the structure of hawaiianthe structure of hawaiian david j. medeiros outline introduction word...

The Structureof Hawaiian

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

Word Ordersand MovementTypes

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

Complementationin English

T & Cinteraction inHawaiian

SyntaxConclusion

Consequencesfor InflectionalMorphology

RealConclusion

The Structure of HawaiianDay 7

Part 1: Possession MorphologyPart 2: Morpho-Syntax

David J. Medeiros

Cal State University, [email protected]

July 28, 2017LSA Summer Institute

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

1 IntroductionWord Orders and Movement Types

2 Predicate MovementPredicate InitialVP-remnant formation

3 Head MovementComplementation in EnglishT & C interaction in Hawaiian

4 Syntax ConclusionConsequences for Inflectional Morphology

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Outline

1 IntroductionWord Orders and Movement Types

2 Predicate Movement

3 Head Movement

4 Syntax Conclusion

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

VSO From a TypologicalPerspective

• Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) word order is well-attested amonglanguages of the world, but uncommon

• Word order frequencies (Tomlin, 1986):

1 SOV 45%: Japanese, Latin2 SVO 42%: English, Mandarin Chinese3 VSO 9%: Hawaiian, Irish4 VOS 3%: Malagasy5 OVS, OSV - controversial, possibly attested

• Crucial Point: Subject intervenes between Object and Verb inVSO

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Why Subject Intervention Matters

• Verbs are in a particularly close relationship with objects:

(1) a. subj eat (anything edible/metaphorically appropriate)

b. Watson ate the house plant for breakfast.

c. * Watson ate justice for breakfast.

(2) a. subj die (Xa terrible death) (*anything else)

b. My house plant died a terrible death yesterday.

c. * My house plant died its life yesterday

(3) a. subj arrives (X∅) (*anything else)

b. I arrived at the station.

c. * I arrived the trip at the station.

• Movement can account for alternative word orders:

(4) What did you eat twhat? (possible answer = something edible)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Why Subject Intervention Matters

• Verbs are in a particularly close relationship with objects:

(1) a. subj eat (anything edible/metaphorically appropriate)

b. Watson ate the house plant for breakfast.

c. * Watson ate justice for breakfast.

(2) a. subj die (Xa terrible death) (*anything else)

b. My house plant died a terrible death yesterday.

c. * My house plant died its life yesterday

(3) a. subj arrives (X∅) (*anything else)

b. I arrived at the station.

c. * I arrived the trip at the station.

• Movement can account for alternative word orders:

(4) What did you eat twhat? (possible answer = something edible)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Primary Questions forInvestigation

• Q: What is really meant by VSO? Is this a useful, or evenaccurate, term?

• A: somewhat accurate, but also misleading

• Q: Can we understand VSO in terms of general principles thatare applicable to more familiar language types, such as SVO(English) or SOV (Japanese)?

• A: Yes!

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

• A: Yes!

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

• A: Yes!

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

• A: Yes!

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

A Basic Syntax for English

advantage

tsubj . . . all

DPoften

should

• Key points:

1 the subject moves2 verb stays within the verbal

domain

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

VSO - Flat Structure

• verb-subject-object, one hypothesis (Chung 1976)Sentence

• Semantic Problems

• Explanatory Problems

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Getting the Verb In Front - HeadMovement

the Renn Fayre

DPoften

• Head-Movement moves one ’unit’ (word orset of features) from one head-position toanother

• Head Movement occurs in Englishquestions

visit the Renn Fayre?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Getting the Verb In Front -Predicate/VP-Movement

DPrarely

read the textbook

• VP movement moves the entire VP

• Phrasal (XP) movement generally cannottarget heads (i.e. X0s)

• Problem - VP-movement doesn’t derivesubject intervention

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Proposal - Basics

dir/asp

V . . . tXP

• I derive the subject intervention, yieldingVSO, with VP-movement

• VP-movement can effectively be headmovement if we make the object leave VPbefore VP-movement

• Head movement also applies, but to tensemarkers

• VSO as a descriptive term obscures crucialaspects of Hawaiian syntax

• Hawaiian syntax can be understood interms of the same rules that apply to anyother language

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Predicate MovementPredicate InitialVP-remnant formation

3 Head Movement

4 Syntax Conclusion

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Verb-initial or Predicate Initial?

