The State of Latino Youth in Iowa

School of Social Work

Iowa Latino Affairs Commission

Shared by John-Paul Chaisson-CardenasState Youth Development and 4-H Leader/Director Iowa State Extension and Outreach

Latino Growth (Youth)

Group 2000-01 2012-13 Net ChangeTotal Population 476,927 472,608 -4,319White 430,677 (90.3%) 377,238 (79.8%) -53,439Am Indian/Alaska 2,447(.5%) 2,034 (.5%) -413

Latino 17,019 (2%) 43,979 (9.3%) +26,960

African American 18,510 (3.9%) 24,621 (5.2%) +6,111

Asian American/PI 8,274 (1.7%) 10,228 (2.2%) +1,954

Kids of Color 46,250(9.7%)

95.370 (20.2%) +44,423

ELL 3.2% 5% About 70% speak Spanish

(next Vietnamese at 3%)

Iowa State Public Schools Student Enrollment

Source: Iowa Department of Education

Growth Of Youth of Color in Iowa Schools

32,255 = Number of students in Private Schools (12% of Color)4,295 = Number of Immigrant Students (Student Not born in US in 2011-2012 SY) Compiled by John-Paul Chaisson-Cardenas, Cedar Rapids Civil Rights Commission

The Changing Face of Iowa

S T A T E D A T A C E N T E R O F I O W A A P R O G R A M O F I O W A L I B R A R Y S E R V I C E S/S T A T E L I B R A R Y & T H E O F F I C E O F L A T I N O A F F A I R S (2013)

11.8% of the Iowa Latino population is under age 5. Latinos have a higher concentration of preschoolers among the population than any other race or ethnic group.

3.92The average family size for the Iowa Latino population in2010. The average family size in the state of Iowa is

2.97.

• 22.3 median age of Iowa Latinos• 38.0 median age for all Iowans

67.2 % of Iowa Latinos in 2012 who are native born.

92% of Iowa Latino youth in Iowa schools are Native Born U.S. Citizens

70% of all English Language Learners (ESL) Speak Spanish at home

Immigration and Latinos

52.3% of Iowa youth live in the 11 urban counties but

28.1%

= % Kids of Color

11.8%

27.7%

18.0%

26.3%

35.1%17.1%

29.0%

17.1%16.5%

All of those counties have also seen a significant increase of kids of color

Source: U.S. Census & 4-H and K-12 Outreach By the Numbers Report, ISU Extension

Nearly half (48.3%) of the growth in Iowa’s Latino population from 2000-2013 occurred in six counties: Polk, Woodbury, Johnson, Marshall, Scott, Pottawattamie, and Linn.

Source: IDE

PK-12 Education System Staff Representation Since 2000

2013 (2.2%) 2013 (1.9%)2013 (2.4%) 2013 (1%)

Some growth in guidance Councilors• 1.6% in 2000 • 2.7% in 2013

2013 (20.2%)

Iowa LatinosWealth and Poverty

Iowa Unemployment Rate by Race 2013

$13,280The per capita income of Latinos in 2012. The per capita income for the state was $26,436

$36,967The median income of Latino families in 2012. The median family income for the state was $64,122.

S T A T E D A T A C E N T E R O F I O W A

In 2011 the poverty line was income under $23,050 for a family of four

Gap

42% Poverty Rate for Iowa Latinos 17 and Younger (2013)

2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey, Iowa Department of Public Health

Food Insecurity in Iowa (2010)

Food insecurity levels are higher among Families of Color than among their white counterparts

Family Wealth (U.S.)

According to Pew Research Center the median wealth of white households is 20 times that of black households and 18 times that of Hispanic households. That's the largest gap since the government began collecting the data a quarter of a century ago, and twice what it was before the start of the Great Recession.

“The median wealth of white households is 20 times that of black households and 18 times that of Hispanic households”

50% of Iowa Latinos Own a home

75% of White Iowans Own a Home

Historical Context (Housing Programs) Federal legislation on land ownership and housing access:• The Homestead Act, 1862: gave 160 acres of free land to every white settler

who could live there for at least five years as part of the United States’ westward expansion.

• The National Housing Act, 1934: “redlined” certain neighborhoods—predominantly Black, Latino, Asian, and Jewish ones—as ineligible to receive financing.

• The GI bill, 1944: offered access to higher education and home ownership to returning WWII veterans, but excluded Latino and black veterans from those benefits.

• The Fair Housing Act, 1968: prohibited redlining based on race and religion.

• The Great Recession• People of color continued to be discriminated against when seeking housing or

applying for loans. • Banks targeted minority neighborhoods for higher-interest loans.• Foreclosure rates were highest among communities of color• Banks stopped maintaining foreclosed homes in many neighborhoods of color

which help create a downward spiral in housing prices in those areas.  

Latinos and Health

Source: “Health Disparities Among Children in Iowa: Results from the 2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey” – Realized January 2014, the Iowa Public Policy Center at the University of Iowa

“A health disparity is a difference in health outcomes across subgroups of the population, often linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantages (e.g., less access to good jobs, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of affordable transportation options). Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health on the basis of their racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, mental health, cognitive, sensory, or physical disability, sexual orientation or gender identity, geographic location, or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.”

