the story of the west - gbv · lost civilizations of the bronze age, 2500-1200 b.c.e .• 23 ebla...
TRANSCRIPT
Mal<ing EuropeTHE STORY OF THE WESTSecond Edition
Frank L. KidnerSan Francisco State University
Maria BucurIndiana University
Ralph MathisenUniversity of IIlinois at Urbana-Champaign
Sally McKeeUniversity of California, Davis
Theodore R.WeeksSouthern Illinois University, Carbondale
~... WADSWORTH,.. CENGAGE Learning'
Australia • Brazil • Japan' Korea· Mexico • 5ingapore • 5pain • United Kingdom • United States
Brief Contents
1 The Origins ofWestern Civilization in theAncient Near East, 3000-1200 B.C.E. 2
2 Iron Age Civilizations, 1200-500 B.C.E. 34
3 The Rise of Greek Civilization, 1100-387 B.C.E. 62
4 From Polis to Cosmopolis: The HellenisticWorld, 387-30 B.C.E. 94
5 The Rise of Rome, 753-27 B.C.E. 122
6 The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.-284 C.E. 152
7 Late Antiquity, 284-527 184
8 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-1000 214
9 The Kingdoms ofWestern Europe, 500-1000 244
10 The High Middle Ages, 1000-1300 274
11 Reversals and Disasters, 1300-1450 306
12 The Renaissance in Italy and N orthernEurope,1350-1550 338
13 Europe's Age ofExpansion, 1450-1550 368
14 Reform in the Western Church, 1490-1570 400
15 A Century of Crisis, 1550-1650 434
16 State- Building and the EuropeanState System, 1648-1789 464
v
vi Brief Contents
17 The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, 1550-1790 498
18 Trade and Empire, 1700-1800 530
19 Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe, 1775-1815 560
20 Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe, 1814-1847 594
21 Industrialization and Society, 1800-1850 624
22 The Triumph ofthe Nation-State, 1848-1900 654
23 The Culture ofIndustrial Europe, 1850-1914 688
24 The Age ofImperialism, 1870-1914 716
25 War and Revolution, 1900-1918 750
26 A Decade of Revolutionary Experiments, 1918-1929 780
27 Democracy Under Siege, 1929-1945 810
28 Europe Divided, 1945-1968 844
29 Lifting the Iron Curtain, 1969-1991 878
30 Europe in a Globalizing World, 1991 to the Present 908
Contents
The Hebrews and Monotheism, 1800-900 B.C.E .• 41
Hebrew Origins 41 • The Exodus and the Age of Judges 42
The Rise of GreekCivilization,1100-387 B.C.E. 62
3
Sparta and Athens • 76
The Spartan Way 76 • The Evolution of the AthenianGovernment 78 • The Athenian Democracy 79
The Persian Empire, 550-500 B.C.E .• 53
Cyrus and the Creation of the Persian Empire 53 • Dariusand the Consolidation of the Empire 54 • Persian Societyand Religion 56 • Persia, the West. and the Future 57
CHAPTER REVIEW. 57
The Development of Greek Identity,1100-776 B.C.E .• 64
The Greek Dark Ages 64 • Competition and Conflict 67• Gender Roles 68 • Greek Religion and Culture 69
The Archaie Age, 776-500 B.C.E .• 71
The RevivalofTrade and Culture 71 • The Evolution of GreekLiterature and Thought 73 • The Rise of Militarism 74• New Forms of Government 75
The Classical Age, 500-387 B.C.E .• 80
The Persian Wars 80 • The Rise and Fall of Athens 82• The Golden Age of Greek Culture 85
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: AristophanesSuggests How to End the War. 86
A NEW DIRECTION: Socrates Chooses Death • 88
CHAPTER REVIEW. 89
A NEW D1RECTlON: Deborah Leads the Hebrew PeopleAgainst the Canaanites • 43
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: The Songof Deborah • 44
The Evolution of Hebrew Identity 44 • The HebrewKingdom 46
The Assyrians and Their Successors, 900-550 B.C.E .• 47
The Rise of the Assyrian Empire 48 • Assyrian Economyand Government 49 • The Fall of the Assyrian Empireand Its Successors 51
Egyptian Civilization, 3000-1200 B.C.E .• 16
The Gift of the Nile 16. Egyptian Government andSociety 17 • The Old Kingdom: The Age of thePyramids 19 • The Middle Kingdom: The Age ofOsiris 19 • The New Kingdom: The Warrior Pharaohs 21
A NEW DIRECTION: Akhenaton Decides to Make Atonthe Main God of Egypt. 22
Lost Civilizations of the Bronze Age, 2500-1200 B.C.E .• 23
Ebla and Canaan 23 • The Minoans of Crete 23
LEARNING FROMA PRIMARY SOURCE: Akhenaton, "GreatHymn toAton". 24
The Mycenaeans of Greece 27 • The Sea Peoples and theEnd of the Bronze Age 28
CHAPTER REVIEW. 29
Merchants andTraders of theEastem Mediterranean, 1200-650 B.C.E .• 36
