting 2.4.5 Activities and functions that have been inherit throughout the passing time8 2.5 How shall we conserve the historic community? The conservation must emphasize on authenticity, participation, and involvement of community people. Any projects or activities have done without study on the real historical basis could devalue the historic community. The conservation should start with people, not the materialistic profits. On the other hand, conservation is based on love and pride of people in their families, places, regions, and countries respectively. When they have the pride of their origins, then the consciousness in conservation would happen and be permanent. If the conservation starts with tourism with an unconsciousness of community people, they might trade the real culture for benefit and introduce a fake culture to satisfy tourists. The authenticity of culture 7

Ibid. 8

Ibid.

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might be distorted for the sake of business. The community will have no unity, due to its members have competing to each other.9 2.6 Ideas of Conservation in Europe In Netherlands, the 1961 Act gives the first look into the group value and points out the designation procedure of the towns and villages. The definition in the Act on cultural heritage is “Any group of immovable objects (such as roads, streets, squares, bridges, canals, waterways) which in conjunction with one or more monuments in the group, forms a scene which is of public interest in that it lends beauty to the whole”. In addition, in Article 15 of the 1961 Act has mentioned about the government empowers the Ministers of Culture and Housing to designate the towns and villages to be protected. The minister’s decision shall be published in the Official Journal of the Netherlands and communicated to the councils concerned. The Venice Charter as international guideline is the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites of 1964 has also laid down the early consideration for the conservation of historic cities in Article 1. “The Concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant development, or historic event. This applies not only to great works of art but also to more modest works of the past which have acquired cultural significance with the passing of time”. The year 1975 marked a positive and practical turn for European Conservation when it was announced to be the European Architectural Heritage Year. Buildings and towns in Europe were selected to be awarded in that year in order to exemplify different aspects of the conservation problem and serve to demonstrate differing techniques and solutions in fitting historic buildings and areas for today’s needs.10 2.7 Attentiveness to Conservation in Asia In December 1979, Thailand National Commission for UNESCO organized a conference in Phitsanulok entitled “Meeting in Asia.” At that meeting, the experts from 8 countries includes Thailand discussed the study and planning of a number of historic cities conservation projects that should conserve more than 10 historic sites. In April 1985, the Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University, Japan, arranged a conference in Tokyo entitled “International Symposium on the Study and Preservation of Historic Cities of Southeast Asia.” It was pointed out in this meeting that no university in Asia gave training in city conservation principles and techniques and that it was time that universities and institutions concerned with restoration and

9 Ibid. 10 Sunon Palakawong Na Ayudhya, “The Conservation of Ancient Cities and Ancient Settlements in Thailand: a Country Report,” Najua Magazine, no.7 (1987): 105-106.

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preservation of cultural properties combined their efforts to create such a training course. 2.8 Legislation and Charter in Thailand Act on Ancient Monuments, Antiques, Objects of Art and National Museums B.E.2504 (1961) gives the Director of the Department of Fine Arts full authority to designate, to enlist a historic monument, and to designate a historic area, which means that the concern for the conservation of historic areas in Thailand also dated back to 1961. In B.E.2527 (1984), the Thai Architectural Conservation Charter was issued by the Department of Fine Arts which is the principal official body responsible for conservation works in Thailand. This charter is in fact the Thai answer to the Venice Charter of 1964. The charter does not elaborate the terms of historic building or historic area, but refers to the meaning and principles in the Act of 1961. In Article 2.1, there is giving the aim of the charter as to “Make clear that the principles and practice of conservation works of building and environment be in accordance with the International Charter and with the Act of 1961.”11 2.9 Washington Charter-198712 In this modern world of the first part of the 21st century, although high in technological progress, there has been a strong tendency for human beings all over the world to look back into their history. It has become the pride and value of human beings. Old buildings and art objects no longer belong to one places or people of one nation but have become the common property of the world. The ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Historic towns and Urban Areas is the result of 12 years of study and development by international specialists. The document was adopted at the October 1987 meeting of the ICOMOS General Assembly in Washington, DC, and is known commonly as the “Washington Charter.” The terms of the Charter are purposefully broad; internationally, there are many methods of planning and protection for historic urban areas, many ways that urban development may impact on the patterns of post- industrial societies. All communities in the historic urban areas, whether they have developed gradually over time or have been created deliberately, each functions as the important documents about societies’ history. They are full of the values of traditional urban cultures. Nowadays, those historic urban communities are being threatened due to the urban development from both modern technology and facilities, which affect the way of life of people. To protect against the situation that may leads to irreversible cultural, social, and even economic losses, the International Council and Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)

11

Ibid.,107-109. 12

ICOMOS Thailand, Washington Charter 1987 [Online], last updated 5 December 2008. Available from http://www.icomosthai.org/

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drew up Washington Charter 1987, the international charter for the Conservation of Historic towns and Urban Areas, which be the part to add the completeness to The Venice Charter. The Washington Charter defines the principles, objectives, and methods necessary for the conservation of historic towns and urban areas. It also seeks to promote the harmony of both private and community life in these areas and to encourage the preservation of those cultural properties, however modest in scale, that constitute the memory of mankind. 2.9.1 The Essential Contents of the Washington Charter 1987: In Principles and objectives of the charter, it has points that policies of economic, social development, and planning at every level should give precedence to the matter of conservation, for the most effective in the conservation of historic towns and urban areas. We should preserve the elements of historic community both material and spirit that relate to the historic character of town or urban area. Any new creations besides those related to that mentioned characteristics would be in harmony with the authenticity of the historic town or urban area. Washington Charter has emphasized on the participation and the involvement of the residents that are very crucial things to consider and to encourage, for the success of the conservation program. Due to each individual case have different specific problems, there should avoid rigidity. The essential requirements are the prudence, the systematic approach, and discipline. In methods and instruments of the charter, it has mentioned that planning for the conservation of historic towns and urban areas should be managed with multidisciplinary studies; they mean to all relevant factors including archeology, history, architecture, techniques, sociology and economic. The plan should clearly mention to the principle objective of the conservation plan in case that the legal, administrative, and financial measures might be required to achieve them. The aim should be harmonized the historic urban areas and the town as a whole. There must be conclusion about which buildings must be preserved, which should be preserved under certain circumstances, and which of under quite exceptional circumstance might be expendable. Before any intervention, existing conditions in the area should be thoroughly documented. Above all, the conservation plan should be supported by the residents of the historic area. Any necessary conservation activity should be carried out in accordance with the principles and the aims of this Charter and the Venice Charter until a conservation plan has been adopted. Continuing maintenance is crucial to the effective conservation. New functions and activities should be compatible with the character of the historic town or urban area. Adaptation of these areas to contemporary life requires the careful installation or improvement of public service facilities. The improvement of housing should be one of the basic objectives of conservation. When it is necessary to construct new buildings or adapt existing ones, the existing spatial layout should be respected as to be reserved, especially in terms of scale and lot size.

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The introduction of contemporary elements that is harmoniously consistent with the surroundings should not be opposed if such features can conduce to the enrichment to that area. Knowledge of the history of an historic town or urban area should be expanded through archeological investigation and appropriate preservation of archaeological findings. Traffic inside the area must be controlled, and parking areas must be plan so that they do not damage the historic fabric or its environment. When there is the construction of motorways, they must not cut through the historic town or urban area, instead they should improve the access to them. The historic towns should be protected against natural disasters and nuisances such as pollution and vibrations in order to safeguard the heritage and for the security and well- being of the residents. When natural disasters affect the area, preservative and repair measures must be adapted to the specific character of the properties concerned. In order to encourage the residents’ participation and involvement, a general information program should be set up for all, beginning with children of school age. In addition, specialized training should be provided for all those professions concerned with conservation. 2.10 Architectural Conservation Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind’s built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision not to intervene may be the most appropriate choice. In the United States, architectural conservation is used in the narrow sense, applies to the art or scientific treatment of cultural heritage, and is considered a subset of historic preservation. In most other areas of the world, architectural conservation is used broadly for all aspects of the older built environment and is a subset of heritage conservation or cultural patrimony. Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood. In this sense, the term refers to the “professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as preservation tool”.13 In addition to the design and art/science definition describes above, architectural conservation also refers to issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and built environment. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identity and value historic cultural resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for interpretation, protection, and education. Typically, this process operates as a special aspect of a society’s planning system, and its practitioners are termed historic environment conservation professionals. “Historic preservation” and “heritage conservation” are essentially synonymous terms that represent different geographic areas. “Historic preservation” is almost exclusively

13

Martin E. Weaver and Frank Q. Matero, Conserving Buildings: a Manual of Techniques and Materials, rev.ed. (New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1997), 1.

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used in the United States, while the remainder of the English- speaking world uses the term “heritage conservation”

CHAPTER 3 History of Nang Loeng Community

3.1 The Beginning of Nang Loeng Community Nang Loeng area in the beginning of Rattanakosin was a wasteland. There was populations scattered living in the area and feeding their cattle. So, people used to call this area as Thungsanamkrabue or Buffalos field. The court also used it for feeding Royal elephants that not be enrolled for government service. The first group had come to this area, as residents were Khmer, prisoners of war. The King gave this area to them for their settlement around 1782, which sometimes called the “prisoners community”. They were good of skill for making big earthen jars, which called “Cha-nangloeng” in Khmer. For a derivation of the name “Nang Loeng”, there are many assumptions. However, what in line with is that “Nang Loeng” derives from “Cha-nangloeng” by Khmer or “E-loeng” by Mons that mean the big earthen jars. E-loeng produced by Mons who had migrated from Mohtama city in Myanmar. The King Rama II granted them the settlement in Samkok subdistrict, Patumthani. They earned their living by making the big earthen jars. When the trading by boats has flourished in Nang Loeng area in the period of the King Rama IV, they carried the jars by boat and parked for selling at the canal side of Padungkrungkasem in the south cross to Premprachakorn canal. Hence, people called this community as E-loeng according to the name of jars. Later, there was changing of E-loeng to Nang Loeng for being sound more polite.14 There was a construction of the first temple in this area in the reign of the King Rama II, as Phraya Jahsanyakorn the community leader dedicated his house for the temple building. The second group had come, as the residents were people from southern part of the country. Since King Rama III went to suppress a rebellion and then migrated people from Nakornsrithammarath, Pattalung, and Songkhla for being “ Phrai Luang Ganeboon” or soldiers of the King.15 They had worked as bricklayers in the area. The southern people called the temple which closes to their houses as Wat Kae’. Kae’ in South dialect means “near or close”. As for a documentary referred to the construction of Somanas Rajavaravihara temple in the reign of King Rama IV, it described the area at that time was Thungsompoi or Sompoi field because it had many Sompoi trees. It was deserted. There was not crowded of residents as now.16 The area started to be an important in the reign of the King Rama IV. There was digging of Padungkrungkasem canal as to extend the eastern of the capital. The result 14

Sunsanee Verasilpchai, Chue Ban Nam Mueng, 5th ed. (Bangkok: Matichon, 1997), 77-78. 15

Ibid. 16

No Na Paknam [pseud.], Wat Somanat Wihan (Bangkok: Muengboran, 1995), 101.

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was an expanding of the capital area. Many people moved in for their settlement. Trading by boats was very lively. There are many constructions of roads in the reign of King Rama V including Krungkasem Road and Nakornsawan Road (originally called Talad Road that means the road in front of market) around Nang Loeng area.17 Transportations in the past, there were rickshaws, tricycles and trams. The tramline passing Nang Loeng was “Pakklongtalad – Tewes” Line. It passed Wat Sampleum, Wat Tuek Junction, Sapandam Junction, Golden Mountain, Wat Saket, Lan Luang Junction, then passed Nang Loeng and ended at Si Sao Tewes. It was a pity that there is the abolishment of tram in BE.2509 in the period of the Prime Minister Field Marshal Sarit Tanarath. Besides building of the new roads, there was construction of shop houses along Nakornsawan road by the King V’s treasure. The purpose was for people to rent for their trading. At that time, most of the tenants were Chinese. 3.2 Important Places in Nang Loeng area& Their Relationships with the

Community 3.2.1 Nang Loeng Market Nang Loeng Market was constructed and opened on 29 March 1899. It is a part of urban extension programs that cutting Krungkasem Road and Nakornsawan Road in the reign of King Rama V. There was moving up of the floating market along Padungkrungkasem canal to be on land as Nang Loeng Market. It was a big trading area, considered as the first on-land market in Bangkok, and was leading market at that time. Once, it was on fire severely on January 23, 1929. A source of the fire came from a Chinese’s shop house in the alley closed to Sala Chaloem Thani. Nearly a hundred houses were damaged at that time. Therefore, after the disaster, there was reconstruction of the market, which replaced by a spacious building. Pillars made of concrete whereas the roof had a wooden structure, covered with cement tiles in diamond shape. Due to physical condition of the market was very dilapidated, it might bring any injury to the merchants and the customers. Therefore, the Crown Property Bureau had a development plan for conservation of the market by realizing to the historical significance. In addition, to conform with Policies of the Bangkok Metropolitan and the Ministry of Public Health that concern people’s health and hygiene, with the campaign aims at setting cleanliness standard of the Bangkok Metropolitan Code. The plan has been starting since December 2005, which includes developing physical of the market, setting water treatment, making footpaths and toilets, buildings’ painting around the market with the new color but match with the surrounding atmosphere. (Details of the renovation of Nang Loeng market, See Chapter 4 Page 33).

17

Prakit Sapianchai, “The Kingdom Administration during the Rattanakosin Period before the Administrative Reform 1789- 1892” (MA thesis, Chulalongkorn University, 1995),95-96.

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3.2.2 Shop houses The handsome aesthetics of the traditional shop house fell into widespread neglect in Thailand from the 1970s through to the 1990s. Owner replaced traditional facades with unsightly modern elements and cluttered them with signage or simply tore them down. More recently, entrepreneurs have found that it takes little but fresh paint to bring these architectural gems back to life. Architectural form of old shop houses plays an important role in illustrating the small town identity in Nang Loeng and providing the feelings of familiarity and attachment that define a sense of place. “Sense of place” is defined broadly as a feeling of attachment and belonging to a particular place or environment having a special character and familiarity. Most noticeable shop houses are those along Nakornsawan Road, between Chakkrapaddipong Junction and Padungkrungkasem canal Junction (See figure 6 page 26). Shop houses that close to Nakornsawan road and Krungkasem road have high significant level. They are more than 100 years old, built in the period that the King Rama V assigning the construction of Dusit palace around the year 1900. This was a conscious effort to assert Siam’s modernity and independence in the face of Western colonial expansion in Asia. Their styles are a hybrid Eastern-Western form, influenced by European and colonial styles mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style and configuration. Decoration focuses on the front façade, especially on the upper storey. This is a legacy of a taste in southern China during the 19th century for plaster foliate designs, pilasters, fanlights and other elements of European styles like neoclassical, Baroque, and Italianate.18 They have been considered as being a feature of Nang Loeng area, due to people has seen them from passing through this area. This specific style also have found in many places in Rattanakosin area. They support the image of buildings’ conservation in the vicinity as well. The classical shop houses are built in a row of one and a half or two storey masonry units with shared walls. The front wall of the ground floor is often made of panel folded doors that open the interior to the street for use as a retail shop or wholesale business, while the upper level is a residence for the owner’s family (See figure 7 page 27). Some shop houses also serve as a warehouse, or as a service area for a restaurant, barbershop, or similar business. Alternatively, it is used solely as a residence, turning the ground floor’s front room into a family room open to breezes from the street (See figure 8 page 28). Most people have rent the shop houses staying in that place for long time. They are the place for people to do activities such as trading and living that create spiritual, cultural and social associations. People recognize the place as having social value.

3.2.3 Sala Chaloem Thani ‘Sala Chaloem Thani’ or known as Nang Loeng cinema was a two storey wooden building, considered as one of the Bangkok’s historic entertainment places. It had started the first screening since 1918 in the reign of King Rama VI by Payonpattanakorn Company. In the period of the King RamaVII, the owner sold it to

18

Nithi Sthapitanonda, Architecture of Thailand: a Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms (Bangkok: Asia Books, 2005), 216.

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the Crown Property Bureau. Later, in the occasion of 150 years celebration of Rattanakosin the name of Nang Loeng Cinema changed to “Sala Chaloem Thani”. The occurring of the cinema made the animation to people in the area and the travelers. At the beginning, the layout of the cinema’s seats were the long benched without fixing number, anyone who entered in the cinema could freely selected their own seats, and it had no usher. At that time, it was silent films. There was arranging of the brass band to play in front of the cinema for persuading people. The music stopped when the movie was starting to screen. Sala Chaloem Thani had deeply related with Nang Loeng community. Time has passed for almost a century there have been many changes. It had ever been the first class cinema, and later became to the fourth class cinema. It had been continuously in operation until 1993 when the Crown Property Bureau closed it down due to decreasing popularity of Thai films and the wide spreading of modern cinemas. Nang Loeng cinema came to an end by the law on 12 January 1994. Its original function was ended after serving Thai people for 75 years. Now, with ages reach to 90 years, we considered it as the cinema in the first period of Thailand. However, it still has the spiritual value to people in the community. Nowadays, the place in used as a warehouse with ramshackle condition. In front of the cinema is a wide courtyard, which often used for activities (See figure 9 page 29). It is the assembling place for community. The government agencies sometimes use this area to organize activities such as Separating Garbage Day, etc. When there are the activities at the courtyard, the atmosphere seems very lively. That is beneficial to the coffee shops and the food stores in Nang Loeng community. From historical information, it can say that Nang Loeng cinema had much influence to Nang Loeng market. When the Nang Loeng cinema had the activities, it could attract a large number of people that is beneficial for trading in Nang Loeng market. Nang Loeng area became the center of entertainment. People had known Nang Loeng market as one of the important market in Rattanakosin area. It was a center of economy. After Sala Chaloem Thani has stopped its activities, trades in the community are more depressed because lacking of place of income, trade activities, and group of customers. It would be a pity for the wonderful relationship between Sala Chaloem Thani and Nang Loeng community, which had ever created liveliness to the community. 3.2.4 Sacred place in Nang Loeng Community: Krommaluang Chumporn Shrine & Chinese Gods Nang Loeng Shrine located in the rear of Nang Loeng market. The size is about 4x6 meters. It is pretty large comparing with the general Chinese shrines in the other places. It is made of wood, obviously noticed with high platform, and painted in red color (See figure 10 page 30, and figure 11 page 31). A dominant feature of Nang Loeng shrine is an installation of Chinese gods such as Guan-im goddess, Guan-oo guardian spirit, Tee-leng-nea, Tub-tim goddess, Pung-tao-kong, Pung-tao-ma, and a lineage of royal family; Krommaluang Chumporn being worshiped together. The most famous among the Chinese gods in Nang Loeng shrine is Guan-Ou god, who

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people regard as the god of honesty. For Sa-Ded-Tia or Krommaluang Chumporn, there was the installation after that.” The information of the shrine’s story had got from the interview with Mr. Junghua Saechua, a 72 years old man, who was one of the shrine committees 7 years ago. He originally was Nang Loeng man, son of Mr. Tiameng Saechua. His father migrated from China. He said, “More than 50 years ago, his father, and 3-4 friends had collaborated in foundation of Nang Loeng shrine. Previously, the community had no place to paying respect to god. They had to do in other place. However, due to inconvenience, they wish to have the Chinese shrine in Nang Loeng. They brought wood ashes from the incense burners of the other shrines, and then add altogether for the shrine’s establishment by followed the Chinese tradition. Originally, Nang Loeng palace was situated at Rajamangala Institute of Technology, Phra Nakorn campus nowadays. Krommaluang Chumporn shrine was formerly set up there. The story is that, King Rama V assigned to build Nang Loeng palace as a gift for Prince Apakorn Kiattiwong Krommaluang Chumporn Khet-udomsak. He is the ‘Apakorn’ ancestor. Prince Apakorn was the 28th son of the king with his consort mom Mhod. After finishing his naval study from U.K., he enrolled the royal Thai navy and became a famous navy commander. Because of the palace located in Nang Loeng area, so it named after the palace. The prince had used this palace as the residence until he died in 1923. After that, an heir sold this palace, which finally belongs to Rajamangala Institute of Technology, Phra Nakorn campus. When there was dismantling of the palace, people built the Memorial Shrine of Krommaluang Chumporn instead to commemorate him. Finally, the community people moved it to join with the existing Chinese gods’ shrine in Nang Loeng market afterwards.19 Mr. Preecha Sritulyachoat gave his opinion about the reason why the community respects Krommaluang Chumporn, “because Krommaluang Chumporn who was a Thais higher officer has a leadership character. He was brave and sincere to the Chinese communities. When the Chinese illegal association known as “Ang-Yi” reached its high influence in Bangkok, Krommaluang Chumporn got into that group and with his brave personality and sense of leadership, later he could control and handle that gang. That is why people had deeply respected him even he died many years ago.” The other people, including the shrine’s committees gave their opinions in the way that it is not strange to respect and worship both Krommaluang Chumporn and Chinese gods at the same shrine. It is the benefit for people who worship both gods and royal because they are both symbol of goodness. Their respect and their appreciation seem to be more evident, as we can notice from the annual shrine festival and the amounts of people paying their daily respect. 3.2.5 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) There was a establishing of Wat Sunthonthammathan or Wat Kae in the reign of King RamaII. The original name was Wat Sanam Krabue as it had situated, or Wat Kae. Phraya Jahsanyakorn, a government official had set up this temple. The story

19

Sanook Online Ltd., Travel Bangkok [Online], accessed 12 August 2007. Available from http://travel.sanook.com/bangkok/bangkok_07021.php

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was that he found an image of the Buddha sunken under the water in Bangkhorlam subdistrict and brought to his house. There were many people had faith with that image. Therefore, Phraya Jarsanyakorn dedicated his house for being the temple. Later, the King Rama IV gave the new name as “Sunthonthammathan temple” follows the name of Krommamuen Sunthon and Phra Thammatha-jarn who had collaborated in restoration of the temple. One factor that Nang Loeng community cherishes this temple is that there were well-behaved monks who were also master builders. Such as an abbot, Phra Kru Phrarachatammavijarn (Thoop Kemasiri), who had governed the temple in 1927-1990. There were many redevelopments of the temple during his period; removing monks’ dwellings and rebuilding them in the one area for easier control, construction of walls around the church, restoration of the temple, construction of temple’s main gates and concrete bridge across the ditch close to Paneang Road, construction of a new temple hall for sermons, etc. He passed away on Sunday 29 July 1990. It regarded as one of the big losses of Nang Loeng people. The present abbot is a disciple of Phra Kru Phrarachatammavijarn named as Phra Kru Vijarnworrakij (Phra-ajarn Chuan) 3.2.6 Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara There was setting up of Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara, this Dhammayut sect Royal temple in 1853. It was built under the command of King Rama IV as a memorial to Queen Somanas Vadhanawadi who died since the beginning of his reign. The total area of the temple is approximately 31 rais and can be divided into two parts. The first part is the Buddhist rites area (Buddhavas) situated at the center of the temple. It composed of three important buildings, the congregation hall (Viharn), the main stupa surrounding by the square gallery (Viharn kot) at the middle, and the ordination hall (Ubosot) at the back. The ordination hall and the stupa are interconnected by the square gallery to form a distinctive planning and unity. The ordination hall at the back of the compound has a similar Chinese influenced characteristic as the congregation hall but with a smaller size. The main Buddha statue and the principal disciple statues in the ordination hall were brought from Wat Raja Thivas and the Royal Grand Palace. Furthermore there is also a belfry in a cylindrical shape tower with a Chinese-style roof and a rounded window. The second part is parsonages or the monastery zone. The parsonages are on the either sides of the Buddhist rites area. These small residences are made of brick and mortar and have a wooden roof, in accordance with the traditional Thai style. There are Stone Statues; Chinese stone figures decorate the monks’ residential area. The temple’s fund had derived from Her Royal legacy of Majesty the Queen Somanas Vadhanawadi. Since then, Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara has prospered as a perfect temple up until now. The temple has governed by an abbot, which dividing the responsibility to the groups of monks. At present, Somdej Phra Wannarat (Jub Tittathummo) has occupied the abbot post.

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3.3 Relationship of Nang Loeng Community towards Temples in the Area Most of people in Nang Loeng community are Buddhist. Temples own the land of their settlement. A part of the community area has rented from Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara, another part in the area close to Paneang Road has rented from Wat Kae. Therefore, people in Nang Loeng community have close relationship and faith with those two temples for many years. Moreover, the temples are as the education center for the monks as well as for the primary school students. It is also a center of religious activities for people coming to make a merit and religious ceremonies from birthday’s donation to death ceremony. Besides the Nang Loeng community, there are people in the vicinity such as Chakkrapaddipong community often come to worship and do the religious activities at the temples in Nang Loeng area.

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Figure 6: Shop houses along Nakornsawan Road

27

Figure 7: The front wall of the shop houses’ ground floor is often made of panel folded doors that open the interior to the street for use as a retail shop or wholesale business, while the upper level is a residence for the owner’s family.

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Figure 8: The shop house is used solely as a residence, turning the ground floor’s front room into a family room.

29

Figure 9: Wide courtyard in front of Sala Chaloem Thani, which often used for activities

30

Figure 10: Nang Loeng Shrine located at the rear of Nang Loeng market.