Rear Admiral (RADM) Boris D. Lushniak, M.D., M.P.H., Acting U.S. Surgeon General

Latinos and Education

Myth # 1: Families of Color don’t get involved in their child's education

Research Suggests: Families of color have similar levels of involvement BUT are invited less often to provide leadership in school committees that are making policy decisions

Source: Institute for Education Statistics: Parent and Family Involvement in Education, from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2012-13

Myth # 2: Families of Color don’t get involved in their child's homework

Research Suggests: Families of color have similar levels of homework involvement in spite less available resources including free time

Source: Institute for Education Statistics: Parent and Family Involvement in Education, from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2012-13

Myth # 3: Families have low academic expectations for their children (Parent expects student to…)

Research Suggests: Parents of color and white parents share similar expectations for their children's educational attainment

Source: Institute for Education Statistics: Parent and Family Involvement in Education, from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2012-13

2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey, Iowa Department of Public Health

Iowa (2010) – Have felt unsafe in the last 12 months

White Black Latino0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

7%

25%

20%

5%

11%

18%

How often do you feel that your child is NOT safe in your community or neighborhood?How often do you feel your child is NOT safe at school?

Iowa Change in the Achievement/Opportunity Gap Since 2002 (Percent that meets or exceeds performance standard)

White 80% (in 2002)

Black49%

Latino57.3%

4th Grade Reading Proficiency

Kids in Poverty 61.4%

Source: IDE

Test Changed

Iowa Change in the Achievement/Opportunity Gap Since 2002 (Percent that meets or exceeds performance standard)

White 78% (in 2002)

Black48.2%

Latino66.1%

Kids in Poverty 66.4%

Source: IDE

Test Changed

4th Grade Math Proficiency

Iowa

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2011 Assessment

Compiled by John-Paul Chaisson-Cardenas, Cedar Rapids Civil Rights Commission

• Over 80% of Latino of Iowa 8th Grade students are NOT Proficient in Reading

• Over 86% of Latino of Iowa 8th Grade students are NOT Proficient in Math

According to the NAEP:

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2011 Assessment

Why was Latino left out??

Compiled by John-Paul Chaisson-Cardenas, Cedar Rapids Civil Rights Commission

Why are Latinos Up from 2 to 30?

Compiled by John-Paul Chaisson-Cardenas, Cedar Rapids Civil Rights Commission

Source: IDE

Suspensions and Expulsions (Removals) by Race

“It may be easy to assume that much of the disproportionality is due to the individual behavior of low income boys of color. However, studies show pronounced racial disparities in treatment and punishment between white and youth of color, youth of color are punished much more harshly for similar infractions. New research continues to find no evidence that disciplinary disparities are due to poverty.”

(Russell J. Skiba, Mariella I. Arredondo, and M. Karega Rausch 2014).

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Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) In Iowa

What happened here?Hint: There was not an increase in youth crime.

Example of what NOT to do: Philosophy/Politics vs. Data/Effectiveness

The Latino Paradox (Is assimilation good for Latinos?)

Health: The Hispanic paradox, or Latino paradox, also known as the "epidemiologic paradox," refers to the epidemiological finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that paradoxically are comparable to, or in some cases better than, those of their U.S. white counterparts, even though Hispanics have lower average income and education. -- John Ruiz, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of North Texas 2011Child welfare: A 2010 study published by the Urban Institute found that things are different for different generations of Hispanic children. While children of immigrants were underrepresented in foster care, third generation children were significantly over-represented. Education: First generation Latino immigrant youth in non-English speaking homes have about the same level of educational attainment as third generation immigrant youth from English-speaking homes, all else equal. Second generation immigrant youth, however, have higher educational attainment than third generation immigrant youth, even when they live in non-English homes. Vanessa Cruz, DePaul University, 2009

Iowa Department of Human Rights -- Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning

Iowa Prison Population by Race

Will Immigration Reform Happen???

$159/Day – Amount to hold an immigrant

2 Billion a Year – Amount the U.S. Federal Government spent in 2011 to incarcerate immigrants

$45 Million – Amount three private detention companies (Corrections Corporation of America, The GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp) have spent on the current Immigration Reform Bill via campaign donations and/or lobbyists at the state and federal level.

Source:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/racial-disparity-drug-use_n_3941346.htmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57485392/ap-private-prisons-profit-from-illegal-immigrants/

44% of all Latinos who are eligible to vote in Iowa are between the ages 18 to 29. This is greater than the share of all Latino eligible

voters nationwide (33%) in that age range. In contrast, only 20% of all White Iowa eligible voters

are between the ages 18 to 29.

“If Iowa leaders invest in Latino youth now, it will pay-off tomorrow. If they don’t, they will pay tomorrow.”

Mission: ISU Extension and Outreach builds partnerships and provides research-based learning opportunities to improve the quality of life in Iowa.

4-H Mission: 4-H empowers youth to reach their full potential through youth and adult partnerships and research-based experiences.

Vision: Preparing (All) Iowa’s youth to be successful, contributing members of society

Source: 4-H and K-12 Outreach By the Numbers Report, ISU Extension

MY VISION FOR 4-H

We as an organization will build on what we already do so well:

“empowers youth to reach their full potential through youth and adult partnerships and research-based experiences”

We will add value to all our programs by building the capacity of our youth, volunteers, community and staff to work in the context of DIVERSITY and build programs that are welcoming and inclusive of ALL YOUTH regardless of gender, race, culture, language, disability, national origin, sexual orientation or socio-economic status.

Overtime, 4-H shall become“experts” in facilitating the difficult community and institutional conversations from a systemic and research informed perspective SO THAT we as a state can empower ALL OUR YOUTH to reach their full potential.

Why:

• It is a critical investment in our future as a state

• It is research based • No one else has the

capacity or the scale to make a difference in this area

• It is the law • It is the right thing

to do

But we need your help.