From Bronze to Iron 36 • The Phoenicians 37 • OtherEastern Mediterranean Traders 40
2 Iran Age Civilizations,1200-500 B.C.E. 34
Mesopotamian Civilization, 3000-1200 B.C.E .• 10
The Rise of Sumeria 10 • Sumerian Government andSociety 11 • Semitic and Indo-European Peoples 13• The Code of Hammurabi 14
Before History, 2,000,000-3000 B.C.E .• 4
The Old Stone Age 4 • The Neolithic Revolution 6• The Emergence of Near Eastern Civilization 8
MAPS • xviiFEATURES. xixPREFACE • xxiABOUTTHE AUTHORS • xxxi
1The Origins ofWesternCivilization in the AncientNear East, 3000-1200 B.C.E. 2
Photo credits: © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum; Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY vii
viii Contents
A NEW DIRECTION: The Maccabees Decide to Revolt + 116
CHAPTER REVIEW. 117
Augustus and the Creation of theRoman Empire, 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.• 154
Augustus the Emperor 154• The Unification of the Roman World 156 + The Ageof Augustus 158
The Roman Peace, 14-192 C.E.• 160
The Successors of Augustus 160
A NEW DIRECTION: Boudicca Chooses to Revolt AgainstRome.162
Society and Culture 163 + Greco-Roman Culture 163• Urban Life 164 + Economic Activity 166
Religion in the Roman Empire and the Riseof Christianity + 167
State and Private Religion 167 • The Jews in the RomanWorld 169 + The Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 170 + EarlyChristian Communities 173 • The Christians in the RomanWorld 174
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Vibia PerpetuaRecords the Events Leading to Her Martyrdom + 175
The Roman Empire in Crisis, 193-284 C.E.• 177
The Severan Dynasty 177 • The Ruin of the RomanEconomy 177 + The Imperial Crisis 178
CHAPTER REVIEW + 179
6 The Roman Empire,27 B.C.E.-284 C.E. 152
The Restoration of the Roman Empire,284-337 • 186
Diocletian and the Return to Order 186 + The Tetrarchy andthe Rise of Constantine 188. Constantine and Late RomanGovernment 189
7 Late Antiquity,284-527 184
The Christian Empire, 312-415 + 191
Constantine and the Church 191 • The Impact ofChristianity 192 • The Christian Life 194 • ChristianAsceticism and Monasticism 196 + The Powerof the Church 196
Late Romans andTheirWorid • 197
The Pursuit of Personal Security 198. NewOpportunities 199 + Literary Culture 200. TheChanging Landscape 200
A NEW DIRECTION: Genevieve Chooses to Become aChristian Activist • 201
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 364-476 • 202
Rome's Last Golden Age 202 • The Barbarians andRome 202 • Roman-Barbarian Cultural Exchanges 203• The Disintegration of the Western Empire 204
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOUReE: Ammianus Describesthe Huns + 205
Interpretations of the Fall of the West 206
From Polis to Cosmopolis:The Hellenistic World,387-30 B.C.E. 94
The Development of Roman Identity,753-509 B.C.E. + 124
A City on Seven Hills 124 + What ItMeant to Be Roman 126 + Early RomanReligion 128 + Roman Family Life 130
The Evolution of the Roman Republic,509-146 B.C.E.• 131
Roman Republican Government 132 • A People Ruledby Law 133
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Polybius Describesthe Roman Constitution. 134
Going to War 135 + The Expansion of Rome 136
The Effects of Roman Expansion, 14EHl8 B.C.E.• 138
The Transformation of Rome 139 + The Assimilation ofGreek Culture 140 • Problems in the Provinces 141+ The Gracchi and the Military Recruitment Crisis 142+ Marius and the Volunteer Army 142
The End of the Republic, 90-27 B.C.E. + 143
Sulla Seizes Rome 143 • Late Republican Politics 144
A NEW DIRECTION: Spartacus Decides to Revolt. 145The Triumvirates 145 • Society and Culture at the Endof the Republic 146
CHAPTER REVIEW. 148
4
5 The Rise of Rome,753-27 B.C.E. 122
Alexander the Great, 387-323 B.C.E.• 96
The Rise of Macedonia 96 + The Unification ofGreece 97 + Alexander's Wars 98 • Alexander'sEmpire 99
The Hellenistic World, 323-30 B.C.E. + 101
The Hellenistic Kingdoms 101
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Plutarch and ArrianDescribe Alexander's Mass Marriages + 102
Hellenistic Cities 104 • Voyages of Exploration 105
Hellenistic Culture and Science + 107