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Figure 11: Nang Loeng Shrine is made of wood, obviously noticed with high platform, and painted in red color

CHAPTER4 Architectural Heritages: Buildings’ Descriptions and Their Significance

Nang Loeng community formerly had been a historic trading area as well as the memorable entertaining place of Bangkok. Therefore, the buildings in the community area are for commercials. They were built in the period of King Rama V and the later reigns. 4.1 Buildings’ Description, Characteristics, Functions, and Significance There are many structures having the important architectural styles and characteristics. The styles of buildings and the identity of architectural characteristics create their cultural significances (See figure 59 page 97). These buildings are as follows;

1. Nang Loeng market 2. Shop houses 3. Sala Chaloem Thani 4. Other buildings

4.1.1 Nang Loeng Market Physical Characteristics: Nang Loeng market is a one-storeyed, open, and spacious building, located in the center of Nang Loeng community (See figure 12,13, and 14 pages 53-55). Pillars are made of concrete. Roofing had a wooden truss structure, roofed with unglazed terra- cotta tiles. The main structure is posts and beams, supported huge wooden trusses. Building floor is built of reinforced concrete slap on beam. The market was conserved by the latest renovation in 2006 due to the market’s condition had been very dilapidated. It regards as the third renovation undertaken since the market was built in 1899s. However, the architectural style has remained original, only some materials were changed. Before the renovation in 2006, roof material was of cement tiles in diamond shape. The stalls in the market were not as we have seen nowadays, but made of wood. However according to the Bangkok regulation on construction, wooden material is not allowed to build the stalls. Therefore, they are now made of concrete and finished with glazed tiles instead. (See figure 15 page 56) The building has both functions as a fresh market and a ready- made food market. Function: Fresh market Level of Significance: It has high significant level (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). Nang Loeng market has many time renovations that caused some changes; such as roof lifting for ventilation and day- lighting, the timber stalls was replaced by concrete, and finished with normal modern glazed tiles. They are more durable but disvalued to the original style. About the renovation in 2006 managed by the Crown Property Bureau chose the contractor by bidding among experienced companies. The successful contractor had the effort to conserve the original style of the market. Nevertheless, the results of the construction have changed the atmosphere of the historic market appeared in the stalls into a new market

32

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evidenced in the new materials used elsewhere. Despite original material as wood is not permitted by laws, but there still should have some materials that better use in replacement than the modern glazed tiles, such as, the wood-imitated materials. The project supervision had not done quite well. It lacks of expert in conservation technique and material choosing. The followings are details about the renovation of Nang Loeng Market in 2006, managed by Shaefah Limited Partnership; - Restoring eaves and roof - Changing of clear glasses in the roofing part - Changing and restoring the columns - Restoring floor made of reinforced concrete - Clearing up the space under Nang Loeng Shrine - Removing the wooden stalls and replacing by the concrete stalls finished with glazed tiles - Sanitary works include of setting up water supply system, wastewater pipe system, air pipe, setting up sanitary wares, water pump, underground tank, water treatment tank - Constructing reinforced- concrete gutter and iron lids - Repainting the walls and façade of shop houses around the market - Wiping and repainting - Setting electricity system - Dismantling the original toilets and reconstructing the new one - Miscellaneous works consist of trash elimination, fencing of galvanized iron during construction, hazard prevention during the construction at four sides of the market, setting up the automatic water machine, clearing up the original drain Estimated total price, includes 7% taxes bid by Shaefah Limited Partnership is 17,434,151.23 Baht20

20 Shaefah Limited Partnership, “Details about the Renovation of Nang Loeng Market in 2005- 2006,” paper in the possession of Conservation Department, the Crown of Property Bureau, 2005. (Photocopied)

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4.1.2 Shop houses in Nang Loeng Community Architectural form of historic shop houses plays an important role in illustrating the small town identity in Nang Loeng area and providing the feelings of familiarity and attachment that define a sense of place. In Nang Loeng area, the most noticeable architectural form of the historic shop houses is the ones along Nakornsawan Road. However, there are many more of the historic shop houses with high cultural significance inside and around the community, which is sometimes overlooked and altered with improper materials. They were built during the reign of King Rama V – King Rama IX. (See figure 16, 17, and 18 page 57-58) What are their significances? Shop houses close to Nakornsawan road and Krungkasem road have high significant level. They were built 100 years ago in the period that King Rama V assigning the construction of Dusit palace around the year 1900. This was a conscious effort to assert Siam’s modernity and independence in the face of Western colonial expansion in Asia. Their styles are a hybrid Eastern-Western form, influenced by European and colonial styles mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style and configuration. Decoration focuses on the front façade, especially on the upper storey. This is a legacy of a taste in southern China during the 19th century for plaster foliate designs, pilasters, fanlights and other elements of European styles like Neoclassical, Baroque, and Italianate21. They have been considered as being a feature of Nang Loeng area, due to people has seen them from passing through this area. This specific style also have found in many places in Rattanakosin area. They support the image of buildings’ conservation in the vicinity as well. The classical shop houses are built in a row of one and a half or two storey masonry units with shared walls. The front wall of the ground floor is often solid panel of louvered doors that open the interior to the street for use as a retail shop or wholesale business, while the upper level is a residence for the owner’s family. Some shop houses also serve as a warehouse, or as a service area for a restaurant, barbershop, or similar business (See figure 19 page 59). Alternatively, it is used solely as a residence, turning the ground floor’s front room into a family room open to breezes from the street. Most people have rented the shop houses residences for long time. They are the place for people to do activities such as trading and living that create spiritual, cultural, and social associations. People recognize the place as having public value. The old-style shop houses in Nang Loeng area is significant as stated in the previous paragraphs. Their historic architectural form is the feature of Nang Loeng area as well as one of the community’s identities. This is the reason why we have to keep the authenticity of the place as one of the value heritage of the nation that serves to keep for next generations and benefit for tourism. The tourism is main business of our country. In Bangkok, cultural tourism especially in Rattanakosin Island and its surrounding area such as palaces, temples, old-style houses, and shop houses attracts

21 Nithi Sthapitanonda, Architecture of Thailand: a Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms (Bangkok: Asia Books, 2005), 216.

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huge number of tourists. In addition, it gains high income to our country each year. Therefore, it is crucial to conserve this heritage resource. Broadly, the shop houses in Nang Loeng area can categorize into three periods, with the six stylistic expressions. They are early period shop houses, late period shop houses, and modern shop houses. 4.1.2.1 Early Period Shop houses (1900 - 1930): They were built in the period of King Rama V. The shop houses that subjected to this category are as follows; 4.1.2.1.1 Shop houses along Nakornsawan and Krungkasem Road (See figure 20 page 60 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This style of shop houses is a hybrid between European and Chinese style, influenced by classical style mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style, and configuration. There are double storeys. The roof style is a gable roof, covered with cement tiles in diamond shape. The structure is bearing wall system. The walls are constructed of bricks and plastered. The ground floor façade has a wide entrance fixed with six panels folded door whereas the upper floor façade has a single window fixed with a double casement louvered window. Decoration focuses on the front façade, especially on the upper storey. This is a legacy of a taste in southern China during the 19th century for plaster foliate designs, pilasters, fanlights and other elements of European styles like Neoclassical, Baroque, and Italianate.22 Functions: The ground floor is used as a retail shop or a wholesale business, while the upper floor is used as a residence. Some shop houses also serve as a warehouse, or as a service area for a restaurant, barbershop or similar business. (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). They were built in the period that King Rama V assigning the construction of Dusit palace around the year 1900, which is a conscious effort to assert Siam’s modernity and independence in the face of Western colonial expansion in Asia. Moreover, they are considered as being a feature of Nang Loeng area, according to people has seen them from passing through this area. This specific style also have found in many places in Rattanakosin area. They support the image of buildings’ conservation in the vicinity as well. 4.1.2.1.2 One-and-a-half-storeyed shop houses around the market and those at the corner of Suppamit Road crossing Krungkasem Road (See figure 21 page 61 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This style of shop houses is a hybrid between European and Chinese style, influenced by classical style mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style, and configuration. There are one-and-a-half storeys. The roof style is a gable roof, covered with cement tiles in diamond shape. The structure is bearing wall system. The walls are constructed of bricks and plastered. The ground floor façade has a wide entrance fixed with panel folded door. There are firewalls at every three units.

22 Ibid.

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Function: They were built at the same period with Nang Loeng market. Their first function was used as storage. Later, the ground floor is used as trading, and the upper floor is used as residence. Level of Significance: This group of buildings has high significant level (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). They ages more than a hundred year. 4.1.2.1.3 Double- storeyed shop houses along Suppamit Road (inner row) (See figure 22 page 62 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This group of shop houses was built in the period of King Rama V. This style is a hybrid between European and Chinese style, influenced by classical style mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style, and configuration. The buildings have fewer decorations and details comparing to their neighborhood. This type of shop houses has double storey. The roof style is a gable roof, covered with cement tiles in diamond shape. The structure is bearing wall system. The wall are built of bricks and plastered. Function: The ground floor is functioned for trading, office, residence, and storage. The upper floor is used as the residence, and the storage. Level of Significance: This group of buildings ages around 90 years, with individual style. There is high significance level (See criteria of determining the significant level table 2 page 46). 4.1.2.1.4 Wooden shop houses along Paneang Road (See figure 23 page 63 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This style of wooden shop houses is a hybrid between Thai and Chinese style. There is a single storey. Originally, all structures are of wood, but from the past restoration, the floor is built of reinforced concrete, and the wall is of brick and plastered. The roof style is a gable roof, covered with small-corrugated cement sheets. Function: This kind of shop house is used for trading and residing. Level of Significance: This group of buildings ages not less than 80 years. The significance of style and materials of the building is moderate (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). Their conditions are very dilapidated. 4.1.2.2 Late Period Shop houses (1931- 1970): The shop houses that belongs to this category are as followed; 4.1.2.2.1 Shop houses along Suppamit Road (See figure 24 page 64 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This style of shop houses is a hybrid between European and Chinese style, influenced by classical style mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style, and configuration. There are double storeys. The roof style is a gable roof, covered with cement tiles in diamond shape. The main structure is posts and beams.

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Function: The ground floor is used as trading, and the upper floor is used as residence. Level of Significance: This group of buildings ages around 60 years. They were constructed over a former public draining canal. The style of buildings has been considered as having the significant less than the shop houses in the early period. Considering the style of buildings, their significance is less than those in the Early Period Shop houses are. Moreover, the buildings’ location has hidden the buildings at the back, which are considered having higher significance level (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46).

4.1.2.3 Modern Shop houses (after 1973): The shop houses that subjected to this category are as followed; 4.1.2.3.1 Double& Triple- storeyed shop houses along Paneang Road and those inside the community area (See figure 25 page 65 and figure 59 page 97) Physical Characteristic: This group of shop houses was built after the last fire disaster in Nang Loeng community area in 1973. They are the reinforced concrete buildings. There are neither specific characteristic nor having distinctive decoration. The style reflects the post- war economic type that responded to the needs of uses only. Function: The downstairs used for trading activities and storages. The back is used for kitchens and toilets. The second and the third floors are uses for residences. Level of Significance: The group of buildings age less than 30 years. The style of buildings has no significance. 4.1.3 Sala Chaloem Thani Physical Characteristics: Sala Chaloem Thani or Nang Loeng Cinema is a large wooden building. There are two storeys. The first storey is the box office and the auditorium for viewing the cinema. The second storey is a cinematograph’s room. The building is roofed with corrugated sheets of galvanized iron. The building laid in west-east direction, faces to Somanas Rajavaravihara temple in the West. The building plan is rectangle shape, with symmetrical Balance (See figure 26 page 66). 4.1.3.1 Upper-part structures; Truss, Roof, Awning, Ceiling The roof structure is built of trusses framing made of teak with 21 meters long of span. The roof shape is gable roof with the slope approximately 30-45๐, laying of the purlins and roofed with corrugated sheets of galvanized iron. The roof material is an original fabric. At the façade, the overhanging eaves are decorated with pieces of wood (See figure 27 page 67). There is use of awning at both sides of the building on the first storey to provide protection from the sun or rain. The awning material is the same as roof; corrugated sheets of galvanized iron (See figure 28 page 68). The ceiling is built of gypsum boards; a sheeted material having a gypsum core covered with thick paper on each side.

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4.1.3.2 Wall and ground structures; Post, Walls, Doors, Windows, Floor The building is built by a system of long span post-and-beam framing construction, which wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads. At the first 2 meters high from the ground, the structure is made of concrete posts and beams, beyond this level the wooden posts are connected on the concrete structure. The exterior walls, at the first 2 meters height from base are of concrete posts and beams, walled with the masonry. At the façade, the masonry wall colored in blue. There is use of wooden partition, with the style of colonial siding. The siding composed of plain, square-edged boards laid horizontally in the way that the upper overlaps the one below23 (See figure 29 page 69). The wall color seems to be unpainted, which the information is asserted by elderly people in the community. Nevertheless, from site inspection we have found the light green color on the siding at roof shade area. It may assume that there was the building paint in light green color at the time when this building was built in 1918, and it was washed out after that. Only one area the paint remained is on the roof shade due to protection of roof. For the interior walls, plywood sheets and egg crates are used to partition the interior walls as the sound acoustic of cinema in the past (See figure 30 page 70). There are two types of doors in Sala Chaloem Thani. First type is the swinging-batten doors, constructed of vertical boards held together by horizontal battens and diagonal bracing. This door type is located at the front of the building connected to the stairs pass through the mezzanine (See figure 31 page 71). Another type is the swinging-paneled doors, made of wood. In the past this type of doors used as being the entrances and the exits doors (See figure 32 page 72). There are two types of windows; the single casement windows and the double casement windows. They both opened in swinging characteristic. They are half-louvered and half-panel windows, made of wood (See figure 33 page 73). The upper floor or the mezzanine is the wood boards lay on joists, made of teak. The ground floor is paved with reinforced concrete slab on beam. 4.1.3.3 Other elements: There is a wooden stairs made of teak at the entries leading to the upper floor; the mezzanine, from both left side and right side. The stairs split into two stages. Exhaust fans for ventilating an interior space by drawing air from the interior and expelling it outside.24 They covered by slatted apertures made of wood (See figure 34 page 74). Function: Old cinema, now the warehouse Level of Significance: This building has high significance level (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). It is now reach to 90 years. It has considered as the first generation of cinema in Thailand. There is also the spiritual 23 Francis D.K. Ching, a Visual Dictionary of Architecture (Toronto: John Wiley& Sons, 1995), 268. 24 Ibid., 127.

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value to people in the community. There had been a strong association with the life, and work of people in the early days. In addition, it has had a significant role in the occupation and evolution of the community. The Fine Arts Department has recently registered it as a preserved building. From the mentioned criteria, Sala Chaloem Thani is subjected to the building with high cultural significance. 4.1.4 Other Buildings 4.1.4.1 Houses (See figure 35 page 75). Physical Characteristic: In the study area, many houses were built overcrowdedly. The age of buildings are varied. The buildings’ style had been much altered that can decrease their significance. Most of them were made of wood, which risk of fire. The roof materials mostly are corrugated galvanized iron. Only some old houses were built of cement tiles in diamond shape. There are approximately 110 houses in the study area, but only 20 houses having cultural significance. Function: Both upper storey and ground storey are used for residing only. Some houses are divided into many rooms for lease. Level of Significance: Some buildings have age more than 80 years, whereas others are under construction. Merely few houses have the significance for conservation. 4.1.4.2 Flats (See figure 36 page 76) Physical Characteristic: In the study area, there are two large flats behind the shop houses nearby Paneang Road. There are four and six storeyed flats respectively, with elevators in each building. They are regarded as the highest buildings in the area. They are built of reinforced concrete. The main structure is posts and beams. The roof floor is built of reinforced concrete. Function: The buildings are used for residing only. Level of Significance: These types of buildings have no significance (See criteria of determining the significant level, table 2 page 46). Their styles are not linked to the historic buildings nearby or the vicinity. 4.2 Physical Investigation of Historic Buildings; Sala Chaloem Thani and Shop houses From physical investigation of the buildings in the community area, there have found of deteriorations. There are heritage at risks, which result from a lack of caring and understanding of conservation, and a lack of realizing of the values of heritage places. The risks caused by humans are the deterioration by age and by lack of maintenance. The risks also caused by disaster; due to the density of the residences in the area, along with their conditions are very old. Many of them made of wood. These are the factors permitting to fire. The historic buildings; Sala Chaloem Thani and shop houses have been found of deteriorations;

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4.2.1 Sala Chaloem Thani: Investigation of Conditions& Signs of deterioration The physical investigation of Sala Chaloem Thani in 2006 was done by documenting its present condition and problems, with the purpose was aimed for a proper restoration. 4.2.1.1 Upper-part structures; Truss, Roof, Awning, Ceiling Truss, the truss is still in a good condition and found no sign of deterioration. Roof’s condition is decayed. However, there has been repairs sometimes by replace the new sheets; some changed to corrugated acrylic sheet for adding the light inside the building25 (See figure 37 page 77). Awning’s condition is very dilapidated, mostly become rusty. Ceiling, there is sign of deterioration causes by molds on the surface. They are visible as dark spots. Due to physical investigation of the ceiling material, the split gypsum boards found molds in dark brown color. Perhaps the most important feature of the presence of molds lies in the fact that they signal either the roof is leaking or the moisture content of wood is high or in this case, the paper that faced the gypsum is moist and that therefore an attack by more damaging fungal species could occur.26 4.2.1.2 Wall and ground structures; Post, Walls, Doors, Windows, Floor Post, the concrete posts and beams at the first 2 meters high from the ground and the wooden posts which are put on the top of the concrete. They are still in good condition. Walls, color of the exterior wall seems to be of natural wood. From the interviews with the elderly people in the community, he confirmed that the color is of original. However, from the site inspection, it was found the light green color on the siding at roof shade area. It may assume that the building was painted in light green at the time when this building was built in 1918. The color quality might not durable to the sunlight or rain. Therefore, it was discolored very fast. There are water stain causes by moisture. Moreover, due to shrinkage problem creates holes and let sunlight get into the building, so there had been a repair sometimes in the past by replacing with corrugated sheets of galvanized iron. The interior walls have found the holes cause by insects (See figure 38 page 78). Doors, The swinging-batten doors are still in the good condition. The swinging-paneled doors have found no problem from insects or fungi, but only the destructive effect of ultraviolet light and other climatic elements upon untreated wood. 25 Interview with Sompong Chotiwan, the Tenant of Sala Chaloem Thani at Present, 26 January 2006. 26 Martin E. Weaver and Frank Q. Matero, Conserving Buildings: a Manual of Techniques and Materials, rev.ed. (New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1997), 26.

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Windows, the condition is dilapidated. There has been fixing with patch plywood, preventing from drenched by rain. There are sign of deterioration effected by ultraviolet light and other climatic elements. In addition, there are the dark spots of molds, cause by moisture (See figure 39 page 79). Floor, the upper floor or the mezzanine is now still in a good condition. The ground floor is in a good condition with no any problem from crack, just vestiges from removing the benches. 4.2.1.3 Other elements; Stairs, the condition of wooden stairs is good. Ventilators, there are signs of insect on the slats, note small piles of frass. However, the insects are on the surface only but no effect to the grain of wood (See figure 40 page 80). Screen and Pulley: Both of them are in the good condition, just covered by dust (See figure 41 page 81).

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Table 1: An Initial List of Conservation Needs for Sala Chaloem Thani, by Priority

Elements Materials Problems Causes Conditions

Levels of Urgency

for Restoration

Roof& Awning Galvanized iron

Decayed and rusty

Climate Bad High

Paneled doors Wood Paled of color, water stain

Ultraviolet light,

climate

Bad High

Windows Wood Paled, Dark spots

Ultraviolet light,

climate, mold

Bad High

Sidings Wood shrinkage and

Water stain

Ultraviolet light and Moisture

Medium Medium

Slatted aperture(Covers of ventilators)

Wood Pile of excrement

Insects Medium Medium

Ground floor Concrete Vestiges Benches Removing

Medium Low

Upper floor Wood(teak) No No Good Low

Batten doors Wood No No Good Low

Trusses Wood(teak) No No Good Low

Note: The level of urgency for restoration implied the period of time to start the work

High = within 1 year (first priority)

Medium= within 2 years (second priority)

Low= within 3 years (last priority)

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4.2.2 Shop houses: Investigation of Physical Conditions

4.2.2.1 Early Period Shop houses (1900 - 1930):

4.2.2.1.1 Shop houses along Nakornsawan Road and Krungkasem Road: Most of the shop houses along Nakornsawan Road are in good condition with low degree of alteration. As referred that these shop houses have very prominent style. They are like an identity of Nang Loeng community. The overall structure of buildings has not been changed, except the buildings no#324,326,328,330,332,334, and 336 that are replaced by high concrete buildings (See figure 17 page 57). For the shop houses along Krungkasem Road, the buildings’ structure seems not to be changed, but in fact, they are very much altered by expanding their back parts, which create an untidy look. Moreover, the ground floor façade at the entrance which the original wood panel folded doors have been changed to the metal overhead doors or the metal accordion doors (See figure 42 page 82). Whereas the upper floor façade that the double casement louvered window originally made of wood have been changed to the double casement glass windows. 4.2.2.1.2 Double- storeyed shop houses along Suppamit Road (inner): The buildings are well conserved of the original style, and in the good physical condition. They look harmonious and supporting to the historic community atmosphere. There are some additional by walling the area in front of the shop houses for expanding housing area such as the building no#53 (See figure 43 page 83). 4.2.2.1.3 One-and-a-half-storeyed shop houses around the market: The buildings are well conserved of the original style. They look harmonious and supporting to the historic community atmosphere. The latest renovation of Nang Loeng market in 2006, the project was included repainting this kind of shop houses that surround the market (See figure 44 page 84). However, it is only renovating the façade, but not the interior. There are some alterations of windows, replacing with made-of-glass material. 4.2.2.1.4 Wooden shop houses along Paneang Road: Nowadays, there is decreasing number of wooden shop houses along Paneang Road due to they once were on fire. Most of the remainders are in bad physical condition, especially the buildings no#141 and 143. They are neglected with no use. 4.2.2.2 Late Period Shop houses (1931- 1970): 4.2.2.2.1 Shop houses along Suppamit Road and those at the corner of Paneang Road: Most of the shop houses along Suppamit Road and those at the corner of Paneang Road are in good condition. However, the buildings on the east of Nang Loeng 2 alley have better physical condition and better conservation of the original style with lower degree of alteration. While many of the buildings on the west of Nang Loeng 2 alley have more degree of alteration, especially the buildings no# 7/15, 7/16, and 7/17 that were painted in the pink color. In addition, many of them have been overused as garages (See figure 45 page 85).

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Late Period Shop houses along Suppamit Road on the east of Nang Loeng 2 alley have a better physical condition and a better conservation of the original style with lower degree of alteration comparing with those on the west of Nang Loeng 2 alley (See figure 46 page 86) Late Period Shop houses along Suppamit Road on the west of Nang Loeng 2 alley have much alteration and misused (See figure 47 page 86). 4.2.2.3 Modern Shop houses (after 1973): 4.2.2.3.1 Double and triple- storeyed shop houses along Paneang Road and those inside the community area: Due to this group of shop houses was built after the last fire disaster in 1973. They age around 30 years, which still be in good physical condition. The style reflects the post- war economic type that responded to the needs of uses only. 4.3 Grading of Buildings in Nang Loeng Community and Order of Priority of Repair, Benefit for Community’s Development and Conservation of Historic Community The place has been believed to be of cultural significance taking into consideration as in Burra Charter in the criteria of social, scientific, aesthetic, and historical value. However, in assessing the cultural significances of buildings, it is necessary to form many criteria, for analyzing which will lead to the summary and the recommendation for the conservation and the development of the study area. This independent study has considered in two main aspects; Cultural value and Physical value. Each main aspect is divided into three sub criteria, combining for grading of the buildings. The purposes are for ranking the buildings’ values in the cultural and physical aspects, the urgent need for conservation, and being useful for area’s conservation and development. Moreover, it also benefits for being a document of inspecting the physical conditions of Nang Loeng area in 2007. 4.3.1 Cultural Value, comprising of three criteria; Age, Style, and Authenticity - Age: Buildings that age more than fifty years would considered as having high significance level 3= more than 50 years, 2= 30-49 years, 1= less than 29 years - Style: The style of buildings with high significance level has considered in the aspect of cultural value. Those buildings demonstrate the important design or visual qualities of being an old area in the city. There are remarkable and fascinating physical characteristics, and having the harmonious continuity to the monument in the vicinity. 3= high significance level 2= moderate significance level 1= low significance level

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- Authenticity: The originality or the potential for restoration to an original or authentic state27 3= High authenticity 2= moderate authenticity 1= Low authenticity 4.3.2 Physical Value, comprising of three criteria; physical condition, alteration, and use - Physical Condition: Buildings that have good physical condition would be regard as having high significance level. The buildings in bad condition, which are very dilapidated, which might bring any injury to the resident people who are in those buildings, would be regard as having low significance level. 3= good, 2= average, 1= bad, - Alteration: Alterations and /or additions to a historic building certainly do not automatically disqualify an item from being listed. After all, many buildings have grown organically, with alterations, additions, adaptations, and even fundamental changes of use over time. In fact, if these changes had not occurred, the building may have been demolished and replaced long ago. Change is part of history and, as long as it is not overly out of character, it need not detract from a site’s heritage value, and may even add to significance.28 3= with or without alteration but still keeping its character 2= moderate degree of alteration 1= high degree of alteration which is very detract from the site’s heritage value - Use: The uses of buildings divided into three levels; overuse, moderate use, and under use. - Overused buildings may cause damage and deterioration of physical condition. Due to inappropriate in usability, the overused buildings considered as having low significance level. - Moderate use of buildings is the most proper way in utilization. The owner gives good maintenance to the building at the same time uses that building properly. The building with moderate use considered as having high significance level. - Under use of building may cause the building lacking of proper maintenance. The building with under use considered as having low significance level. 3= moderately use (properly use, not too much, not too little. There is the maintenance and cleaning regularly) 2= quite overused/ or under use (overused means improper function such as being a storage instead of a residence, and under use means there are closing

27 Graeme Aplin, Heritage: Identification, Conservation and Management (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002), 130. 28 Ibid., 129.

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some part or the whole of building, which causes of neglect in cleaning throughout the area.) 1= very overused/ or under use (very wrong functioning can cause of buildings’ damage that depreciate the value of historic buildings in the area Methodology 1. Divide the investigation into two aspects; cultural value and physical value. Then, set criteria of each aspect for evaluating the significance level in the conservation. In the aspect of cultural value, there is three criteria; age, style, and authenticity. In the aspect of physical value, there is three criteria; physical condition, alteration, and use. 2. Create tables of each aspect 3. Mark down by considering to the former set criteria to evaluate the significance level of buildings by physical investigation of all buildings in the study area and interview with the residents in Nang Loeng community includes houses, shop houses, Nang Loeng market and Sala Chaloem Thani. 4. Combine the marks of all criteria 5. Grade the significance levels as A, B, and C for the benefit of arrangement in priority of repair.