Hawaiian can be understood as a predicate-initial, in additionto verb-initial:

(5) Hea

kumu-kulateacher-school

’osubj

Noelani.Noelani

Noelani is a teacher.

(6) Uapast

ha’isay

’osubj

KekoaKekoa

kumu-kulateacher-school

’osubj

Noelani.Noelani

Kekoa said that Noelani is a teacher.

(7) Uapast

hau’olihappy

’osubj

Kekoa.Kekoa

Kekoa was happy.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Predicate-fronting

• Similar data in Niuean led to the proposal that VP (i.e.the predicate) moves to sentence-initial position in thederivation of the Niuean clause (Massam, 2001).

• Predicate-fronting analyses have become popular to deriveverb-initial syntax (see Chung (2005) and Chung &Polinsky (2009) for review).

• VP-movement gets the predicate initial data right.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Predicate-fronting

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Predicate-fronting

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Word-Order Challenge forVP-Fronting Derivation

dir/asp

• I adopt Massam’s VP-fronting analysis

• But, the word order is wrong for VSO

• Massam’s solution to this problem isVP-remnant movement in VSO clauses.

• VP-remnant = a VP in which everythingexcept the verb has moved out of VP

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Massam’s Approach: ObjectMoves for Case

Abs′

the taro

eat . . . tobj

(8) Nepast

kaieat

SioneSione

talo...taro

Sione ate the taros ... (Massam2001, Seiter 1980)

• Q: Why does the object leave VP?

• A: Massam ties VP-remnantformation to case.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Problems for Case-Based RemnantFormation 1

• Niuean and Hawaiian differ in case marking pattern

• Case has been argued to not trigger movement in research followingMassam’s work on Niuean (Chomsky 2000, et alia)

• Most importantly: Case only applies to DPs (e.g. who vs whom), notentire sentences (sentence = CP)

• Therefore, Massam fails to predict V-S-CP word order in bothHawaiian and Niuean:

(9) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

[ua[past

halapass

manawa].time]

The student said that the time had passed. (Hawkins, 1979)

(10) Nepast

manatuthink

MataginifaleMataginifale

[ko[pred

menathing

faihave

mata-fohiblade-scraper

Mataginifale remembered that she had the blade ... (Niue1982, Massam 2001)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(9) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

[ua[past

halapass

manawa].time]

(10) Nepast

manatuthink

[ko[pred

menathing

faihave

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(9) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

[ua[past

halapass

manawa].time]

(10) Nepast

manatuthink

[ko[pred

menathing

faihave

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(9) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

[ua[past

halapass

manawa].time]

(10) Nepast

manatuthink

[ko[pred

menathing

faihave

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

∅sentence

subj . . . tsentence

• sentences (=CP) do not need case

• Why is CP moving if it doesn’tneed case?

• Shouldn’t the same analysisaccount for both V-S-O andV-S-CP?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Solution, Part 1:Subject/Non-Subject Asymmetry

• Chung (1998) observes a subject/non-subject asymmetryin Maori

• The same observation holds for Hawaiian, including inraising (under negation), topicalization, andwh-movement:

(11) Hea

akawhat

meathing

KekoaKekoa

ku’aibuy

ai.respro

What is the thing that Kekoa bought? (compare *What that didyou buy?)

(12) ’Osubj

waiwho

ku’aibuy

i’a.fish?

Who bought a fish?

• I argue that the subject/non-subject asymmetry can beextended to embedded CPs (i.e. embedded sentences)

• Bottom line: it is impossible to get a non-subject verbalargument (noun or sentence complement) in front of thesubject in Hawaiian

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(11) Hea

akawhat

meathing

KekoaKekoa

ku’aibuy

ai.respro

(12) ’Osubj

waiwho

ku’aibuy

i’a.fish?

Who bought a fish?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(11) Hea

akawhat

meathing

KekoaKekoa

ku’aibuy

ai.respro

(12) ’Osubj

waiwho

ku’aibuy

i’a.fish?

Who bought a fish?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(11) Hea

akawhat

meathing

KekoaKekoa

ku’aibuy

ai.respro

(12) ’Osubj

waiwho

ku’aibuy

i’a.fish?

Who bought a fish?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Interlude: Why Linear OrderConstraints are Interesting

• We’ve been told that syntax does not work this way:

(13) The Blue Bridge, which is on campus, is awesome!