Art and Literature 107 • Aristotle and the Rise of PracticalPhilosophy 108 + Hellenistic Science 109 + HellenisticTechnology 110
Identity in a Cosmopolitan Society • 111
An Age of Anxiety 111 • The Hellenistic MysteryCults 112 + The Intellectual Approach to Identity 113+ Hellenistic Judaism 115
Photo credits: Vanni/Art Resource, NY; Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; ©The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY; Scala/Art Resource, NY
The Post-Roman World, 400-527 • 207
Romans and Barbarians in the Post-Roman West 207+ The Barbarian Kingdoms 208 + The ByzantineEmpire 209
CHAPTER REVIEW + 210
8 The Eastern Mediterranean,500-1000 214
Justinian and the Revival of the Empirein the East, 500-650 + 216
Justinian's Ambitions 216 + The Seareh forChristian Unity 218 + The Codifieation of Roman Law 219
A NEW DIRECTION: Empress Theodora Changes EmperorJustinian's Mind + 220
Constantinople: The New Rome 221 + The Empire AfterJustinian 222
The Rise of Islam, 600-700 + 223
The Arabian Peninsula 223 + The Life of Muhammad 224+ The Religion of Islam 225 + People of the Book 226+ Muslim Families 227
The Expansion of Islam, 700-800 • 228The Caliphate and Arab Invasions 228 + Aeross Afriea andinto Spain 229 • Islamie Civilization 231
Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071 + 232
Losses and Reforms 233 + The Waning of ByzantineSoeiety 233 + The Controversy over leons 234
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Chureh CouneilsCondemn and Restore the Use of leons + 236
The Empress Irene 236 + A Reorientation to the North 238
CHAPTER REVIEW + 239
9 The Kingdoms ofWesternEurope, 500-1000 244
Regional Rule, LocalViews, 500-750 + 246
Kingship and Rule in Merovingian Gaul 246+ The Iberian and Italian Peninsulas 248+ The Decline ofTrade 249 + The Deelineof Cities 250
The Western Church, 500-800 + 251The Christianization of Northern Europe 251 + TheBishops 253
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Pope Gregory SendsInstruetions to a Missionary + 254
The Bishop of Rome 255 + Monasticism and Learning 255
Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in theWest, 700-900 + 257
From Mayor to King 258 + From King to Emperor 259
A NEW DIRECTION: The Pope Crowns CharlemagneEmperor + 260
+ Imperial Rule in the West 260 + The Partition ofCharlemagne's Empire 262
Contents ix
Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries + 263
Lords and Vassals 263 + Peasants and the Manor 264+ Saraeens, Vikings, and Magyars 264 + The EmpireUnder Otto 267 ,
CHAPTER REVIEW + 269
10 The High Middle. Ages,1000-1300 274
Church Reform and SpiritualRenewal + 276
Reform from Within 276 + The Churehand Seeular Authority 278 + Innocent III and the FourthLateran Couneil 279 + Lay Leaders and Friars 280
The Crusades + 282A War to Renew the Chureh 282 • Crusading Armies andCrusader States 283
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Anna ComnenaDeseribes the Crusaders + 284
Crusades in the East and in Europe 285 + The Impact of theCrusades 287
The Growth of Royal Authority + 287From Weak Kings to Strong Monarehs 287 • The Polities ofDynastie Families 288
A NEW DIRECTION: Thomas Beeket Defends the Liberties ofthe Chureh + 289
The Holy Roman Empire and Frederiek 11290 + TheInstruments of Rule 291
The Growth ofTowns and Trade + 292Expansion in Agrieulture 292 + RevivalofTrade andTown 293 + The Interests of Business 294 + The Tradein Slaves 295
The Building of Cathedrals and the Spreadof Learning + 296
The Great Cathedrals 296 + From Cathedral Sehools toUniversities 297 + New Learning, NewThinking 299
CHAPTER REVIEW. 300
11 Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450 306
Famine and Plague + 308The Spread of Hunger 308 + The Speeter of Death 310+ Enduranee and Adaptation 311 + Eeonomies UnderStress 312
One HundredVears ofWarfare + 312Buildup to War 313 + An Oeeasional War 313 • VioleneeAgainst Civilians 314 + The Final Stage 315
A NEW DIRECTION: Joan of Are Reeants, Then Retraets HerReeanting + 317
Resistance and Revolt + 318Flanders 318 + Franee 319 + Florenee 319 + England 320
Photo credits: Jean-Luc Manaud/Getty Images; Erich Lessing/Art Resource. NY; © Austrian Archives/eorbis; Culture and Sport Glasgow Museums, acc. #E. 1939.65.sn
x Contents
~.~."