By A= 9 - 8 marks, B= 5- 7 marks, and C= 3 -4 marks

6. Create another table for priority of repair by considering the results of two aspects; cultural value and physical value. For the people’s safety and keeping the cultural identity of the community, the arrangement is directly considered from the Physical value, then the Cultural value. The building in which having the lowest Physical value with the highest Cultural value is considered to be the first priority of repair (See table 3 page 47). Table 2: Criteria Determine the Significant Level of Buildings

Grading Results Cultural Value Physical Value

Significant Level

A A High A B High A C High B A Moderate B B Moderate B C Moderate C A Low C B Low C C Low

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Table 3: Order of Priority of Repair

Grading Results Cultural Value Physical Value

Priority of Repair

A C 1 B C 2 C C 3 A B 4 B B 5 C B 6 A A 7 B A 8 C A 9

7. Translate the grading results and the order of priority of repair by coloring on the maps; those are map of cultural value, map of physical value, and map of the priority of repair. (See figure 60-66 page 98-104)

4.4 Site Descriptions, Recording of the Problems that have Found in the Study Area, and Guidance for Area Development

Zone dividing: According to the study area, Nang Loeng community is broad area. It consists of many houses, shop houses, and many alleys that have several characteristics. For the convenience in mentioning to the specific buildings or area, we will divide the entire area into five zones. The five zones are set for the convenience of the investigation of the study area by considering to the area’s size, building characteristics, and accessing way into the area. (See figure 48 page 87) Zone 1: Most of buildings in zone 1 have high to average physical value, except the buildings no#264 and 288 (See figure 49 page 88) that are behind Nang Loeng market. They have very bad physical condition and can be harmful to the passing people. Moreover, the shop houses no#206/21, 206/22, and 206/23 in front of the garbage heap are having very bad physical condition, atmosphere, and improper functioning. They are deserted buildings and being the storage for people who picking the recycle garbage storage for sell. The space area in front of Sala Chaloem Thani has been occupied for being temporary food stalls. During the market renovation in 2006, the Crown Property Bureau had allowed the stalls owners to do the trade activities in this area temporarily. However, after the market renovation was finished, some of food stalls still have not moved out from this area. In addition, there is no related officer to inspect the area and to give any penalty strictly.

Guidance for area development: The garbage heap should be well organized by constructing door panel for protecting from smell, animals, and disgraceful scenery. The temporary food stalls in the area in front of Sala Chaloem Thani should be cleared out for keeping the beautiful scenery of the historic building. This area can be used to arrange the community activities.

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Zone 2: All shop houses in zone 2 are categorized in the early period shop houses. They have both high cultural value and physical value, except the shop houses along Krungkasem Road that the ground floor façade has been altered. The shop houses nearby Nang Loeng market have been repainted at the time that having the market renovation in 2006. Beside the shop houses, the rest of the area is congested residential houses. The wooden house no#199 (See figure 50 page 89) is the most outstanding house among those in zone 2 with high cultural value and high physical value. However, the owner should be cautious about tending to be overused of that building, by having the moderate using and gives a proper maintenance. Accessing from Krungkasem Road in Nang Loeng 1 alley, the houses especially no#173/4, 173/5, 173/6 (See figure 51 page 90) are recommended to have a physical adjustment for harmonizing with the historic community. The houses no# 205, 207, 221, 223 are recommended to be demolished due to having low cultural value and low physical value (See figure 52 page 91). At backside of some shop houses close to Krungkasem Road have altered and added part such as the shop houses no# 754, 756, 758, 760, and 762. Especially the shop houses no# 726, 728, 730, 732, 734, 736, 738 have invaded the area that suppose to be a passage (See figure 53 page 92). The houses no# 273 and 273/1 are not match with the community atmosphere, which can be adjustable by changing the gate’s style and material from alloy to wood or imitative wood. (See figure 54 page 93) Guidance for area development: Due to the residences within this zone are congested, therefore the fire extinguishers, fire alarm system, the guidance for emergency exit, and the practicing to extinguish the fire are very crucial. Encroachments of the passage by adding the back part of the shop houses have shown to the selfishness of the residents and the neglect of the officer. That passage should be cleared otherwise in case of emergency; it may create the difficulty to access the fire. Zone 3: In the small alley from Krungkasem Road to Nang Loeng 1 alley, houses on the left hand side have low cultural value and being congested. They are having discordant style with the historic community. In addition, their physical conditions are very poor. The shop houses in this zone especially those along Suppamit Road are having rather good physical condition with low alteration, but those along Krungkasem Road; the shop houses no# 764, 770, 772, 774 are obviously seen the alterations(See figure 42 page? 82).

Guidance for area development: The houses no# 303, 309, 309/1, 309/2, 311, and 311/1 are recommended to be demolished due to having low cultural value and low physical values (See figure 55 page 94). For the shop houses which having high cultural value, their original style of roof, door panel and window panel should be conserved in the same characteristic. Zone 4: Houses in the area that connected to the rear of Nang Loeng market are much crowded and having difficulty in accessible. Many of houses are made of wood. There are risks of fire, and without proper fire protecting system. The dilapidated houses at the rear of Nang Loeng market are recommended to be demolished due to having low cultural value and low physical value, which its physical condition can be harmful to the passing people. The shop houses both inner

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and those close to Suppamit Road are having high cultural value, especially those on the right side of Nang Loeng 2 alley have the better conserved style than those on the left side. Guidance for area development: Similar as zone 2, the houses in zone 4 are much crowed with wooden houses. From the site survey, it lacks of efficient fire extinguishing system. The fire alarm system, the fire extinguishers, and the guidance for emergency exit should be set and well trained to the community. The shop houses on the right hand side and the left hand side of Nang Loeng 2 alley are the good comparison of the same style of architecture but having different degree of alteration. The related organization should set a format of the alterations and the patterns of the roof, door panel, and window panel in which to be followed in the same direction.

Zone 5: Most of buildings in this zone are the shop houses. Those in the North of Paneang Road are made of wood with a single storey. The physical conditions are very poor. Even once, they used to have a restoration, but the style seem inharmonious to the historic community. The shop houses in the South of Paneang Road are the newest group of buildings among those in the study area, which having good physical condition, but the style seems to be different from the other shop houses in Nang Loeng community. Instead, they are generally found in the other area in Bangkok. The houses behind the shop houses in this zone are altered to engage in business, such as warehouses but not for residence. The house no# 24 (See figure 56, 57 page 95) is distinctive among the houses in this zone. It is well conserved and having high cultural value with high physical condition. The building no#9 (See figure 58 page 96) is a newly built apartment, which once used to be a big beautiful wooden house, but now already replaced by a four-storey concrete apartment. There are two huge flats in this zone, nevertheless they are invisibly seen from Paneang Road, due to they are hidden behind the shop houses. Guidance for area development: Once, some of the single storey wooden shop houses along Paneang Road were on fire. The restoration had done by easily changing the wall from wood to the corrugated metal sheet. The style is not match with the historic community. In addition, the purpose of using has been changed from being the residence to be the garage. The restoration of those shop houses had done without the consideration to conserve the original style or the aesthetic. The two huge flats are acceptable due to they are not in the sight of being obviously seen from the main road. However, they should have a physical adjustment for harmonizing with the historic community. 4.5 Criteria toward the Principles for Conservation 4.5.1 The buildings with high cultural value and high physical value are highly recommended to be maintained. 4.5.2 The buildings with high cultural value and low physical value are recommended to be developed. 4.5.3 The buildings with low cultural value and high physical value are recommended to have a physical adjustment for harmonizing with the historic community. 4.5.4 The buildings with low cultural value and low physical value are recommended to be demolished.

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4.6 Overall guidance for area development The market renovation in 2006 is the starting point of developing Nang Loeng community. Besides of repainting the shop houses’ façade that surround the Nang Loeng market, there should be proceedings of repainting all shop houses in the other area in the community for keeping continuity scenery of historic buildings. All buildings should be occupied by having moderate using, which mean properly use, not too much, not too little. The occupants themselves should be responsible to their own residences by regularly cleaning, repainting their houses or shop houses, and do the maintenance if necessary. For the shop houses or houses which having high cultural value, the original exterior style of roof, door panels and window panels should be conserved in the same characteristic. They are one of the identities of ancient Nang Loeng community. However, they can be altered for suitability of nowadays climate, air pollution, and urban style of living nowadays that have using the air conditioner by adding inner glass door and inner glass window. The ventilators should be nice and tidy set in the same position of each building. The related organization should set a format of the alterations and the patterns of the roof, door panel, and window panel in which to be followed. The buildings inside Nang Loeng community are having high congestion. Therefore, the fire extinguishers, fire alarm system, the guidance for emergency exit, and the practicing to extinguish the fire are very crucial to be trained to the community. In the past, the restoration of buildings had done without consideration to the conservation of the original style or the aesthetic. For the style, they just consider not to against the law. For the conservation of Nang Loeng community, the guidance is that the restoration or any reconstruction should be done under the consideration to conserve the style and the aesthetic of ancient community. The contractors must present the design which shown to the intention to conserve the historic community toward the related organization for the inspection. This relates to the policy of The Ministerial Regulation issue no#144, B.E.2542 (1999) or the Bangkok Principle Plan 1st edition (See details in chapter 5 page 111), which have the contents aim to conserve the art and cultural, and the environment, which be significance in architecture, and history for being an identity of Bangkok and the nation. There are many buildings and many residents in Nang Loeng community. Each problem should be gradually solved, at the same time with the officers’ attention and the responsibility of the community to protect those problems could not be happened again. 4.7 Summarizing of Cultural Significance From the site investigation of Nang Loeng community, the cultural significance which matched with the criteria of the Burra Charter 1999 is as follows;

Aesthetic Value: Among the buildings in the study area, include Nang Loeng Market, Sala Chaloem Thani, and shop houses; those old shop houses are the most noticeable to their architectural form. The community surrounds with the ancient shop houses is the dominant feature. They play an important role in illustrating the small town identity in Nang Loeng and providing the feelings of familiarity and attachment that define a sense of place. Especially, those along Nakornsawan Road between Chakkrapaddipong Junction to Padungkrungkasem Junction, which people regard as the area’s identity as they can feel to the ancient

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community atmosphere when driving through. There are fascinating physical characteristics, as demonstrating the important design or visual qualities. Their styles are a hybrid between European and Chinese, influenced by classical style mixed with Chinese characteristics of function, style, and configuration. This specific style supports the image of buildings’ conservation in the vicinity as well. Nang Loeng Market, with its remarkable style of architecture demonstrates the important design different from the other market. In the recently market renovation in 2006, the attempt to conserve these physical characteristic was the very important thing that had been considered.

Historical Value: There are many historic buildings in Nang Loeng area that having historical value; such as, ‘Nang Loeng market’ that is considered as the first on-land market in Bangkok. ‘Sala Chaloem Thani’, which regarded as the oldest wooden cinema that has existed nowadays, was registered by the Fine Arts Department as being the historic building. The old shop houses which age more than a hundred year were being in the same project plan with the construction of Dusit Palace around the year 1900. That was the conscious effort to assert Siam’s modernity and independence in the face of Western colonial expansion in Asia.

Social Value: In the social and cultural aspects, Nang Loeng is an historic community, which can be rarely seen in Bangkok nowadays. The original trading activities are the community’s special characteristic. It demonstrates a distinctive way of life that is rare and is in danger of being lost. Many generations; children, adults, and senile have been living together under the community’s atmosphere within the old style buildings and trading forms. Most people have hired the shop houses staying in that place for long time. They are the places for people to do activities such as trading and living that create spiritual, cultural, and social associations. People recognize the place as having social value. Since the floating market along Padungkrungkasem canal was moved up on land to be Nang Loeng Market in 1899, which once was the fast grown trading area on land, and considered as the leading market at that time. It was severely on fire in 1929. However, due to having very importance to the community, having social value, and being the economic and social center, there was the reconstruction to revive the market. It had been replaced by a spacious building with more durable materials and structure. Later, once again according to the physical condition of the market that was very dilapidated, the Crown Property Bureau considered to the safety of the merchants, the customers in the market, and the community people, also to the people’s health and hygiene, with the campaign aims to set cleanliness standard followed the Bangkok Metropolitan Codes of regulations. Therefore, there has been the market renovation in 2006. Nang Loeng market is like the heart of the community, having ‘Nang Loeng Shrine’, which unites Krommaluang Chumporn and Chinese Gods, as is the soul and the spiritual center of community people. Most of the community’s activities and festivals happen because of the cooperation and the unified belief in Buddhism, gods, and spirits. It forms the particular and significant component of the heritage of local area. It demonstrates a distinctive way of life or custom that is in danger of being lost. It is of importance for information contributing to an understanding of the history of human occupation and the cultural history of the area. Sala Chaloem Thani, there is the spiritual value to people in the community. It had been a strong association with the life, and work of

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people. In addition, it has a significant role in the occupation and evolution of the community

In this study, there is emphasizing on the study of basic data from the existed referred documents, together with the buildings' survey, collecting data in Nang Loeng area, for the conservation of the historic community from the data base analysis, background history, architectural character, and problems, also the causes of problem that happens. Moreover, in consideration to the value of the architecture in the study area, those buildings have considered in the aspects of aesthetic and the architecture, together with the techniques of constructing methods, and using of the materials in the past. From all reasons, they can summarize that many of them having high cultural significance; which are aesthetics value, historical value, and social value, which should be conserved as a group of historic buildings, in a kind that still have the utilization nowadays.

53

Figure 12: Plan of the renovation of Nang Loeng market in 2006

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Figure 13: Derelict trusses cover some of the market alleyways in 2005. These have been left over from an earlier attempt to renovate the market in the 1990s.

55

Figure 14: Nang Loeng market after the renovation in 2009

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Figure 15: The new stalls in Nang Loeng market are made of cement and finished with glazed tiles

57

Figure 16: The shop houses lining both sides of Nakornsawan Road make it one of the most atmospheric areas downtown.

Figure 17: Three units of Shop houses that were allowed to rebuild as unsightly tall buildings and sharply contrast to the surroundings.

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Figure 18: The shop houses after the development in 2008, the tall buildings were repainted for having more accordant with the surroundings.

59

Figure 19: The front wall of the shop houses’ ground floor is often solid panel of louvered doors that open the interior to the street for use as a restaurant.

60

Figure 20: Shop houses along Nakornsawan Road and Krungkasem Road

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Figure 21: One-and-a-half-storeyed shop houses around the market and those at the corner of Suppamit Road crossing Krungkasem Road

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Figure 22: Double- storeyed shop houses along Suppamit Road (inner row)

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Figure 23: Wooden shop houses along Paneang Road

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Figure 24: Shop houses along Suppamit Road

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Figure 25: Triple-storeyed shop houses along Paneang Road

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Figure 26: Architectural Structure of Sala Chaloem Thani

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Figure 27: Decoration on the eaves by pieces of wood & notice the light green color on the siding under the roof shade

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Figure 28: Awning and Paneling of Sala Chaloem Thani were made of galvanized steel, and has become rusty

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Figure 29: Colonial siding composed of plain, squared-edged boards laid horizontally so that the upper overlaps the one below

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Figure 30: The use of plywood and egg crates to cover the interior walls of Sala Chaloem Thani

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Figure 31: Batten door, a door constructed of vertical boards held together by horizontal battens and diagonal bracing.

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Figure 32: Paneled door used as being the entrances and the exits doors of Sala Chaloem Thani

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Figure 33: Two set of double-casement window, each unit consisted of upper part panel window and lower part louvered window

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Figure 34: The exhaust fans for ventilating an interior space by drawing air from the interior and expelling it outside. They covered by slatted apertures made of wood.

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Figure 35: Front elevation of a typical house

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Figure 36: Front elevation of a typical modern flat in the area

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Figure 37: Replacement of the new sheets; some of original roofing was changed to corrugated acrylic sheet for adding the light inside Sala Chaloem Thani

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Figure 38: There are the holes cause by insects on the interior walls of Sala Chaloem Thani

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Figure 39: Windows of Sala Chaloem Thani were fixed with patch plywood preventing from drenched by rain. There are sign of deterioration effected by ultraviolet light and other climatic elements.

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Figure 40: On the slats of ventilators of Sala Chaloem Thani, there are signs of insect, note small piles of frass. However, the insects are on the surface only but no effect to the grain of wood

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Figure 41: Screen and Pulley: Both of them are in the good condition, just covered by dust

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Figure 42: Shop houses at the corner of Krungkasem Road and Suppamit Road; the ground floor façade at the entrance which the original wood panel folded doors have been changed to the metal overhead doors or the metal accordion doors.

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Figure 43: Double- storeyed shop houses along Suppamit Road (inner); the building no#53 has some additional by walling the area in front of the shop houses for expanding housing area.

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Figure 44: Plan of the renovation of shop houses’ façade around Nang Loeng market

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Figure 45: Shop houses along Suppamit Road; The buildings no# 7/15, 7/16, and 7/17 were painted in the pink color.

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Figure 46: Late Period Shop houses along Suppamit Road on the east of Nang Loeng 2 alley

Figure 47: Late Period Shop houses along Suppamit Road on the west of Nang Loeng 2 alley have much alteration and misused

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Figure 48: Physical Investigation Zoning Map

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Figure 49: The buildings no#264 and 288 behind Nang Loeng market in zone 1. They have bad physical condition and can be harmful to the passing people.

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Figure 50: The wooden house no#199 is the most outstanding house among those in zone 2

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Figure 51: Accessing from Krungkasem Road in Nang Loeng 1 alley, the shop houses no#173/4, 173/5, 173/6 are recommended to have a physical adjustment for harmonizing with the historic community.

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Figure 52: The houses no# 205, 207, 221, 223 are recommended to be demolished due to having low cultural value and low physical value.

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Figure 53: At backside of the shop houses no# 726, 728, 730, 732, 734, 736, 738 close to Krungkasem Road have invaded the area that suppose to be a passage

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Figure 54: The houses no# 273 and 273/1 in zone 2 are not match with the community atmosphere, which can be adjustable by changing the gate’s style and material from alloy to wood or imitative wood.

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Figure 55: The houses no#309/1 is recommended to be demolished due to having low cultural value and low physical values.

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Figure 56 (above), and figure 57(below): The house no# 24 is distinctive among the houses in zone 5. It is well conserved and having high cultural value with high physical condition.

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Figure 58: The building no#9 in zone 5 is a newly built apartment, which once used to be a big beautiful wooden house, but now already replaced by a four-storey concrete apartment.

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Figure 59: Significant buildings in Nang Loeng community

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Figure 60: Grading of cultural value

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Figure 61: Grading of physical value

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Figure 62: Order of priority of repair

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Grading the Cultural Value of Buildings in the Study Area

87

9

33

5345

21

36

513

73

52

5

3542 41

0

20

40

60

80

100

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Grade A Blds.

Grade B Blds.

Grade C Blds.

Figure 63: Column chart shows grading of cultural value of the buildings

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Grading the Physical Value of Buildings in the Study Area

82

41

6

67

48

4

34

20

0

91

39

0

6053

50

20

40

60

80

100

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Grade A Blds.

Grade B Blds.

Grade C Blds.

Figure 64: Column chart shows grading of physical value of the buildings

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Total Percentage shows Cultural Value in the Study Area

GradeB

28%

GradeC

21%

GradeA

51%

GradeA

GradeB

GradeC

Figure 65: Pie chart shows total percentage of cultural value of the buildings

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Total Percentage of Physical Value in the Study Area

GradeB

37%

GradeC

3%

GradeA

60%

GradeA

GradeB

GradeC

Figure 66: Pie chart shows total percentage of physical value of the buildings

CHAPTER 5 Social and Economic Conditions of Nang Loeng Community at Present

The site survey of Nang Loeng community comprises a visual survey as well as the interview with people in the community, and the collection of the important data by the questionnaire. Its purpose is to know the general information and the problems of Nang Loeng community both in physical and cultural aspects. The field information is then evaluated by additional research data to make a conclusion on its present social and economic condition as described below. 5.1 Location& Area Size Nang Loeng historic community is in Pomprabsattrupai district, Bangkok. The community area is surrounded by four main roads; which are Nakornsawan Road, Krungkasem Road, Suppamit Road, and Paneang Road. The total area is 8,800 square meters. There are 550 families in 478 houses.29 However, an administrative boundary of Nang Loeng community is slightly different. The community is now categorized as the congested area by the Office of Pomprabsattrupai district in 2005. On 4 January 1993, the Office of Pomprabsattrupai district separated Nang Loeng into two communities; Suppamit 1 community and Suppamit 2 community. The communities named follow by the name of Suppamit Road. Committees are being set up for both communities to manage the areas. However, people prefer combining these communities together. It was informally called as Nang Loeng community. Officially, the boundaries of Nang Loeng community are as follows; Suppamit 1 community is the area between Krungkasem Road to Nang Loeng 1 alley. Suppamit 2 community is the area between Nang Loeng 1 alley to Paneang Road. For the study that emphasize on architectural heritages, the scope will be focused on the block surrounded by the four main roads (See figure 67 page 118). 5.2 Land Ownerships The area in Suppamit 1 community, there is 2400 square meters, all owned by the Crown Property Bureau. The area in Suppamit 2 community, there is 6400 square meters, owned by three landlords; Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara, the Crown Property Bureau, and Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng). The possessions of land in Nang Loeng Community can be divided into 3 parts according to the owners. (See figure 68 page 119)

29 Office of Pomprabsattrupai District, “Information of Pomprabsattrupai District: 2003,” n.d.

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5.3 Public Utility The quality of public utility of Nang Loeng community is satisfactory. There are electricity and water supply in every residence. However, the untidy wires possibly create the hazard of fire. The footpath is made of concrete, and has been in a good condition. It is able to access to every residence, but it is rather narrow with the width approximately 1.5 meters. About the sanitation, due to community surrounding is the market, it is necessary to concern with the cleanliness to remain the standard of the market. There must be a management with the garbage regularly. There is a good drainage system in Nang Loeng community. From the interviews, the problem about the flood, or the stagnant of water that mosquito causes a dengue fever is not found. Every residence that surrounds the community has telephone access, but house inside have not yet thoroughly access the telephone. However, they all have use mobile phone. 5.4 Residences Many of the residence in Nang Loeng community are of historic importance. There are three types of the residence. First are the two-storey shop houses that surround the community. They are built of brick and plaster. The width is approximately three meters. Most of the residents earn a living by selling goods at their own residence. Second are the houses inside the community. They are small, close to each other, and crowded. There are four to five people per one residence. Most of the residents are the sellers at Nang Loeng market. Third are the flats. There are large flats behind the shop houses nearby Paneang Road, which made of reinforced concrete. There are four and six-storeyed flats respectively, with elevators in each building. They are regarded as the highest buildings in the area. Recently in 2006, there is a new construction of five-storeyed flat on Nang Loeng 3 alley in Suppamit 2 community. It is reinforced concrete building. Originally, on this area, there was a beautiful historic house. Unfortunately, the owner had dismantled it, and build the new flat instead. Its cultural significance has been ignored. From the data derived from the Office of Pomprabsattrupai district, there are total of 478 residences from the latest survey in 2003. However, from the site survey in 2006 during preceding this project, it has been found over 500 residences both having the residential numbers and those not having. It is because each house has expanded to cover the full area of its site. Therefore, the community area nowadays is much more crowded than the past. Moreover, the data in the summarized table of the two communities shows that in 2003, the number of the residences in Suppamit 2 community is rapidly increased from the year 1999. There are more people moving in. It is more congested. The rental fees of shop houses have no fixed standard. The prices are between 280 baht to 14,800 baht which depend on area size and dwelling period. The shop houses’ ownership in Nang Loeng area mostly belongs to the Crown Property Bureau. From the interview with Mr. Thanee Sasayana, he said that the rental contract would be renewed every three years.30 The two buildings of flats in the study area named as 30 Interview with Thanee Sasayanan, the Chief of Profit Organizing Department Section2, the Crown Property Bureau, 21 August 2006.

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“Krungthong” were built by a company hired the land from Wat Sunthonthammathan, then built the flats and rent to the tenants with a condition that the tenants have just the right to stay, but have no right to sell. The contract is valid for 20 years. The residents are charged 100 baht per month for the facility fee. Table 4: Summarizing of Basis Data Related to Suppamit 1 Community and Suppamit 2 Community

Basis Data Suppamit 1 Suppamit 2 Total Years 1999 2003(lately) 1999 2003(lately) 2003(lately)

Number of Populations

374 672 405 986 1658

Number of Families

128 170 122 380 550

Number of Residences

125 141 115 337 478

Area Size (Square meters)

2400 6400 8800

Statistics of 2003: The Office of Pomprabsattrupai District 5.5 Populations Most of the people have been living in Nang Loeng community for very long time. They are relatives or very close friends that mutually depend on each other. The majority of people have worked as merchants. They have used the ground floor of their shop houses opening as the food shops, grocery stores, and miscellaneous shops. Although, some of their descendants moved out to stay in the other places, the older generations such as father, mother, grandfather, and grandmother still live in the community. From the survey in 2003 made by Pomprabsattrupai district Office, the total populations of Suppamit 1 community and Suppamit 2 community are 1658. If compares between 2 communities; The area size of Suppamit 2 community is almost three times bigger than the area size of Suppamit 1 community, but the numbers of populations are close to each other. There are 672 people in Suppamit 1 community, and 986 people in Suppamit 2 community. The environment of Suppamit 2 community is calmer than the other is. Many houses are closed because people leave out for working. They mostly rent the houses for their living. In Suppamit 1 community, the most favorable occupation is trading. Usually, they have trade inside and around the market. Kinds of goods that mostly sell are foods and desserts. Most of the people in Suppamit 1 sell foods& desserts by using their houses as the cooking places. There are three locations for selling; at the shop houses, on the stalls in the market, and at the pushcarts that park in the community area in the morning and then in the afternoon or in the evening have moved to sell outside the market. In Suppamit 2 community, the majority of people in Suppamit2 community work as employees of shops, factories, or companies within and outside Nang Loeng

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community such as general labors, employees in the food shops, and taxi drivers etc. There are two kinds of employee; temporary employees, and permanent employees. Table 5: Summarizing of People’s Occupations Comparing Between Suppamit 1 Community and Suppamit 2 Community;

Suppamit 1 Suppamit 2

The most Favorable Career

Merchant, having own shop

Employee

The Second Favorable Career

Taxi or motorcycle taxi service

Vendor, having no own shop but pushcart or stall

The Third Favorable Career

Employee Merchant, having own shop

Number of Houses used for process businesses

37 houses(29% of all houses)

31 houses(25% of all houses)

Duration of Business(for the most favorable career only)

30-40 years Less then 10 years

Occupation Approaching (for the most favorable career only)

Inherit from parents generation

Choosing low investment careers, get quick cash, and use a little labor

Sources of investment (for the most favorable career only)

Original funds Mostly are saving deposit and short-term loans. Using circulated loan system

Financial Status (for the most favorable career only)

Even income has decreased, but still enough

Money has got into trouble in the beginning of the months.

