the structure of dna
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The structure of DNA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c1fd1550346b24f8b5b13/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The structure of DNA
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/dnastructure.jpg
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ATGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGATCCATTTTATACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTTTACCCCATGCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCAGCATCCATCCATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATAGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCAGCATCCATCCATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATAGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCAGCATCCATCCATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCTATGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACGACTGCATCGTACTGACTGCACATATCGTCATACATAGACTTCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACTTTACCCATGATATCGTCATCGTACTGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCCACACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACGCCGATCGTACGACACATATCGTCATCGTACTGCCCTACGGGACTGTCTAGTCTAAACACATCCATCGTACTGACTGCATCGTACTG
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DNA Fingerprinting(aka Genotyping)
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The structure of DNA
5’ 3’
A T
T A
G C
C G
C G
G C
A T
T A
C G
G C
T A
T A
3’ 5’
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/dnastructure.jpg
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5’-ATGCCGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCTAGCAA-5’
5’ 3’A TT AG CC GC GG CA TT AC GT AT AT A3’ 5’
Humans can differ from each other bySingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Human #1
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5’-ATGCCGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCTAGCAA-5’
5’ 3’A TT AG CC GC GG CA TT AC GT AT AT A3’ 5’
Humans can differ from each other bySingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Human #1 Human #2
5’-ATGCCAATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGTTAGCAA-5’
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What is DNA Fingerprinting (Genotyping) used for?
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-- Paternity Testing
-- Forensics
-- Discovering the gene that, when mutated, leads to a disease
What is DNA Fingerprinting (Genotyping) used for?
![Page 9: The structure of DNA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c1fd1550346b24f8b5b13/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5’-ATGCCGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCTAGCAA-5’
5’ 3’A TT AG CC GC GG CA TT AC GT AT AT A3’ 5’
Humans can differ from each other bySingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Human #1 Human #2
5’-ATGCCAATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGTTAGCAA-5’
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5’-ATGCCGTGTGTGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCACACACTAGCAA-5’
Humans can differ from each other bySimple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
Human #1 Human #2
5’-ATGCCGTGTGTGTGTGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCACACACACACTAGCAA-5’
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5’-ATGCCGTGTGTGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCACACACTAGCAA-5’
Humans can differ from each other bySimple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
Human #1 Human #2
5’-ATGCCGTGTGTGTGTGATCGTT-3’3’-TACGGCACACACACACTAGCAA-5’
one DNA that is 22 nucleotides longone DNA that is 18 nucleotides long
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Gel Electrophoresis
-- A technique that allows pieces of DNA to be separated by size
-- A gel is a matrix that molecules can move through
-- DNA is negatively charged
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PCR - a way to copy one area of the DNA
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PCR - a way to copy one area of the DNA
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Using Gel Electrophoresis for Fingerprinting
1) Isolate the DNA from a person
2) Make copies of just the one region of DNA you want to study
3) Run the DNA through a gel
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Gel Electrophoresis
24 nt
10 nt
1 2 3
20 nt
ladder
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CCAGTACCTCCTCCTACGGA CCAGTACCTACGGA
Half my DNA is from mom and half is from dad
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Can these people be my parents?
Me “Mom” “Dad”
Are these my parents?
24 nt
10 nt
20 nt
ladder
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A mix up between 3 babies and 3 sets of parents
-- 3 babies in a maternity ward: A, B, C
-- 3 couples: Mom #1 & Dad #1 Mom #2 & Dad #2 Mom #3 & Dad #3
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A specific region of chromosome #15
5’…GCTAAGTATTGCTCAAGA…(TTAGGAT)n…GATAAATAACTGGCTAGTA…–3’3’…CGATTCATAACGAGTTCT…(AATCCTA)n…CTATTTATTGACCGATCAT…–5’
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n = 50
n = 45
n = 40
n = 35
n = 30
n = 25
n = 20
Ladder dad#1 mom#1 dad#2 mom#2 dad#3 mom#3 BabyA BabyB BabyC
Examining a region of chromosome #15
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Questions to Answer
-- Given the data so far, which of the three babies can you already conclusively connect to a set of parents?
-- How did you conclude this?
-- Why can you not determine the parents of all of the babies at this point?
-- How do you think you would go about conclusively determining the parents of the remaining babies using DNA fingerprinting analysis?
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n = 50
n = 45
n = 40
n = 35
n = 30
n = 25
n = 20
Ladder dad#1 mom#1 dad#2 mom#2 dad#3 mom#3 BabyA BabyB BabyC
Examining a region of chromosome #15
![Page 24: The structure of DNA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c1fd1550346b24f8b5b13/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A specific region of chromosome #4
5’…ACTGTAAACGCTAGCTGGTTCACTG…(CAG)n…CCTATAGCTAGCTTTACGGA…–3’3’…TGACATTTGCGATCGACCAAGTGAC…(GTC)n…GGATATCGATCGAAATGCCT…–5’
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n = 90
n = 80
n = 70
n = 60
n = 50
n = 40
n = 30
Ladder dad#1 mom#1 dad#2 mom#2 dad#3 mom#3 BabyA BabyB BabyC
Examining a region of chromosome #4
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Questions to Answer
-- Given all the data in this problem, match the three sets of parents to the three babies.
-- Explain how this site on chromosome #4 allowed you to match parents #1 and parents #2 to the correct baby (B or C).
![Page 27: The structure of DNA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c1fd1550346b24f8b5b13/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Examining a region of chromosome #4
n = 90
n = 80
n = 70
n = 60
n = 50
n = 40
n = 30
Ladder dad#1 mom#1 dad#2 mom#2 dad#3 mom#3 BabyA BabyB BabyC
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Whose DNA was found at the crime scene?