Reform in theWestern Church,1490-1570 400
14
Exploration, Expansion, and European Identity + 391
Native Americans in the European Imagination 391+ The Labor of Africans 393
CHAPTER REVIEW + 394
Europe's Global Expansion + 383
The Motives and the Means 383 + The PortugueseEmpire 385 + The Spanish Empire 385
A NEW DIRECTION: Isabella of Castile Finances ChristopherColumbus's Voyage Across the Atlantic + 386
lEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Isabella of CastileWrites Her Last Will andTestament + 387
15 A Century of Crisis,1550-1650 434
The Context of Church Reform,1490-1517 + 402
Growing Discontent in the Western Church 402 + God'sWrath and Church Reform 404 + Humanism and ChurchReform 405
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation,1517-1550 + 406
Luther's Challenge to the Church 406 + The Impact ofLuther's Challenge 407 + The Spread of Reform 408
The Protestant Reformation Across Europe,1520-1570 + 410
The Anabaptists and Radical Reform 410 + John Calvin andCalvinism 411 + The Spread of Calvinism 413 + Reform inEngland 413
lEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: The Pastors of GenevaEstablish Rules for Proper Christian Conduct + 414
Catholic Reform, 1500-1570 + 416
Reform by Religious Orders 416
A NEW DIRECTION: Teresa of Avila Chooses to Reformthe Carmelites + 417
Reform in the Papacy 420 + Catholic MissionsOverseas 421
Reformation and Society, 1517-1570 + 423
Educating the Young 423 + Poor Relief 423 + FamilyLife 424 + Jews in the Age of the Reformation 426
CHAPTER REVIEW + 427
Europe's Economy and Society + 436
Europe's Continuing Overseas Expansion 436 + A Riverof Silver 438 + A Revolution in Prices 439 + The Hunt forWitches440
The Renaissance in Italyand Northern Europe,1350-1550 338
12
A Worldly Church + 321
Papal Ambitions 321 + The Avignon Papacy 322 + The GreatSchism 323 + The Laity and the Church 324
The Contraction of Europe's Borders + 325
Old Empires and Newcomers 325 + The Rise of theOttoman Turks 326 + A Multiethnic World 328 + JewsUnder Christian and Ottoman Rule 328 + RussiaAfter 1000 + 329
lEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Eleazar of MainzWrites His Last Testament + 330
CHAPTER REVIEW + 331
13 Europe's Age of Expansion,1450-1550 368
A New Climate of Cultural Expression + 340
The Spirit of Humanism 340 + From Artisan to Artist 342
A NEW DIRECTION: Michelangelo-A New Kindof Artist + 344
Perspectives and Techniques 344 + The PleasureofThings 346
The Northem European Renaissance + 347
Northern European Art 348 + Northern Humanists 349+ Printing, a New Medium 351
lEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Erasmus Defends HisTranslation of the Greek NewTestament + 352
The Cities of Renaissance Italy + 355
The Medici of Florence 355 + Maritime Republics 355+ Autocrats and Humanists 357 + The Papal States andthe Church 358
Renaissance Ideals in Transition, 1400-1550 + 359
The Court of Francis 1360 + England Before ItsRenaissance 360 + The Holy Roman Empire andEastern Europe 361
CHAPTER REVIEW + 362
Economic and Social Change + 370
Population Increase 370 + Recovery in theCountryside 372 + Growth in the Cities 373+ The Port of Antwerp 374
Resurgent Monarchies + 375
Ferdinand and Isabella and the Rise of Spain 375+ Charles I of Spain, CharIes V of the Holy RomanEmpire 377 + Francis land the Kingdom of France 378+ Consolidation in England Under the FirstTudors 379+ Italy, Germany, and Russia 381
Photo credits: Alinari/Art Resource, NY; Museo degli Argenti, Palazzo Pitti, FlorencefThe Bridgeman Art Library; bpk, Berlin/Skulpturesammlung und Museum fur Byzantinische Kunst,Staatliche Museen, Berlin/Art Resource, Inc., © Derek Bayes-Art/Lebrecht Music & Arts/Corbis
Contents xi
Absolutism in France, 1648-1740 + 466
CHAPTER REVIEW + 493
The Scientific Revolutionand the Enlightenment,1550-1790 498