Source of Loan(for the most favorable career only)

No borrowing, descendants gives money to use

Short-term borrowing from friends, relatives, and do not pay for interests.

Assistance within the group of the same occupation

None Helping each other telling information about the selling safe places and the loan places

Research Project “Development of Slum Community in Urban Area: Nang Loeng Case Study” conducted by Dr. M.R.W. Akin Rapeepat: Mahidol University, 2001 5.6 Community Festivals and Special Activities The festivals and activities of people in Nang Loeng community mostly related to its temples and the sacred shrine. Every early morning, there are monks from Wat

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Somanas Rajavaravihara and Wat Kae Nang Loeng, people from Nang Loeng and its environs come to offer food to the monks. Therefore, the food selling for offerings is very lively in the morning. Besides the religion activities, the grand celebration of Krommaluang Chumporn Shrine annual festival is very important to Nang Loeng people because of his great respect among the communities. The festival has arranged during 14-19 December annually. It features of many important activities such as parade of gods, performance of Chinese opera etc. The operation budget is mostly received from the shrine’s committees, and the Crown Property Bureau supports a little part of it. Moreover, other community festivals are Songkran Day, Children’s Day, His Majesty the King’s and Her Majesty the Queen’s Birthdays. Table 6: Summarizing of the Annual Festivals held by Nang Loeng People

Association Host Festival Operating Character

Location Date

Buddhism

Wat Kae Buddha’s Footprint Festival

Placing Buddha’s footprint at the sermon hall, and people come to worship

Wat Kae In Mar.

Buddhism Wat Kae Luang Pu Toop(the previous abbot)’s religious ceremony

Making merits and pray to Luang Pu Toop

Wat Kae During Buddhist Lent(Jul- Oct.)

Buddhism Wat Kae Candle molding on Buddhist Lent Day

Making merits for candle molding

Wat Kae In Jul.

Buddhism Wat Kae Religious ceremony at the end of Buddhist Lent(Thod-ka-tin)

Wat Kae set ‘Kathin’ and solicits for charity. There’re performances for the entertainment.

Wat Kae In Oct.

Buddhism Wat Kae Sermon ceremony about the story of Gautama Buddha as

Wat Kae organizes the Sermon ceremony

Wat Kae In Dec.

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Jataka Vessantara

Buddhism Wat Kae& Communities’ leaders

Songkran Festival

Pour water onto a Buddha image and sprinkled the holy water

Wat Kae On 13-15 Apr.

Buddhism Leaders &committees of Suppamit 1& 2 communities

Offering robes and other necessary things to monks before the Buddhist Lent (Thod-Pha-pa-sa-mak-khee)

Set ‘Pha Pa’ for people solicit for charity

Wat Kae During Feb.- Mar.

Nang Loeng Shrine

Nang Loeng Shrine’s committees

Nang Loeng Shrine Annual Festival

Committees Invite monks to pray at the shrine, organizing entertainments; Chinese opera, Thai traditional dramatic performance, casting lots for choosing the new committees, and bid for earnings to the shrine

Nang Loeng Shrine at Nang Loeng market

In Dec.

Community People

NGO, Leader and committees of Suppamit 1& 2 communities

Giving Services to Communities

Service the communities such as Free hair cuts, Educating people about foods & medicines, etc…

At the space in front of Sala Chaloem Thani community area

Not fix

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Community people

Leaders and committees of Suppamit 1& 2 communities

Children’s day

Communities committees& local politicians give presents to children

Nang Loeng 1 alley & at the space in front of Sala Chaloem Thani

2nd Saturday of Jan.

Community People

Govt. Units(district office)

Separating Garbage Day

Giving knowledge to people about separating the garbage

At the space in front of Sala Chaloem Thani community area

Not fix

5.7 Laws and Regulations, related to the Conservation of Nang Loeng area 5.7.1 Laws 5.7.1.1 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, B.E.2526 (1983) , in subject of the specification of areas prohibits to build , modify , use , or change using of some kinds of buildings, in Bangkok in the districts of Nakornchaisri, Wachiraphyabaan, Dusit, Suanjitrada, Mahanak Junction of Dusit area, Tungphyathai, Samsennai of Phyathai area, Wat Somanas of Pomprabsattrupai area, Wat Samphraya, and Bangkhunprom of Phra Nakorn area. It mentions about prohibiting any person to build or to modify buildings , except houses, schools ,clinics , religious places , public buildings, buildings or offices of the government services, which height is not exceed 20 meters, by measuring from road level , or the nearest edge of sidewalk to the highest part of that building. 5.7.1.2 The Ministerial Regulation no#144, B.E.2542 (1999) or the Bangkok Principle Plan 1st edition, since 5 July 1999, promulgate followed the ministerial regulation no#116, B.E.2535 (1992). This first edition of the Bangkok Principle Plan specifies the conservation of art and cultural areas in Bangkok include the connecting areas, but not comprising of Nang Loeng area as the conserved area. Conversely, it is designated as a commercial area. However, if we consider into details, the policy reflects the vision of Bangkok in the 21st century in the sense of pertaining to the conservation; the specification refers that, Bangkok is a city where maintains and preserve the historical heritages, the art and cultural, which be National identity. The details of this Bangkok Principle Plan are as follows; Policy: To encourage, and to conserve the art and culture, also the environment, which be significance in religion way, art objects, architecture, history, and the archaeology, for being an identity of Bangkok and the nation Target: The Rattanakosin area, the connecting areas, and the historic communities which having cultural significances, including of the religious places Strategy: - Expanding territory in the conservation of historic areas covers Rattanakosin area and connecting areas

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- Setting rules for controlling the constructions - Rejuvenating the important historic area, not having the deteriorate

environment, and maintain the important activities of the community - Guiding the travel routes, develop the tourist attraction and all

facilities 5.7.2 Policies of the Related Organizations 5.7.2.1 The Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan 2002- 2006, launched by the National Economy and Social Development Board, Office of the Prime Minister, Bangkok, Thailand. It can summarize as follows; The development guidelines are rehabilitation and preservation of community surroundings, arts and cultures, as well as tourist attractions, to enhance the quality of life, and the local economy, in order to preserve, restore and sustain cultural heritage in order to maintain Thai ways of life. Local communities will be encouraged to take pride in their local culture, and actively participate in heritage preservation measures. 5.7.2.2 The Tenth National Economic and Social Development Plan 2007- 2011, launched by the National Economy and Social Development Board, Office of the Prime Minister, Bangkok, Thailand. It can summarize as follows; The plan takes a unique approach to development in that it not only aims to enhance the quality of life for Thais by addressing traditional economic and social issues such as unemployment and education, but also aims to create social harmony. The plan’s objectives relate to build strong communities and to develop a community-based economy. The aim of this strategy is to improve communities through increased local participation, planning and knowledge management and establishment of linkages between local communities and external linkages. Furthermore, in national economy level the plan refers to create value-added goods while retaining Thai identity as to compete with competitors. 5.7.2.3 Policy of the Crown Property Bureau as one of the landowners has the policy to restore, and rehabilitate buildings and environment, especially Nang Loeng market which resulted to the restoration in 2005-2006. After that, the program will expand to the other parts of the community. On the other hand, in the year 2000, the Bureau of the Crown Property has established a project of division of building conservation, and has set up funds for the preservation, repair, and conserve historic buildings of Crown Property Bureau. 5.8 Other Projects related to Conservation of the area nearby Nang Loeng Community 5.8.1 The Bangkok Metropolitan has planned for Regeneration Padungkrungkasem Canal and Cruising by Electrical Boat for Cultural Tourism In March 2007, the Bangkok Metropolitan Governor, Mr. Apirak Kosayothin reveals that the Bangkok metropolitan has launched a project for celebrating of the 80th King’s Birthday. It is the canals regeneration in Bangkok area, especially the canals in the historic core of Bangkok, which be regarded as the historical canals. Along 1,700

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meters of Padungkrungkasem canal, the Department of Town and Country Planning has investigated the maps of canal, houses, temples, and communities from the Early Rattanakosin Period, to be the model in reviving the canal’s environment. The Cultural Authority of Thailand, the Sport Authority of Thailand, and the Tourism Authority of Thailand have cooperated planning of the cultural tourism in the water route. Then, promptly coordinate with the Office of Research and Innovation to create the electrical tourism boat, without the environmental damage, service for tourists in the future. The Governor also said that, there would be assignment to all District Offices to invite people and youth in garbage collecting project as well as townscape improvement. The project has managed from March2007 to September2007, which consists of cleaning of canal bank, weed picking in the canal, plants decoration along the canal bank, restoration and repainting of handrails, footpaths, canal bridges, electric lights installation along the canal, canal dredging, also including of evoke the people awareness.”31 5.8.2 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has just launched the Green Bangkok Bike project to give tourists a greener way of seeing Rattanakosin Island In an attempt to encourage bicycling as well as reduce traffic congestion around Rattanakosin Island, the historic area of Bangkok, BMA recently launched the Green Bangkok Bike project to offer 300 bicycles a day to tourists who want to cycle around the city’s old quarter. Bangkok Governor Apirak Kosayodhin kicked off the project with a budget of 10 million baht on 12th August, Mother’s Day 2008. Under the Green Bangkok Bike project, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has contracted a private firm to provide 300 bicycles to be made available to Thai and international tourists who wish to cycle around the old quarter of the city free of charge. The firm is also responsible for the maintenance of the bicycles. Right now, the company has set up eight bicycle pick-up spots. They are at Lan Khon Muang, the Grand Palace, the National Theatre, the BMA tourism division at Tha Tien pier, Suan Saranrom Park, Sib Sam Hang road, and Suan Santi Chaiprakan Park. Thais who want to borrow bicycles under the project can simply leave their national identity cards with project staff at any of the eight spots and set off on their tours. Foreign tourists are only required to leave copies of their passports with the projects staff in exchange for a bicycle. The eight bicycle pick-up spots operate from 10am to 6 pm on weekdays. On Saturdays and Sundays, the service hours are extended to 8 pm. Each person who borrows a bicycle will also receive a map with information on tourist attractions and historical sites on Rattanakosin Island such as the Grand Palace, Sanam Luang, Thammasat University, Phra Nakhon National Museum, the National Theatre, the College of Dramatic Arts, Phra Athit road, Sudan Santi Chaiprakan, Phra Sumeru Fort, Bang Lamphu, the Democracy Monument, and the City Pillar Shrine.32

31 Manager Online, Plan for Resurrecting Padungkrungkasem Canal [Online], accessed 10 March 2007. Available from http://www.manager.co.th/QOL/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9500000028211 32 Jetjaras Na Ranong, “Pedal power in the Old City,” Bangkok Post, 15 August 2008, 20.

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5.9 Nang Loeng Market after the Renovation From the interview with Mr. Weerawat Rattanatassanai, the Chief of Profit Organizing Department, Section 3 about rental fees of stalls in the market, he said that after the renovation of the market, it would be increased. The original price was set during 1949-1997s (BE.2492- 2540). During the market renovation in 2005-2006, the Crown Property Bureau had charged at the rate of 10 Baht per day, which is a temporary price during the market renovation. The purposes are for extending the contract between the proprietor and the tenants, and launching regulation guidance for the tenants to follow. After the market renovation has finished, the rental contract is altered. The Crown Property Bureau gives the first priority to the original tenants for prevent the overcrowded market stalls, and the rest will be bid. There will be total of 148 stalls in the market, which the amounts have decreased from the former one. The market development projects also include restoration and repainting the façade of shop houses around the market and renovation of toilets at the rear of the market, which mimic the market’s characteristic, and it seems harmonious with the environment. Moreover, there is organizing the sidewalk, firstly initiated at Nang Loeng1 alley on the part that connected from Nakornsawan Road. There is an announcement prohibiting placing disorderly the pushcarts or any stalls outside the market, also there would not be any trading without contract. Anyone who breaks the regulations will be fined and be arrested in the charge of trespass the area of Crown Property. Mr. Weerawat said that ninety percents of the original merchants have good cooperation to the announcement. However, form the site investigation of the area around the market, the sidewalk look tidier and cleaner than before the market renovation. However, the stalls set exceed the proper area are still existed as well as some vehicles such as motorcycles harmful to the customers parking inside the market area and on the sidewalk is seen. Although there are in a small number but it tends to be increased if the regulation is relaxed. 5.10 Analyzing Changes of the community There are changes of community nowadays in physical, cultural, economic, and social aspects. Some are positive and some are negative. Some are better than in the past, and some are worse. These are analyses of those aspects, in order to know the strong points and the weak points, its causes and effects, as well as finding a physical solutions supported by appropriately social explanations. 5.10.1 Strong points 5.10.1.1 Physical aspects: High Cultural Significant Buildings; there are historic buildings that have much aesthetic and historical value such as; Nang Loeng market, as the oldest on land market in Bangkok; shop houses built in the reign of King Rama V and King Rama VI; Sala Chaloem Thani, as the historic building that entirely made of wood. During the survey by grading of buildings in Nang Loeng community, there have found many

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of the buildings having high cultural value by criterions of ages, style, physical condition, and use. More Concerning in Conservation of the Place as Historic Community; the Crown Property Bureau as an important owner and the community people are now more concerned to the conservation of the place as being the historic community. The Crown Property Bureau has launched the development plan for conservation of the market as realizing to its historical significance. The purpose of market renovation is for not only improving hygiene but also conserving the original characteristic of its structure. In addition, to comply with the Policies of Bangkok Metropolitan and the Ministry of Public Health concerning people’s health and hygiene, a campaign aim is set up for cleanliness standard. The plan includes physical development of the market, setting water treatment system, improving condition of footpaths and toilets, repainting shop houses around the market which match the surrounding. Food and dessert market are one of the identities of Nang Loeng; Even though, amounts and kinds of food and desserts in the market are now lessen than the past, but those traditional one have still existed. The more promoting of traditional food and dessert may lead Nang Loeng Market to be more recognized. 5.10.1.2 Social and cultural aspects: Important cultural activities are inherited and well conserved; such as the grand celebration of Nang Loeng Shrine Annual Festival, and the religious activities at Wat Kae throughout the year. However, comparing to the past, the community people have lessen relationship with the temple. Having Community’s Spiritual Center, Nangleong Shrine; as a community’s sacred place, also creates association and cooperation of community. 5.10.2 Weak points 5.10.2.1 Physical aspects: Important historic buildings in the community area are dilapidated; From the physical investigation, it has found that many of the historic buildings with the original architectural style; the buildings along Nakornsawan Road, Sala Chaloem Thani, ancient houses, and shop houses are dilapidated. People repair their properties just for maintaining the existing conditions with nonpermanent materials, and untidy. The management plan should be proposed by the related organizations. Changing of the original forms of the shop houses with new materials; the original roof tiles are replaced by corrugated cement sheet instead of the original cement tile of diamond shape. Although, the related organizations and the community people are now much more considering in conservation than in the past, they still lack of good knowledge, efficient working system in inspecting the buildings’ constructions, alterations, or expansions, as well as availability of clear and strict regulations in buildings’ conservation. Specialists in the conservation technique and materials are needed for supervision to the community. Recently, there is taking little but fresh

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paint to bring these architectural gems back to life. Some buildings, the doors, and the windows have changed to conform with the lifestyle nowadays. There are new buildings inserted between the historic buildings; They obviously noticed at group of buildings along Nakornsawan road, which are different style and height. They are inharmonious to each other and twice higher than the historic buildings. Although the height as mentioned is not opposed to the local authority’s regulations, which determine that the height of building in this area not more than 20 meters. It shows that the law which controls the height of new buildings in this area is ineffective to protect these historic buildings from misuse. In addition, there are lacking of efficient controls in the renovation, alteration and adding some new parts to the historic buildings, which are the important factors causing buildings’ inharmonious in this area. From physical investigation, there are various kinds of inappropriate restoration, reconstruction, and adaptation such as changing the roofing from diamond-shape (the original) to other kinds of roof in many colors, changing the windows casement from solid wood to glass, and changing the original folded wood door panels to a modern steel sliding door. Moreover, there are dismantling of historic buildings, and inserting of new buildings instead; Recently in 2006, there was a new construction of five-storey flat on Nang Loeng 3 alley in Suppamit 2 community. It is reinforced concrete building. Originally, on this area, there had ever been a beautiful historic house. However, the owner dismantled it, and built the new flat instead. Decreasing of open space inside the community, the community atmosphere is much more crowded nowadays. In addition, the density tends to be more and more increased. In the past, many houses were surrounded with open spaces. Later, people prefer maximum utility on those spaces, by expanding their houses. Some people constructed new buildings, and divided into small rooms for rent. The negative consequence is that the mentioned atmosphere decreases the value of the historic community. Therefore, a development plan of Nang Loeng community should be emphasized on density problem. Occurrence of indecent views due to lacking of well managements and plans to conserve the historic buildings; huge signboards unmatched to the surroundings are existed, including untidy display of goods on the footpath in front of the buildings. These messes have hidden the beautiful views of buildings, and decreased the significance of the buildings. Encroachment on the roads that need through access; for example, people take the footpaths for cooking, or running their own businesses without realizing the importance of the common interest. The problem also increases dirtiness to the areas. (See figure 69 page 120) Threats to heritage values of the place; nowadays, there are heritage at risks caused by humans, which result from a lack of understanding in conservation and the values

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of heritage places. Therefore, the heritages are deteriorated by age and lacking of maintenance. Risk caused by disaster, due to the over density of the residences in this area, along with the buildings’ conditions are much deteriorated. Most of them made of wood. These are the factors permitting to fire. Lacking of space for activities; now the place for organizing community festivals are the space in front of Sala Chaloem Thani and the entrance of Nang Loeng 1 alley which is too small an area for such a huge community. Inconvenient access to the community area; in the past, transportation was achieved by boats and trams. Nowadays, they are both abolished. From the survey, accessibility to the community seems to be a very important problem. On-land transportation is the only accessible method, which is by buses, cars, and on foot. Moreover, there is traffic problems due to the main roads passing through the area have been rearranged as a one-way road. Parking in the area is also limited regarding to the space and duration. Area’s population number has double increased in the past few years; it caused the community being categorized as the congested area. If there is still no efficient plan, in the near future the community may become a slum, which can badly effect to the cultural significance of this area. (See figure 70 page 121) 5.10.2.2 Social and Cultural aspects: Good relationship still only exists among the people who are the original residents. Besides this group, people in Nang Loeng area are lack of good relationship to each other. They now live separately, not depend on each other, which effect in the lack of community’s strength. These may because of lacking of the space for community’s people to join the activities together. In addition, economic decline causes many unemployed people, at the same time it increases high competitions including the crowded community. According to the characteristic of some activities in the community, such as bet of boxing, billiards can cause crime and drug problems. Nang Loeng community has related with many kinds of gambling for ages, until it is hard to separate them from the community’s life. However, the condition should be controlled to have a good balance.

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Figure 67: Suppamit 1 community and Suppamit 2 community

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The Crown Property Bureau

Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara

Wat Sunthonthammathan or Wat Kae Figure 68: Landowners

3

2

1

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Figure 69: Activities on the thoroughfares in Nang Loeng market

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Figure 70: Nang Loeng Community, the location derived from www.google.com

CHAPTER 6 Analyzing and Summarizing of Community Study

6.1 Nang Loeng Community toward Conservation 6.1.1 Benefits from Conservation: Conservation of Nang Loeng Community gives many benefits as follows; First, for keeping cultural diversity toward the famous place of food and dessert, toward one of the important historic entertainment places in Bangkok, and those specific goods and the occupations of local area. Second, for keeping proximity of relationships in the community, those are relationship with the place and relationship with trading style of historic community. Third, for economic gain, Nang Loeng community can get the benefits from the conservation, by functioning and making use of historic buildings, the cultural tourism, and the accessing facilities to the area. Fourth, for aesthetic value, that is the compound of historic buildings, which comprise the shop houses, the market, and the cinema. They were built at the same time with Dusit Palace around the year 1900. 6.1.2 Potentialities for Conservation: 6.1.2.1 Buildings: There are many buildings in the study area that having cultural significance, including of Nang Loeng market, Sala Chaloem Thani, historic shop houses, and other historic wooden houses. They are one of the community’s identities. Beside the cultural significance, buildings to be conserved should have an economic value, in order that it will benefit to the community’s economic. Buildings’ physical condition must be well maintained enough to generate benefit to the community. In addition, they must have appropriate taking care of, and have the potential for adaptive reusing. The buildings in Nang Loeng area can be divided into 3 groups by the cultural and physical values; The first group is “highly significant buildings”. They are the oldest group of buildings in Nang Loeng area, which had built during 1900s to 1930s. They are important to the community, and having the harmonious continuity to other monuments in the area of Inner Rattanakosin. The buildings that deserve for conservation are the early period shop houses and Sala Chaloem Thani. The second group is “moderately significant buildings”. Neither materials nor styles of these buildings are aged less than the buildings in the primary group, but their condition is very dilapidated, despite of having important architectural style. The buildings should be rehabilitated and properly be developed for the present functions. These buildings are Nang Loeng market, wooden shop houses, and some wooden houses in Nang Loeng area that built during 1900s to 1930s. The third group is “insignificant building”. There are buildings built of new materials such as reinforced concrete, for example those new flats. These buildings should be developed under the policy of supporting the historic buildings, and keeping the area’s identity.

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In economic aspect, since the historic shop houses in Nang Loeng area has the law to prohibit the demolition and replacing by bigger, taller, or new buildings. Moreover, there is a contract between the property owner and the tenants that disallow the adaptation of buildings’ main structure. Therefore, there is low possibility to develop the study area to be a big commercial area. However, if we consider the cultural tourism aspect, there is a high potential to develop the study area to be a cultural community. Due to Nang Loeng community is a historic community; there are many architectural heritages, including historic shop houses, Nang Loeng market, Sala Chaloem Thani. Moreover, there are local trading activities with distinctive food and dessert reputation. Nang Loeng community has more advantage than many other communities in Bangkok. However, this goal could be achieved only on the condition that Nang Loeng community should be provided with a decent environment. Therefore, in the physical aspect, Nang Loeng community need good management for keeping the historic architectural characteristic by clearing out all inharmonious additional parts or decorated ornaments, especially the facade of the shop houses. They can attract tourists to visit the historical atmosphere. Sala Chaloem Thani should not be neglected; adaptive reuse method is recommended as for being the place for creating activities to the community people. The open space in front of Sala Chaloem Thani also should be well organized for various activities. Nang Loeng Market, with its remarkable style of architecture demonstrates the important design different from modern markets. The attempt to conserve these physical characteristic is very important to be considered in the market renovation. Moreover, in consideration to the values of the architecture in the study area based on aesthetic aspect, construction methods, and the materials used. It can summarize that most of them have high cultural significances; aesthetics significance, historical significance, and architectural significance, which should be highly taken an interest in conservation as a building compound, which still has the utilization for present day life. 6.1.2.2 Landowners: In the study area, there are three landowners; the Crown Property Bureau, Wat Sunthonthammathan, and Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara. However, the Crown Property Bureau has played the most important role among three landowners, that having the specific department concerning with the conservation of the historic buildings. It has planned to develop Nang Loeng area, which now finished the renovation of Nang Loeng market, its surrounding area, and re-painting the façade of shop houses around the community as the Crown Property Bureau being the landowner. From the interviews with the residents in the community, the sellers, and the customers, they mostly have satisfied with the development results that bring a better quality of life. 6.1.2.3 The Unity/ Collaboration in the Community: According to the livelihood of community, people have a communal life as relatives or close friends. They have been living in the same community for long time, which cause a good relationship. It hardly found the problem of crime or robbery. There is no problem of unemployment, because Nang Loeng market always provides works. Most people in Nang Loeng community earn their living by trade. They have enough to get by on their own.

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Therefore, the community strength is also the crucial matter to be encouraged. Mostly, the community’s activities and the festivals have occurred because of the cooperation and the united belief in Buddhism as well as gods, and spirits. It forms the particular and significant spiritual heritage of the area. However, in the sense of public participation, it is found that people in Nang Loeng community have moderate consciousness. It has found not much collaboration in the community development. Most of the collaboration that the community committees can ask from is the original people. The new comers do not often cooperate as expected, which make an obstacle to the development. Spirit of community should be revived because it is necessary for goals achievement. This can be done through an organization representing community people. Even though it has one nowadays whose members are the original group of community people, but the initiations still come from the government policy. The community itself still has no activity that urge on conservation. Therefore, good administration by setting a new community representative body elected from the variety of occupations is needed. It can call for collaboration from every group of people in the community. 6.2 SWOTs Analysis SWOTs analysis is an acronym describing the place’s situation of its internal strengths and weaknesses and its external opportunities and threats. It helps a community to identify the strategy- related factors in these four cells that can have a major effect on the community. The ultimate goal is to identify the critical factors affecting the community and then build on vital strengths, correct glaring weaknesses, exploit significant opportunities, and avoid disaster- laden threats. That is a big order. This ultimate goal is not simply to develop the SWOTs analysis but to translate the results of the analysis into specific actions to help the community grow and well- conserved.33 Table 7: SWOTs Analysis

Internal conditions 6.2.1 STRENGTHS: - Buildings: The buildings in Nang Loeng area have outstanding architecture and antiquity. The attractive historic buildings are Nang Loeng market, Sala Chaloem Thani, and the shop houses surrounding the area, which are one of the area’s identities

33 Roger A. Kerin, Steven W. Hartley, and Eric N. Berkowitz, Marketing, 6th ed. (United States of America: Mc. Graw Hill, 2000), 43.