(14) Is the Blue Bridge, which is on campus, awesome?

(15) *Is the Blue Bridge, which on campus, is awesome?

• Usually, syntax is all about structure, not linear order

• But if we find that linear order does matter, how can we linksyntax to pronunciation?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Solution, Part 2: CyclicLinearization

• Surface order relationships can be captured with cyclic linearizationanalyses (Fox & Pesetsky (2005), Muller (2007), et alia)

• Linearization is the ’compression’ of the 2-dimensional syntactic structureinto a 1-dimensional stream (necessary for all spoken - but not signed! -languages)

• Linearization is cyclic when this compressing happens at regular intervals.My proposal: linearize whenever you do anything

• The grammar takes a ’snapshot’ of the structure - you can add but notrearrange as you build:

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

• Additional Proposal: Elements in intermediate positions are not visible tothe linearization algorithm.

• No surface structure level of syntax - phonology is told what to do instages. Syntax is built piece-by-piece, bottom-up (Chomsky 1995, Epsteinet al. 1998, et alia)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

(16) X1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-2-3-4

(17) *1, 1-2, 1-2-3, 1-3-2-4

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Recall - Hawaiian vs. EnglishStructure

We often all eat Pok PokTP

Pok Pok

tsubj . . . all

DPoften

• EPP requires a syntactic item inSpec, TP: VP moves in Hawaiian,DP in English

Subject moves in English, but stays in-situ in Hawaiian

(18) Holoholocruise

maualways

’osubj

KehauKehau

kaono.town

Kehau always cruises in town. (Cleeland, 1994)

tVPin the town

’o Kehau

DPalways

cruise

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Forcing Remnant Formation inHawaiian 1

subj < XP

• Subject stays in place (allfeatures relevant forpronunciation aresatisfied)

• My proposal: linearizationis sensitive to this fact

• XP (which could be DP,PP, or CP) also has fullfeature satisfaction

• When we take our’snapshot’, both subjectand XP are visible

• VP-movement to Spec,TP violates S < XP orderunless XP first leaves VP

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Forcing Remnant Formation inHawaiian 2

XV-S-XPTP

V . . . tXP

*V-XP-STP

V . . . XP

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Allowing XP-Movement in English

subject will move . . .

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Conclusions for VP-Mvmt Analysis

• VP-fronting can explain a range of data in Hawaiian

• The case-based analysis of remnant formation faces empiricaland theoretical challenges

• The cyclic linearization approach, which refers to surface stringsin addition to structure, can account for V-S-O and V-S-XPword order

• This model also derives the general inability for VP-internalelements to escape VP in VP-fronting languages (Aldridge2004, Chung 2005, Oda 2005, Polinsky & Potsdam 2007)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Innovations and Future Directionsfor VP-Mvmt Analysis

• I proposed a visibility condition on linearization

• I argued that linearization should occur maximally cyclicly, i.e.whenever anything happens within the syntax

• I plan on applying the linearization system to several newdomains, including:

• Subject/object asymmetries formerly understood in terms of theEmpty Category Principle

• Derivational cyclicity and the Proper Binding Condition

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Outline

1 Introduction

3 Head MovementComplementation in EnglishT & C interaction in Hawaiian

4 Syntax Conclusion

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

T-C Head Movement

dir/asp

V . . . tXP

• In this section I argue that T-C headmovement also applies in addition toVP-fronting

• The evidence consists of morphologicalalternations in sentence-embedding

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

The Morpho-Syntax of C & T inEnglish

• C and T are morphologically independentin English:

(19) I know that you go/went toVollum everyday.

• C can vary by context, e.g. standardembedding vs. relative clause:

(20) a. I think that you know.

b. The griffin is an animal whichis the king of all creatures.

• T moves to C in certain environments, e.g.questions:

(21) Do you ttense enjoy the Oregoncoast in the winter?