European Society in the Age of Enlightenment + 547Comfort and Privacy 547 + The Problem of the Poor 548+ Popular Social Protest 549 + The Social Order 550+ The Nation 551
The Beginning of Industrial Production + 552Mechanization and Mass Production 552 + Why Britain? 554
CHAPTER REVIEW. 555
The Atlantic World + 539
A NEW DIRECTION: Samuel Gamble Sets Out from Londonon a Slaving Voyage + 540
The Atlantic Economy 540
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Olaudah EquianoDescribes Passage on a Slave Ship + 542
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires 544 • The French andBritish Empires 544 + World War and Britain Victorious 546+ The American Revolution and Britain Subdued 546
Economic Recovery + 532The Expanding Population of Europe 532 + The Worldof Work 535 + Changing Notions of Wealth 536+ The Consumer Revolution 538
18 Trade and Empire,1700-1800 530
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Voltaire AttacksChristianity + 512
Diderot and the Encvclopedie 513 + The LateEnlightenment 514
Society and the Enlightenment + 516The NewWorld of Reading 516. EnlightenmentSociability 517 + The Enlightenment and Politics 519
Enlightenment Debates + 520Europeans and Non-Europeans 520 + Slavery 522+ Men and Women 523
17
A NEW DIRECTION: TheTrial and Condemnationof Galileo + 503
Models of Scientific Knowledge 504 + Why ChangeOccurred 505
The Impact of the New Science + 506Scientific Networks 506 • Science and Religion 507+ Science and the State 508 + The Nature of History 508
The Enlightenment + 509The Early Enlightenment 509 + Voltaire 510+ Enlightenment Religion 511
CHAPTER REVIEW + 524
A Revolution in Astronomy + 500Ancient and Medieval Astronomy 500 + ANew View of the Universe 502
State-Building and theEuropean State System,1648-1789 464
16
Christian Reform, Religious Wars, and the Jews + 457Jews in Poland and Western Europe 457 + War inPoland 457
CHAPTER REVIEW + 458
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Louis XIV AdvisesHis San + 472
The Austrian Habsburgs, 1648-1740 + 473Leopold 1474 + The Turkish Siege of Vienna and theReconquest of Hungary 474 + The Habsburg Monarchy 475
The Rise of Prussia, 1648-1740 + 476Territorial Consolidation 476 + Taxes to Support an Army 476+ King Frederick William 1479
Russia and Europe, 1682-1796 + 480Peter the Great and Westernization 480 + Catherine theGreat and Russian Expansion 482 + The Pugachev Rebellionand Russian Society 484
The English Constitutional Monarchy, 1660-1740 + 484The Restoration of CharIes 11484 + James 11485+ The Glorious Revolution 486 + The Georges framGermany488
TwoWorldWars, 1740-1763 + 488The Wars 489 + Eighteenth-Century Warfare 489 + Winnersand Losers 490
A NEW DIRECTION: Jacques Callot Publishes "The Miseriesand Misfortunes ofWar" + 447
France's Wars of Religion 448 + The Resurgent FrenchMonarchy 448 + The Habsburg War Against the Turks 449+ The Thirty Years' War 449
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: SimpliciusSimplicissimus Encounters Same "MerryCavalrymen" + 450
The Peace of Westphalia 451
Reformation and Revolution in the British Isles + 452Elizabeth 1452 + The Early Stuart Monarchs 453 + Civil War,Revolution, and the Commonwealth 454 + Oliver Cramwel1456
A NEW DIRECTION: Louis XIV Decides to Rule Franceon His Own + 468
The Sun King at Versailies 468 + Forty Years of Warfare 469+ A Unified French State 470 + Louis XV 471
The Fate of Spain and the Flourishing of theNetherlands + 441
Philip 11441 + The Spanish War Against the Moriscos andthe Turks 442 + The Revolt in the Netherlands 442 + TheDutch Miracle 444
Political Contests and More Religious Wars + 446
Photo eredits: Reunion des Musees nationaux/Art Resouree, NY; © Seienee & Soeiety Pieture Library; Bibliotheque de LArsenal, Paris/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library
xii Contents
The Constitutional Monarchy, 1789-1792 + 568
The New Constitution 569