TYPES OF FACTOR LOCATION OF FACTOR FAVORABLE UNFAVORABLE

INTERNAL STRENGTH WEAKNESS

EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITY THREAT

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- Historic community: Nang Loeng community is one of the well-known historic communities in Bangkok with a long history of trade and entertainment, where can be found the senile people who have lived within the community for the whole of their lives, who are able to tell us the community story. There are dwelling in the same houses from generation to generation. So, between people to people and people to place are having firmly relationships to each other. - Originator of food: Trading, especially food is the occupation that mostly found in the community. Both the reasons of locating nearby the high royal ranking’s palaces in the past and the popularity of food selling in the period that Nang Loeng cinema or Sala Chaloem Thani was flourishing, causing Nang Loeng community today is acknowledged from people in Bangkok of being a renowned place for good food and desserts. The popularized food stores and dessert stores have opened for many decades. Some of them have continued from the past generation. 6.2.2 WEAKNESSES: - Buildings: A great number of historic buildings, which having architectural significance in Nang Loeng area are mixed up with those newly built. Some of them are deteriorated by time and negligence. Besides the limitation in height and prohibition in modifying of the buildings’ main structure, there is no any criterion in reparations, materials choosing, and practical guidelines. These cause the buildings in the area to be disordered. Moreover, there is desertion of historic building, Sala Chaloem Thani. It has no function, no good taking care of it. Inadequate maintenance of the architectural heritages may devalue the authenticity and qualities of the place. In fact, Sala Chaloem Thani has a great potential to create much benefit to the community and to the public. - Density of area: Nang Loeng community area has high density. Houses are constructed and added new parts on almost the whole site. It is not safe in case of fire due to there is the difficulty to access the area and to extinguish the fire. - Lacking of sense of ownership: There are senile people who living in Nang Loeng community for their whole life. Anyhow, their lineages often move out to work and live in other places. Conversely, there are people moving in, especially people from the northeast of Thailand. They have no sense of ownership; merely use Nang Loeng as the low-rental residence. They mostly earn their living by using pushcarts to sell food in the community area and the vicinity. Some of them buy the dessert from other places and later sell them in the Nang Loeng market. The original foods and desserts in Nang Loeng community have been lessened and mixed up. - Limited car park: For customers, to find parking place around Nang Loeng community is hardly done, especially in the daytime. Most surrounding area is occupied by the community people and the officers working nearby. - A pathetic landowners: Among three landowners, the Crown Property Bureau is the only one that having the specific department that concerning to the conservation of the historic community while others has not. Recently, there is the case that the ancient house in the area beside Sala Chaloem Thani was dismantled and one new four-storey apartment was built instead. That area is in the care of Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara. Even the height of the new apartment does not exceed 20 meters, its appearance destroys harmony of the historic community. Moreover, the cultural value is not comparable with the demolished historic house.

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- Decreasing of customers: Before the renovation of Nang Loeng market in 2006, the physical condition of the market was declined and lacked of hygiene. The numbers of customer in the market were decreased34 that cause the reduction of shops and products. However, after the market renovation in 2006 was finished, there are 148 stalls, which decrease from the previous numbers.35 External conditions 6.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES - Advantage location: Nang Loeng community has the advantage location as followings; it is situated at the center of Bangkok, the route accessing to the community is convenience. It is connected to four main roads. There is a plan that Padungkrungkasem canal will be organized for transportation by boat. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has set Rattanakosin and its connecting area for being the conserved area that having high cultural significance. Nang Loeng area, even though not to be included in the aforementioned conserved area, is a connection to Rattanakosin Island physically and mentally. Nang Loeng historic community definitely has intrinsic value itself, if it has been well conserved and managed in order to be one of the tourist attractions nearby Rattanakosin Island. - Conservation trend for historic areas: A strong tendency all over the world to look back into their history, also Thailand, as in the Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan that raise the conservation of historic area as an important matter. There is also educational trend related to the conservation of cultural and historic areas. Many universities have now specific field of study related with conservation of cultural heritages, which has never happen in the past. 6.2.4 THREATS: - Transportation: Nang Loeng community in the past had been very prosperous. One of the reasons is the transportation facilities. There were using of boats, trams, and cars. Nevertheless, both boats and trams were later abolished. Therefore, the roads are the only accessible way for approaching to the community area, which have a traffic jam sometimes. In addition, the four main roads surrounding the area are managed to be in one-way direction, which are not much facilitated to the people accessing to the community. - Activities in the surrounding area of Nang Loeng community: As an external factor, the businesses surrounding Nang Loeng community have not much influence and attraction to a great number of people to the community area. - Convenience stores and Department stores: People often concern with big department stores, convenience stores, and air-conditioned supermarkets. Nang Loeng market’s customers mostly are people working nearby the area, and having special interest in the historic community that is not the majority. - Conservation policy: The conservation policy in Bangkok now is mostly specifying in inner and outer Rattanakosin area. Most of the well-conserved buildings are in either Rattanakosin area or being the Royal places. The other historic

34 Kritaporn Haocharoen, “The Role and Spatial Development of Nangloeng District, Bangkok”, (MUP thesis, Chulalongkorn University 2003), 235. 35 Interview with Weerawat Rattanatassanai, the Chief of Profit Organizing Department Section 3, the Crown Property Bureau, 21 August 2006.

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buildings outside Rattanakosin area have often been neglected in conservation and protection. For the Ministerial Regulation issue no#144 (1999) or the Bangkok Principle Plan 1st edition, which being a good policy that concerning in encouragement, and conservation of the art and culture, also the environment, which be significance in religion way, art objects, architecture, history, and the archaeology, for being an identity of Bangkok and the nation. However, this policy does not include Nang Loeng community to be in the conserved area. Nang Loeng community is still designated as a commercial area, not a conserved area. On the other hand, there is the Bangkok’s Code of Laws 1983, which directly related to Nang Loeng community nowadays. The regulation controls only the height of the buildings regardless their appearance. Therefore, the laws and the regulations should be revised. Moreover, beside of the attempting to conserve the historic buildings in the physical aspect, the preservation of community way of life is also necessary, especially its deep rooted culture of food making. 6.3 Purposes of Management Nang Loeng community is a historic community full of historical, cultural, and architectural significance, however, the time and the rapid growth of capital have made Nang Loeng community gradually out of date. Conservation related laws and regulations that prohibit modifying or dismantle of the buildings might be the reason that keeps Nang Loeng community preserve its traditional characteristics while other areas in Bangkok keeps on changing. The benefit is the ability to conserve the social uniqueness that rarely found in the big city nowadays. Attempting to keep the historic community not to be degraded by the modern urban development cannot be effective only by laws but an effective conservation plan is also needed. Therefore, a conservation plan with community development aims at solving the community’s defects, and utilize its benefits, is need to create a harmoniously growth of Nang Loeng side by side with the growth of modern Bangkok. It shows that Bangkok as the metropolis is not solely materialistic, but having a charming side of traditional culture as well. 6.4 Direction for Development of Nang Loeng Community The earlier SWOT analysis provides a summarized direction for development of Nang Loeng Community such as follows. 6.4.1 Solving the Problems, Recommendation towards unfavorable factors; Weaknesses and Threats - Buildings: The problem that the historic buildings are mixed up with new buildings can be compromised by toning of color painting and using door and window panels in accordance with the historic buildings for supporting and keeping the area’s identity. By setting up the criterion in repairs, material choosing, and the practical guidelines can reduce the problem of disordered buildings. Due to improper uses to the architectural heritages may devalue the authenticity and qualities of the place. Therefore, reusing of the deserted Sala Chaloem Thani can be a proper method of use and seems to be able to create much benefit to the community and to the public. - Density of community: To reduce the density of the community, we recommend demolishing the buildings that have no aesthetic value and those having

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very deteriorated physical condition. However, due to Nang Loeng community is a historic community that has high cultural significance. Most of the buildings in the community have high to average aesthetic value. Therefore, to reduce the density of the buildings by a large scale demolish can be a negative result. By the specific study at each zoning, we have found the various problems in each different zone. There are many people and houses consisting in Nang Loeng community. In order to keep the community characteristic, the development of the community atmosphere and decreasing the density of the community should be done in order of priority provided on Chapter4. At the same time, the rules and the regulations for conservation should be set, and the serious enforcement of legislation should be followed in order to prevent the old problems that may happen again in the future. - Lacking the community spirit: The strong community leader and the efficient programs such as an appropriate education on conservation and local culture could create the community spirit to the community. Community people should have the easy way to contact with their community leader. The community leader should have an efficient to cooperate with the related organization, and to communicate with the community. - Transportation and Limited car park: The increasing choices of transportation can help people easier accessing to Nang Loeng community; by boat or by subway in the near future. By the way, an overcrowded traffic in the daytime, which effect to disallowing of parking on the roadside is the problem that be generally found in Bangkok area. By the expansion of time to the night of food shops is another idea. The customers in the daytime will be the office people. The customers in the nighttime will be the tourists. Due to at nighttime, the traffic is clearer than the daytime that the parking on the roadside can be done. In addition, parking in the office buildings nearby Nang Loeng after the office hour, the office would get the benefit from the parking fee as well. - Activities within and nearby Nang Loeng community, and the Convenience stores: It is generally accepted that nowadays the grocery stores have suffered from the growth of the big supermarket and the franchise convenience store like 7-eleven. They have the advantages due to having various kinds of goods. Moreover, they can set the cheaper retail prices. Even now there are no these kinds of stores inside or nearby Nang Loeng community yet. However, they might be occurred in the near future. Therefore, two operations should be set up. Firstly, a better appearance and management of Nang Loeng retail shop should be prepared. Secondly, a regulation for harmonious facade treatment for historic shop houses should be seriously enforced. - Conservation policy: For the vision of Bangkok in the 21st century in the sense of pertaining to the conservation, which the specification refers that Bangkok is a city where maintains and preserve the historical heritages, the art and cultural, which be National identity. The conservation of the historic buildings should not only be considered in the previous designated area. There should be expanding territory in the conservation of the adjacent historic areas. Even the significance is not as special as the Rattanakosin conservation area, Nang Loeng historic community should also be designated as cultural significant area in order to get more attention and protection in conservation and preservation.

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- Landowners: The Crown Property Bureau is the only one during the three landowners that having the specific department concerning the conservation of historic buildings. For the conservation benefit of the historic Nang Loeng community, all landowners should have conservation plan in the same direction. Other two landowners, Wat Sunthonthammathan and Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara should collaborate with the conservation department of the Crown Property Bureau. - Decreasing of customers: As we have known that foods and desserts are the important identity of Nang Loeng market. The increasing numbers of customers and tourists directly affect to the increasing numbers of food venders. Therefore, by having the efficient management programs that are able to increase the numbers of customers and tourists will increase the numbers of food venders. Moreover, it would benefit to the conservation of the community’s identity of being the source of food and desserts as well. 6.4.2 Utilize Strengths and Opportunities for Community Development - Buildings: Those high cultural significant buildings especially Nang Loeng market and the historic shop houses with their outstanding architecture and the antiquity, they should be repaired in the proper way. The Fine Arts Department should consider registering them for being the listed buildings like the group of shop houses along Phra-a-thid Road, for protecting its aesthetic and historical values as well as keeping the area’s identities. - Historic community: Having the Ministerial Regulation issue no#144 (1999) as a guideline in conservation of historic communities. According to Nang Loeng community has not been categorized as a conservation area in the Ministerial Regulation issued no#144, but being a commercial area. The related organization should be reconsidered this issue, due to the intrinsic values of Nang Loeng community as mentioned. Then, using the strategy of the Ministerial Regulation issue no#144 as the guideline in conservation; by expanding boundary of conservation areas not only covering Rattanakosin area, but also the connecting areas that will include historic communities such as Nang Loeng. Setting rules for controlling the constructions, revitalization historic areas in order to prevent deteriorated environment, and maintaining its important aesthetic and historical values as well as cultural activities of the community. The policy should guide the travel routes, developing the tourist attractions and all facilities concerned. - Originator of food: Food selling is the most favorable occupation in Nang Loeng. Some shops have engaged in the same business for many years. Nang Loeng has been acknowledged from people in Bangkok of being a renowned place for good food and desserts. Keeping food’s quality and cleanliness is necessary for keeping the reputation. There should have food making competitions occasionally to keep and to develop the quality and taste. The winners will get the certificate as a reward. - Advantage location: Nang Loeng community has the advantage location as followings; it is situated at the center of Bangkok. There are many transportation routes. It is connected to four main roads. Plan of the subway passing through this area should be considered. Padungkrungkasem canal can be organized for transportation by boat. However, it needs the management to develop those accessing routes to be beneficial to the site. Nang Loeng community is located close to

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Padungkrungkasem Canal. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration’s plan for Revitalizing Padungkrungkasem Canal and cruising by electrical boat for cultural tourism is essential to the strength of this community. It is a long-term management. The first task is to dismantle intrusive construction on the canal banks, cleaning off the banks, picking garbage and weeds in the canal, plant decoration at the banks, repainting the handrail, re-paving the footpath along the banks and bridges crossing over the canal, electricity installation for light along the canal, re-digging the canal. Moreover, there should be encouraging people to have the participation. - Conservation trend for historic areas: Every level of the development plan, policy, and educational institutions should give the early priority to the encouragement of conservation of art, culture, and the environment. They are not only significance in religion, art, architecture, history, and the archaeology, but also being an area of Bangkok’s identity. The target places of the conservation emphasize on the Rattanakosin area, and the connecting historic areas with cultural significances, including of the religious places. The conservation strategies should set rules for controlling the constructions, revitalization important historic areas, in order to prevent deteriorated environment, and maintaining its important aesthetic and historical values as well as cultural activities of the community. The policy should cover guiding the travel routes, and developing the tourist attractions and all facilities concerned. 6.4.3 Creating programs for Nang Loeng Community - Book publishing on community’s history: It is important to create the books for people to learn about their community’s history. The contents are about the international attention toward the conservation and the values of the historic buildings, with the criteria considering to the cultural significances and the weight of Nang Loeng community attributing toward those criteria, together with the diagrams showing the historic buildings in the community which were built in various phases in the past. - Nang Loeng Festivals: It is necessary to revitalize the original festivals for both the community and tourists, and promote to the several media. For the details of the festivals, there will be the manual pamphlets which guiding the sight-seeing routes and interesting places inside the community; Nang Loeng market, Sala Chaloem Thani, shop houses, and Nang Loeng’s shrine The pamphlets will include the brief history of interesting buildings and places, explaining the styles of shop houses, their construction periods, and the locations of recommended food shops. There will be setting up booths of famous food and desserts of Nang Loeng community. These festivals may be joining with the tourism programs of Rattanakosin area. - Inheriting the legend of Thai dessert: This is a policy to promote Nang Loeng as a center of dessert market at the same time it also exhibit local products. A program for a Thai dessert school should be provided. - Hotel for tourists: The historic shop houses and the ancient houses in some certain conditions can be rent or arranged to be the hotels or for tourists who join the Thai dessert school. It can create the sense of ownership, and encourage the community to look after their own residence that will also benefit for community economy.

CHAPTER7 A Proposed Plan for Conservation of Nang Loeng Community

This Chapter would present the guidance for conservation of Nang Loeng historic community, in order to raising the life quality of its people at the same time still keeping the architectural heritage and cultural identity of Nang Loeng community. However, the following proposed plans are necessary to have a responsible group of people. Therefore, a special committee for conservation of Nang Loeng community should be set up. It should comprise a group of people concerned, community’s members, representatives from local authority; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), land owners, Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), and specialists from educational institutes. The committee has the duty to set the conservation policy and supervising all related working panels on the projects executed as well as establishing cooperation with related organizations as to promote conservation and raising funds. These following projects are recommended to develop for the conservation of Nang Loeng community. They show up the community’s strengths and minimize its weaknesses.

7.1 Project 1: Renovation of Historic Buildings Principle A great number of historic buildings, which having architectural significance in Nang Loeng area are mixed up with new buildings. Some of them are deteriorated by time and negligence. Besides the limitation in height and prohibition in modifying the buildings’ main structure, there is no any criterion in reparations, materials choosing, and the practical guidance. Those cause the buildings in the area seem to be disordered. Moreover, there are desertions of historic buildings such as Sala Chaloem Thani and those historic shop houses. They have no function, and are neglected. Improper actions to the architectural heritages may devalue the authenticity and qualities of the place. In fact, those historic buildings seem to be able to create much benefit to the community and to the public by adaptive reuse. Objectives

7.1.1 Classifying the cultural value and the physical value of the buildings in order to set the priority of repair by considering the results of two aspects; cultural value and physical value. For the people’s safety and keeping the cultural identity of the community, the arrangement is directly considered from the physical value, then the cultural value. The building in which having the lowest physical value with the highest cultural significance is considered to be the first priority of repair. (See Order of Priority of Repair in Chapter 4 table 3 page 47)

7.1.2 Adapting to the present use: Classify the purposes of buildings’ usability in order to set the function that fit to the present usability

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7.1.3 Conserving the buildings’ original characters: Classifying the buildings’ styles, then set the exactly guidance for restoration

7.1.4 Emphasizing on the orderliness especially the buildings’ façade Target Buildings 7.1.5 Historic buildings in Nang Loeng community Expected Outcomes

7.1.6 Historic buildings in Nang Loeng community have been thoroughly inspected and evaluated.

7.1.7 Historic buildings have been carefully renovated for the modern use. However, the buildings’ characters especially the façades should be seriously preserved followed the original styles.

7.1.8 Good cooperation between the related organizations and the residents is found.

7.1.9 Those historic buildings are improved to have both high cultural value and high physical value.

7.1.10 Historic buildings in Nang Loeng area have been efficiently used and the economic value raised.

7.1.11 Becoming the place for generating other activities in the future that will benefit to the community Related Institutions

7.1.12 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.1.13 Office of Pomprabsattruphai District 7.1.14 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.1.15 Fine Arts Department 7.1.16 Silpakorn University 7.1.17 The Crown Property Bureau 7.1.18 Wat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.1.19 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.1.20 ICOMOS Thailand 7.1.21 Suppamit 1 community 7.1.22 Suppamit 2 community 7.1.23 Schools in Pomprabsattruphai District

7.2 Project 2: Proposal for the Conservation of Sala Chaloem Thani 7.2.1 Recommendation for the conservation of Sala Chaloem Thani as the historic building with high cultural significances

A conservation team comprised architects, engineers, historians, conservators, and related field of specialists should be set up to accomplish a conservation plan for this building. The conservation team shall endeavor to use only techniques and materials in which, to the best of current knowledge, will not endanger the cultural and physical integrity of the cultural property. Ideally, these techniques and materials should not impede future treatment or examination. Whenever possible, the

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conservation team shall select the techniques which have the least adverse effect on the cultural property. Similarly, the conservation team shall use materials which can be removed most easily and completely.1

Sala Chaloem Thani has been registered by the Fine Arts Department as a historic building. At the existing deteriorated condition, a restoration is urgently needed. ‘Restoration’ means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material.2 The object of restoration is to revive the original concept or legibility of the object, to respect for original material, archaeological evidence, and original design. Replacement of missing or decayed parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but must distinguishable on close inspection from original so that the restoration does not falsify historical evidence. The restoration also includes cleaning of buildings.3

7.2.2 These following items are recommended guidelines for ‘restoration’ of Sala Chaloem Thani;

Use of materials for conservation:

- Roof: corrugated sheets or iron roof with wood eaves, gutter installation is needed.

- Awning: corrugated cement tiles should be used instead of existing galvanized steel, smoothing color with the roof.

- Doors and Windows: Use of wood as the principal materials

Color:

Natural wood color and coated by transparent protective coating.

Architectural style:

- Original decoration on the roof eaves should be preserved. - Original form and character of architecture should be preserved.

Functions:

- New uses for supporting the cultural tourism that would be benefit to the community should be introduced.

1 International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice,” Journal of the International Institute for Conservation-Canadian Group, Ottawa (1989): n.pag. 2 Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter: Definition-Article 1.7 [Online], Accessed 12 October 2008. Available from http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/burracharter.html 3 Bernard M. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings, 3rd ed. (Cornwall: MPG Books Ltd., 2003), 9.

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- The open space in front of the cinema should be redesigned for new used as community’s activity space.

- A landscape design of the surrounding area is needed; early priority is aimed at adding trees for being shady and cool.

7.3 Project 3: Knowledge Dissemination by Published Books on Community’s History Principle In order to have the most efficiency in the conservation of historic Nang Loeng community, the most important thing is to educate people about the conservation for realizing of the community’s value itself, which benefit for being the foundation of the next conservation plans. Moreover, by the interview with the elders in Nang Loeng community, they are proud to tell the story of their community. However, they may lack of the precise information. Therefore, publishing the books or any publications about the community’s history will be the good collection and publicity toward the community. In addition, it will raise the community’s awareness and pride as well. Objectives

7.3.1 Encouraging people to know and understand the history of Nang Loeng

7.3.2. Encouraging people to know and understand the world’s attention toward the conservation of the historic community. Target People

7.3.2 People who live in Nang Loeng community and the vicinity 7.3.3 The students who study in the school nearby Nang Loeng community 7.3.4 People or students who are interested history or conservation matters

Expected Outcomes

7.3.5 People who live in Nang Loeng community have known their community’s history accurately.

7.3.6 The significances of Nang Loeng community have been realized by the target people and have been more realized by general people. Related Institutions

7.3.7 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.3.8 Office of Pomprabsattrupai District 7.3.9 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.3.10 Fine Arts Department 7.3.11 The Crown Property Bureau 7.3.12 Wat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.3.13 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.3.14 ICOMOS Thailand 7.3.15 Suppamit 1 community 7.3.16 Suppamit 2 community

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7.3.17 Schools in Pomprabsattrupai district

7.4 Project 4: Inheriting the Legend of Thai Food and Desserts Principle Food making and selling are the most favorable occupation in Nang Loeng. Especially, the renowned Thai desserts of Nang Loeng have been recognized by people in other place of Bangkok. It is one of Nang Loeng identities. Thai desserts and Nang Loeng community have been related for a long time. No matter what reasons, either it was located nearby the palaces in the past, that has been passed on knowledge and recipe, or with the reason that, Thai desserts were very popular in the former time since the prosperous period of Sala Chaloem Thani. Those reasons had brought Nang Loeng to be the center of delicious food and Thai desserts at that time. Nowadays, we can find some old restaurants and Thai desserts shops inside Nang Loeng historic community. They are located among old buildings and houses which having significant and memorable architecture. Most of Thai desserts and the food recipes are loss as days go by. The conservation of Thai desserts and the food recipes to be invulnerable with this historic community are as important keeping the place’s identity, which is interesting and should be very much supported. Objectives

7.4.1 Renovation of some deserted buildings, such as old shop houses or Sala Chaloem Thani to exhibit local food products, and establish the school of Thai food and desserts.

7.4.2 Gathering volunteers who have skill of Thai desserts to be teachers of cooking classes. They may be the community people or teachers and students from Suan Dusit Rajabhat University.

7.4.3 Planning for class schedule and promoting to several media 7.4.4 Organizing Thai dessert festivals occasionally

Target People

7.4.5 Teachers of the cooking classes may be the community people who have skill of Thai desserts, or may be teachers and students from Suan Dusit Rajabhat University.

7.4.6 Students are people who are interested in cooking of Thai food and desserts. They may be the community people or the tourists. The community people will have the privilege, they will have discount for the cooking class fees.

7.4.7 The schools in Bangkok area may organize a field trip that allows students to observe the cooking classes. Expected Outcomes

7.4.8 Nang Loeng Community becomes the center of Thai food and desserts. There are various shops of Thai dessert. The Thai food and desserts school is established, with many cooking classes. Thai food and desserts festivals are organized occasionally. The shops from the other places will be invited to join the festivals.

7.4.9 People certainly recognize Thai food and desserts as one of the Nang Loeng identities.

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7.4.10 Thai food and desserts school is well known. There are some amounts of interested people, so that the cooking classes can be run successfully.

7.4.11 There are cooking classes for foreigners, which will be taught in English.

7.4.12 Thai food and desserts recipes have been inherited. Related Institutions

7.4.13 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.4.14 Office of Pomprabsattruphai District 7.4.15 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.4.16 Suan Dusit Rajabhat University 7.4.17 Fine Arts Department 7.4.18 The Crown Property Bureau 7.4.19 Wat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.4.20 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.4.21 Suppamit 1 community 7.4.22 Suppamit 2 community 7.4.23 Schools in Bangkok

7.5 Project 5: Establishing the Information Center of Nang Loeng Community Principle Buildings in Nang Loeng community had been built in various styles and periods. Many of them have high cultural significant level. For promoting the community to be well known among the tourists, it is necessary to manage “Where” and “What” of the community should be guided to the tourists. The community’s history and the information about buildings should be elaborately interpreted. Objectives

7.5.1 Selection for the building in Nang Loeng community that appropriate for establishing the Information Center of Nang Loeng community. Sala Chaloem Thani might be chosen.