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 1

• There’s a well known alternation in pre-verbal particles in (at least) EasternPolynesian languages like Hawaiian, Maori, Tahitian, etc. (Otsuka, 2006):

(22) a. Uapast

kokuahelp

maka’iofficer

keiki.child

The police officer helped the child.

b. Kethe

keikichild

kokuahelp

airespro

maka’i.officer

The child whom the police officer helped. (Hawkins, 1982)

• The conditioning factor has generally been taken to be independent vs.subordinate clause (Elbert & Pukui 1979, Hawkins 2000, Otsuka 2006)

• An identical alternation holds for present tense ke which appears as e inrelative clause contexts

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 1

(22) a. Uapast

kokuahelp

maka’iofficer

keiki.child

b. Kethe

keikichild

kokuahelp

airespro

maka’i.officer

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 1

(22) a. Uapast

kokuahelp

maka’iofficer

keiki.child

b. Kethe

keikichild

kokuahelp

airespro

maka’i.officer

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 2

• However, no alteration is observed in ’plain’ embedding:

(23) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

uapast

halapass

manawa.time

The student said that the time had passed. (see also (1) above andfurther examples in Hawkins, 1979)

• The difference between relative clause and plain embeddingsuggests that the morphological alternation is conditioned bytype of subordinate clause

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 2

• However, no alteration is observed in ’plain’ embedding:

(23) Uapast

ha’itell

maidir/asp

haumanastudent

uapast

halapass

manawa.time

The student said that the time had passed. (see also (1) above andfurther examples in Hawkins, 1979)

• The difference between relative clause and plain embeddingsuggests that the morphological alternation is conditioned bytype of subordinate clause

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

C & T in Hawaiian 3

• This suggests that the C0 position in Hawaiian encodes featuresof both clause type and tense.

• In the case of past tense ua, this appears as ua in all ’plain’contexts, which includes all matrix clauses, and i in somesubordinate clauses, e.g. relative clauses.

• This can be modeled by head movement, i.e. the T-head movesand adjoins to the C-head.1

1see Massam (2010) for similar arguments w.r.t. Niuean

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Head Movement in Hawaiian

past-tense

V . . . tXP

C0plain

past-tense

V . . . tXP

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

T-C Head Movement Wrap-Up

dir/asp

V . . . tXP

• The T-C movement analysis allows us toderive another fact about the verbalsystem in Hawaiian, namely that tenseparticles precede the verb.

• The verb is not initial. Instead, anindependent tense head - also present inmore familiar languages like English -precedes the verb.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Conclusions for Head MvmtAnalysis

• Tense and the verb are separated in Hawaiian as in English

• Tense precedes the verb due to head movement

• The descriptive term VSO fails to capture the tense-initialsyntax of Hawaiian

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Outline

1 Introduction

3 Head Movement

4 Syntax ConclusionConsequences for Inflectional Morphology

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Structure of Hawaiian: Conclusion

dir/asp

V . . . tXP

• VSO separates the verband object in pronouncedstructure

• We can allow the verb andits complement to be aconstituent at some level,upon adopting aderivational analysis ofVSO

• Two sub-analysesmotivated the proposedsurface structure: i)VP-fronting, and ii) T-Chead movement

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Are all VSO languages createdequal?

• Hawaiian: VP-remnant fronting

dir/asp

V . . . tXP

• Irish: Head Movement (Guilfoyle 1990,McCloskey 1991 & 2005, slightly modified)

object

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Morphological Consequences forSyntactic Analysis 1

• The different syntactic analyses for e.g. Hawaiian and Irishmakes a prediction:

• Hawaiian verbs, ’buried’ in a phrasal projection, should beunable to host inflectional morphology. In fact, Hawaiian verbsbear no inflectional morphology, as predicted.

• Irish verbs, moving head-to-head, should be able to ’pick up’pieces of inflection, just like verbs in unambiguous head-raisinglanguages, e.g. French (Pollock 1989).

• Irish verbal inflection includes morphology for a number ofcategories, including tense, person, and mood (McCloskey &Hale 1984):

(24) cuirim (I put), cuireann (you put)

(25) chuirfinn (I would put), chuirfea (you would put)

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

HawaiianTP

dir/asp

*number

V . . . tXP

IrishTP

object

v0 mood

T0 tense, number

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Conclusions forMorphology/Syntax Interaction

• VSO can be derived in at least 2 ways

• Choosing the ‘right’ derivation for VSO has been seen as aproblem for linguistic theory (McCloskey 2005, et alia)

• Consideration of morphology and its interaction with syntaxreveals that VP-remnant movement and head movement areboth motivated, depending on the language

• The coexistence of 2 derivational possibilities for VSO is not aproblem, but in fact desirable

• Thank you!