From Crisis to Constitution, 1775-1789 + 562
The French Monarchy in Crisis 562 + The Estates-General 564 + Trouble in Paris, Trouble in the Countryside,Trouble in Versailies 566 Industrialization
and Society,1800-1850 624
21
Reform in Great Britain + 615
Conservative Domination and Reform 615 + The ReformBill of 1832 and the Abolition Act of 1833616 + The Repealof the Corn Laws 617 + The Chartist Movement and theFactory Acts 618
CHAPTER REVIEW + 619
RevolutionaryFrance andNapoleonic Europe,1775-1815 560
19
A NEW DIRECTION: Olympe de Gouges Becomesa Revolutionary + 571
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Olympe de GougesAsserts the Rights ofWomen + 572
The Break with the Catholic Church 573 + ForeignIntervention 574
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Jacob Grimm Writesa Foreword to the German Dictionary + 608
Political Pressures on the Continent + 609
Restoration and Liberal Revolt in France 609 + NationalistMovements in Belgium, Italy, and Germany 610 + NationalLiberation Movements in the Balkans 612 + Autocracyin Russia 613
The Triumph ofthe Nation-State,1848-1900 654
22
A NEW DIRECTION: Friedrich Engels Denounces CapitalistExploitation + 634
The Middle Classes + 635
A Variety of Middle Classes 635 + Middle-Class Culture 636+ The Middle-Class Home 638
Working Classes + 639
Diversity Within the Working Class 640 + WorkingFamilies 641 + Working-Class Consciousness and TradeUnionism 642
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Friedrich EngelsDescribes the Condition of the Working Class inEngland + 643
Critics of Industrialization + 645
Poverty in Industrial Societies 645 + Early Socialists 645+ Karl Marx 648
CHAPTER REVIEW + 649
The Revolutions of 1848 + 656
The Tide of Revolution 656 + The Restoration ofAuthority 659 + 1848 as a Watershed Year 660
New Nation-States and NationalistTensions + 662
The Unification of Italy 662 + The Unification ofGermany 664 + Nations Seeking States 667
A NEW DIRECTION: Theodor Herzl Creates ModernZionism + 670
The Spread of Industrialization + 626
Industrialization on the European Continent 626 + TheRevolution in Transportation 630 + The Social Impacts ofIndustrialization 632
The Expanding Role of the State + 671
Mass Politics and Nation Building 671 + Education and theNation-State 673 + The Growing Power of the State 674
Nationalism 'and Its Opponents + 675
Integral Nationalism, Racism, Antisemitism, and Zionism 675
Restorationand Reform:Conservative andLiberal Europe,1814-1847 594
20
The Republic and the Reign ofTerror, 1792-1795 + 576
The End of Monarchy and Monarchs 576 + Foreign Warand Civil War 576 + The Republic of Virtue 578
The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1804 + 580
French Expansion 580 + Order and Administration 581+ The Napoleonic Code 582
The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815 + 584
Renewed War on the Conti nent 584 + The Austrian Warof Liberation and the French Invasion of Russia 587+ Europe's Defeat of Napoleon 587
CHAPTER REVIEW + 588
The Old Order and New Challenges + 596
The Congress of Vienna 596 + The Congress System 599+ The Age of Romanticism 601
A NEW DIRECTION: The Grimm Brothers Begin Workon Their German Dictionary + 603
The Beginnings of Modem Ideology + 604
Conservatism 604 + Liberalism 605 + Nationalism 607
Photo credits: Musee de la Ville de Paris. Musee Carnavalet. Paris/GiraudonfThe Bridgeman Art Library; Archives CharmetfThe Bridgeman Art Library; © Science & Society Picture Library;Alfredo Dagli Orti/Art Resource. NY
Contents xiii
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Theodor HerzlSpeculates on the Impact of Jewish Immigrationto Palestine + 676
Strains in the Multinational Empires 678 + Universalismin the Roman Catholic Church ,680 + Internationalism inPolitics 680
CHAPTER REVIEW + 682