7.5.2 To be the center for collecting the community’s history, both in cultural and physical aspects

7.5.3 Creating the sense of ownership to the community and encouraging them to realize on the intrinsic value of the place

7.5.4 To be the center of learning, where people are able to acquire the information by themselves

7.5.5 Creating the volunteers who are able to guide and provide information to the community and visitors Target People

7.5.6 People who live in Nang Loeng community and the vicinity 7.5.7 Tourists who are interested in historic architecture and the traditional

culture of Bangkok 7.5.8 Students who study in the school nearby Nang Loeng community

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7.5.9 People or students who are interested in history and conservation matters Expected Outcomes

7.5.10 The community information center is established, where can provide the proper information to the tourists.

7.5.11 The expected number of visitors is moderate but regularly. 7.5.12 Community people are proud of their place. 7.5.13 Attracting the visitors to come over which can stimulate the

community economy, and raise more community revenue 7.5.14 Nang Loeng community would be a practical proof for historic

community’s conservation in modern Bangkok. Related Institutions

7.5.15 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.5.16 Office of Pomprabsattruphai District 7.5.17 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.5.18 Fine Arts Department 7.5.19 Silpakorn University 7.5.20 The Crown Property BureauWat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.5.21 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.5.22 ICOMOS Thailand 7.5.23 Suppamit 1 community 7.5.24 Suppamit 2 community 7.5.25 Schools in Pomprabsattrupai District

7.6 Project 6: Hotels for Tourists Principle From the physical investigation of Nang Loeng community, there are a number of historic shop houses have been deserted. Many of them have high cultural significance, but have bad physical conditions. They have been misused. Some are underused, which cause the building lacking of proper maintenance. Some are overused, which cause damage and deterioration of physical conditions. The historic shop houses and the ancient houses can be rent out for tourists after a proper repair. Alternatively, they can be arranged to be hotels for people who join the Thai food and desserts school or the cooking school. It can create the sense of ownership, and encourage the community to look after their own residence that will also benefit for community economy. Objectives

7.6.1 Specifying the area for renovation; preferably starting with the historic shop houses along Nakornsawan Road. Those shop houses are hybrid between European and Chinese style. There have been found that some of them are neglected.

7.6.2 To have the appropriate use of buildings as residences 7.6.3 At the moment, the property owners should appraise the rental fee by

the buildings’ maintenance. The unsatisfied use of buildings that creates the worse buildings’ condition will get the higher rental fee in order to protect the misuse of

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buildings, such as the use for a storehouse that can be harmful to the historical buildings.

7.6.4 The buildings with no function will be restored and have interior decoration renewed, then renting out for the tourists. Target People

7.6.5 The property owners set up an agency to manage the business. They should be involved people in Nang Loeng community because it aims to create the sense of ownership, and encourage the people to look after their own community properly that will also benefit for community economy.

7.6.6 The tenants aim to be the foreigners who are medium-class tourists who are interested in Thai culture and architecture.

7.6.7 The place can also used for hotels for the tourists who attend the new established Thai food and desserts school. Expected Outcomes

7.6.8 Those deserted buildings or misused buildings are reused properly as the residences.

7.6.9 Creating the sense of ownership among people of the community 7.6.10 Creating jobs and income for the community 7.6.11 Creating indirect occupations such as trades of goods and services that

will also encourage the community economy Related Institutions

7.6.12 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.6.13 Office of Pomprabsattruphai District 7.6.14 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.6.15 Fine Arts Department 7.6.16 Silpakorn University 7.6.17 The Crown Property Bureau 7.6.18 Wat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.6.19 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.6.20 Suppamit 1 community 7.6.21 Suppamit 2 community

7.7 Project 7: Tram route passing by Nang Loeng Market Principle In order to solve the problem of car parking in Nang Loeng community, and to facilitate the communication to Nang Loeng community area for the tourists, tram project is recommended because it can be an alternative traveling mean and limit use of cars. There are two tram routes at present: Yao Wa Rad route and Rattanakosin route being the example of this projects. They have been launched by Bangkok Metropolitan Administration since in the midyear of 2007. However, the connecting of tram bus stops with the stations of BTS Sky Train or MRT should be very much considered.

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Objectives 7.7.1 To solve the overcrowded car parking problem in Nang Loeng

community 7.7.2 To facilitate the communication to Nang Loeng community area

for tourists 7.7.3 To promote trading of Nang Loeng market and businesses in Nang

Loeng historic community 7.7.4 To promote tourism around Rattanakosin Island

Target People 7.7.5 Tourists

7.7.6 Customers of Nang Loeng market who live in the vicinity Expected Outcomes

7.7.7 To reduce the crowded traffic and car parking problem in Nang Loeng community area

7.7.8 To increase of tourists, and market customers 7.7.9 To raise the community economy 7.7.10 To be well known by tourists as a source of Thai food among the

remarkable architecture of historic community in the heart of Bangkok Related Institutions

7.7.11 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 7.7.12 Office of Pomprabsattruphai District 7.7.13 Tourism Authority of Thailand 7.7.14 The Crown Property Bureau 7.7.15 Wat Somanas Rachavaravihara 7.7.16 Wat Sunthonthammathan (Wat Kae Nang Loeng) 7.7.17 Suppamit 1 community 7.7.18 Suppamit 2 community

7.8 Policies for supporting the identity of historic shop houses in Nang Loeng area 7.8.1 Promoting design for conservation and development, both public and private organizations that make use of desirable building materials, and overall quality of building design. It will ensure new development, redevelopment and expansion (both public and private) be designed with a proper architectural style, and appropriate scale as well as compatible with the neighborhood and the overall community identity in order to create the “sense of place”

7.8.2 Preserving, protecting and restoring the historic shop houses throughout the study area

7.8.3 Encouraging community consciousness for a good townscape maintenance including setting up standards for streetscape and landscape improvement

7.8.4 Working cooperatively with the schools of the vicinity for promotion of conservation education

7.8.5 Setting up regulation for the design of signage and its display

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7.8.6 Incorporating public art where appropriate into the design of telephone booths, post boxes, signboards and shop signs in order to enhance the community’s appearance

7.8.7 Working with people in the community and local organizations to strengthen and enhance community participation

7.8.8 Creating more physical means of connections with easier approach between Nang Loeng and Rattanakosin area in order to attract more tourists into the community for example footpath, archways, etc.

CONCLUSION From the study, the problems of conservation of Nang Loeng community are likely as follows: The first problem is lacking of consciousness towards conservation as well as community’s sprit among the inhabitants. Therefore, an appropriate education on conservation and local culture should be urgently provided. Moreover, by encouraging people to participate in the community development will help people to understand the problems of the inhabitants. In addition, the certainty of a provided development plan will increase more confidence among the inhabitants and the traders in the community. It will diminish the problem of emigration. Secondly, overcrowded population leads to various misuses and bad maintenance of historic buildings. Therefore, housing facility plan for rearrangement will be required, for example the congestion of residential area should be removed and replaced by low-rise flats. Thirdly, there are too many historic buildings which have been used in a low profitable way. They need a rehabilitation plan, for example by turning into guest houses or boutique hotels will help in term of value added. Fourth, it is fortunate that this estate is largely owned by the Crown Property Bureau who has a conservation policy for historic buildings. It has introduced a set of rules that at least prevents further damages to the existing historic structures and this policy should be continued. Furthermore, the policy for controlling the numbers of buildings expansion in the area should be considered in order to reduce the congestion in the future. Finally, a guardian committee composed of concerned stakeholders should be set up urgently to assume responsibility in protection and to provide the good management for the community. Also in order to response to the problems of the community, the proposals and suggestions should be urgently manageably use for the beneficiary of the community. If the concerned organizations still neglect and are not interested in solving the community’s problems, it is presumed that in the future it will become the huge problems and will be more difficult to find a solution and the identity of the area will be gradually faded away.

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In conclusion, the recommended proposal for the conservation of Nang Loeng community will also be a benefit case study to other historic communities with the same characteristic as the Nang Loeng community. Suggestions for the next studies This study has emphasized on the general problems and the solutions of Nang Loeng community. There are other particularly interesting matters for research for the future such as the appropriate education on conservation for the community, the redevelopment plan of housing facility, the rehabilitation plan for value added of the historic buildings, the revitalization plan for Sala Chaloem Thani that corresponds to the current relationship with Nang Loeng community. These varied studies will fulfill the various needs required for this important historic community of Bangkok.

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Bibliography Books Aplin, Graeme. Heritage: Identification, Conservation and Management. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002. Ching, Francis D.K. a Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Toronto: John Wley& Sons, 1995. Feilden, Bernard M. Conservation of Historic Buildings. 3rd ed. Cornwall: MPG Books Ltd., 2003. Kerin, Roger A., Steven W. Hartley, and Eric N. Berkowitz. Marketing. 6th ed. United States of America: Mc. Graw Hill, 2000. Kotler, Philip, and Kevin Lane Keller. Marketing Management. 12th ed. United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. Nithi Sthapitanonda. Architecture of Thailand: a Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms. Bangkok: Asia Books, 2005. No Na Paknam [pseud]. Wat Somanat Wihan. Bangkok: Muengboran, 1995, 101. Sunsanee Verasilpchai. Chue Ban Nam Mueng. 5th ed. Bangkok: Matichon, 1997. Weaver, Martin E., and Frank Q. Matero. Conserving Buildings: a Manual of Techniques and Materials. rev.ed. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1997. Periodicals International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice.” Journal of the International Institute for Conservation-Canadian Group, Ottawa, 1989, n.pag. Jetjaras Na Ranong. “Pedal power in the Old City.” Bangkok Post, 15 August 2008, 20. Sunon Palakawong Na Ayudhya. “The Conservation of Ancient Cities and Ancient Settlements in Thailand: a Country Report.” Najua Magazine, no.7 (1987): 105-120. Personal Communication Sompong Chotiwan. The Tenant of Sala Chaloem Thani at Present. Interview, 26 January 2006. Thanee Sasayanan. Chief of Profit Organizing Department Section 2, the Crown Property Bureau. Interview, 21 August 2006. Weerawat Rattanatassanai. Chief of Profit Organizing Department Section 3, the Crown Property Bureau. Interview, 21 August 2006. Thesis Kritaporn Haocharoen. “The Role and Spatial Development of Nangloeng District, Bangkok.” MUP thesis, Chulalongkorn University, 2003. Prakit Sapianchai. “The Kingdom Administration during the Rattanakosin Period before the Administrative Reform 1789- 1892.” MA thesis, Chulalongkorn University, 1995.

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Unpublished sources of information Lardner, Helen. “Criteria for Significance Assessment.” Document in the subject of Architectural Conservation Practice: 265404, Master Degree in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism: International Program, Silpakorn University. 2004.(Photocopied) Office of Pomprabsattrupai District. “Information of Pomprabsattrupai District: 2003.” n.d. (Typewritten) Shaefah Limited Partnership. “Details about the Renovation of Nang Loeng Market in 2005- 2006.” paper in the possession of Conservation Department, the Crown of Property Bureau. 2005. (Photocopied) Somchart Chungsiriarak. “Conservation of Historic Community.” Lecture Paper, Silpakorn University. 2006. (Photocopied) Web Page Australia ICOMOS. The Burra Charter: Charter for Places of Cultural Significance [Online]. Accessed 12 October 2008. Available from http://www.nsw .nationaltrust.org.au/burracharter.html Australia ICOMOS. The Burra Charter: Definition-Article 1.7 [Online]. Accessed 12 October 2008. Available from http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/ burracharter.html ICOMOS Thailand. Washington Charter 1987 [Online]. Available from http://www. icomosthailand.org Manager Online. Plan for Resurrecting Padungkrungkasem Canal [Online]. Accessed 10 March 2007. Available from http://www.manager.co.th/QOL/ViewNews .aspx?mNewsID =9500000028211 Queensland Government, Environment and Resource Management [Online], Accessed 30 March 2009. Available from http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/ cultural heritage/owning_a_heritage_place/ guidelines/burra_charter/ Sanook Online Ltd. Travel Bangkok [Online]. Accessed 12 August 2007. Available from http://travel.sanook.com/bangkok/bangkok_07021.php

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Appendix

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This questionnaire is a data collection about Nang Loeng community to support an independent study in the topic of “ The Study for the Conservation of Nang Loeng Community”, Master of Arts, International Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism, Silpakorn University. Please kindly take a few minutes to complete this survey. Thank you. Date___________________________________ No# of questionnaire____________ Name of respondent _____________________________________________________________ Your residence is in ( ) Suppamit1 community ( ) Suppamit2 community 1. What is your gender? ( ) Male ( ) Female 2. How old are you? ____________ years old. 3. What is your religion? ( ) Buddhism ( ) Christianity ( ) Islam ( ) Hinduism ( ) Etc.________________ 4. Where do you perform religious ceremony? ( ) Wat Kae ( ) Wat Somanas Rajavaravihara ( ) Others______________ (specify) 5. What is your occupation? ( ) Merchant, having own shop ( ) Vendor, not owning a shop ( ) Employee of shop, factory, or company ( ) Government or State enterprise officer ( ) Taxi driver/ motorcycle taxi service ( ) Student ( ) Unemployed ( ) Housewife ( ) Other 6. Where is your workplace? ( ) Inside Nang Loeng community ( ) Outside Nang Loeng community

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7. Your income per month? ( ) 5,000 Baht or less ( ) 5,001- 10,000 Baht ( ) 10,001- 20,000 Baht ( ) 20,001- 30,000 Baht ( ) 30,001- 40,000 Baht ( ) 40,001- 50,000 Baht ( ) More than 50,000 Baht 8. Is your income adequate to your each month expense? ( ) Yes, and having a surplus. ( ) Equal / Balance ( ) No, it is inadequate. 9. How long have you been living in the community? _________________years 10. What type is your residence? ( ) Single house ( ) Shop house ( ) Flat 11. What type of vehicle do you use for traveling between your community and other places? ( ) Private car ( ) Motorcycle ( ) Bicycle ( ) Bus ( ) Taxi ( ) On foot ( ) Others __________________ (specify) 12. Where is the place that you usually buy food or ingredients? ( ) Nang Loeng market ( ) Air conditioned supermarket ( ) Others ____________________ (specify) 13. How is your relationship with the neighbors? ( ) Good ( ) Average ( ) Bad 14. Is there any change during your stay in the community? ( ) Yes ( ) No

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15. Have you ever attended community’s activity or festival? ( ) Often ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never 16. Do you know your community’s leader? And have you ever contacted with him/her? ( ) Yes and have contacts when problem occurs. ( ) Yes, but never had any contact or complaint. ( ) No, I do not know how to contact with my community’s leader. 17. How do you think about your community’s leader? ( ) I think he/she does his/her responsibility efficiently. ( ) Indifferent ( ) I think he/she is inefficient to do his/her responsibility. 18. How do you feel about the safety in your community? ( ) It is safe. ( ) It is unsafe. 19. Are you satisfied with the recent renovation of Nang Loeng market? ( ) Satisfied or somewhat satisfied ( ) So so ( ) Unsatisfied or somewhat unsatisfied 20. Which aspect of Nang Loeng market should be further developed? ( ) Market plan ( ) Nothing should be developed further. ( ) I have no comment. ( ) Others_____________________ (specify) 21. What is the problem in the community that you want to be solved? ( ) Accessibility to the community ( ) Drainage ( ) Garbage ( ) Crime ( ) Insufficient light at night ( ) Declining of activities in the market ( ) I have no comment. 22. What do you think the community lacks? (Can be more than one answer) ( ) Car park ( ) Convenient stores ( ) Small park/ trees ( ) Activity space ( ) Bins ( ) Activities to promote community conservation

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( ) Businesses in term of conservation for adding income ( ) Others _____________________________ (specify) 23. How much are you attached with Sala Chaloem Thani? ( ) Very much ( ) Average ( ) No attachment 24. What do you think about Sala Chaloem Thani? ( ) It should be conserved. ( ) It should be remained the same. ( ) It should be demolished. 25. What do you think about a project launching of “Hotel for tourists” that wants to create a Thai historical atmosphere in Nang Loeng community, which will increase employment and income for people in the community; and stimulate the community’s economy? ( ) It is interesting ( ) So so. ( ) It is uninteresting. 26. Are you proud of Nang Loeng community? ( ) Yes, I am. ( ) So so. ( ) No, I am not. 27. In your community, what are you most proud of? ( ) Being a historic community ( ) Nang Loeng market ( ) Beautiful architecture of the buildings ( ) Sala Chaloem Thani ( ) Good neighbors ( ) Others__________________ (specify) 28. What is “community conservation” in your opinion? ( ) In my opinion, it means__________________________. ( ) I have ever heard about it, but not sure about its meaning. ( ) I do not know what it means. (Skip to no#30) 29. Where have you heard about the term “the community conservation”? ( ) I thought of it myself. ( ) The Crown Property Bureau ( ) Newspaper ( ) On Television ( ) Others____________________(specify)

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30. Do you think that Nang Loeng community should be conserved? ( ) Yes, absolutely ( ) No, it should not. ( ) I have no comment.

________________________________________

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The followings are questionnaire’s result that collected from 50 respondents; 25 people from Suppamit1 community and 25 people from Suppamit2 community. Demography 1. What is your gender? Percentage

Genders Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Male 44 48

Female 56 52 Total 100 100

The respondents are 44% male and 56% female from Suppamit1 community, and 48% male and 52% female from Suppamit2 community. 2. How old are you? Percentage

Ages Suppamit1 Suppamit2 0-20 12 16 21-40 36 52 41-60 44 28

More than 60 8 4 Total 100 100

The majority of people in Suppamit1 community aged between 41 to 60 is equal to 44% of respondents. The second majority aged between 21 to 40 is equal to 36% of respondents. In Suppamit2 community, the majority people aged between 21 to 40 is equal to 52% of respondents. The second majority aged between 41 to 60 is equal to 28 % of respondents. 3. What is your religion? Percentage

Religions Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Buddhism 100 96

Christianity 0 0 Islam 0 4

Hinduism 0 0 Total 100 100

100% of Suppamit1 respondents are Buddhism. In Suppamit 2, 96% of respondents are Buddhism, and another 4% are Islam.

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4. Where do you perform religious ceremony? Percentage

Places Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Wat Kae 48 72

Wat Somanas 12 24 Others 40 4 Total 100 100

Most of the people from both communities prefer to perform their religious ceremony at Wat Kae, which are equal to 48% of respondents from Suppamit1 community, and 72% of respondents from Suppamit2 community. Wat Somanas is inferior favorite. Some people have done in other places, some identified as Wat Mahathat. 5. What is your occupation? Percentage Occupations Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Merchant, having own shop

28 20

Vendor, not owning a shop 12 24 Employee of shop, factory, or company

16 28

Government or State enterprise officer

8 12

Taxi/ motorcycle taxi service

20 0

Student 8 4 Unemployed 4 4 Housewife 4 8 Total 100 100 The most favorable occupation of people in both communities is trading. Some have their own shop, and some do not have but pushcarts or stalls in or outside the market. Most of the merchant in Suppamit1 have their own shop, which is equal to 28% of the respondents. The merchant in Suppmit2 mostly have no own shop. They run their business by pushcarts or stalls in or outside the market, which is equal to 24% of the respondents. The second favorable occupation of people in Suppamit1 is taxi or motorcycle taxi service, which is equal to 20%. The second favorable occupation of people in Suppamit2 is employee of shop, factory, or company, which is equal to 28%. There are a little unemployment rate, which are 4% of people in each communities.

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6. If you have a job, where is your workplace? Percentage

Workplaces Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Inside Nang Loeng

community 62.5 37.5

Outside Nang Loeng community

37.5 62.5

Total 100 100 Most of the people in Suppamit1 work inside Nang Loeng community, which is equal to 62.5%. However, only 37.5% of the respondents from Suppamit2 community work inside Nang Loeng community. They mostly work outside the community, and only reside in the community. 7. How much is your income per month? Percentage

Income per month Suppamit1 Suppamit2 5,000 Baht or less 8 24 5,001-10,000 Baht 40 44

10,001- 20,000 Baht 44 20 20,001-30,000 Baht 8 8 30,001- 40,000 Baht 0 4 40,001- 50,000 Baht 0 0

More than 50,000 Baht 0 0 Total 100 100

The majority people from Suppamit2 community have low to average income. Most of them earn 5,001 to 10,000 Baht per month, which is equal to 44% of the respondents. Most of the people in Suppamit1 community have higher income than the people in Suppamit2 community. The majority of people earn 10,001 to 20,000 Baht per month, which is equal to 44% of the respondents. 8. Is your income adequate to your each month expense? Percentage Balance of income and expense

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Adequate, and having a surplus

28 24

Balanced 36 32 Inadequate 36 44 Total 100 100 People in Suppamit1 community mostly have balanced or inadequate income comparing with their expense. Only 28% of the respondents are adequate and have a surplus. On the other hand, the majority people in Suppamit2 have inadequate income, which is equal to 44%. However, 24% are adequate.

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9. How long have you been living in the community? Percentage

Periods of living in the community

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

0-5 years 12 36 6-20 years 28 40 21-40 years 44 20 41-60 years 16 4

Total 100 100 The majority of the respondents from Suppamit1 have been living in the community for 21 to 40 years, which is equal to 44%. In Suppamit2, many people are the new comer, 36% of the respondents have recently been residing in the community 0 to 5 years. 10. What type is your residence? Percentage

Types of residence Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Single house 20 20

Row house/shop house 64 60 Flat 16 20

Total 100 100 Most of the residences in Nang Loeng community are shop houses. There are 64% of the respondents in Suppamit1 and 60% of the respondents in Suppamit2 have lived in the shop houses. 11. What type of vehicle do you use for traveling between your community and other places? (Can be more than one answer) Percentage Types of Vehicle Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Private car 13.46 31.58 Motorcycle 26.92 13.16 Bicycle 13.46 2.63 Bus 15.38 21.05 Taxi 15.38 10.53 On foot 15.38 21.05 Total 100 100 There are various types of vehicle for traveling between Nang Loeng community and other places. However, 26.92% of respondents in Suppamit1 community prefer using motorcycle, and 31.58% of respondents in Suppamit2 prefer traveling by private car.

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12. Where is the place that you usually buy food or ingredients? (Can be more than one answer) Percentage Places that people usually buy food and ingredient.

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Nang Loeng market 85.71 75.76 Air-conditioned supermarket 10.71 12.12 Others; Mahanak market, SevenEleven 3.57 9.09

Total 100 100 The most favorable place that the respondents usually buy food or ingredients is Nang Loeng market. The second favorable place is air-conditioned supermarket. Sometimes, they infrequently buy food at Mahanak market and the convenient store like SevenEleven. People and their community 13. How is your relationship with the neighbors? Percentage

Relationship with Neighbors

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Good 80 56 Average 20 44

Bad 0 0 Total 100 100

People in Nang Loeng community mostly have good relationship with their neighbors, which is equal to 80% of the respondents of Suppamit1 and 56% of the respondents of Suppamit2. However, people in Suppamit1 community seem to have better relationship than people in Suppamit2 community. 14. Is there any change during your stay in the community? Percentage

Change during your stay Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Yes 72 56 No 28 44

Total 100 100 72% of Suppamit1 residents and 56% of Suppamit2 residents witness the change during their stay in the community. 15. Have you ever attended community’s activity or festival? Percentage

Suppamit1 Suppamit2 often 40 32

sometimes 36 24 never 24 44 Total 100 100

40% of the respondents of Suppamit1 community and 32% of the respondents of Suppamit2 community have ever attended community’s activities or

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festivals that are Songkran festival, Children’s day, Nang Loeng shrine annual festival, Candle molding on Buddhist Lent Day. The majority of Suppamit1 respondents have ever attended the activities or festivals, but the majority of Suppamit2 respondents have never attended. 16. Do you know how to contact with your community’s leader? And have you ever contacted with your community’s leader? Percentage Suppamit1 Suppamit2 - Yes and have contacts when problem occurs. 40 28 - Yes, but never had any contact or complaint 36 32 - No, I do not know how to contact 24 40

Total 100 100 The majority or 40% of Suppamit1 respondents have known and ever contacted with their community leader. On the other hand, 40% of Suppamit2 respondents that regard as the majority people do not know their community leader. 17. How do you think about your community’s leader? Percentage People’s opinion toward their community’s leader

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Good responsibility 36 32 Indifferent 60 52 Inefficient 4 16

Total 100 100 60% of Suppamit1 respondents and 52% of Suppamit2 respondents think that their community’s leaders have average efficiency. 18. How do you feel about the safety in your community? Percentage Safety in your community Suppamit1 Suppamit2

It is safe. 76 94 It is unsafe. 24 4

Total 100 100 76% of Suppamit1 respondents and 94% of Suppamit2 respondents that are the majority of each community feel that their communities are safe. 19. Are you satisfied with the recent renovation of Nang Loeng market? Percentage Opinion toward the recent renovation of Nang Loeng market

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Satisfied or somewhat satisfied 84 84 So so 12 16 Unsatisfied or somewhat unsatisfied 4 0

Total 100 100 84% of the respondents of each community are satisfied or somewhat satisfied with the recent renovation of Nang Loeng market.