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Selected References

• Aldridge, Edith. 2004. Ergativity and word order in Austronesian languages. Ph.D. Dissertation,Cornell University.

• Chapin, Paul. 1974. Proto-Polynesian *ai. Journal of the Polynesian Society 83: 259-307.

• Chomsky, Noam, 2000. Minimalist inquiries: the framework. In: Martin, R., Michaels, D.,Uriagereka, J. (Eds.), Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honour of H. Lasnik. MITPress, Cambridge, pp. 89155.

• Chung, Sandra. 1998. The design of agreement: Evidence from Chamorro. University of ChicagoPress, Chicago.

• Chung, Sandra. 2005. What fronts? On the VP-raising account of verb-initial order. In Verb first:on the syntax of verb-initial languages, eds. Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, and Sheila Ann Dooley,930. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

• Chung, Sandra and William Ladusaw. 2004. Restriction and Saturation. Boston: MIT Press.

• Chung, Sandra and Maria Polinsky. 2009. Introduction (to special issue on Austronesian Syntax).Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27, 659-673.

• Elbert, Samuel and Mary Pukui. 1979. Hawaiian grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

• Fox, Danny, and David Pesetsky. 2005. Cyclic linearization of syntactic structure. TheoreticalLinguistics 31, 1-45.

• Hawkins, Emily. 1979. Hawaiian Sentence Structure. Pacific Linguistics Series B No. 61.

• Hawkins, Emily. 1982. Pedagogical grammar of Hawaiian (Revised). Honolulu: University of Hawai’iPress.

• Hawkins, Emily. 2000. Relative clauses in Hawaiian. In Fischer, S.R., Sperlich, W.B. (Eds.), LeoPasifika: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. The Institute ofPolynesian Languages and Literatures, Auckland, pp. 127141.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

References

• Massam, Diane, 2001. Pseudo noun incorporation in Niuean. NLLT 19 (1), 153197.

• Massam, Diane. 2010. V1 or V2?: On the left in Niuean. Lingua 120, 284-302.

• Massam, Diane and Yves Roberge. 1997. Operator bound clitics and Niuean ai. In James Black andVirginia Motapanyane (eds.), Proceedings of AFLA 4, p. 273-299.

• McCloskey, James. 2005. A note on predicates and heads in Irish clausal syntax. In A. Carnie, H.Harley, A.D. Sheila (eds.), Verb first: On the syntax of verb-initial languages. John Benjamins,Amsterdam, 155-174.

• Medeiros, David J. 2010. Extension and locality: A case study on Hawaiian. In Proceedings of the12th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar. p. 173-213.

• Medeiros, David J. 2013. Hawaiian VP-remnant movement: A cyclic linearization analysis. Lingua127, 72-97

• Muller, Gereon. 2007. Towards a relativized concept of cyclic linearization. In Sauerland U. andGrtner, H. (Eds) Interfaces + Recursion = Language? 61-114. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin.

• Oda, Kenji. 2005. V1 and Wh-questions: a typology. In Verb first: On the syntax of verb-initiallanguages, ed. by Andrew Carnie, Sheila Dooley-Collberg, and Heidi Harley, 65-90. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.

• Otsuka, Yuko. 2006. Niuean and Eastern Polynesian: A View from Syntax. Oceanic Linguistics45.429-56.

• Polinsky, M., Potsdam, E., 2007. Questions and word order in Polynesian. Paper presented at COOL7.

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Outline

1 Introduction

3 Head Movement

4 Syntax Conclusion

5 Real Conclusion

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Where to go now:

• Learn Hawaiian (at home):

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Where to go now:

• Learn Hawaiian in Honolulu (field trip!):

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Where to go now:

• Learn Hawaiian in Honolulu (field trip!):

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Where to go now:

• Learn Hawaiian in Hilo (field trip!):

David J.Medeiros

Outline

Introduction

PredicateMovement

Predicate Initial

VP-remnantformation

HeadMovement

SyntaxConclusion

RealConclusion

Where to go now:

• Other Polynesian languages:

• Marquesan• Tuvaluan• etc.

• Many open theoretical & descriptive questions

Thank you!

the structure of hawaiianthe structure of hawaiian david j. medeiros outline introduction word...

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