The British Raj in India + 727Commerce and Trade 728 + The Sepoy Rebellion 728 + TheJewel in the Crawn 729 + British Order and Indian Culture 730
Imperialism and the Muslim World + 731Russian Expansion 732 + The Ottoman Empire 733+ Muslims, Christians, and Zionists 734
Art and Industrial Society + 700
Mass Society + 697Mass Consumption 698 + Public Health 698 + Familiesand Feminism 699
A New Century, 1900-1914 • 752An Unbalanced Balance of Power 752+ Rivalries 754 + Nationalism in theBalkans 754
25 War and Revolution,1900-1918 750
The Far East + 735The French in Indochina 735 + The Dutch in Indonesia 736+ Concessions in China 736 + The Westernization ofJapan 737
Consequences and Critics + 740AGIobai Economy 740 + Indigenous Resistance 740+ Imperialism and European Culture 741 + Capitalismand Imperialism 742
CHAPTER REVIEW + 743
The Culture ofIndustrial Europe,1850-1914 688
23
The Second Industrial Revolution + 690New Materials, New Industries, NewTechnologies 691 + Communicationsand Transportation Networks 693+ New PIaces and Patterns ofWork 695 + The New Concept ofLeisure 696
26 A Decade of RevolutionaryExperiments,1918-1929 780
The Search for Stability, 1918-1924 + 782The Peace Treaties 782 + Revolutionary Upheavals786 + War Reparations and Economic Crisis 787
Total War, 1914-1918 + 763State Control and Intervention 763 + War Propaganda 764+ Domestic and Family Life 765
Russia in Revolution, 1917 + 766The March Revolution 766 + The Provisional Government 767
TheTuming oftheTide, 1917-1918 + 770War Exhaustion 770 + The Entry of the United States 771+ German Victory over Russia 772 + German Defeat 773+ End of the European Era 774
CHAPTER REVIEW + 774
The Unexpected War, 1914 + 755
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Lenin Proposes His"April Theses" + 768
The November Revolution 769
A NEW DIRECTION: Gavrilo Princip Decides to AssassinateArchduke Francis Ferdinand + 756
The Slide into War 757 + War Enthusiasm 757 + TrenchWarfare 759 + War on the Seas and in the Air 761 + A Worldat War 762
Settler Colonies in South and North Africa 723 + The BelgianCongo 724 + The Berlin Conference and German Colonies 724+ The Boer War 725 Postwar Political Experiments, 1924-1929 + 788
Politics in Western Eurape 789 • Politics inEastern Europe 790 + Fascism 791 • SocialDemocracy in Scandinavia 793
Photo credits: NRM/SSPl./The ImageWorks; Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (1965.10.1); Private Collection/Photo © Bonhams, LondonjThe Bridgeman Art Library;Ulistein Bilderdienst/The Image Works
A NEW DIRECTION: Cecil Rhodes Creates the RhodesScholarship + 727
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Cecil Rhodes WritesHis Own "Confession of Faith" + 721
The Importance ofTechnology 722
The Scramble for Africa + 723
24 The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914 716
CHAPTER REVIEW + 712
Motives and Methods of the NewImperialism + 718
Economic Motivations 718 + DomesticPolitics and National Rivalries 719 + ChristianMissions 720 + The "White Man's Burden" 720
Science and Social Science + 706The Science of Society 706 + The Influence of CharlesDarwin 707 + Chemistry ar)d the New Physics 708
A NEW DIRECTION: Marie Curie-Sklodowska Choosesto Study Physics + 709
The Battle Between Science and Religion 710 + Critiquesof Reason 711
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Marie Curie RecallsHerYouth in Russian Poland + 701
From Realism to Abstraction in Art 702 + Realism andNaturalism in Literature 704 + Art for the Masses 705
xiv Contents
The New Soviet State + 794The Civil War 794 + The Communist Regime 796+ The New Economic Policy and Struggle for Leadership 797+ The New Soviet Man and Woman 797
A NEW DIRECTION: A/exandra Kollontai Becomes aRevo/utionary + 798
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: A/exandra KollontaiAdvocates a NewType ofWoman + 799
Social and Cultural Experiments + 800