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20. Which aspect of Nang Loeng market should be further developed? Percentage Aspects that should be developed Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Market plan 88 52 Others; goods’ variety, OTOP 4 4 I have no comment. 8 40 Nothing should be developed further 0 4

Total 100 100 The majority of respondents think that after the recent renovation of Nang Loeng market, market plan is very important aspect that should be developed. Some of them recommend that there should be more varieties of goods, and creating OTOP. 21. What is the problem in the community that you want to be solved? (Can be more than one answer) Percentage Problems to be solved Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Accessibility to the community 21.88 24.62 Drainage 12.50 9.23 Garbage 21.88 24.62 Crime 6.25 4.62 Insufficient light at night 14.06 16.92 Declining of activities in the market 21.88 18.46 I have no comment 1.56 1.54 Total 100 100 According to the vote of the respondents of both communities, three problems seem to be important things that need to be solved urgently. They are as follows; 1.Accessibility to the community 2.Garbage 3.Declining of activities in the market. 22. What do you think the community lacks? (Can be more than one answer) Percentage Things that the community lacks Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Car park 18.18 18.99 Convenient stores 14.14 8.86 Small park/trees 14.14 16.45 Activity space 14.14 16.45 Bins 15.15 17.73 Activities to promote conservation of the community

13.13 7.59

Businesses in term of conservation for adding income

11.11 13.93

Total 100 100 The previous table shows list of things that each communities lacks. Everything seems to be required. However, the first requirement of both communities is “car park”, which is equal to 18.18% of Suppamit1 respondents and 18.99% of Suppamit2 respondents. The next requirements of Suppamit1 community are more

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supply of bins, which is also the second requirement of Suppamit2 community as well. They are 15.15% and 17.73% respectively. People’s consciousness toward the importance of conservation 23. How much are you attached with Sala Chaloem Thani? Percentage Relationship between Sala Chaloem Thani and the people

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

Very much 56 72 Average 36 20 No attachment 8 8

Total 100 100 The respondents of both communities mostly feel that they have related with Sala Chaloem Thani, which is equal to 56% in Suppamit1 community and 72% in Suppamit2 community. The second majority feel that their connection to Sala Chaloem Thani is average. 24. What do you think about Sala Chaloem Thani? Percentage What should we do? Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Should be conserved 76 84 Should be remained the same 24 12 Should be demolished 0 4

Total 100 100 The majority of people, which is 76% of Suppamit1 respondents and 84% of Suppamit2 respondents, think that Sala Chaloem Thani should be conserved. It should not be demolished. Some of them think that it should be remained the same. 25. What do you think about a project launching of “Hotel for tourists” that wants to create a Thai historical atmosphere in Nang Loeng community, which will increase employment and income for people in the community; and stimulate the community’s economy? Percentage Your opinion toward “Hotel for tourists” project

Suppamit1 Suppamit2

It is interesting 88 100 So so 12 0 It is uninteresting 0 0

Total 100 100 This question asks the respondents about a project launching of “Hotel for tourists” which aims to promote tourism, culture, and to stimulate community’s economy. Many of them, which are equal to 88% of Suppamit1 respondents and 100% of Suppamit2 respondents, think that this project is interesting.

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26. Are you proud of Nang Loeng community? Percentage Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Yes, I am 88 100 So so 12 0 No, I am not 0 0

Total 100 100 88% of Suppamit1 respondents and 100% of Suppamit2 respondents are proud of Nang Loeng community. 27. In your community, what are you most proud of? (Can be more than one answer) Percentage

Things you are proud of Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Being a historic community 27.94 40 Nang Loeng Market 27.94 25 Beautiful architecture of the buildings 20.59 16.67 Sala Chaloem Thani 17.65 11.67 Good neighbors 5.88 6.67

Total 100 100 The respondents of both communities gave the priority arrangement about the things they are proud of their communities as follows; being historic community, Nang Loeng market, beautiful architecture of buildings, Sala Chaloem Thani, and good neighbors respectively. 28. What is “community conservation” in your opinion? Percentage Meaning of “community conservation” Suppamit1 Suppamit2 ***In my opinion, it means………. 40 68 I have ever heard about it, but not sure about its meaning.

44 16

I do not know about it. 16 16 Total 100 100

***40% of Suppamit1 respondents and 68% of Suppamit2 respondents show their idea toward the meanings of “Community conservation” as follows;

- Conserving of historic buildings such as Nang Loeng market or Sala Chaloem Thani - Showing of being Thais - Conserving of the historic places that have cultural significance such as Nang Loeng

market and Sala Chaloem Thani - Community conservation is something that good for the next generation. - Making the next generation know their history - Keeping the significant things of the community - Remaining of original identity but develop to suit the present time - Combination of modern way of life and the original community - Joining of government sector to look after the significant places such as Ampawa

floating market - Keeping the condition of being historic community - Conservation of the community to be like the previous condition

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- Keeping tidy of the community - Community conservation is development and looking after the place - Developing the environment - Keeping the historic community to be able to stay in the present day However, 44% of Suppamit1 respondents and 16% of Suppamit2 respondents have just ever heard about the term “community conservation”, but they are not sure about its meaning. Only few people do not know about the “community conservation”.

29. How have you heard about the term “the community conservation”? Percentage

Suppamit1 Suppamit2 I thought of it myself 14.28 17.65 The Crown Property Bureau 33.33 29.41 Newspaper 9.52 5.88 On Television 19.05 17.65 Others; information within the community, community’s leader, chatting with neighbor, and interviewers.

23.81 29.41

Total 100 100 From the previous question, most of the people who have ever heard and who have given the meanings of the term “community conservation” indicated how they have heard about “the community conservation” as follows; the Crown Property Bureau has the most influence on them, which is equal to 33.33% of Suppamit1 respondents and 29.41% of Suppamit2 respondents. Next, 23.81% of Suppamit1 respondents and 29.41% of Suppamit2 respondents have heard about the term “the community conservation” from information within the community, their communities’ leader, chatting with neighbors, and from the interviewers. 30. Do you think that Nang Loeng community should be conserved? Percentage

Suppamit1 Suppamit2 Yes, absolutely 100 96

No, it should not 0 0 I have no comment 0 4

Total 100 100 100% of the respondents of Suppamit1 community and 96% of Suppamit2 community think that Nang Loeng community should absolutely be conserved. Only 4% of Suppamit2 respondents have no comment about this question.

_______________________________________

160

Zoning of Physical Investigation Area

161

Figure 71: Area of Physical Investigation Zone 1 with Address

162


163


164


165


166

Table 8: Grading of Cultural Value

167

GRADING OF CULTURAL VALUE Buildings (Zone1)

Age Aesthetic Authenticity Total Grade

Nang Loeng Market 3 3 3 9 A Nang Loeng Shrine 3 3 3 9 A Sala Chaloem Thani 3 3 3 9 A 290 3 3 3 9 A 292 3 3 3 9 A 294 3 3 3 9 A 296 3 3 3 9 A 298 3 3 3 9 A 300 3 3 3 9 A 302 3 3 3 9 A 304 3 3 3 9 A 306 3 3 3 9 A 308 3 3 3 9 A 310 3 3 3 9 A 312 3 3 3 9 A 314 3 3 3 9 A 316 3 3 3 9 A 318 3 3 3 9 A 320 3 3 3 9 A 322 3 2 2 7 B 324 3 1 1 5 B 326 3 1 1 5 B 328 3 1 1 5 B 330 3 1 1 5 B 332 3 1 1 5 B 334 3 1 1 5 B 336 3 2 1 6 B 338 3 3 3 9 A 340 3 3 3 9 A 342 3 3 3 9 A 216 3 3 3 9 A 218 3 3 3 9 A 220 3 3 3 9 A 222 3 3 3 9 A 224 3 3 3 9 A 226 3 3 3 9 A 228 3 3 3 9 A 230 3 3 3 9 A

168

GRADING OF CULTURAL VALUE Buildings (Zone 1)


232 3 3 3 9 A

234 3 3 3 9 A 236 3 3 3 9 A 238 3 3 3 9 A 240 3 3 3 9 A 242 3 3 3 9 A 244 3 3 3 9 A 246 3 3 3 9 A 248 3 3 3 9 A 250 3 3 3 9 A 252 3 3 3 9 A 254 3 3 3 9 A 256 3 3 3 9 A 258 3 3 3 9 A 260 3 3 3 9 A 262 3 3 3 9 A 264 2 1 1 4 C 268(Toilets) 3 3 3 9 A 270 3 3 3 9 A 272 3 3 3 9 A 274 3 3 3 9 A 276 3 3 3 9 A 278 3 3 3 9 A 280 3 3 3 9 A 282 3 3 3 9 A 284 3 3 3 9 A 286 3 3 3 9 A 288 2 1 1 4 C 113 1 1 1 3 C 111 1 1 1 3 C 109 1 1 1 3 C 109/1 1 1 1 3 C 107 1 1 1 3 C 105 3 3 3 9 A 103 3 3 3 9 A 101 3 3 3 9 A

169

GRADING OF CULTURAL VALUE

Buildings (Zone 1)


99 3 3 3 9 A

97 3 3 3 9 A

95 3 3 3 9 A

93 3 3 3 9 A

91 3 3 3 9 A 89 3 3 3 9 A 87 3 3 3 9 A 85 3 3 3 9 A 83 3 3 3 9 A 81 3 3 3 9 A 79 3 3 3 9 A 77 3 3 3 9 A 75 3 3 3 9 A 73 3 3 3 9 A 71 3 3 3 9 A 69 3 3 3 9 A 67 3 3 3 9 A 31 3 3 3 9 A 29 3 3 3 9 A 27 3 3 3 9 A 25 3 3 3 9 A 23 3 3 3 9 A 21 3 3 3 9 A 19 3 3 3 9 A 17 3 3 3 9 A 15 3 3 3 9 A 13 3 3 3 9 A 11 3 3 3 9 A 35 3 1 1 5 B Building with no address

number∗

1 1 1 3 C

41 1 1 1 3 C 41/1 1 1 1 3 C 41/2 1 1 1 3 C

∗ The Building nearby Sala Chaloem Thani

170



41/3 1 1 1 3 C

206/25 1 1 1 3 C

206/24 1 1 1 3 C

206/23 1 1 1 3 C

206/22 1 1 1 3 C

206/21 1 1 1 3 C

206/20 1 1 1 3 C

206/19 1 1 1 3 C

206/18 1 1 1 3 C

206/17 1 1 1 3 C

206/16 1 1 1 3 C

206/15 1 1 1 3 C

206/14 1 1 1 3 C

206/13 1 1 1 3 C

206/12 1 1 1 3 C

206/11 1 1 1 3 C

206/10 1 1 1 3 C

206/9 1 1 1 3 C

206/8 1 1 1 3 C

206/7 1 1 1 3 C

206/6 1 1 1 3 C

171



271 3 3 3 9 A 269 3 3 3 9 A 267 3 3 3 9 A 265 3 3 3 9 A 263 3 3 3 9 A 261 3 3 3 9 A 259 3 3 3 9 A 257 3 3 3 9 A 255 3 3 3 9 A 253 3 3 3 9 A 251 3 3 3 9 A 249 3 3 3 9 A 247 3 3 3 9 A 245 3 3 3 9 A 133 3 3 3 9 A 135 3 3 3 9 A 137 3 3 3 9 A 139 3 3 3 9 A 141 3 3 3 9 A 143 3 3 3 9 A 147 3 3 3 9 A 149 3 3 3 9 A 151 3 3 3 9 A 153 3 2 3 8 A 155 3 2 3 8 A 157 3 2 3 8 A 159 3 2 3 8 A 161 3 3 3 9 A 163 3 2 3 8 A 165 3 3 3 9 A 167 3 3 3 9 A 169 3 3 3 9 A 728 3 2 1 6 B 729 3 2 1 6 B 730 3 2 1 6 B 732 3 2 1 6 B 734 3 2 1 6 B 736 3 2 1 6 B

172



738 3 2 1 6 B

740 3 2 2 7 B 742 3 2 2 7 B 744 3 2 2 7 B 746 3 2 2 7 B 748 3 2 2 7 B 750 3 2 2 7 B 752 3 2 1 6 B 754 3 2 1 6 B 756 3 2 1 6 B 758 3 2 1 6 B 760 3 2 1 6 B 762 3 2 1 6 B 173/6 2 1 1 4 C 173/5 2 1 1 4 C 173/4 2 1 1 4 C 173/3 2 2 2 6 B 173/2 2 2 2 6 B 173/1 2 2 2 6 B 173 2 1 1 4 C 175 2 1 1 4 C 177 2 1 1 4 C 237 2 2 2 6 B 239 2 2 2 6 B 241 2 2 2 6 B 241/2 2 2 2 6 B 241/3 2 2 2 6 B 241/4 2 2 2 6 B 243 2 1 1 4 C 217 2 1 1 4 C 221 2 1 1 4 C 231 2 2 2 6 B 235 2 2 2 6 B 233 2 2 2 6 B 171 2 1 1 4 C 179 3 2 1 6 B

173



181 3 2 1 6 B

183 3 2 1 6 B

185 3 2 1 6 B

186 3 2 1 6 B

187 3 2 1 6 B 196 3 1 1 5 B 193 3 1 1 5 B 195 3 1 1 5 B 197 3 1 1 5 B 199 3 3 3 9 A 207 2 1 1 4 C 205 2 1 1 4 C 209 2 1 1 4 C 211 2 1 1 4 C 213 2 1 1 4 C 215 2 1 1 4 C 273 1 1 1 3 C 273/1 1 1 1 3 C 277 1 1 1 3 C 223 2 1 1 4 C 279 1 1 1 3 C 283/1 3 2 3 8 A 285 3 2 2 7 B 287 3 2 2 7 B 289 3 2 2 7 B 289/1 3 2 2 7 B 344 3 3 3 9 A 346 3 3 3 9 A 348 3 3 3 9 A 350 3 3 3 9 A 352 3 3 3 9 A 354 3 3 3 9 A 356 3 3 3 9 A 358 3 3 3 9 A 360 3 3 3 9 A 362 3 3 3 9 A 364 3 3 3 9 A 366 3 3 3 9 A

174



368 3 3 3 9 A

370 3 3 3 9 A

372 3 3 3 9 A

374 3 3 3 9 A

376 3 3 3 9 A

378 3 3 3 9 A

380 3 3 3 9 A

175



95 3 3 2 8 A 97 3 3 2 8 A 99 3 3 2 8 A 101 3 3 2 8 A 103 3 3 2 8 A 105 3 3 2 8 A 107 3 3 2 8 A 109 3 3 2 8 A 111 3 3 2 8 A 113 3 3 2 8 A 115 3 3 2 8 A 117 3 3 2 8 A 119 3 3 2 8 A 121 3 3 2 8 A 123 3 3 2 8 A 93/1 3 3 3 9 A 93/2 3 3 3 9 A 93/3 3 3 3 9 A 93/4 3 3 3 9 A 93/5 3 3 3 9 A 93/6 3 3 3 9 A 93/7 3 3 3 9 A 93/8 3 3 3 9 A 93/9 3 3 3 9 A 93/10 3 3 3 9 A 93/16 2 3 3 8 A 93/11 3 3 3 9 A 93/12 3 3 3 9 A 93/13 3 3 3 9 A 93/14 3 3 3 9 A 93/15 3 3 3 9 A 127 3 3 2 9 A 129 3 3 2 9 A 131 3 3 2 8 A 774 3 2 1 6 B 772 3 2 1 6 B 770 3 2 1 6 B 768 3 3 2 8 A

176



766 3 3 2 8 A

764 3 2 1 6 B 303 2 1 1 4 C 305 2 1 1 4 C 307 2 1 1 4 C 125 1 1 1 3 C 309 1 1 1 3 C 311 1 1 1 3 C 311/1 1 1 1 3 C 309/1 1 1 1 3 C 309/2 1 1 1 3 C 337 1 1 1 3 C 337/1 1 1 1 3 C 341 1 2 2 5 B 343 1 1 1 3 C 345 1 1 1 3 C

177



19 3 3 3 9 A 21 3 3 3 9 A 23 3 3 3 9 A 25 3 3 3 9 A 27 3 3 3 9 A 29 3 3 3 9 A 31 3 3 3 9 A 33 3 3 3 9 A 35 3 3 3 9 A 37 3 3 3 9 A 39 3 3 3 9 A 41 3 3 3 9 A 43 3 3 3 9 A 45 3 3 3 9 A 47 3 3 3 9 A 49 3 3 2 8 A 51 3 3 3 9 A 53 3 1 1 5 B 7/1 3 3 3 9 A 7/2 3 3 3 9 A 7/3 3 3 3 9 A 7/4 3 2 2 7 B 7/5 3 3 3 9 A 7/6 3 2 2 7 B 7/7 3 2 2 7 B 7/8 3 2 2 7 B 7/9 3 2 2 7 B 7/10 3 2 2 7 B 7/11 3 2 2 7 B 7/12 3 2 2 7 B 7/13 3 2 2 7 B 7/14 3 2 2 7 B 7/15 3 1 1 5 B 7/16 3 1 1 5 B 7/17 3 1 1 5 B 7/18 3 2 1 6 B 7/19 3 2 1 6 B 7/20 3 2 1 6 B

178



214 3 2 2 7 B

214/1 2 2 2 6 B 61 2 2 2 6 B 61/1 2 2 2 6 B 61/2 2 2 2 6 B 38 2 2 2 6 B 212 2 2 2 6 B 208 3 3 3 9 A 208/2 2 2 2 6 B 208/3 2 2 2 6 B 208/4 2 2 2 6 B 208/5 2 2 2 6 B 208/6 2 2 2 6 B 208/7 2 3 3 8 A 208/8 2 3 3 8 A 208/9 2 3 3 8 A 210 1 1 1 3 C 49 1 1 1 3 C 55 2 2 1 5 B 57 2 2 1 5 B 59 2 2 1 5 B 170 2 2 1 5 B 184 2 2 1 5 B 174 2 2 1 5 B 176 2 2 1 5 B 178 2 2 1 5 B 180 2 2 1 5 B 182 2 2 1 5 B 55 3 2 2 7 B 57 3 2 2 7 B 59 3 2 2 7 B 61 3 3 3 9 A 63 3 3 3 9 A 65 3 3 3 9 A 67 3 3 3 9 A 69 3 3 3 9 A

179



71 3 3 3 9 A

73 3 3 3 9 A

75 3 3 3 9 A

77 3 3 3 9 A

79 3 3 3 9 A 81 3 3 3 9 A 83 3 3 3 9 A 85 3 3 3 9 A 87 3 3 3 9 A 89 3 3 3 9 A 91 3 3 3 9 A 93 3 3 3 9 A 53/1 3 3 3 9 A 53/2 3 3 3 9 A 53/3 3 3 3 9 A 53/4 3 3 3 9 A 53/5 3 3 3 9 A 53/6 3 3 3 9 A 53/7 3 3 3 9 A 53/8 3 3 3 9 A 53/9 3 3 3 9 A 53/10 3 3 3 9 A 53/11 3 3 3 9 A 53/12 3 3 3 9 A 53/13 3 3 3 9 A 53/14 3 3 3 9 A 53/15 3 3 3 9 A 53/16 3 3 3 9 A 53/17 3 3 3 9 A 53/18 3 3 3 9 A 53/19 3 3 3 9 A 53/20 3 3 3 9 A 342 3 2 3 8 A 336 3 3 3 9 A 334 3 3 3 9 A 332 3 3 3 9 A 330 2 1 1 4 C 328 3 3 3 9 A

180



326 3 3 3 9 A

292/1 3 2 1 6 A

292 3 3 3 9 A

292/2 3 3 3 9 A

294 2 3 3 8 A

296 2 2 2 6 B

290 1 2 1 4 C

266 1 2 1 4 C

117 3 3 3 9 A

119 2 2 2 6 B

121 2 3 2 7 B

123 2 3 2 7 B

121/1 2 2 2 6 B

121/2 2 2 2 6 B

121/3 2 2 2 6 B

121/4 2 2 2 6 B

121/5 2 2 2 6 B

127 2 2 2 6 B

181



288 3 3 3 9 A 286 3 3 3 9 A 284 3 3 3 9 A 282 3 3 3 9 A 280 3 3 3 9 A 278 3 3 3 9 A 276 3 3 3 9 A 274 3 3 3 9 A 272 3 3 3 9 A 270 3 3 3 9 A 268 3 3 3 9 A 266 3 3 3 9 A 264 3 3 3 9 A 262 3 3 3 9 A 260 3 3 3 9 A 258 3 3 3 9 A 256 3 3 3 9 A 254 3 3 3 9 A 252 3 3 3 9 A 250 3 3 3 9 A 135 3 3 3 9 A 137 3 3 3 9 A 139 3 1 2 6 B 141 3 1 2 6 B 143 3 1 2 6 B 145 3 1 2 6 B 147 3 1 2 6 B 149 3 1 2 6 B 151 3 1 2 6 B 153 3 1 2 6 B 155 3 1 2 6 B 157 3 1 2 6 B 159 3 1 2 6 B 161 3 1 1 5 B 163 3 1 1 5 B 171 3 1 1 5 B 173 3 1 1 5 B 177 3 1 1 5 B

182



253 2 2 2 6 B

255 2 2 2 6 B 255/10 2 2 2 6 B 255/11 2 2 2 6 B 255/12 2 2 2 6 B 255/13 2 2 2 6 B 255/14 2 2 2 6 B 255/15 2 2 2 6 B 255/16 2 2 2 6 B 255/1 2 2 2 6 B 255/2 2 2 2 6 B 255/3 2 2 2 6 B 255/4 2 2 2 6 B 255/5 2 2 2 6 B 255/6 2 2 2 6 B 255/7 2 2 2 6 B 255/8 2 2 2 6 B 255/9 2 2 2 6 B 255/17 2 2 2 6 B 255/18 2 2 2 6 B 255/19 2 2 2 6 B 255/20 2 2 2 6 B 255/21 2 2 2 6 B 255/22 2 2 2 6 B 255/23 2 2 2 6 B 26/1 2 2 2 6 B 9 1 1 1 3 C 5-7 1 1 1 3 C 22 1 1 1 3 C 22/1 1 1 1 3 C 3/2 1 1 1 3 C 3/1 1 1 1 3 C 3 1 1 1 3 C 10 1 1 1 3 C 157 1 1 1 3 C 157/1 1 1 1 3 C

183



159 1 1 1 3 C

24 3 3 3 9 A

257 1 2 1 4 C

259 1 2 1 4 C

261 1 2 1 4 C 263 1 2 1 4 C 265 1 2 1 4 C 267 1 2 1 4 C 269 1 2 1 4 C 271 1 2 1 4 C 273 1 2 1 4 C 275 1 2 1 4 C 275/1 1 2 1 4 C 275/2 1 2 1 4 C 275/3 1 2 1 4 C 275/4 1 2 1 4 C 275/5 1 2 1 4 C 275/6 1 2 1 4 C 275/7 1 2 1 4 C 275/8 1 2 1 4 C 275/9 1 2 1 4 C 275/10 1 2 1 4 C 275/11 1 2 1 4 C 275/12 1 2 1 4 C 275/13 1 2 1 4 C 275/14 1 2 1 4 C 279/1 1 2 1 4 C 279/2 1 2 1 4 C 279/3 1 2 1 4 C 279/4 1 2 1 4 C 281 3 3 3 9 A 283 3 3 3 9 A 285 3 3 3 9 A 287 3 3 3 9 A 289 3 3 3 9 A 291 3 3 3 9 A 293 3 3 3 9 A 295 3 3 3 9 A

184



297 3 3 3 9 A

299 3 3 3 9 A

301 3 3 3 9 A

305 3 3 3 9 A

3 3 2 2 7 B

5 3 2 2 7 B

7 3 2 2 7 B

9 3 2 2 7 B

63 1 1 1 3 C

65 1 1 1 3 C

Flats 1 1 2 4 C

185

Table 9: Grading of Physical Value

186

GRADING OF PHYSICAL VALUE Buildings (Zone1)

Physical Condition

Alteration Use Total Grade

Nang Loeng Market 3 3 3 9 A Nang Loeng Shrine 3 3 3 9 A Sala Chaloem Thani 1 2 1 4 C 290 3 3 2 8 A 292 3 3 2 8 A 294 3 3 3 9 A 296 3 3 2 8 A 298 3 3 2 8 A 300 3 3 2 8 A 302 3 3 2 8 A 304 3 3 2 8 A 306 2 3 3 8 A 308 3 3 3 9 A 310 3 3 3 9 A 312 3 3 3 9 A 314 3 3 3 9 A 316 3 3 3 9 A 318 3 3 3 9 A 320 3 3 3 9 A 322 3 2 3 8 A 324 3 1 3 7 B 326 3 1 3 7 B 328 2 1 3 6 B 330 2 1 3 6 B 332 2 1 3 6 B 334 2 1 2 5 B 336 3 1 3 7 B 338 3 3 3 9 A 340 2 3 1 6 B 342 2 3 1 6 B 216 3 3 3 9 A 218 3 3 3 9 A 220 3 3 2 8 A 222 3 3 3 9 A 224 3 3 3 9 A 226 3 3 3 9 A 228 3 3 3 9 A 230 3 3 2 8 A

187

GRADING OF PHYSICAL VALUE Buildings (Zone 1)

Physical Condition


232 3 3 2 8 A

234 3 3 2 8 A 236 3 3 3 9 A 238 3 3 3 9 A 240 3 3 3 9 A 242 3 3 3 9 A 244 3 3 3 9 A 246 3 3 3 9 A 248 3 3 2 8 A 250 3 3 3 9 A 252 3 3 3 9 A 254 2 3 3 8 A 256 3 3 3 9 A 258 3 3 3 9 A 260 3 3 2 8 A 262 3 3 2 8 A 264 1 1 1 3 C 268(Toilets) 3 3 3 9 A 270 2 3 3 8 A 272 2 3 3 8 A 274 3 3 3 9 A 276 3 3 3 9 A 278 3 3 3 9 A 280 3 3 3 9 A 282 3 3 2 8 A 284 3 3 2 8 A 286 3 3 2 8 A 288 1 1 1 3 C 113 3 1 3 7 B 111 3 1 3 7 B 109 2 1 2 5 B 109/1 2 1 3 6 B 107 3 1 3 7 B 105 1 3 3 7 B 103 2 3 3 8 A

101 2 3 2 7 B

188

GRADING OF PHYSICAL VALUE

Buildings (Zone 1)

Physical Condition


99 1 3 2 7 B

97 1 3 3 7 B

95 2 3 2 7 B

93 2 3 2 7 B

91 3 3 2 8 A 89 2 3 2 7 B 87 2 3 2 7 B 85 3 3 2 8 A 83 2 3 2 7 B 81 1 3 2 6 B 79 1 3 2 6 B 77 2 3 3 8 A 75 2 3 3 8 A 73 1 3 2 6 B 71 1 3 1 5 B 69 2 3 2 7 B 67 2 3 3 8 A 31 2 3 3 8 A 29 2 3 3 8 A 27 2 3 2 7 B 25 2 3 3 8 A 23 1 3 1 5 B 21 2 3 3 8 A 19 2 3 2 7 B 17 2 3 3 8 A 15 1 3 3 7 B 13 2 3 3 8 A 11 2 3 3 8 A 35 1 1 3 5 B Building with no address

number∗

3 1 2 6 B

41 3 1 3 7 B 41/1 3 1 3 7 B 41/2 3 1 3 7 B


189


Physical Condition


41/3 3 1 3 7 B

206/25 3 2 3 8 A

206/24 3 2 3 8 A

206/23 1 1 1 3 C

206/22 2 1 1 4 C

206/21 2 1 1 4 C

206/20 3 2 2 7 B

206/19 3 2 3 8 A

206/18 3 2 3 8 A

206/17 3 2 3 8 A

206/16 3 2 3 8 A

206/15 3 2 3 8 A

206/14 3 2 3 8 A

206/13 3 2 3 8 A

206/12 3 2 3 8 A

206/11 3 2 3 8 A

206/10 3 2 3 8 A

206/9 3 2 3 8 A

206/8 3 2 3 8 A

206/7 3 2 2 7 B

206/6 3 2 2 7 B

190


Physical Condition


271 3 3 3 9 A 269 3 3 3 9 A 267 3 3 3 9 A 265 3 3 3 9 A 263 3 3 3 9 A 261 3 3 3 9 A 259 3 3 3 9 A 257 3 3 3 9 A 255 3 3 3 9 A 253 3 3 3 9 A 251 3 3 3 9 A 249 3 3 3 9 A 247 3 3 3 9 A 245 3 3 3 9 A 133 3 3 3 9 A 135 3 3 3 9 A 137 3 3 3 9 A 139 3 3 3 9 A 141 3 3 3 9 A 143 3 3 3 9 A 147 3 3 3 9 A 149 3 3 3 9 A 151 3 3 3 9 A 153 3 3 3 9 A 155 3 3 3 9 A 157 3 3 3 9 A 159 3 3 3 9 A 161 3 3 3 9 A 163 3 3 3 9 A 165 3 3 3 9 A 167 3 3 3 9 A 169 3 3 3 9 A 728 3 1 3 7 B 729 3 1 3 7 B 730 3 1 3 7 B 732 3 1 3 7 B 734 3 1 3 7 B 736 3 1 3 7 B

191


Physical Condition


738 3 1 3 7 B

740 3 2 3 8 A 742 3 2 2 7 B 744 3 2 2 7 B 746 3 2 2 7 B 748 3 2 2 7 B 750 3 2 2 7 B 752 3 1 2 6 B 754 3 1 2 6 B 756 3 1 2 6 B 758 3 1 2 6 B 760 3 1 3 7 B 762 3 1 3 7 B 173/6 3 1 3 7 B 173/5 3 1 3 7 B 173/4 3 1 3 7 B 173/3 3 2 3 8 A 173/2 3 2 3 8 A 173/1 3 2 3 8 A 173 2 1 3 6 B 175 2 1 3 6 B 177 2 1 3 6 B 237 3 2 3 8 A 239 3 2 3 8 A 241 3 2 3 8 A 241/2 3 2 3 8 A 241/3 3 2 3 8 A 241/4 3 2 3 8 A 243 2 1 3 6 B 217 2 1 3 6 B 221 1 1 2 4 C 231 2 2 3 7 B 235 2 2 3 7 B 233 2 2 3 7 B 171 2 1 3 6 B 179 2 1 3 6 B

192


Physical Condition


181 2 1 3 6 B

183 2 1 3 6 B

185 2 1 3 6 B

186 2 1 3 6 B

187 2 1 3 6 B 196 2 1 3 6 B 193 2 1 3 6 B 195 2 1 3 6 B 197 2 1 3 6 B 199 3 3 3 9 A 207 1 1 2 4 C 205 1 1 2 4 C 209 2 1 2 5 B 211 2 1 2 5 B 213 2 1 2 5 B 215 2 1 2 5 B 273 3 1 3 7 B 273/1 3 1 3 7 B 277 3 1 3 7 B 223 1 1 2 4 C 279 3 1 3 7 B 283/1 3 3 3 9 A 285 3 2 3 8 A 287 3 2 3 8 A 289 3 2 3 8 A 289/1 3 2 3 8 A 344 3 3 3 9 A 346 3 3 3 9 A 348 3 3 3 9 A 350 3 3 3 9 A 352 3 3 3 9 A 354 3 3 3 9 A 356 3 3 3 9 A 358 3 3 3 9 A 360 3 3 3 9 A 362 3 3 3 9 A 364 3 3 3 9 A 366 3 3 3 9 A

193


Physical Condition


368 3 3 3 9 A

370 3 3 3 9 A

372 3 3 3 9 A

374 3 3 3 9 A

376 3 3 3 9 A

378 3 3 3 9 A

380 3 3 3 9 A

194


Physical Condition


95 3 2 3 8 A 97 3 2 3 8 A 99 3 2 3 8 A 101 3 2 3 8 A 103 3 2 3 8 A 105 3 2 3 8 A 107 3 2 3 8 A 109 3 2 3 8 A 111 3 2 3 8 A 113 3 2 3 8 A 115 3 2 3 8 A 117 3 2 3 8 A 119 3 2 2 7 B 121 3 2 3 8 A 123 3 2 3 8 A 93/1 3 3 3 9 A 93/2 3 3 3 9 A 93/3 3 3 3 9 A 93/4 3 3 3 9 A 93/5 3 3 3 9 A 93/6 3 3 3 9 A 93/7 3 3 3 9 A 93/8 3 3 3 9 A 93/9 3 3 3 9 A 93/10 3 3 3 9 A 93/16 3 3 3 9 A 93/11 3 3 3 9 A 93/12 3 3 3 9 A 93/13 3 3 3 9 A 93/14 3 3 3 9 A 93/15 3 3 3 9 A 127 3 2 3 8 A 129 3 2 3 8 A 131 3 2 3 8 A 774 3 1 3 7 B 772 3 1 3 7 B 770 3 1 2 6 B 768 3 2 2 7 B

195


Physical Condition


766 3 2 2 7 B

764 3 1 2 6 B 303 2 1 2 6 B 305 3 1 3 6 B 307 2 1 3 6 B 125 3 1 3 6 B 309 2 1 3 6 B 311 2 1 3 6 B 311/1 2 1 3 6 B 309/1 2 1 3 6 B 309/2 2 1 3 6 B 337 2 1 3 6 B 337/1 2 1 3 6 B 341 3 2 3 8 A 343 3 1 3 7 B 345 3 1 3 7 B

196


Physical Condition


19 2 3 3 8 A 21 2 3 3 8 A 23 2 3 3 8 A 25 3 3 3 9 A 27 3 3 3 9 A 29 3 3 3 9 A 31 3 3 3 9 A 33 3 3 3 9 A 35 3 3 3 9 A 37 3 3 3 9 A 39 3 3 3 9 A 41 3 3 3 9 A 43 2 3 3 8 A 45 2 3 3 8 A 47 2 3 3 8 A 49 2 2 3 7 B 51 2 3 3 8 A 53 3 1 2 6 B 7/1 2 3 3 8 A 7/2 2 3 3 8 A 7/3 3 3 3 9 A 7/4 3 2 3 8 A 7/5 3 3 3 9 A 7/6 3 2 3 8 A 7/7 3 2 3 8 A 7/8 3 2 3 8 A 7/9 3 2 3 8 A 7/10 3 2 3 8 A 7/11 3 2 3 8 A 7/12 3 2 3 8 A 7/13 3 2 3 8 A 7/14 3 2 3 8 A 7/15 3 1 3 7 B 7/16 3 1 3 7 B 7/17 3 1 3 7 B 7/18 2 1 3 6 B 7/19 2 1 2 5 B 7/20 2 1 3 6 B 214 3 2 3 8 A

197


Physical Condition


214/1 3 2 3 8 A 61 2 2 3 7 B

61/1 2 2 3 7 B 61/2 2 2 3 7 B 38 2 2 3 7 B 212 2 2 3 7 B 208 3 3 3 9 A

208/2 3 2 3 8 A 208/3 2 2 3 7 B 208/4 2 2 3 7 B 208/5 3 2 3 8 A 208/6 3 2 3 8 A 208/7 3 3 3 9 A 208/8 2 3 3 8 A 208/9 2 3 3 8 A 210 3 1 3 7 B 49 3 1 3 7 B 55 2 1 3 6 B 57 2 1 3 6 B 59 2 1 3 6 B 170 2 1 3 6 B 184 2 1 3 6 B 174 3 1 3 7 B 176 3 1 3 7 B 178 3 1 3 7 B 180 3 1 3 7 B 182 3 1 3 7 B 55 3 2 3 8 A 57 3 2 3 8 A 59 3 2 3 8 A 61 3 3 3 9 A 63 3 3 3 9 A 65 3 3 3 9 A 67 3 3 3 9 A 69 2 3 3 9 A 71 3 3 3 9 A 73 3 3 3 9 A 75 3 3 3 9 A

198


Physical Condition


77 3 3 3 9 A

79 3 3 3 9 A 81 3 3 3 9 A 83 3 3 3 9 A 85 3 3 3 9 A 87 3 3 3 9 A 89 3 3 3 9 A 91 3 3 3 9 A 93 2 3 3 9 A

53/1 3 3 3 9 A 53/2 3 3 3 9 A 53/3 3 3 3 9 A 53/4 3 3 3 9 A 53/5 3 3 3 9 A 53/6 3 3 3 9 A 53/7 3 3 3 9 A 53/8 3 3 3 9 A 53/9 3 3 3 9 A 53/10 3 3 3 9 A 53/11 3 3 3 9 A 53/12 3 3 3 9 A 53/13 3 3 3 9 A 53/14 3 3 3 9 A 53/15 3 3 3 9 A 53/16 3 3 3 9 A 53/17 3 3 3 9 A 53/18 3 3 3 9 A 53/19 3 3 3 9 A 53/20 3 3 3 9 A 342 3 3 3 9 A 336 3 3 3 9 A 334 3 3 3 9 A 332 3 3 3 9 A 330 2 1 3 6 B 328 3 3 3 9 A 326 3 3 3 9 A

292/1 3 1 3 7 B 292 3 3 3 9 A

292/2 3 3 3 9 A 294 3 3 3 9 A

199


Physical Condition


296 3 2 3 8 A

290 3 1 3 7 B

266 2 1 3 7 B

117 3 3 3 9 A

119 2 2 3 7 B

121 3 2 2 7 B

123 3 2 2 7 B 121/1 3 2 3 8 A 121/2 2 2 3 7 B

121/3 2 2 3 7 B

121/4 2 2 3 7 B

121/5 2 2 3 7 B

127 2 2 3 7 B

200


Physical Condition


288 3 3 3 9 A 286 3 3 3 9 A 284 2 3 3 8 A 282 2 3 3 8 A 280 3 3 3 9 A 278 3 3 3 9 A 276 3 3 3 9 A 274 3 3 3 9 A 272 3 3 3 9 A 270 3 3 3 9 A 268 3 3 3 9 A 266 3 3 3 9 A 264 3 3 3 9 A 262 3 3 3 9 A 260 3 3 3 9 A 258 3 3 3 9 A 256 3 3 3 9 A 254 3 3 3 9 A 252 3 3 3 9 A 250 3 3 3 9 A 135 3 3 3 9 A 137 3 3 3 9 A 139 2 2 2 6 B 141 1 2 1 4 C 143 1 2 1 4 C 145 2 2 1 5 B 147 2 2 1 5 B 149 2 2 1 5 B 151 2 2 3 7 B 153 2 2 2 6 B 155 2 2 2 6 B 157 2 2 2 6 B 159 2 2 2 6 B 161 2 1 2 5 B 163 2 1 1 4 C 171 2 1 1 4 C 173 2 1 1 4 C 177 2 1 3 6 B

201


Physical Condition


253 3 2 3 8 A

255 3 2 3 8 A 255/10 3 2 3 8 A 255/11 3 2 3 8 A 255/12 3 2 3 8 A 255/13 3 2 3 8 A 255/14 3 2 3 8 A 255/15 3 2 3 8 A 255/16 3 2 3 8 A 255/1 3 2 3 8 A 255/2 3 2 3 8 A 255/3 3 2 3 8 A 255/4 3 2 3 8 A 255/5 3 2 3 8 A 255/6 3 2 3 8 A 255/7 3 2 3 8 A 255/8 3 2 3 8 A 255/9 3 2 3 8 A 255/17 3 2 3 8 A 255/18 3 2 3 8 A 255/19 3 2 3 8 A 255/20 3 2 3 8 A 255/21 3 2 3 8 A 255/22 3 2 3 8 A 255/23 3 2 3 8 A 26/1 2 2 2 6 B 9 3 1 3 7 B 5-7 2 1 3 6 B 22 2 1 2 5 B 22/1 3 1 2 6 B 3/2 2 1 3 6 B 3/1 2 1 3 6 B 3 2 1 3 6 B 10 3 1 3 7 B 157 3 1 2 6 B 157/1 3 1 2 6 B

202

GRADING OF PHYSICAL VALUE

Buildings (Zone 5)

Physical Condition


159 3 1 2 6 B

24 3 3 3 9 A

257 3 1 3 7 B

259 3 1 3 7 B

261 3 1 3 7 B 263 3 1 3 7 B 265 3 1 3 7 B 267 3 1 3 7 B 269 3 1 3 7 B 271 3 1 3 7 B 273 3 1 3 7 B 275 3 1 3 7 B 275/1 3 1 3 7 B 275/2 3 1 3 7 B 275/3 3 1 3 7 B 275/4 3 1 3 7 B 275/5 3 1 3 7 B 275/6 3 1 3 7 B 275/7 3 1 3 7 B 275/8 3 1 3 7 B 275/9 3 1 3 7 B 275/10 3 1 3 7 B 275/11 3 1 3 7 B 275/12 3 1 3 7 B 275/13 3 1 3 7 B 275/14 3 1 3 7 B 279/1 3 1 3 7 B 279/2 3 1 3 7 B 279/3 3 1 3 7 B 279/4 3 1 3 7 B 281 3 3 3 9 A 283 3 3 3 9 A 285 3 3 3 9 A 287 3 3 3 9 A 289 3 3 3 9 A 291 3 3 3 9 A 293 3 3 3 9 A 295 3 3 3 9 A

203


Physical Condition


297 3 3 3 9 A

299 3 3 3 9 A

301 3 3 3 9 A

305 3 3 3 9 A

3 2 2 1 5 B

5 2 2 1 5 B

7 2 2 1 5 B

9 2 2 2 6 B

63 3 1 3 7 B

65 2 1 2 5 B

Flats 2 2 2 6 B

204

Table 10: Order of Priority of Repair

205

Buildings (Zone1)

Cultural Value Physical Value Priority of

Repair Nang Loeng Market A A 7 Nang Loeng Shrine A A 7 Sala Chaloem Thani A C 1 290 A A 7 292 A A 7 294 A A 7 296 A A 7 298 A A 7 300 A A 7 302 A A 7 304 A A 7 306 A A 7 308 A A 7 310 A A 7 312 A A 7 314 A A 7 316 A A 7 318 A A 7 320 A A 7 322 B A 8 324 B B 5 326 B B 5 328 B B 5 330 B B 5 332 B B 5 334 B B 5 336 B B 5 338 A A 7 340 A B 4 342 A B 4 216 A A 7 218 A A 7 220 A A 7 222 A A 7 224 A A 7 226 A A 7 228 A A 7 230 A A 7

206

Buildings (Zone 1)


Repair 232 A A 7 234 A A 7 236 A A 7 238 A A 7 240 A A 7 242 A A 7 244 A A 7 246 A A 7 248 A A 7 250 A A 7 252 A A 7 254 A A 7 256 A A 7 258 A A 7 260 A A 7 262 A A 7 264 C C 3 268(Toilets) A A 7 270 A A 7 272 A A 7 274 A A 7 276 A A 7 278 A A 7 280 A A 7 282 A A 7 284 A A 7 286 A A 7 288 C C 3 113 C B 6 111 C B 6 109 C B 6 109/1 C B 6 107 C B 6 105 A B 4 103 A A 7 101 A B 4

207

Buildings (Zone 1)


Repair 99 A B 4

97 A B 4 95 A B 4 93 A B 4 91 A A 7 89 A B 4 87 A B 4 85 A A 7 83 A B 4 81 A B 4 79 A B 4 77 A A 7 75 A A 7 73 A B 4 71 A B 4 69 A B 4 67 A A 7 31 A A 7 29 A A 7 27 A B 4 25 A A 7 23 A B 4 21 A A 7 19 A B 4 17 A A 7 15 A B 4 13 A A 7 11 A A 7 35 B B 5 Building with no

address number∗

C B 6

41 C B 6 41/1 C B 6 41/2 C B 6


208

Buildings (Zone 1)


Repair 41/3 C B 6

206/25 C A 9 206/24 C A 9 206/23 C C 3 206/22 C C 3 206/21 C C 3 206/20 C B 6 206/19 C A 9 206/18 C A 9 206/17 C A 9 206/16 C A 9 206/15 C A 9 206/14 C A 9 206/13 C A 9 206/12 C A 9 206/11 C A 9 206/10 C A 9 206/9 C A 9 206/8 C A 9 206/7 C B 6 206/6 C B 6

209

Buildings (Zone 2)


Repair 271 A A 7 269 A A 7 267 A A 7 265 A A 7 263 A A 7 261 A A 7 259 A A 7 257 A A 7 255 A A 7 253 A A 7 251 A A 7 249 A A 7 247 A A 7 245 A A 7 133 A A 7 135 A A 7 137 A A 7 139 A A 7 141 A A 7 143 A A 7 147 A A 7 149 A A 7 151 A A 7 153 A A 7 155 A A 7 157 A A 7 159 A A 7 161 A A 7 163 A A 7 165 A A 7 167 A A 7 169 A A 7 728 B B 5 729 B B 5 730 B B 5 732 B B 5 734 B B 5 736 B B 5

210

Buildings (Zone 2)


Repair 738 B B 5 740 B A 8 742 B B 5 744 B B 5 746 B B 5 748 B B 5 750 B B 5 752 B B 5 754 B B 5 756 B B 5 758 B B 5 760 B B 5 762 B B 5 173/6 C B 6 173/5 C B 6 173/4 C B 6 173/3 B A 8 173/2 B A 8 173/1 B A 8 173 C B 6 175 C B 6 177 C B 68 237 B A 8 239 B A 8 241 B A 8 241/2 B A 8 241/3 B A 8 241/4 B A 8 243 C B 6 217 C B 6 221 C C 3 231 B B 5 235 B B 5 233 B B 5 171 C B 6 179 B B 5

211

Buildings (Zone 2)


Repair 181 B B 5 183 B B 5 185 B B 5 186 B B 5 187 B B 5 196 B B 5 193 B B 5 195 B B 5 197 B B 5 199 A A 7 207 C C 3 205 C C 3 209 C B 6 211 C B 6 213 C B 6 215 C B 6 273 C B 6 273/1 C B 6 277 C B 6 223 C C 3 279 C B 6 283/1 A A 7 285 B A 8 287 B A 8 289 B A 8 289/1 B A 8 344 A A 7 346 A A 7 348 A A 7 350 A A 7 352 A A 7 354 A A 7 356 A A 7 358 A A 7 360 A A 7 362 A A 7 364 A A 7 366 A A 7

212

Buildings (Zone 2)


Repair 368 A A 7 370 A A 7 372 A A 7 374 A A 7 376 A A 7 378 A A 7 380 A A 7

213

Buildings (Zone 3 )


Repair 95 A A 7 97 A A 7 99 A A 7 101 A A 7 103 A A 7 105 A A 7 107 A A 7 109 A A 7 111 A A 7 113 A A 7 115 A A 7 117 A A 7 119 A B 4 121 A A 7 123 A A 7 93/1 A A 7 93/2 A A 7 93/3 A A 7 93/4 A A 7 93/5 A A 7 93/6 A A 7 93/7 A A 7 93/8 A A 7 93/9 A A 7 93/10 A A 7 93/16 A A 7 93/11 A A 7 93/12 A A 7 93/13 A A 7 93/14 A A 7 93/15 A A 7 127 A A 7 129 A A 7 131 A A 7 774 B B 5 772 B B 5 770 B B 5 768 A B 4

214

Buildings (Zone 3 )


Repair 766 A B 4 764 B B 5 303 C B 6 305 C B 6 307 C B 6 125 C B 6 309 C B 6 311 C B 6 311/1 C B 6 309/1 C B 6 309/2 C B 6 337 C B 6 337/1 C B 6 341 B A 8 343 C B 6 345 C B 6

215

Buildings (Zone 4)


Repair 19 A A 7 21 A A 7 23 A A 7 25 A A 7 27 A A 7 29 A A 7 31 A A 7 33 A A 7 35 A A 7 37 A A 7 39 A A 7 41 A A 7 43 A A 7 45 A A 7 47 A A 7 49 A B 4 51 A A 7 53 B B 5 7/1 A A 7 7/2 A A 7 7/3 A A 7 7/4 B A 8 7/5 A A 7 7/6 B A 8 7/7 B A 8 7/8 B A 8 7/9 B A 8 7/10 B A 8 7/11 B A 8 7/12 B A 8 7/13 B A 8 7/14 B A 8 7/15 B B 5 7/16 B B 5 7/17 B B 5 7/18 B B 5 7/19 B B 5 7/20 B B 5

216

Buildings (Zone 4)


Repair 214 B A 8 214/1 B A 8 61 B B 5 61/1 B B 5 61/2 B B 5 38 B B 5 212 B B 5 208 A A 7 208/2 B A 8 208/3 B B 5 208/4 B B 5 208/5 B A 8 208/6 B A 8 208/7 A A 7 208/8 A A 7 208/9 A A 7 210 C B 6 49 C B 6 55 B B 5 57 B B 5 59 B B 5 170 B B 5 184 B B 5 174 B B 5 176 B B 5 178 B B 5 180 B B 5 182 B B 5 55 B A 8 57 B A 8 59 B A 8 61 A A 7 63 A A 7 65 A A 7 67 A A 7 69 A A 7

217

Buildings (Zone 4)


Repair 71 A A 7 73 A A 7 75 A A 7 77 A A 7 79 A A 7 81 A A 7 83 A A 7 85 A A 7 87 A A 7 89 A A 7 91 A A 7 93 A A 7 53/1 A A 7 53/2 A A 7 53/3 A A 7 53/4 A A 7 53/5 A A 7 53/6 A A 7 53/7 A A 7 53/8 A A 7 53/9 A A 7 53/10 A A 7 53/11 A A 7 53/12 A A 7 53/13 A A 7 53/14 A A 7 53/15 A A 7 53/16 A A 7 53/17 A A 7 53/18 A A 7 53/19 A A 7 53/20 A A 7 342 A A 7 336 A A 7 334 A A 7 332 A A 7 330 C B 6 328 A A 7

218

Buildings (Zone 4)


Repair 326 A A 7 292/1 A B 4 292 A A 7 292/2 A A 7 294 A A 7 296 B A 8 290 C B 6 266 C B 6 117 A A 7 119 B B 5 121 B B 5 123 B B 5 121/1 B A 8 121/2 B B 5 121/3 B B 5 121/4 B B 5 121/5 B B 5 127 B B 5

219

Buildings (Zone 5)


Repair 288 A A 7 286 A A 7 284 A A 7 282 A A 7 280 A A 7 278 A A 7 276 A A 7 274 A A 7 272 A A 7 270 A A 7 268 A A 7 266 A A 7 264 A A 7 262 A A 7 260 A A 7 258 A A 7 256 A A 7 254 A A 7 252 A A 7 250 A A 7 135 A A 7 137 A A 7 139 B B 5 141 B C 2 143 B C 2 145 B B 5 147 B B 5 149 B B 5 151 B B 5 153 B B 5 155 B B 5 157 B B 5 159 B B 5 161 B B 5 163 B C 2 171 B C 2 173 B C 2 177 B B 5

220

Buildings (Zone 5)


Repair 253 B A 8 255 B A 8 255/10 B A 8 255/11 B A 8 255/12 B A 8 255/13 B A 8 255/14 B A 8 255/15 B A 8 255/16 B A 8 255/1 B A 8 255/2 B A 8 255/3 B A 8 255/4 B A 8 255/5 B A 8 255/6 B A 8 255/7 B A 8 255/8 B A 8 255/9 B A 8 255/17 B A 8 255/18 B A 8 255/19 B A 8 255/20 B A 8 255/21 B A 8 255/22 B A 8 255/23 B A 8 26/1 B B 5 9 C B 6 5-7 C B 6 22 C B 6 22/1 C B 6 3/2 C B 6 3/1 C B 6 3 C B 6 10 C B 6 157 C B 6 157/1 C B 6

221

Buildings (Zone 5)


Repair 159 C B 6 24 A A 7 257 C B 6 259 C B 6 261 C B 6 263 C B 6 265 C B 6 267 C B 6 269 C B 6 271 C B 6 273 C B 6 275 C B 6 275/1 C B 6 275/2 C B 6 275/3 C B 6 275/4 C B 6 275/5 C B 6 275/6 C B 6 275/7 C B 6 275/8 C B 6 275/9 C B 6 275/10 C B 6 275/11 C B 6 275/12 C B 6 275/13 C B 6 275/14 C B 6 279/1 C B 6 279/2 C B 6 279/3 C B 6 279/4 C B 6 281 A A 7 283 A A 7 285 A A 7 287 A A 7 289 A A 7 291 A A 7 293 A A 7 295 A A 7

222

Buildings (Zone 5)


Repair 297 A A 7 299 A A 7 301 A A 7 305 A A 7 3 B B 5

5 B B 5

7 B B 5

9 B B 5

63 C B 6

65 C B 6

Flats C B 6

223

Biodata

Name-Surname: Ms.Thamonrasmi Rodjanathum Birth Date: 12 August 1980 Contact Address: 600/1309 Soi6/1 Sewalee Paholyothin Rd., Kukot, Lamlukka, Patumthani 12130 Workplace: Thai Airways International Public Company Limited 89, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Road, Bangkok 10900 Educational Background: Bachelor of Arts; Major in Business English, Assumption University Working Experience: In 1998, the Piano Teacher at Nat Studio, Bangkok In 2001, the Piano Teacher at KPN Music Academy, Sevalee- Rangsit Branch

In 2002- Present, the Flight Attendant of Thai Airways International Public Company Limited

the study for the conservation of nang loeng … · the graduate school, silpakorn university has...

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