Change and Frustration in Gender Roles 801 + IntellectualResponses to the War 802 • Artistic Experiments 802+ Experiments in Architecture and Design 803 • PopularEntertainment 804
CHAPTER REVIEW + 806
A NEW DIRECTION: Ana Pauker Submits to the CommunistParty. 856
The Restructuring of Eastern Europe + 857The CommunistTakeovers 857 • Yugoslavia's IndependentCourse 857
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Jakub BermanDefends the CommunistTakeover in Po/and + 858
Anti-Tito Purges 859 + State-Controlled Ecpnomies 860• De-Stalinization 860
Superpower Conflicts and ColoniallndependenceMovements, 1945-1968.862
Superpower Confrontations 863 + ColonialIndependence Movements 864 + The Non-AlignedMovement 867
Lifting theIron Curtain,1969-1991 878
Social Change in the West + 889The Feminist Revolution 889 + New Populations 890
Growing Crisis in the Communist East + 891Detente and False Prosperity 892 + Charter 77 andSolidarity 892
A NEW DIRECTION: Vac/av Have/ Chooses Dissent + 893Reform in the Soviet Union 894
Politics inWestern Europe. 880Relaxed Tensions and Renewed Cooperation 880. Securityand Economic Challenges from the Middle East 883+ The Transformation of the Left 884 + The Antinuclearand Environmental Movements 885 + The NewConservatism 887
Cultural Developments and Social Protest + 868Consumption and Conformity 868 • Moral andSpiritual Crisis 869 + Youth and the Counterculture 870+ 1968871
CHAPTER REVIEW. 873
29
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Vac/av Have/ Calls onthe Power of the Power/ess + 895
Cultural Leaps over the Wall + 897
Whose Sexual Revolution? 897 + Religious Revival 898+ Postmodernism 898 + The Americanization of EuropeanPopular Culture 899
The Collapse of the Soviet System, 1989-1991 + 899
The Velvet Revolution 899 + Violent Struggle in Romania 901• The End of the Soviet Union 902
CHAPTER REVIEW + 903
A NEW DIRECTION: George Orwell Commits Himselfto Socia/ism • 816
The Rise of Nazism 817
The Soviet Union Under Stalin, 1929-1939 + 819
Domestic and Foreign Policy 819 + Stalin's TotalitarianState 821
TheThird Reich, 1933-1945 + 822
Hitler's Consolidation of Power 822 + The Nazi Challengeto Europe 824 • Resistance and Appeasement 825
WoridWar 11, 1939-1945 + 828
Germany's Early Triumphs 828 + Allied Victory 830+ Mobilization, Collaboration, and Resistance 834+ The Final Solution 835
Responses to the Great Depression,1929-1939 + 812
The Great Depression 812 • Democracies' Responses 813+ Authoritarian Solutions 815
27 Democracy UnderSiege,1929-1945 810
28 Europe Divided,1945-1968 844
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: George OrwellReflects on Nationa/ism • 837
CHAPTER REVIEW + 839
The Iron Curtain, 1945-1958 + 846Occupation and De-Nazification 846+ Displaced Persons 848 • Beginningsof the Cold War 849 + International Security 850
The Revival ofWestern Europe. 852The Economic Miracle 852 • Recovery in France 853+ The European Community 854 • Great Britain and theWelfare State 855
Photo credits: © David Sutherland/Corbis; Visual Connection Archive; Thomas Kienzie/AP Images
Eastem Europe After Communism + 910Russia from Foe to Partner 910 + The DismembermentofYugoslavia 913 + PostcommunistTransitions in Eastern
Europe 916
European Integration + 918From Community to Union 918 + The European Union inOperation 919 + Nation-States in a New Context 921
A NEW D1RECTION:Angela Merkel CompletesUnification + 924
European Security and International Organizations 924
30 Europe in aGlobalizing World,1991 to thePresent 908
Contents xv
Europe and Globalization + 925Economic Globalization 925 + International SecurityandTerrorism 927 + Instant Communication and theInternet 931
The Future of the West + 932Old Institutions, New Directions 932 + Who Is aEuropean? 933
LEARNING FROM A PRIMARY SOURCE: Pope Benedict XVISpeaks of the Future of Christianity + 934
CHAPTER REVIEW + 936
ANSWERS TO TESTYOURSELF + A-1
INDEX + 1-1'